I. Directions : Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)
1. Linguistics is the scientific study of ____C___.
A. a particular language
B. the English language
C. human languages in general
D. the system of a particular language
2. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: ___B____.
A. voiceless, bilabial, stop
B. voiceless清音, labiodental唇齿音, fricative摩擦音
C. voiced, bilabial双唇音, stop闭塞音
D. voiced浊音, labiodental, fricative
3. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed" in the word "learned" is known as a(n) ___C____.
A. derivational morpheme 派生词素
B. free morpheme 自由词素
C. inflectional morpheme 屈折词素
D. free form 自由形态
5. "I bought some roses" ____A___ "I bought some flowers".
A. entails
B. presupposes
C. is inconsistent with 不符合
D. is synonymous with 与同义
6. Y's utterance说话方式in the following conversation exchange violates 违犯冒犯the maxim of ___C_____.
X: Who was that you were with last night?
Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?
A. quality
B. quantity
C. relation
D. manner
7. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, ____C___, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed外来词, added, lost or altered改变.
A. phrases 短语
B. sentences
C. morphemes 词素
D. utterances 话语
8. Predication analysis 预测分析is a way to analyze ___D__ meaning.
A. phoneme
B. word
C. phrase
D. sentence
9.According to Searle，those illocutionary acts言外行为whose point is to commit承诺the speaker to some future course of action are called __A __.
A. commisives 承诺类
B. directives 指令类
C. expressives 表达类
D. declaratives 宣告类
18. The famous quotation from Shakespeare?s play “Romeo and Juliet” …A rose by any other
name would smell as sweet? well illustrates __A_.
A. the conventional 传统性nature of language
B. the creative nature of language
C. the universality of language 普遍性
D. the arbitrariness of language
19. Of the following sound combinations，only ___A____ is permissible 可允许的according to the
sequential rules in English.
A. kibl
B. bkil
C. ilkb
D. ilbk
20. Syntax句法学is the study of___B_____。
A. language functions
B. sentence structure
C. textual organization
D. word formation
21. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature区别性特征of human language? D
A. Arbitrariness
B. Productivity
C. Cultural transmission
D. Finiteness 有限性
22. The speech act theory 言语行为理论was first put forward by B
A.John Searle
B. John Austin
C. Noam Chomsky
D.M.A.K Halliday
23. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion 概念观念of D
A.reference
B. meaning
C. antonymy
D. context
24. The words “kid, child, offspring后代、子孙” are examples of B
A.dialectal synonyms 方言的同义词
B. stylistic synonyms
C. emotive synonyms 情绪化的同义词
D. collocational synonyms
25. The distinction between parole言语and langue语言was made by D
A.Halliday
B. Chomsky
C. Bloomfield
D. Saussure
26. _____ refers to the study of the internal内在的、本质structure of words and the rules of the word formation.
A. Phonology
B. Morphology
C. Semantics
D. Sociolinguistics
27. The distinctive features of a speech variety言语变体may be all the following EXCEPT
A. lexical
B. syntactic
C. phonological
D. Psycholinguistic 心理语言学
28. The word tail once referred to the “the tail of a horse马尾”, but no w it is used to mean “the tail of any animal”. This is an example of
A. widening of meaning
B. narrowing of meaning
C. meaning shift
D. loss of meaning
29. Which of the following is NOT a design feature of human language?
A. Arbitrariness
B. Displacement
.C. Duality
D. Diachronicity
30. What type of sentence is “Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry.”?
A. A simple sentence
B. A coordinate sentence 并列句
C. A complex sentence
D, None of the above
31. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called
A. hyponymy
B. synonymy
C. polysemy
D. homonymy
32. The study of the mental processes of language comprehension and production is______.
A. corpus linguistics 语料库语言学
B. sociolinguistics
C. theoretical linguistics 理论语言学
D. Psycholinguistics
33. A special language variety that mixes languages 混合语言and is used by speakers of different languages for purposes of trading is called____.
A. dialect 方言
B. idiolect 个人语型
C. pidgin
D. Register 语域
34. When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to open the window, he is performing_____.
A. an illocutionary act 言外行为
B. a perlocutionary act 言后行为
C. a locutionary act 言内行为
D. none of the above
35. ________ refers to the learning and development of a language.
