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Advanced Control Systems Advanced Control Systems play a crucial role in modern engineering and technology, enabling precise and efficient control of complex systems across various industries. From aerospace and automotive to manufacturing and robotics, the application of advanced control systems has revolutionized the way we design, operate, and optimize processes and machinery. In this discussion, we will explore the significance of advanced control systems, their key components, challenges, and future prospects from multiple perspectives. From an engineering standpoint, advanced control systems encompass a wide range of methodologies and techniques aimed at regulating the behavior of dynamic systems. These systems can be as simple as a thermostat controlling room temperature or as complex as a self-driving car navigating through traffic. One of the fundamental components of advanced control systems is the use of mathematical models to describe the dynamics of the system and develop control algorithms. These algorithms can be implemented in hardware or software, utilizing sensors and actuators to measure and manipulate the system's behavior in real-time. In the field of aerospace, advanced control systems are instrumental in ensuring the stability and maneuverability of aircraft and spacecraft. Flight control systems utilize a combination of autopilots, gyroscopes, and control surfaces to maintain stability and respond to pilot commands. With the advent of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), advanced control systems have become even more critical in enabling autonomous flight and navigation, opening up new possibilities for surveillance, delivery, and exploration. In the automotive industry, advanced control systems have revolutionized vehicle dynamics and safety. Electronic stability control (ESC) systems use sensors to detect and prevent skidding and loss of traction, enhancing the overall safety of vehicles. Moreover, the development of autonomous vehicles relies heavily on advanced control systems, enabling cars to perceive their environment, make decisions, and navigate without human intervention. The integration of sensors, actuators, and control algorithms in modern vehicles represents a significant leap forward in the quest for safer and more efficient transportation. The manufacturing sector has also benefited significantly from advanced control systems, particularly in the realm of robotics and automation.Industrial robots equipped with advanced control systems can perform a wide array of tasks with precision and repeatability, ranging from assembly and welding to painting and inspection. The seamless integration of robots into manufacturing processes has not only improved efficiency but also created new opportunities for customization and flexibility in production lines. Despite the numerous advantages offered by advanced control systems, several challenges and considerations must be addressed to ensure their effective implementation and operation. One of the primary concerns is the robustness and reliability ofcontrol algorithms, especially in safety-critical applications such as autonomous vehicles and medical devices. The need to account for uncertainties, disturbances, and unforeseen events poses a significant challenge in the design and validation of advanced control systems. Another critical aspect is the ethical and societal implications of advanced control systems, particularly in the context of autonomous technologies. The deployment of autonomous vehicles, for instance, raises questions regarding liability, decision-making algorithms, and the impact on traditional modes of transportation. Furthermore, the potential displacement of human workers in various industries due to automation calls for a thoughtful and inclusive approach to the adoption of advanced control systems. Looking ahead, the future of advanced control systems holds immense potential for further innovation and integration across diverse domains. The emergence of cyber-physical systems, enabled by the Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing, presents new opportunities for interconnected and intelligent control systems. The ability to collect and analyze vast amounts of data in real-time opens up avenues for adaptive and predictive control strategies, enhancing performance and resilience in dynamic environments. In conclusion, advanced control systems represent a cornerstone of modern engineering and technology, driving advancements in aerospace, automotive, manufacturing, and beyond. The convergence of mathematical modeling, sensors, actuators, and computing has paved the way for unprecedented levels of precision, efficiency, and autonomy in controlling complex systems. As we continue to navigate the opportunities and challenges associated with advanced control systems, it is essential to prioritize safety, ethics, and inclusiveinnovation to realize their full potential in shaping the future of technology and society.。
Intelligent Control Systems Intelligent control systems are becoming increasingly popular in today's world, with the rise of automation and smart technologies. These systems are designed to use artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) algorithms to control and optimize various processes, from manufacturing and logistics to energy management and building automation. While the benefits of intelligent control systems are numerous, there are also some concerns and challenges that need to be addressed. One of the main advantages of intelligent control systems is their ability to improve efficiency and productivity. By using AI and ML algorithms, these systems can analyze large amounts of data and make real-time decisions based on that analysis. This can lead to faster and more accurate decision-making, which in turn can lead to increased productivity and reduced costs. For example, in a manufacturing plant, an intelligent control system can optimize the production process by adjusting the speed of machines, reducing waste, and minimizing downtime. Another benefit of intelligent control systems is their ability to improve safety and security. By using sensors and cameras, these systems can monitor and detect potential hazards or security threats in real-time. They can also automatically take action to prevent or mitigate these risks, such asshutting down a machine or alerting security personnel. This can help prevent accidents and reduce the risk of theft or other security breaches. However, there are also some concerns and challenges associated with intelligent control systems. One of the main concerns is the potential impact on jobs. As these systems become more advanced and widespread, there is a risk that they could replace humanworkers in certain industries. This could lead to job losses and economic disruption, particularly in industries that rely heavily on manual labor. Another challenge is the potential for these systems to malfunction or be hacked. While intelligent control systems are designed to be secure and reliable, there isalways a risk of technical glitches or cyber attacks. If a system were to malfunction or be hacked, it could cause serious damage or disruption to the processes it controls. This highlights the importance of ensuring that these systems are properly designed, tested, and secured. Another concern is the potential for these systems to be biased or discriminatory. AI and ML algorithmsare only as good as the data they are trained on, and if that data is biased or incomplete, the resulting system could also be biased. This could lead to unfair or discriminatory outcomes, particularly in areas such as hiring, lending, or criminal justice. It is therefore important to ensure that these systems are designed and trained with fairness and inclusivity in mind. In conclusion, intelligent control systems have the potential to revolutionize many industries and improve efficiency, productivity, safety, and security. However, there are also some concerns and challenges that need to be addressed, such as the potential impact on jobs, the risk of malfunctions or cyber attacks, and the potential for bias or discrimination. To ensure that these systems are used responsibly and ethically, it is important to involve a diverse range of stakeholders in the design and implementation process, and to prioritize transparency, accountability, and fairness.。
criticality术语
"Criticality"是一个科学术语，通常用于描述一个系统或事件的重要性和紧急性。
在不同的领域中，criticality的含义和重要性有所不同。
在核物理学中，criticality是指一个核反应堆达到临界状态，此时反应堆中的核燃料能够维持自持链式反应。
在这种情况下，反应堆会释放大量的能量，如果控制不当，可能会导致灾难性的后果。