A. Language acquisition 语言习得
B. Language comprehension 语言理解
C. Language production 语言生成
D. Language instruction 语言教学
36. The word “Motel” comes from “motor + hotel”. This is an example of ________ in morphology.
A. backformation 逆生词法
B. conversion 转换法
C. blending 混拼词
D. acronym 首字母缩略词
37. Language is t tool of communication. The symbol “Highway Closed” on a highway serves
A. an expressive function 表达功能
B. an informative function. 信息功能
C. a performative function 表演功能
D. a persuasive function 有说服力的功能
38. ＿＿is defined as the study of the relationship between language and mind.
A. semantics
B. pragmatics
C. cognitive linguistics 认知语言学
D. sociolinguistics
39. A vowel is different from a consonant辅音in English because of
A. absence of obstruction 没有阻塞
B. presence of obstruction 存在梗塞
C. manner of articulation 发音方法
D. place of articulation 发音部位
40. The definition “the act of using, or promoting the use of, several languages, either by an individual speaker or by a community of speakers” refers to
A. Pidgin
B. Creole克里奥尔语
C. Multilingualism 多语制
D. Bilingualism 习用两种语言
41. In English if a word begins with a ［l］or a ［r］, then the neat sound must be a vowel. This is a(n)
A. assimilation rule 通化规则
B. sequential rule 序列规则
C. deletion rule 省略规则
D. grammar rule
42. Which of the following is an example of clipping?
A. APEC.
B. Motel.
C. Xerox.
D. Disco.
43. The type of language which is selected as appropriate to a particular type of situation is called
A. register
B. dialect
C. slang
D. variety
Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are True(T) or False(F). (20 points, 1 point each)
1. Historical linguistics is a synochronic study of language. F
2. The phatic交流感情的function can often be entirely完全地personal and totally without any implication含意of communication to others. F
3. "Deal" is phonetically transcribed转录as [di: ?]. T
4. Phonology is concerned with speech production and speech perception领悟认识能力. F
5.The word "bridge" to mean a method of playing cards is a loanshift词变异from Italian. T
6.The English syllable音节may have as many as four consonants in the coda position结尾位置. T
7.In the example: “He couldn?t open the door. It was locked tight”, the relation between “the door” and “It” is th at of reference. T
8. Positional relations are a manifestation证明of one aspect of “PARADIGMA TIC RELA TIONS聚合关系” observed by F. de Saussure. In some elementary 基本的linguistic textbooks, they are also called HORIZONTAL RELA TIONS横向关系or simply CHAIN RELA TIONS 链关系. F
9. Ogden and Richards argue that the relation between a word and thing it refers to is not direct. T
10. Gradable antonymy层级性反义词is the sense relation between two antonyms which differ in terms of degree while complementary
antonymy is the sense relation between two antonyms which are complementary互补性to each other. T
11. Speech act theory言语行为理论is in fact a theory of the illocutionary act言外行为. T
12. A speaker flouts轻视the Maxim of Quantity数量规则when his contributions to the conversation are not truthful. F
13. A lot of issues in psycholinguistics are controversial有争议性的. T
14. When Mr. Goodell said 'I've had enough dumbbells哑铃in my office'(p. 168), he meant he had some weights in his office for practicing strength练习强度. F
15. 'Foregrounding'前台操作前台设制refers to specific linguistic devices, i.e., deviation偏差and parallelism平行类似, which are used in literary texts. T
16. CALL refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language. T
17. In his standard theory标准理论, N. Chomsky gave up the terms of "deep structure" and "surface structure". F
18. Nowadays in the literature, t he term “contrastive analysis对比分析” is gradually been replaced by “the study of cross-linguistic influences跨语言的影响”. T
19. In cross-cultural communication跨文化交际, when people have trouble and do not know how to behave correctly, they tend to turn to their source culture for help. This is a strategy策略often used by communicators传播者in a new cultural setting, while it may not always
work. T
20. It is indeed necessary to reconsider重新讨论how much we, as human beings, really understand about the nature of language and its role in our life. T
21. Historical linguistics历史语言学is a synochronic study of language. F
22.Ogden and Richards argue that the relation between a word and thing it refers to is not direct. T
23. Gradable antonymy is the sense relation between two antonyms which differ in terms of degree while complementary antonymy is the sense relation between two antonyms which are complementary to each other. T
24. A speaker flouts the Maxim of Quantity when his contributions to the conversation are not truthful. F
25. There is only one argument in the sentence “Children play basketball.” F
26. Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used, is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.T
27. Language is the unique 独特的possession所有物财产of human beings. F
28. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. F
29. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful
sentences. F
30. Traditional grammar lays emphasis on correctness正确性, linguistic excellence, the use of Latin models and the priority优先性of the spoken language. T
Ⅲ. Briefly answer the following questions.