因此，核反应堆的设计和操作必须非常精确，以确保它们始终保持在安全的状态下。
在计算机科学中，criticality可以指代一个任务或操作的紧急性或重要性。
例如，某些任务可能需要立即完成，否则可能会导致系统故障或数据丢失。
在这种情况下，这些任务就被认为是高criticality任务，需要优先处理。
在医学中，criticality通常用于描述患者的病情严重程度。
例如，某些疾病或状况可能会导致患者的生命处于危险之中，这些情况就被认为是高criticality情况，需要立即采取行动进行治疗或干预。
除了上述领域外，criticality还广泛应用于其他领域，如工程、化学、环境科学等。
在这些领域中，criticality通常用于描述一个系统或事件的关键性或紧急性，需要采取适当的措施来确保安全和稳定。
总之，"criticality"是一个通用术语，用于描述一个系统或事件的重要性和紧急性。
在不同的领域中，criticality的具体含义和重要性有所不同，但都是为了强调需要采取适当的措施来确保安全和稳定。
OBJECTIVESOLIDWORKS® Flow Simulation is a powerful Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solution fully embedded within SOLIDWORKS. It enables designers and engineers to quickly and easily simulate the effect of fluid flow, heat transfer and fluid forces that are critical to the success of their designs.OVERVIEWSOLIDWORKS Flow Simulation enables designers to simulate liquid and gas flow in real-world conditions, run “what if” scenarios and efficiently analyze the effects of fluid flow, heat transfer and related forces on or through components. Design variations can quickly be compared to make better decisions, resulting in products with superior performance. SOL IDWORKS Flow Simulation offers two flow modules that encompass industry specific tools, practices and simulation methodologies—a Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) module and an Electronic Cooling module. These modules are add-ons to a SOLIDWORKS Flow Simulation license. BENEFITS• Evaluates product performance while changing multiple variables at a rapid pace.• Reduces time-to-market by quickly determining optimal design solutions and reducing physical prototypes.• Enables better cost control through reduced rework and higher quality.• Delivers more accurate proposals.CAPABILITIESSOLIDWORKS Flow SimulationSOLIDWORKS Flow Simulation is a general-purpose fluid flow and heat transfer simulation tool integrated with SOLIDWORKS 3D CAD. Capable of simulating both low-speed and supersonic flows, this powerful 3D design simulation tool enables true concurrent engineering and brings the critical impact of fluid flow analysis and heat transfer into the hands of every designer. In addition to SOL IDWORKS Flow Simulation, designers can simulate the effects of fans and rotating components on the fluid flow and well as component heating and cooling. HVAC ModuleThis module offers dedicated simulation tools for HVAC designers and engineers who need to simulate advanced radiation phenomena. It enables engineers to tackle the tough challenges of designing efficient cooling systems, lighting systems or contaminant dispersion systems. Electronic Cooling ModuleThis module includes dedicated simulation tools for thermal management studies. It is ideal for companies facing thermal challenges with their products and companies that require very accurate thermal analysis of their PCB and enclosure designs.SOLIDWORKS Flow Simulation can be used to:• Dimension air conditioning and heating ducts with confidence, taking into account materials, isolation and thermal comfort.• Investigate and visualize airflow to optimize systems and air distribution.• Test products in an environment that is as realistic as possible.• Produce Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Predicted Percent Dissatisfied (PPD) HVAC results for supplying schools and government institutes.• Design better incubators by keeping specific comfort levels for the infant and simulating where support equipment should be placed.• Design better air conditioning installation kits for medical customers.• Simulate electronic cooling for LED lighting.• Validate and optimize designs using a multi-parametric Department of Energy (DOE) method.SOLIDWORKS FLOW SIMULATIONOur 3D EXPERIENCE® platform powers our brand applications, serving 12 industries, and provides a rich portfolio of industry solution experiences.Dassault Syst èmes, t he 3D EXPERIENCE® Company, provides business and people wit h virt ual universes t o imagine sust ainable innovat ions. It s world-leading solutions transform the way products are designed, produced, and supported. Dassault Systèmes’ collaborative solutions foster social innovation, expanding possibilities for the virtual world to improve the real world. The group brings value to over 220,000 customers of all sizes in all industries in more than 140 countries. For more information, visit .Europe/Middle East/Africa Dassault Systèmes10, rue Marcel Dassault CS 4050178946 Vélizy-Villacoublay Cedex France AmericasDassault Systèmes 175 Wyman StreetWaltham, Massachusetts 02451-1223USA Asia-PacificDassault Systèmes K.K.ThinkPark Tower2-1-1 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku,Tokyo 141-6020Japan©2018 D a s s a u l t S y s t èm e s . A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d . 3D E X P E R I E N C E ®, t h e C o m p a s s i c o n , t h e 3D S l o g o , C A T I A , S O L I D W O R K S , E N O V I A , D E L M I A , S I M U L I A , G E O V I A , E X A L E A D , 3D V I A , B I O V I A , N E T V I B E S , I F W E a n d 3D E X C I T E a r e c o m m e r c i a l t r a d e m a r k s o r r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k s o f D a s s a u l t S y s t èm e s , a F r e n c h “s o c i ét é e u r o p ée n n e ” (V e r s a i l l e s C o m m e r c i a l R e g i s t e r # B 322 306 440), o r i t s s u b s i d i a r i e s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d /o r o t h e r c o u n t r i e s . A l l o t h e r t r a d e m a r k s a r e o w n e d b y t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e o w n e r s . U s e o f a n y D a s s a u l t S y s t èm e s o r i t s s u b s i d i a r i e s t r a d e m a r k s i s s u b j e c t t o t h e i r e x p r e s s w r i t t e n a p p r o v a l .• Free, forced and mixed convection• Fluid flows with boundary layers, including wall roughness effects• Laminar and turbulent fluid flows • Laminar only flow• Multi-species fluids and multi-component solids• Fluid flows in models with moving/rotating surfaces and/or parts• Heat conduction in fluid, solid and porous media with/without conjugate heat transfer and/or contact heat resistance between solids• Heat conduction in solids only • Gravitational effectsAdvanced Capabilities• Noise Prediction (Steady State and Transient)• Free Surface• Radiation Heat Transfer Between Solids • Heat sources due to Peltier effect• Radiant flux on surfaces of semi-transparent bodies• Joule heating due to direct electric current in electrically conducting solids• Various types of thermal conductivity in solid medium • Cavitation in incompressible water flows• Equilibrium volume condensation of water from steam and its influence on fluid flow and heat transfer• Relative humidity in gases and mixtures of gases • Two-phase (fluid + particles) flows • Periodic boundary conditions.• Tracer Study• Comfort Parameters • Heat Pipes • Thermal Joints• Two-resistor Components • PCBs•Thermoelectric Coolers• Test the heat exchange on AC and DC power converters.• Simulate internal temperature control to reduce overheating issues.• Better position fans and optimize air flux inside a design.• Predict noise generated by your designed system.Some capabilities above need the HVAC or Electronic Cooling Module.SOLIDWORK Design Support• Fully embedded in SOLIDWORKS 3D CAD• Support SOLIDWORKS configurations and materials • Help Documentation • Knowledge base• Engineering database• eDrawings ® of SOLIDWORKS Simulation results General Fluid Flow Analysis• 2D flow • 3D flow • Symmetry• Sector Periodicity • Internal fluid flows • External fluid flowsAnalysis Types• Steady state and transient fluid flows • Liquids • Gases• Non-Newtonian liquids • Mixed flows• Compressible gas and incompressible fluid flows •Subsonic, transonic and supersonic gas flowsMesher• Global Mesh Automatic and Manual settings • Local mesh refinementGeneral Capabilities• Fluid flows and heat transfer in porous media • Flows of non-Newtonian liquids • Flows of compressible liquids •Real gases。