1. What are the design features of language? Can you list the main features?P8
It refers to the defining properties性质of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.
语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。
Arbitrariness任意性There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.
Productivity多产性Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.
Duality双重性Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.
Displacement移位性Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.
Cultural transmission文化传递
2. What are the four maxims格言of the cooperative principle合作原则? How does the violation of these maxims give rise to conversational implicatures? P87
(1) the maxim of quantity (数量准则)
a) make your contribution as informative as required(for current
purpose of the exchange)
b) do not make your contribution more informative than is
required.
Example:
A: When is J erry?s birthday party?
B: Sometime next month.
So, B doesn?t wish to tell you when J erry?s birthday party is going to be held.
(2) the maxim of quality（质量准则）
a) do not say what you believe to be false
b) do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence Example:
A: Would you like to attend our traveling at weekend?
B: I?m afraid I have got an invitation at weekend.
So, B doesn?t want to attend your traveling.
(3) the maxim of relation (关系准则)
a) be relavant
Example:
A: how did the math exam go today, susan?
B: we had a basketball match with the other class and we beat them. So, B doesn?t wish to talk about the math exam.
(4) the maxim of manner（方式准则）
a) avoid obscurity of expression 避免隐晦
b) avoid ambiguity避免歧义
c) be brief 简短
d) be orderly
Example:
A ：Shall we get some thing for the kids?
B ：yes,but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.
Implicature: I do not want the kids to know what we are talking about getting some ice-cream
3. What is deep structure and what is surface structure? P54 Deep structure （D-structure）深层结构
?Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head?s subcategorization此类划分properties, is called deep structure.
Surface structure （S-structure）表层结构
?Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformation, is called surface structure.
4. Explain with examples “homonymy同音异义同形异义” “polysemy一词多义” “hyponymy上下位关系”.P68-69
答：(1) Homonymy同音异义refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.
When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones 同音字. (piece\peace)
When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs同形异义字. (bow v.\ bow n.)
When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they
are complete homonyms完整的同音字(scale n.\scale v.)
(2) Polysemy多义词means that the same one word may have more
that one meaning.
For example:
“table”, has at least seven meanings.
(3) Hyponymy means that the sense relation between a more general,
more inclusive word and a more specific word.
For example:
“furniture”is super-ordinate, its hyponyms are bed, table, desk, dresser, wardrobe衣橱, settee长靠椅……
5. What are the five types of illocutionary speech acts 言外语言行为Searle has specified明确说明? What is the illocutionary point of each type？P82 John Searle
(1) Representatives(阐述类)-- stating or describing ,saying what the speaker believes to be true.
e.g : I swear I have never seen the man before.
（2）directives (指令类)----trying to get the hearer to do something
e.g : Open the window!
(3) commissives (承诺类) -----committing the speaker himself to some future course of action
E.g: I promise to come.
(4) expressives ( 表达类) ----expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing state.
e.g : I?m sorry for the mess I have made.
(5) declaration (宣布类)---- bringing about immediate changes by saying something
e.g: I fire you! I now declare the meeting open.