GMPMay 2011EMA/CHMP/ICH/425213/2011ICH/ Committee for medicinal products for human use (CHMP)ICH guideline Q11 on development and manufacture of drug substances (chemical entitiesand biotechnological/biological entities)ICH 指导原则 Q11 原料药的开发和生产(化学实体和生物技术/生物实体)Step 3翻译/审核：谢永/ChankTransmission to CHMP May 2011 Comments Should be provided using this template. The Completed comments form7 Westferry Circus ● Canary Wharf ● London E14 4HB ● United KingdomTelephone +44 (0)20 7418 8400 Facsimile +44 (0)20 7418 8416E-mail ich@ema.europa.eu Website www.ema.europa.eu An agency of the European Union© European Medicines Agency, 2011. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.T ABLE OF CONTENTS目录1.I NTRODUCTION 介绍 (4)2.S COPE 范围 (4)3.M ANUFACTURING P ROCESS D EVELOPMENT 制造工艺开发 (5)3.1. General Principles 总则 (5)3.1.1. Drug Substance Quality Link to Drug Product将原料药质量与制剂药品联系起来 (5)3.1.2. Process Development Tools 工艺开发工具 (5)3.1.3. Approaches to Development 开发的方法 (6)3.1.4. Drug Substance Critical Quality Attributes 原料药的关键质量属性（CQA） (7)3.1.5. Linking Material Attributes and Process Parameters to Drug Substance CQAs 将物料属性和工艺参数与原料药的关键质量属性相关联 (8)3.1.6. Design Space 设计空间 (9)3.2. Submission of Manufacturing Process Development Information 制造工艺开发信息的注册递交 (10)3.2.1. Overall Process Development Summary 全面的工艺开发总结 (10)3.2.2. Drug Substance CQAs 原料药的CQAs (11)3.2.3. Manufacturing Process History 制造工艺历史 (11)3.2.4. Manufacturing Developmental Studies 制造开发研究 (12)4.D ESCRIPTION OF M ANUFACTURING P ROCESS AND P ROCESS C ONTROLS 制造工艺描述和工艺控制. 125.S ELECTION OF S TARTING M ATERIALS AND S OURCE M ATERIALS 起始物料和源物料的选择 (13)5.1. General Principles 通则 (13)5.1.1. Selection of Starting Materials for Synthetic Drug Substances 化学合成原料药的起始物料的选择 (13)5.1.2. Selection of Starting Materials for Semi-synthetic Drug Substances 半合成原料药的起始物料的选择 (14)5.1.3. Selection of Source Materials for Biotechnological/Biological Products生物产品的起始物料的选择 (15)5.2. Submission of Information for Starting Material or Source Material 起始物料或源物料的信息申报 (15)5.2.1. Justification of Starting Material Selection for Synthetic Drug Substances 合成原料药的起始物料的选择的合理解释 (15)5.2.2. Justification of Starting Material Selection for Semi-Synthetic Drug Substances 半合成原料药的起2 / 37始原料选择的合理解释 (16)5.2.3. Qualification of Source Materials for Biotechnological/Biological Products 生物产品源物料的确认 (16)6. C ONTROL S TRATEGY控制策略 (16)6.1. General Principles 通则 (16)6.1.1. Approaches to Developing a Control Strategy 开发控制策略的方法 (17)6.1.2. Considerations in Developing a Control Strategy 开发控制策略中的考虑 (17)6.2. Submission of Control Strategy Information 控制策略信息的注册申报 (18)7. P ROCESS V ALIDATION/E VALUATION工艺验证/评估 (19)7.1. General Principles 一般原则 (19)7.2. Principles Specific to Biotechnological/Biological Products 生物制品的特殊原则 (20)8. S UBMISSION OF M ANUFACTURING P ROCESS D EVELOPMENT AND R ELATED I NFORMATION I N C OMMONT ECHNICAL D OCUMENTS (CTD)F ORMAT生产工艺开发及相关信息在CTD格式的递交 (21)8.1. Quality Risk Management and Process Development 质量风险管理和工艺开发 (21)8.2. Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs) 关键质量属性（CQAs） (21)8.3. Design Space 设计空间 (21)8.4. Control Strategy 控制策略 (22)9. L IFECYCLE M ANAGEMENT 生命周期管理 (22)10. Illustrative Examples 实例 (23)10.1. Example 1: Linking Material Attributes and Process Parameters to Drug Substance CQAs - ChemicalEntity 将物料属性和工艺参数与原料药的关键质量属性（CQA）相关联—化学药部分 (23)10.2. Example 2: Use of Quality Risk Management to Support Lifecycle Management of Process Parameters使用质量风险管理支持工艺参数的生命周期管理 (27)10.3. Example 3: Presentation of a Design Space for a Biotechnological Product Unit Operation 例3：生物产品单元操作设计空间的介绍 (28)10.4. Example 4: Selecting an Appropriate Starting Material 例4：选择一个恰当的起始物料 (30)10.5. Example 5: Summary of Control Elements for select CQAs 选择CQA 的控制要素的小结 (31)11.G LOSSARY术语 (35)3 / 371.I NTRODUCTION 介绍This guideline describes approaches to developing process and drug substance understanding and also provides guidance on what information should be provided in CTD sections 3.2.S.2.2 ¨C 3.2.S.2.6.It provides further clarification on the principles and concepts described in ICH guidelines on Pharmaceutical Development (Q8), Quality Risk Management (Q9) and Pharmaceutical Quality Systems (Q10) as they pertain to the development and manufacture of drug substance.此指南描述了开发原料药工艺及理解的方法，也提供了那些信息需要在CTD 章节 3.2.S.2.2 和3.2.S.2.6 中提供的指南。
s Dramatically reduced development costsThe wide range of outdoor modules with flexible I/O available with IQAN ensures complete machine manage-ment. The system offers a building-block approach that simplifies component design and installation while also reducing development time and expenses.u Rugged design and excellent ergonomicsIQAN hardware is thoroughly tested for robust operation and compatibility with all kinds of mobile hydraulic equipment. In addition, it meets industry and government standards for operation in severe conditions, including extremely high or low temperatures, vibrations, mechanical impact and electromagnetic interference.Efficiency in focus – throughout the entire machine life cycle Electronic control made easyThe state-of-the-art IQAN systemis a unique, totally electronicapproach that replaces mechani-cal and electromechanical systemsfor controlling and monitoringhydraulics in mobile machines.With Parker’s IQAN, you havecomplete freedom to design cus-tomized software without the needfor advanced programming skills.The flexible functions availablewithin the IQAN system allowsophisticated applications to beprogrammed and optimized veryquickly, enabling huge savings ondevelopment time – and cost.The IQAN software tools cover allphases of a machine’s life cycle,from development through pro-duction to after sales.NTA L E SsEasy installationThe design philosophy behind the IQAN system is based on simplicity in every way. The modular CAN bus structure offers total freedom in machine development – the rugged IQAN units can be placed in any area of the mobile machine, enabling a more compact design and/or minimised wiring, while reducing installation time to an absolute minimum.RO DU C T I O NPsNo programmingskills requiredIQAN is user-programmable via an advanced, highly intuitive graphic design tool, which dramatically simplifies development. Simulation of the control system can be carried out in parallel with the programming of machine functions.u Advanced diagnosticsThe IQAN control units have an advanced built-in diagnostics system that will help to minimize down-time in the case of failure in the field. Problems can be located either by the default system diagnostics delivered with the standardproduct, or by customer designed diagnostics functionality.s Intelligent display/control The IQAN master modules incorp- orates powerful computing capacity with high processing speeds and multiple CAN bus interfaces. These features make the units extremely flexible and adaptable to a variety of applications with a wide range of hydraulic components and input devices such as joysticks, pedals and sensors.s Sensors forevery type of needThe IQAN sensors have been deve-loped specifically for mobile appli-cations and are designed from the ground up to excel in the demanding physical, regulatory and commercial environment of the mobile machine sector.Intelligent software – the way ahead40 years of motion control experience – ready to plug and playParker’s experience in hydraulic motion control is second to none, with over forty years of experience in close collaboration with custo-mers world-wide. What started with basic ergonomic demands from machine operators hasdeveloped into highly advancedelectro-hydraulic machine control knowledge, made accessible to everyone in the IQAN product range. An IQAN system will not only offer shorter development time for the machine manufactu-rer, but also maximum functiona-lity and up-time for the machine owner once it enters the market.Illustration shows possible product applications in an agricultural tractor.-image courtesy of Valtra Inc.u Multi master support Complex machine layouts anddemanding machine functionality can be facilitated easily with a multi mas-ter system design. Major benefits of such a system include distribu-ted functionality and diagnostics, a distributed human machine interface (HMI), extended memory capacity, faster cycle time and additional I/Os. With IQAN, a multi master system will feel like a single master system.u Long-life precision controls At Parker, we know what reliability means for profitability. All IQAN control units are thoroughly tested and builtto withstand many years of use and abuse in the toughest environmentsimaginable, while maintaining theprecision needed for maximum productivity.sRugged 32-bit performance The IQAN control units have been designed with 32-bit performance to meet high computing demands. The rugged design of the IQAN hardware is tested for robust operation and compatibility with mobile hydraulic equipment. In addition, it meets industry and government standards for operation in severe conditions that include extremely high or low tempe-ratures, vibrations, mechanical impact and electromagnetic interference.u SafetyAll IQAN modules are designed with the functional safety requirements of mobile machines in mind.Where there is a need to prove the safety integrity of each implemented safety function; the safety controller IQAN-MC3 can be used.It is designed in accordance with IEC 61508, and can be used to implement safety functions of up to SIL2.When applying EN ISO 138489-1 for safety functions, it can be used as a PLd subsystem.u Create advanced functions – in minutes!IQANdesign is an advanced design tool with an intuitive graphic interface, which simplifies application development for your mobile machine and redu-ces development time. This tool is mainly used for general system layout and machine function design. There is a wide range of predefined building blocks available, such as closed loop control, signal processing, math calculations, communication protocols (e.g. SAE J1939) and system diagnostics.IQANdesign can be used to design systems with multiple masters. Multiple master design work is simplified by use of a project file that contains applica-tions for all IQAN masters in the system.In addition to machine function design, IQANdesign also provides a simple way to accomplish display page programming using a simple drag and drop inter-face. The menu system can also be customized .t Increased productivity andreduced environmental impactWith IQAN Software studios, any OEM can create custom functions that optimize a machine’s energy efficiency – the power can easily be made available when needed, and only then.Easier development...Cut time-to-market by several monthsThe IQAN software studios cover all phases of a machine’s life cycle, from development through pro- duction to after sales. The main philosophy behind the IQAN Soft-ware Studios is that the OEM, with their extensive knowledge of their machine’s life cycle, should be able to create software that makestheir product perform at top level, easy to produce and giving the end user maximum up-time.All this can be achieved without any previous programming expe-rience – anyone who knows what functions are needed can learn to build them in a remarkably shorttime.• 32-bit technology • Outstanding motion control experience • User-friendly• Software-based development• World-wide supportt Endless possibilitiesToday, an OEM’s engineering depart-ment wants to design and prototype new machines or features quickly and easily. The production depart-ment wants to automate, log and trace the delivery status. The service department wants to handle warran-ties, offer proactive maintenance and download machine upgrades. Finally, the machine owner wants a reliable machine with high productivity and low downtime. To meet all of these demands, IQAN Software Studios were designed to fulfill the needs of the machine life cycle model. IQAN tools give an extraordinary value over the product life cycle. A product generation that lives for 5-10 years can be easily be updated to remain competitive until it is replaced by the next product generation.sVirtual simulation speeds up developmentIQANsimulate is a simulation tool, which simplifies function testing andvalidation, reducing development time. It simulates all of the hardware modules in an IQAN application. Software simulation is a safer way to test new app- lications than on an actual machine. Simulation of all input values in your application is easy using the on-screen sliding bar interface. While simulating inputs you can simultaneously measure the resulting output values. T ogether with module and I/O error simulation you will be able to perform machineFMEA (Failure Modes and Effects Analysis). The simulator will behave just like the ‘real thing’, meaning you will be able to look at your display pages,adjust parameters, view logs, test your user interface and much more.p Speed up production Getting a machine design into production is time consuming. Testing equipment and procedures have to be developed and machine start-up and delivery status needs to be recorded. Fortunately, IQAN Software is tailor-made to fulfill all of these demands. Software tools from IQAN can be adapted to feature machine-specific procedures for maintenance, fault finding and web supported machine upgrades, while the machine owner can access spare parts manuals, maintenance videos, service intervals and service sugges-tions by the software.t Fine-tune in the real world During the development phase you can use IQANrun to optimize your machine’s performance with the help of IQANrun’s advanced graphic measuring and machine statistics collection functions. IQANrun also of-fers a convenient way of developing the basic machine settings during theprototyping phase.s Fewer components, easier installationIQANscript allows you to design machine startups with secured and standard-ized procedures. This increases manufacturing productivity and initial machine quality. By creating troubleshooting scripts you can guide both production and service personnel during the fault finding process. This decreases the fault finding time and makes it possible for less trained personnel to find problems that otherwise would require expert knowledge....easier production...Set-up and customise in minutes – not days!With IQANscript you create scripts using simple drag and drop ope-rations. Each script is a sequence of actions that can be executed in IQANrun. A wide range of script actions are available to build scripts for different ing flow control actions such as conditions and loops you can control how the script is executed. With the different measure andotherwise complex operations. Input from the user can also be collected and used by the script. To provide traceability you can include a customized report in the script. When the script is executed the results will be recorded in the report, making it possible to get a good overview as well as saving the report for future use.t Real-time adjustmentsThe user-friendly IQANrun software is makes fine-tuning functions easy. Any changes can be followed on-screen in real-time for maximum control. The result for the end-user is a better performing mobile machine – andperformance means profitability.log actions, information can be re- trieved from the master units to be analyzed by the script or displayed to the user. Setting actions provide full control of the master settings, making it possible to fine tune the machine using a script. IQANs-cript provides powerful building blocks for the script user interface. Using formatted text and imagesthe script user is guided throughThe script concept was developed to help OEM production departments create routines for testing, tuning, setting options, logging, delivery sheets, etc.• Easy to install and set-up quickly• Customize as desired • I ncrease your delivery capacitysUpgrade anywhereFunctions can be easily tweaked to perfection on a laptop computer, and then downloaded to the IQAN master module – in a workshop or out in thefield, in a matter of minutes.t Remote diagnosticsWith a modem connected to the master module, remote diagnostics on a machine out in the field becomes possible. Trouble-shooting and updating of application software can be done remotely. There is no need to get to the machine for a first diagnosis, and if a physical repair is needed, the service technnician is well prepared with advance information and can bring all the necessary spare parts and tools needed to get the machine running quickly....and easier maintenanceCutting down-time with intelligent diagnostics systemsToday, service technicians have a large number of tools and docu- ments to keep track of. Someti-mes, it is hard for them to find the right information and to be sure they use the correct version of a software or document. The cus-tomize feature in IQAN Productive Studio was developed to solve this problem. It allows you to collect all machine software and informa-tion in one user interface and to distribute it to your users quickly and easily via the web. Machine downtime is minimised since the service technicaian have all the information needed in one place and the information is always up to date.IQANcustomize is a tool that enables customization of the IQANrun software functions and appearance to create a unique ser-vice and production tool. This is done by creating one or more pa-ges using the graphical page editor in IQANcustomize. The pages can contain specific information for each machine type and will be displayed when IQANrun is star-ted. Your company logo, graphics, links and information may all be integrated in the user interface of IQANrun. Using IQANcustomize you can also show or hide IQAN-run functions, or make them avai-lable as links on any page, to assist users through a troubleshooting ortuning process.IQAN product range Everything you need for complete controlIQAN by Parker offers a completerange of control products to meetyour needs. No matter what yourneed is, Parker can offer anythingfrom the most basic valve driverapplication to a complete controlsystem for larger, more complica-ted machines.11Your local authorized Parker distributorParker WorldwideE d . 