6. Try to make sense of the following witty dialog and to identify the cohesive ties and explain briefly.
Speaker A: Time flies. 我和时光飞逝
Speaker B: Y ou can’t; they fly too quickly.你不能，时间飞得太快
Speaker A means that time flies quickly. Time is a mean and fly is a verb. However, in B?s understanding, he thinks that time is a verb and fly is a noun. So he say that A can not measure flies? flying speed, because they fly too quickly. avoid ambiguity避免歧义manner maxim
7. The following conversational fragment is to some degree odd. T o
what extent can the oddness be exp lained by reference to Grice’s CP and maxims?
A: Have you seen Peter today? P86（manner）
B: Well, if I didn’t deny seeing him I wouldn’t be telling a lie. Speaker B uses a long and prolix 冗长的way to express the meaning of “yes, I have”, thus violating the manner maxim of “Be brief (avoid prolixity冗长)”
8. Describe the stages of first language acquisition.
First language acquisition refers to a child?s acquisition of his mother tongue. i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.
①phonological development
②vocabulary development
③grammatical development
④pragmatic development
Ⅳ. Discuss a minimum of TWO of the following questions.
1.Why do modern linguists put the priority of synchronic study over
the diachronic study in linguistics? P4
It is believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successful studies, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development. Synchronic descriptions are often thought of as being descriptions of a language in its current existence, and most linguistic studies are of this type.
2. Why should language teachers and learners learn some knowledge
of linguistics?
Some knowledge of linguistics will not only help language teachers to better understand the nature of language, but also helps them better understand how to teach language. Theoretical views of language explicitly明确地、明白地or implicitly含蓄地、暗示地inform the approaches and methods adopted in language teaching. Language teachers do need theories of language in order to teach language effectively有效地, and they need to know at least how the language they teach works. To discover the real language and to obtain some understanding of it, language teachers may well turn to linguistics. Many language learning theories are proposed based on certain linguistic theories. In fact, knowledge in linguistics lies at the root of understanding what language learners can learn, how they actually learn and what they learn ultimately最终地. Therefore, linguistics has always played an important role in the studies of language acquisition and learning.
V. Draw a tree structure for each sentence taking inflection as its head. P50
1. The boy found a book on the table.
2. Mr. Smith declares the class is over.
语言学概论试题（一） 一、填空（每空1分，共15分） 1.语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是根词。 2.语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字是最重要的辅助交际工具。 ?3.我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学，通称为“小学”。 4.英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼语族的西部语支。 ?5.语音可以从生理角度分析它的产生方式，从物理角度分析它的表现形式传递过程，从社会功能角度分析它的功能作用。 6.是否能够独立运用，是区分词和语素的根本特点。 ?7.现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于拉丁字母。 ?8.具有不同功能的三种最基本的语法单位是语素、词、句子。 ?9.语言发展的主要特点是渐变性和不平衡性。 ?10.我国宪法 1982年第19条明确规定“国家推广全国通用的普通话”。 二、选择题（每题1分，共10分）?????? 1. 中国的传统语文学研究的薄弱环节是（ D ） ??Ａ.文字学Ｂ.语音学? ?Ｃ.词汇学Ｄ.语法学 ?2. 汉语属于（ B ） ?Ａ.屈折语Ｂ.孤立语 ?Ｃ.多式综合语Ｄ.粘着语 ?3. 一种语言中数量最少的是（ B ） ??Ａ.音素Ｂ.音位 ??Ｃ.语素Ｄ.音节 ?4. 文字的前身是（ C ） ??Ａ.结绳记事Ｂ.手势 ??Ｃ.图画记事Ｄ.实物记事 ?5. 派生词中包含（ B ） ??Ａ.词尾Ｂ.词根 ??Ｃ.虚词Ｄ.根词 ?6. 语音和语义结合的最小的语言单位是（ C ） ??Ａ.音素Ｂ.义素 ??Ｃ.语素Ｄ.音位 7. 汉语单词“忽然”出现的位置是（ C ） ??Ａ.主语位置Ｂ.谓语位置 ??Ｃ.状语位置Ｄ.定语位置 8. 以下各种语言变体中，属于社会方言的是（ D ） ???Ａ.土话Ｂ.客家话 ???Ｃ.客套话Ｄ.黑话 9. 下列语素中属于自由语素的是（ C ） ???Ａ.初Ｂ.视 ???Ｃ.人Ｄ.民 10. 在语言结构的某一环节上能够互相替换，?具有某种相同作用的各个单位之间所形成的关系叫（ D ） ??Ａ.转换关系Ｂ.组合关系 ??Ｃ.层级关系Ｄ.聚合关系 三、名词解释（每题4分，共20分） ?1.专语语言学以具体语言作为研究对象的语言学。 2.组合关系指两个以上相连续的语言符号组合而成的线性关系。 3.语流音变语流中的某些音由于相互影响而发生临时性的变化，这种变化就叫语流音变。 4.语义场由具有某些共同义素的一群词类聚而成的场。 5.语法范畴把同一性质的语法意义综合和概括所形成的语法意义的类别。 四、试以国际音标标出下列各词的读音（每题2分，共10分） 1.优秀 2.维持 3.宏观 4.精神 5.离开 五、用义素分析法分析下列各组词（每题3分，共9分） ?1.瞻仰 [+用眼 +往一定方向 +崇敬地]
英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.
练习1 1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is one of the design features of language.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 3. ___ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation .A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 4. __ __ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn’t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 5. ______ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 6. ______ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 7. To say “How are you.” “Hi” to your friends is the ____ __of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 8. “Tell me the result when you finish.” If you want to get your hearer to do something, y ou should use the _____ of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __ ___. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 10. A linguist is interested in ___A. speech sounds only B. all sounds C. vowels only 11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A. [t] B. [m] C. [b] D. [p 12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate? A. [y] B. [t∫] C. [z] D. [dЗ] 13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel? A. [ ? ] B. [ i ] C. [ou] D. [a: ] 14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ? A. [ s ] B. [∫] C. [ l ] D. [θ] 15. In the following sounds, _____ is a voiceless affricative? A. [dЗ] B. [v] C. [t∫] D. [θ] 16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a __ __. A. fricative B. nasal sound C. semi-vowel D. vowel 17. Of the “words” listed below___ is not an English word A. [r∧b ] B. [ l? b ] C. [m?sta:∫] D. [lm?p] 18. ___ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released. A. Back vowels B. Stops C. Fricatives D. Glides 19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in _____. A. 1965 B. 1957 C. 1888 D. 1788 20. ___ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value. A. Phone B. Phoneme C. Allophone D. Sound 1. [ f ] is a dental consonant. F 2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. F 7. The three / p / are allophones. T 3. Phoneme is a phonological unit. T 4. Phone is a phonetic unit. T
语言学题库： Chapter 1 1. Read the following passage carefully and then state your own position concerning the use of knowing some linguistics. ( 2007, 中国人民大学研究生入学试题) One famous scholar says that language is an interesting subject to study on its own right, for the simple reason that everybody uses it every day. It is unbelievable that we know very little about something we are so familiar with. Just a few questions will arouse our interest in language. Why should we call the thing we sit on chair? Can’t we call chair table and table chair? How is ti that children don’t seem to make a big effort in learning their first language while we adults have to word very hard to learn a second language? Why can we talk about yesterday and last year while cats and dogs never seem to make noises about their past experience? Do you think we can think as clearly without language as with language? Does language determine what we think or thought determines what we say? These questions make us curious about language and linguistics can satisfy our curiosity. To seek the answer to any of these questions is a good reason for studying linguistics. I. Please disambiguate each of the following ambiguous sentences by means of tree diagrams. 1. She showed her baby pictures. 2. The old man was drinking in the open air. 3. John left directions for Tom to follow. 4. The young bachelor hit the color ball. 5. Leave the book on the shelf. 6. John saw a girl with a telescope. 7. more beautiful flowers 8. I went to the bank. (? Polysemy/ homonymy)