2015-04-21EMEA Product Information Centre Free phone: 00 800 27 27 5374(from AT , BE, CH, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FI, FR, IE, IL, IS, IT , LU, MT , NL, NO, PL, PT , RU, SE, SK, UK, ZA) US Product Information Centre Toll-free number: 1-800-27 27 537Europe, Middle East, AfricaAE – United Arab Emirates, DubaiTel: +971 4 8127100 ********************AT – Austria, Wiener Neustadt Tel: +43 (0)2622 23501-0 *************************AT – Eastern Europe, Wiener NeustadtTel: +43 (0)2622 23501 900 ****************************AZ – Azerbaijan, Baku Tel: +994 50 22 33 458****************************BE/LU – Belgium, Nivelles Tel: +32 (0)67 280 900*************************BG – Bulgaria, Sofia Tel: +359 2 980 1344**************************BY – Belarus, Minsk Tel: +48 (0)22 573 24 00 ************************CH – Switzerland, Etoy Tel: +41 (0)21 821 87 00*****************************CZ – Czech Republic, Klecany Tel: +420 284 083 111*******************************DE – Germany, Kaarst Tel: +49 (0)2131 4016 0*************************DK – Denmark, Ballerup Tel: +45 43 56 04 00*************************ES – Spain, Madrid Tel: +34 902 330 001 ***********************FI – Finland, VantaaTel: +358 (0)20 753 2500 *************************FR – France, Contamine s/Arve Tel: +33 (0)4 50 25 80 25 ************************GR – Greece, Athens Tel: +30 210 933 6450 ************************HU – Hungary, Budaoers Tel: +36 23 885 470*************************IE – Ireland, Dublin Tel: +353 (0)1 466 6370 *************************IT – Italy, Corsico (MI)Tel: +39 02 45 19 21 ***********************KZ – Kazakhstan, Almaty Tel: +7 7273 561 000****************************NL – The Netherlands, Oldenzaal Tel: +31 (0)541 585 000 ********************NO – Norway, Asker Tel: +47 66 75 34 00************************PL – Poland, Warsaw Tel: +48 (0)22 573 24 00 ************************PT – Portugal, Leca da Palmeira Tel: +351 22 999 7360**************************RO – Romania, Bucharest Tel: +40 21 252 1382*************************RU – Russia, Moscow Tel: +7 495 645-2156************************SE – Sweden, Spånga Tel: +46 (0)8 59 79 50 00 ************************SK – Slovakia, Banská Bystrica Tel: +421 484 162 252**************************SL – Slovenia, Novo Mesto Tel: +386 7 337 6650**************************TR – Turkey, Istanbul Tel: +90 216 4997081 ************************UA – Ukraine, KievTel: +48 (0)22 573 24 00 ************************UK – United Kingdom, Warwick Tel: +44 (0)1926 317 878 ********************ZA – South Africa, Kempton Park Tel: +27 (0)11 961 0700*****************************North AmericaCA – Canada, Milton, Ontario Tel: +1 905 693 3000US – USA, Cleveland (industrial)Tel: +1 216 896 3000US – USA, Elk Grove Village (mobile)Tel: +1 847 258 6200Asia PacificAU – Australia, Castle Hill Tel: +61 (0)2-9634 7777CN – China, Shanghai Tel: +86 21 2899 5000HK – Hong Kong Tel: +852 2428 8008ID – Indonesia, Tangerang Tel: +62 21 7588 1906IN – India, MumbaiTel: +91 22 6513 7081-85JP – Japan, Fujisawa Tel: +81 (0)4 6635 3050KR – South Korea, Seoul Tel: +82 2 559 0400MY – Malaysia, Shah Alam Tel: +60 3 7849 0800NZ – New Zealand, Mt Wellington Tel: +64 9 574 1744SG – Singapore Tel: +65 6887 6300TH – Thailand, Bangkok Tel: +662 186 7000TW – Taiwan, New Taipei City Tel: +886 2 2298 8987VN – Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City Tel: +84 8 3999 1600South AmericaAR – Argentina, Buenos Aires Tel: +54 3327 44 4129BR – Brazil, Cachoeirinha RS Tel: +55 51 3470 9144CL – Chile, Santiago Tel: +56 2 623 1216MX – Mexico, Toluca Tel: +52 72 2275 4200© 2010-2015 Parker Hannifin Corporation. All rights reserved.Bulletin HY33-8368/UK. POD 08/2015 EMDC。
Robust Control and Estimation Robust control and estimation are critical components in the field of engineering and technology. These concepts play a crucial role in ensuring the stability and performance of various systems, ranging from aerospace and automotive to industrial and biomedical applications. As an engineer, I have encountered numerous challenges and complexities in implementing robust controland estimation techniques, which have significantly impacted the success and reliability of the systems I have worked on. One of the primary challenges in robust control and estimation is the inherent uncertainty and variability presentin real-world systems. This uncertainty can arise from various sources, such as environmental conditions, component variations, and external disturbances. As a result, designing controllers and estimators that can effectively handle these uncertainties is a daunting task. It requires a deep understanding of system dynamics, as well as advanced mathematical tools such as robust control theory, stochastic processes, and optimization techniques. In my experience, I have often found myself grappling with the trade-off between performance and robustness in control and estimation design. While it is essential to achieve high performancein terms of speed, accuracy, and responsiveness, it is equally important to ensure that the system remains stable and robust in the face of uncertainties. Balancing these conflicting objectives requires a careful and meticulous approach, involving extensive simulations, analysis, and testing to validate the effectiveness of the designed control and estimation algorithms. Moreover, the integration of robust control and estimation techniques into practical engineering systems poses its own set of challenges. Implementing complex algorithms on real-time embedded platforms, ensuring compatibility with existing hardware and software, and addressingpractical constraints such as cost, power, and size, are all critical considerations that engineers must navigate. These practical challenges often demand innovative solutions and a multidisciplinary approach, involving collaboration with experts in control theory, signal processing, electronics, and software engineering. From a personal standpoint, the pursuit of robust control and estimation has been both intellectually stimulating and emotionally taxing. The thrill of overcoming technical hurdles and witnessing the successfuldeployment of robust control and estimation solutions is often accompanied by moments of frustration and self-doubt. The iterative nature of design, the needfor continuous refinement, and the unpredictability of real-world systems can take a toll on an engineer's morale. However, the sense of accomplishment and the knowledge that these efforts contribute to the advancement of technology and the betterment of society serve as powerful motivators to persevere in this challenging field. Looking ahead, the future of robust control and estimation holds both promise and uncertainty. The rapid advancement of technology, the emergence of new application domains, and the increasing complexity of engineered systems present exciting opportunities for innovation and discovery. However, these developments also bring new layers of complexity and challenges, requiring engineers to continually push the boundaries of knowledge and capability. As we navigate this ever-changing landscape, it is crucial to embrace a mindset of lifelong learning, collaboration, and adaptability, while remaining steadfast in our commitment to ensuring the robustness and reliability of the systems that shape the world around us.。