语言学概论试题及答案 分享 首次分享者：◇﹎ゞ丫丫℡已被分享11次评论(0)复制链接分享转载举报语言学概论形成性考核作业及参考答案 语言学概论作业1 导言、第一章、第二章 一、名词解释 1、历时语言学——就各种语言的历史事实用比较的方法去研究它的“亲属”关系和历史发展的，叫历时语言学。 2、语言——语言是一种社会现象，是人类最重要的交际工具和进行思维的工具。就语言本身的结构来说，语言是由词汇和语法构成的系统。 3、符号——符号是用来代表事物的一种形式，词这样的符号是声音和意义相结合的统一体。任何符号都是由声音和意义两方面构成的。 4、语言的二层性——语言是一种分层装置，其底层是一套音位；上层是音义结合的符号和符号的序列，这一层又分为若干级，第一级是语素，第二级是由语素构成的词，第三级是由词构成的句子。 5、社会现象——语言是一种社会现象和人类社会有紧密的联系。所谓“社会”，就是指生活在一个共同的地域中，说同一种语言，有共同的风俗习惯和文化传统的人类共同体。语言对于社会全体成员来说是统一的、共同的；另一方面，语言在人们的使用中可以有不同的变异、不同的风格。 二、填空 1、结构主义语言学包括布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国描写语言学三个学派。 2、历史比较语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。 3、人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。 4、一个符号，如果没有意义，就失去了存在的必要，如果没有声音，我们就无法感知，符号也就失去了存在的物质基础。 5、用什么样的语音形式代表什么样的意义，完全是由使用这种语言的社会成员约定俗成。 6、语言符号具有任意性和线条性特点。 7、语言的底层是一套音位，上层是符号和符号的序列，可以分为若干级，第一级是语素，第二级是词，第三级是句子。 8、语言系统中的所有符号，既可以同别的符号组合，又可以被别的符号替换，符号之间的这两种关系是组合和聚合。 9、组合是指符号与符号相互之间在功能上的联系，聚合是指符号在性质上的归类。 三、判断正误（正确的打钩，错误的打叉） 1、文字是人类最重要的交际工具。（×） 2、地主阶级和农民阶级之间没有共同语言，这说明语言是有阶级性的。（×） 3、在现代社会，文字比语言更加重要。（×）
英语语言学 Ⅰ.Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully，Decide which of the four choices completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets. 1.There are ( )main areas of phonetic study. A.2 B.3 C.4 D.5 ANSWER:B 2.The term( )linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. A.synchronic B.diachronic https://www.doczj.com/doc/2115242916.html,parative D.historical comparative ANSWER:B 3.Foreign language learning always contain ( ) A language historical process learning B.input and language learning C inter language in language learning D.grammar and language learning ANSWER:BCD 4.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+ last name, ( )and kin term. A title+ first name B title+ title
试卷代号：1093 语言学概论(本) 模拟试题 一、举例解释下列名词(每词5分，共10分) 1. 音位变体 2．借词 二、单项选择(每小题2分。共10分) 3．下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A．语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字也是人类最重要的交际工具 B．不同的阶级使用语言具有不同的特点，说明语言具有阶级性 C．人类多种多样的语言说明语言具有任意性特点 D．语言是一种纯自然的现象 4. 下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A．语法的组合规则是潜在的 B．语法的聚合规则是潜在的 C．语法的组合规则存在于书面语言中 D.语法的聚合规则存在于口头语言中 5．单纯词就是由一个( )构成的词。 A．词根 B．词干 C．词缀 D．词尾6．下列各种说法只有( )是正确的。 A．词义的模糊性说明词义是不可捉摸的 B．多义词使用不当会产生歧义，如“门没有锁” C．“glass”的本义是玻璃，派生义指玻璃杯，这是隐喻 D．同义词在修辞上具有对比作用，可以利用来突出对立面 7．下列说法只有( )是错误的。 A．语法的规则可以类推，但也有例外，如“wife”的复数不是“wifes” B．}昆合语又叫克里奥尔语，它可以被孩子们作为母语来学习 C．混合语只限于某社会集团使用，缺乏广泛性 D．“墨水”原指黑墨水，现指各种颜色的墨水，这种变化是词义的扩大
三、综合分析题(共40分) 8．描写下列音素的发音特点。（8分） ① [u]： ② Ea]： ③ [m]： ④ [x]： 9．分析下面词语中各个构词语素的类别，是词根、词缀还是词尾。（12分） ① going ②老乡 ⑧绿化 10．指出下列词组的结构类型。(10分) ①学生和老师 ②空气新鲜 ③热烈欢呼 ④摆放整齐 ⑤阅读报纸 11．指出下列句子中画线词语的词尾所表示的语法意义和语法范畴。(10分) He buys many books． 四、问答题(每小题10分，共40分) 12．为什么说语言是一种特殊的社会现象? 13．语言符号是一种分层装置，这种分层的核。g,是ffA?其上层由哪些要素构成? 各要素在数量上有何特点? 14．举例说明基本词汇的特点，并简要说明这些特点之间的相互影响。 15．什么是双语现象?双语现象随着社会的发展会出现怎样的结果?
1. Q: What is the scope of linguistics? The scope of linguistics can be illustrated as: 1) General linguistics: the study of language as whole. It deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 2) Phonetics: the study of sounds used in communication. 3) Phonology: the study about how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication. 4) Morphology: the study of the way in which symbols/morphemes are arranged to form words. 5) Syntax: the study of the rules about the combination of words to form permisible sentences. 6) Semantics: the study of meaning. 7) Pragmatics: the study of meaning in the context of use. And the Interdisciplinary branches. 1) Sociolinguistics 2) Psycholingu istics …………… 2. Q: What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several basic ways: firstly, modern linguistics is descriptive, it describes the language as it is; while traditional grammar is prescriptive, it
《语言学概论》练习测试题库 一、单项选择题 1、“人有人言，兽有兽语”中的“言”属于： A. 语言。 B. 言语。 C. 言语行为。 D. 言语作品。 2、人运用语言可以说出无限多的句子，这反映了语言的：(C) A. 民族性。 B. 符号性。 C. 生成性。 D. 系统性。 3、被社团作为母语使用和学习的语言是： A. 人工语言。 B. 自然语言。 C. 共同语。 D. 世界语。 4、从语言学分科来看，《语言学概论》课属于： A. 一般语言学。 B. 具体语言学。 C. 共时语言学。 D. 历时语言学。 5、“我爱家乡”中“爱”和“家乡”： A. 是聚合关系。 B. 是组合关系。 C. 既是聚合关系又是组合关系。 D. 既非聚合关系又非组合关系。 6、汉语南方方言比北方方言更接近于古汉语，这反映了语言发展的： A. 渐变性。 B. 相关性。 C. 规律性。 D. 不平衡性。 7、下列说法正确的是： A.义项是最小的语义单位。 B.义素是最小的语义单位。 C.词义的主要内容是语法意义。 D.词义不包括语法意义。 8、有人说语言是古代文化的“活化石”，这说明语言具有： A. 交际功能。 B. 思维功能。 C. 文化录传功能。 D. 认知功能。 9、“衣领”是“衣服”的： A. 上义词。 B. 下义词。 C. 总义词。 D. 分义词。 10、转换生成语言学的代表人物是： A. 乔姆斯基。 B. 菲尔默。 C. 皮亚杰。 D. 韩礼德。 11、下列说法正确的是 A.语言是无限的，言语是有限的。 B.语言是个人的，言语是社会的。 C.语言是一般的，言语是个别的。 D.语言是具体的，言语是抽象的。 12、人类最重要的交际工具是 A.文字。 B.语言。 C.书面语。 D.手势语。 13、下列说法正确的是 A.所有的符号都有任意性。 B.有些符号有任意性。 C.只有语言符号有任意性。 D.语言符号没有任意性。 14、词汇变化比语音语法快，这体现了语言发展的 A.渐变性。 B.稳固性。 C.相关性。 D.不平衡性。 15、“小王喜欢小李”中“喜欢”和“小李” A.是组合关系。 B.是聚合关系。 C.既是聚合关系又是组合关系。 D.既非聚合关系又非组合关系。 16、语言最重要的功能是 A.思维功能。 B.标志功能。 C.交际功能。 D.认知功能。 17、日语属于 A.屈折语。 B.粘着语。 C.词根语。 D.编插语。
语言学概论题 2009年语言学概论试题及答案 第一部分 选择题 一、单项选择题 1．关于“语言”的定义，下列说法不正确的一项是 A．语言是一种社会现象 B．语言就是人们说出来的话 C．语言的客观存在形式首先是有声的口头语言 D．语言是一个符号系统 2．关于“言语活动”、“语言”和“言语”三者之间的关系，下列说法不正确的一项是A．“语言”等于“言语活动”减去“言语” B．“语言”是主要的，而“言语”是次要的 C．“言语”是“言语活动”中的社会部分 D．“语言”是从“言语活动”抽象出来的一个均质的系统 3．索绪尔创立的语言学可以称为 A．传统语言学 B．历史比较语言学 C．结构主义语言学 D．社会语言学 4．从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位是 A．音渡 B．音素 C．音位 D．音节 5．[p…]的发音特征是 A．双唇送气清塞音 B．双唇不送气清塞音 C．舌尖前送气清塞音 D．舌尖前不送气清塞音 6．下列各项中，都是不圆唇元音的一组是 A．[i，u] B．[e，o] C．[A，y] D．[?，a] 7．说话人根据表达需要有意识地加上去的句重音是 A．节律重音 B．语法重音 C．固定重音 D．强调重音 8．下列关于语汇的表述中，正确的一项是 A．语汇是有意义的能独立使用的语言单位 B．语汇是最小的有意义的语言单位