Advanced Control Theory and Applications Advanced control theory and applications are an essential part of modern engineering and technology. It encompasses a wide range of techniques and methodologies that are used to design and implement control systems for various applications, such as robotics, aerospace, automotive, and industrial automation. The field of control theory has seen significant advancements in recent years,with the development of new algorithms, methods, and tools that haverevolutionized the way control systems are designed and implemented. One of the key challenges in advanced control theory and applications is the need to develop control systems that are robust, reliable, and efficient. This requires a deep understanding of the underlying dynamics of the system being controlled, as wellas the ability to design control algorithms that can effectively deal with uncertainties, disturbances, and variations in the system. Advanced control techniques such as model predictive control, adaptive control, and nonlinearcontrol have been developed to address these challenges, and they have been successfully applied to a wide range of real-world systems. Another important aspect of advanced control theory and applications is the integration of control systems with other technologies, such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and data analytics. This integration allows for the development of intelligent control systems that can learn from data, adapt to changing conditions, and optimize their performance over time. This has led to the development of advanced control systems for autonomous vehicles, smart grids, and industrial processes, among others. In addition to the technical challenges, there are also practical considerations that need to be taken into account when applying advanced control theory to real-world systems. These include issues such as cost, safety, and regulatory compliance, which can have a significant impact on the design and implementation of control systems. For example, in the automotive industry, advanced control systems need to meet stringent safety standards and regulatory requirements, while also being cost-effective and reliable. From a research perspective, advanced control theory and applications present a wide range of exciting opportunities for further exploration and development. There are still many open problems and unanswered questions in the field, and researchers areconstantly working on new approaches and methodologies to address these challenges. This includes the development of new control algorithms, the integration ofcontrol systems with emerging technologies, and the application of advancedcontrol techniques to new and emerging application areas. In conclusion, advanced control theory and applications play a crucial role in modern engineering and technology, and they have the potential to revolutionize the way we design and implement control systems for a wide range of applications. The field presents a number of technical and practical challenges, as well as exciting opportunitiesfor further research and development. By addressing these challenges and opportunities, researchers and engineers can continue to advance the state of the art in control theory and applications, leading to the development of more robust, reliable, and efficient control systems for the future.。
Control and Optimization of SystemsControl and optimization of systems is an essential aspect of engineering, particularly in the field of automation. It involves designing and implementing algorithms that can regulate the behavior of a system to achieve desired outcomes. The primary goal of control and optimization is to enhance the performance of a system while minimizing its energy consumption, cost, and environmental impact. In this essay, I will discuss the importance of control and optimization in engineering and the various techniques used to achieve these goals. One of the critical applications of control and optimization is in the field of robotics. Robotics involves designing machines that can perform tasks autonomously or with minimal human intervention. The performance of a robot depends on its ability to perceive the environment and make decisions based on the available information. Control and optimization algorithms enable robots to respond to changes in the environment and adjust their behavior accordingly. For example, a robot designed to navigate a warehouse can use control and optimization algorithms to avoid obstacles, optimize its path, and conserve energy. Another application of control and optimization is in the design of energy-efficient systems. Energy consumption is a significant concern in modern society, and there is a growing need to reduce the carbon footprint of industrial processes. Control and optimization algorithms can be used to optimize the energy consumption of systems such as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. By regulating the temperature, humidity, and airflow in a building, these systems can reduce energy consumption and improve indoor air quality. Control and optimization also play a criticalrole in the design of transportation systems. The modern transportation system is complex, with multiple modes of transport, varying traffic patterns, and unpredictable weather conditions. Control and optimization algorithms can be used to optimize traffic flow, reduce congestion, and improve safety. For example, intelligent transportation systems (ITS) use control and optimization algorithms to regulate traffic signals, provide real-time traffic updates, and optimize routes for public transportation. In addition to the above applications, control and optimization are also essential in the field of process control. Process control involves regulating the behavior of a system to achieve a desired output.Control and optimization algorithms can be used to optimize the performance of industrial processes such as chemical reactions, power generation, and wastewater treatment. By regulating the inputs and outputs of these processes, control and optimization algorithms can improve efficiency, reduce waste, and lower costs. The techniques used in control and optimization vary depending on the application. Some of the common techniques include model-based control, feedback control, and optimization algorithms. Model-based control involves creating a mathematical model of the system and using it to predict the behavior of the system. Feedback control involves using sensors to measure the output of the system and adjusting the inputs to achieve the desired output. Optimization algorithms involve finding the optimal values of the inputs that minimize a cost function or maximize a performance metric. In conclusion, control and optimization of systems arecritical aspects of engineering that enable the design of efficient and sustainable systems. The applications of control and optimization are diverse, ranging from robotics to energy-efficient systems, transportation systems, and process control. The techniques used in control and optimization vary depending on the application, but they all aim to regulate the behavior of a system to achieve desired outcomes. As technology continues to evolve, the importance of control and optimization will only increase, and engineers will continue to develop new and innovative techniques to optimize the performance of systems.。
The Terminal Management Agent (TMA) from Hughes is a ground-breaking, custom-developed software feature within a satellite terminal that interconnects seamlessly with varioussatellite modems, regardless of manufacturer or satellite system. TMA overrides stove-piped systems to enable user access to diverse platforms from a single terminal–ensuring the reliability and resiliency that are essential for defense communications networks. For the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and critical infrastructure operators, reliable, high performing SATCOMnetworks, including flexible terminals are nothing short of essential to meet warfighter readiness around the world.Delivering interoperability DoD terminals across defense SATCOM networksThe DoD has more than 17,000 terminals deployed across this enterprise, many of them single-threaded. These stove-piped satellite systems are vulnerable to interference due to many factors, including malicious actors, poor antenna angles, misaligned directional pointing, and more. Now, instead of having to change communications elements manually whenoriginal operational configurations fail, the Hughes TMA ensures continuous connectivity to meet mission requirements. The TMA supports existing SATCOM infrastructure so both legacy and new modems can use their waveforms and be managed by their respective service providers. The TMA can autonomously select a specific modem, service, waveform, gateway, satellite, or service provider to help orchestrate tactical terminal reconfigurations in just a few seconds or minutes, instead of today’s lengthy, manual process.Bringing critical advances to the tactical edgeThe TMA software from Hughes integrates Artificial Intelligence (AI) for rules-based processing of situational data–including the operational environment, mission plans, potential satellite access issues, and mission priority based on available services–to make autonomous decisions about its host terminal’s use of diverse resources.Changing configuration in near real-time:Q Autonomous satellite terminal control Q Self-healing capabilitiesQ Implementation of full PACE (primary, alternate, contingency,and emergency) plans Q Collection of RF , networking, and cybersecurity situationalawareness information for data analyticsEnsuring continuous connectivity across:Q Orbits: GEO, MEO, and LEO satellitesQ Bands: Ku-, Ka-, Mil Ka-, X-, and C-band transmissions Q Manufacturers: Hughes, Comtech, iDirect, etc., using variouswaveforms Q Service providers: Commercial and defense providersFor additional information, please visit .Hughes Terminal Management Agent11717 Exploration LaneGermantown, MD 20876 USA Proprietary StatementAll rights reserved. This publication and its contents are proprietary to Hughes Network Systems, LLC. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the written permission of Hughes Network Systems, LLC, 11717 Exploration Lane, Germantown, Maryland 20876.HUGHES TERMINAL MANAGEMENT AGENT©2021 Hughes Network Systems, LLC. HUGHES is a registered trademark of Hughes Network Systems, LLC.All information is subject to change. All rights reserved. H66295 JAN 21Responding to the needs for resilient networksSince 2017, Hughes has been working with DoD to develop the ultimate SATCOM flexibility. Now available for wider use, TMA can be incorporated into any terrestrial or aeronautical SATCOM solution for the DoD and critical infrastructure.2017Hughes tapped by DoD to help assess the ideal hybridSATCOM architecture with diverse systems working together.Hughes recommended a SATCOM strategy that supports interoperability for widebandapplications to enhance communications infrastructure andreduce acquisition and operations costs.2018In a second phasestudy, Hughes explored how an interoperable system solution can be implemented effectively. As part of this phase, Hughes produced a new TMA software implementing Flexible Modem Interface (FMI) standard for demonstration and evaluation.。
高三英语科学前沿动态单选题50题(答案解析)1.Scientists have made a breakthrough in the field of artificial intelligence. The new technology is called deep learning. What is deep learning?A.A kind of softwareB.A branch of mathematicsC.A method of machine learningD.A type of computer hardware答案：C。
deep learning 是深度学习，是一种机器学习的方法。
选项A，它不是一种软件；选项B，不是数学的一个分支；选项D，不是一种计算机硬件。
2.The latest scientific discovery is a new element. What is an element?A.A compoundB.A mixtureC.A substance made up of only one kind of atomD.A solution答案：C。
element 是元素，是由一种原子组成的物质。
选项A，compound 是化合物；选项B，mixture 是混合物；选项D，solution 是溶液。
3.In the field of space exploration, a satellite is launched. What is a satellite?A.A spaceshipB.A planetC.An object that orbits a planet or other celestial bodyD.A star答案：C。
satellite 是卫星，是围绕行星或其他天体运行的物体。
选项A，spaceship 是宇宙飞船；选项B，planet 是行星；选项D，star 是恒星。
Manufacturing Process Control Manufacturing process control is a critical aspect of ensuring the quality and efficiency of production in various industries. It involves the monitoring and regulation of the production process to maintain consistency and meet specific standards. This process is essential for minimizing defects, reducing waste, and improving overall productivity. However, there are several challenges and considerations that need to be addressed when implementing manufacturing process control. One of the primary challenges in manufacturing process control is the complexity of modern production systems. With the advancement of technology, manufacturing processes have become more intricate and interconnected. This complexity makes it difficult to monitor and control every aspect of theproduction process effectively. Additionally, the integration of automated systems and robotics has added another layer of complexity, requiring sophisticatedcontrol mechanisms to ensure seamless operation. Another significantconsideration in manufacturing process control is the need for real-timemonitoring and decision-making. In a fast-paced production environment, delays in detecting and addressing issues can lead to costly defects and downtime. Therefore, implementing real-time monitoring systems and automated decision-making processesis crucial for maintaining control over the manufacturing process. This requires the integration of advanced sensors, data analytics, and machine learning algorithms to enable proactive intervention and optimization. Furthermore, ensuring the quality and consistency of the final product is a key objective of manufacturing process control. Variability in raw materials, equipment performance, and environmental conditions can impact the quality of the end product. Therefore, it is essential to implement robust quality control measures throughout the production process. This includes regular testing, inspection, and calibration of equipment, as well as the implementation of quality management systems such as Six Sigma or Total Quality Management. In addition to quality control, maintainingthe safety of the production environment and the well-being of workers is paramount in manufacturing process control. The operation of heavy machinery, exposure to hazardous materials, and the potential for accidents pose significant risks in manufacturing facilities. Therefore, implementing safety protocols,training programs, and ergonomic design principles are essential for ensuring a safe and healthy work environment. This requires a comprehensive approach that integrates safety measures into every aspect of the production process. Moreover, the globalization of supply chains and the increasing complexity of product requirements add another layer of complexity to manufacturing process control.With the expansion of global markets, manufacturers are faced with diverse regulatory standards, cultural differences, and varying customer demands. This necessitates the need for flexible and adaptive manufacturing processes that can accommodate these diverse requirements while maintaining control over quality and efficiency. Finally, the integration of sustainability principles into manufacturing process control is becoming increasingly important. With growing concerns about environmental impact and resource scarcity, manufacturers are under pressure to minimize waste, reduce energy consumption, and adopt eco-friendly practices. This requires the implementation of sustainable manufacturing processes, such as lean manufacturing, circular economy principles, and renewable energy integration, to ensure responsible and ethical production practices. In conclusion, manufacturing process control is a multifaceted and challenging endeavor that requires a comprehensive approach to address the complexities and considerations involved. By integrating advanced technology, quality control measures, safety protocols, global adaptability, and sustainability principles, manufacturers can effectively maintain control over their production processes while meeting the demands of modern industry. This requires a proactive andholistic mindset that prioritizes efficiency, quality, safety, and environmental responsibility in every aspect of manufacturing operations.。
The FortiGate 80F series provides an application-centric, scalable and secure SD-WANcompact fanless desktop form factor for enterprise branch offices and mid-sized businesses. Protects against cyber threats with system-on-a-chip acceleration and industry-leading secure SD-WAN in a simple, affordable, and easy to deploy solution. Fortinet’s Security-Driven Networking approach provides tight integration of the network to the new generation of security.Security§Identifies thousands of applications inside network traffic for deep inspection and granular policy enforcement§Protects against malware, exploits, and malicious websites in both encrypted and non-encrypted traffic§Prevents and detects against known attacks using continuous threat intelligence from AI-powered FortiGuard Labs security services§Proactively blocks unknown sophisticated attacks in real-time with the Fortinet Security Fabric integrated AI-poweredFortiSandboxPerformance§Engineered for Innovation using Fortinet’s purpose-built security processors (SPU) to deliver the industry’s best threat protection performance and ultra-low latency§Provides industry-leading performance and protection for SSL encrypted traffic including the first firewall vendor to provideTLS 1.3 deep inspectionCertification§Independently tested and validated best security effectiveness and performance§Received unparalleled third-party certifications from NSS Labs, ICSA, Virus Bulletin, and AV Comparatives Networking§Dynamic Path Selection over any WAN transport to provide better application experience based on self-healing SD-WAN capabilities§Advanced routing, Scalable VPN, multi-cast and IPV4/IPV6 forwarding powered by purpose-built network processors Management§SD-WAN Orchestration provides intuitive and simplified work-flow for centralized management and provisioning of business policies in a few easy clicks§Expedited deployment with Zero touch provisioning