C．语汇是固D．语汇是一种语言中词和语的总和 5．[p…]的发音特征是 A．双唇送气清塞音 B．双唇不送气清塞音 C．舌尖前送气清塞音 D．舌尖前不送气清塞音 6．下列各项中，都是不圆唇元音的一组是 A．[i，u] B．[e，o] C．[A，y] D．[?，a] 7．说话人根据表达需要有意识地加上去的句重音是 A．节律重音 B．语法重音 C．固定重音 D．强调重音 8．下列关于语汇的表述中，正确的一项是 A．语汇是有意义的能独立使用的语言单位 B．语汇是最小的有意义的语言单位 C．语汇是固定词组和熟语的总汇 D．语汇是一种语言中词和语的总和 9．从词的构造方式看，汉语“健儿”一词属于 A.单纯词 B．派生词 C．复合词 D．简缩词 10．下列各个汉语词语中的“子”是词根语素的是 A．笼子 B．鸽子 C．瓜子 D．日子 11．下列关于语法的表述中，不正确的一项是 A．语法是关于词的构成变化和词构成词组和句子的规则 B．语法是说本族语的人的直觉知识和约定习惯 C.语法是与语音、语汇等要素互不相关的规则 D．语法是与语音、语汇等相比变化较慢的现象 12．在“这些书我看过了”这个语言片段中，“这些书”和“我看过了”的性质是A．既是成分也是组合 B．是成分，不是组合 C．是组合，不是成分 D．不是成分也不是组合 13．下列关于词义模糊性的表述中，正确的一项是 A．词义所指范围边缘区域模糊，中心区域明确 B．词义所指范围边缘区域明确，中心区域模糊
Chapter 1 Introductions to Linguistics I. Choose the best answer. (20%) 1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________ A. contact B. communication C. relation D. community 2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary？ A. tree B. typewriter C. crash D. bang 3. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.” is __________. A. interrogative（疑问） B. directive C. informative D. performative 4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform？ A. Interpersonal B. Emotive C. Performative√ D. Recreational 5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation？ A. Transferability B. Duality C. Displacement D. Arbitrariness 6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language？ —A nice day, isn’t it？ — Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. A. Emotive B. Phatic C. Performative D. Interpersonal 7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances. A. Performance B. Competence C. Langue D. Parole 8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of __________. A. cultural transmission B. productivity C. displacement D. duality 9. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language. A. Psycholinguistics linguistics C. Sociolinguistics D. Applied linguistics 10. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education. A. Linguistic theory B. Practical linguistics C. Applied linguistics D. Comparative linguistics II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) 11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not 12. Language change is universal, ongoing and ？ 13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication ？ 14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False. 1.Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English. 2.Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. 3.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations. 4.In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience. 5.Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. 6.Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.