well-suited for large and distributed infrastructure§Automated VPN tunnels for flexible hub-to-spoke and full-mesh deployment at scale to provide bandwidth aggregation andencrypted WAN paths§Predefined compliance checklists analyze the deployment and highlight best practices to improve the overall security posture Security Fabric§Enables Fortinet and Fabric-ready partners’ products to provide broader visibility, integrated end-to-end detection, threatintelligence sharing, and automated remediation§Automatically builds Network Topology visualizations which discover IoT devices and provide complete visibility into Fortinet and Fabric-ready partner productsFirewall IPS NGFW Threat Protection Interfaces10 Gbps 1.4 Gbps 1 Gbps900 Mbps Multiple GE RJ45 | Variants with internal storageand LAN BypassRefer to the specifications table for detailsoDATA SHEET | FortiGate® 80F SeriesDeploymentNext Generation Firewall (NGFW)§Reduce the complexity and maximize your ROI by integratingthreat protection security capabilities into a single high-performance network security appliance, powered by Fortinet’sSecurity Processing Unit (SPU)§Full visibility into users, devices, applications across the entireattack surface and consistent security policy enforcementirrespective of asset location§Protect against network exploitable vulnerabilities with industry-validated IPS that offers low latency and optimized networkperformance§Automatically block threats on decrypted traffic using theIndustry’s highest SSL inspection performance, includingthe latest TLS 1.3 standard with mandated ciphers§Proactively block newly discovered sophisticated attacks inreal-time with AI-powered FortiGuard Labs and advanced threatprotection services included in the Fortinet Security FabricSecure SD-WAN§Consistent business application performance with accuratedetection, dynamic WAN path steering on any best-performingWAN transport§Accelerated Multi-cloud access for faster SaaS adoption withcloud-on-ramp§Self-healing networks with WAN edge high availability, sub-second traffic switchover-based and real-time bandwidthcompute-based traffic steering§Automated Overlay tunnels provides encryption and abstractsphysical hybrid WAN making it simple to manage§Simplified and intuitive workflow with SD-WAN Orchestrator formanagement and zero touch deployment§Enhanced analytics both real-time and historical providesvisibility into network performance and identify anomalies§Strong security posture with next generation firewall and real-time threat protectionFortiGate 80F deployment in Enterprise Branch(Secure SD-WAN)ENTERPRISET u nn e ls►Secure AccessSwitch◄MDATA SHEET | FortiGate 80F Series3HardwarePowered by Purpose-built Secure SD-WAN ASIC SOC4§Combines a RISC-based CPU with Fortinet’s proprietary Security Processing Unit (SPU) content and network processors for unmatched performance§Delivers industry’s fastest application identification and steering for efficient business operations§Accelerates IPsec VPN performance for best user experience on direct internet access§Enables best of breed NGFW Security and Deep SSL Inspection with high performance§Extends security to access layer to enable SD-Branch transformation with accelerated and integrated switch and access point connectivityBypass WAN/LAN ModeThe FortiGate-80F-Bypass offers a pair of bypass port pair that helps organizations to avoid network communication interruption due to device faults and improve network reliability3G/4G WAN ConnectivityThe FortiGate 80F Series includes a 3.0 USB port that allows you to plug in a compatible third-party 3G/4G USB modem, providing additional WAN connectivity or a redundant link for maximum reliability.Compact and Reliable Form FactorDesigned for small environments, you can place it on a desktop or wall-mount it. It is small, lightweight yet highly reliable with superior MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure), minimizing the chance of a network disruption.Interfaces1. 2x GE RJ45/SFP Shared Media Ports2. 1x Bypass GE RJ45 Port Pair (WAN1 & Port1, default configuration)*3. 8x GE RJ45 PortsFortiGate 80F/80F-Bypass/81F*80F-Bypass model onlyDATA SHEET | FortiGate ® 80F Series4Fortinet Security FabricFortiOSFortiGates are the foundation of the Fortinet Security Fabric—the core is FortiOS. All security and networking capabilities across the entire FortiGate platform are controlled with one intuitive operating system. FortiOS reduces complexity, costs, and response times by truly consolidating next-generation security products and services into one platform.§A truly consolidated platform with a single OS and pane-of-glass for across the entire digital attack surface.§Industry-leading protection: NSS Labs Recommended, VB100, AV Comparatives, and ICSA validated security and performance. §Leverage the latest technologies such as deception-based security.§Control thousands of applications, block the latest exploits, and filter web traffic based on millions of real-time URL ratings in addition to true TLS 1.3 support.§Automatically prevent, detect, and mitigate advanced attacks within minutes with an integrated AI-driven security and advanced threat protection.§Improve and unify the user experience with innovative SD-WAN capabilities with the ability to detect, contain, and isolate threats with automated segmentation.§Utilize SPU hardware acceleration to boost network security performance.Security FabricThe Security Fabric is the cybersecurity platform that enables digital innovations. It delivers broad visibility of the entire attack surface to better manage risk. Its unified and integrated solution reduces the complexity of supporting multiple-point products, while automated workflows increase operational speeds and reduce response times across the Fortinet deployment ecosystem. The Fortinet Security Fabric overs the following key areas under a single management center:§Security-Driven Networking that secures, accelerates, and unifies the network and user experience§Zero Trust Network Access that identifies and secures users and devices in real-time, on and off of the network§Dynamic Cloud Security that protects and controls cloud infrastructures and applications§AI-Driven Security Operations that automatically prevents, detects, isolates, and responds to cyber threatsServicesFortiGuard ™Security ServicesFortiGuard Labs offer real-time intelligence on the threat landscape, delivering comprehensive security updates across the full range of Fortinet’s solutions. Comprised of security threat researchers, engineers, and forensic specialists, the team collaborates with the world’s leading threat monitoring organizations and other network and security vendors, as well as law enforcement agencies.For more information, please refer to /fortiguard and /forticareFortiCare ™Support ServicesOur FortiCare customer support team provides global technical support for all Fortinet products. With support staff in the Americas, Europe, Middle East, and Asia, FortiCare offers services to meet the needs of enterprises of all sizes.DATA SHEET | FortiGate 80F Series5SpecificationsHeight x Width x Length (mm)38.5 x 216 x 160Weight 1.1 lbs (2.4 kg)Form FactorDesktop/Wall Mount/Rack TrayNote: All performance values are “up to” and vary depending on system configuration. 1. IPsec VPN performance test uses AES256-SHA256.2. IPS (Enterprise Mix), Application Control, NGFW, and Threat Protection are measured with Logging enabled.3. SSL Inspection performance values use an average of HTTPS sessions of different cipher suites.4. NGFW performance is measured with Firewall, IPS, and Application Control enabled.5. Threat Protection performance is measured with Firewall, IPS, Application Control, URL filtering, and Malware Protection with sandboxing enabledDATA SHEET | FortiGate® 80F SeriesSpecificationsOrder Information1 GE SFP SX Transceiver Module FN-TRAN-SX 1 GE SFP SX transceiver module for all systems with SFP and SFP/SFP+ slots.1 GE SFP LX Transceiver Module FN-TRAN-LX 1 GE SFP LX transceiver module for all systems with SFP and SFP/SFP+ slots.Operating Environment and CertificationsInput Rating Dual power 12Vdc, 3APower Required Powered by 2 External DC Power Adapters, 100–240V AC, 50/60 HzPower Consumption (Average / Maximum)12.6W / 15.4W12.6W / 15.4W13.5W / 16.5WHeat Dissipation52.55 BTU/h52.55 BTU/h56.30 BTU/h Operating Temperature32–104°F (0–40°C)Storage Temperature-31–158°F (-35–70°C)Humidity10–90% non-condensingNoise Level Fanless 0 dBAOperating Altitude Up to 7,400 ft (2,250 m)Compliance FCC, ICES, CE, RCM, VCCI, BSMI, UL/cUL, CBCertifications ICSA Labs: Firewall, IPsec, IPS, Antivirus, SSL-VPNBundlesFortiGuardBundleFortiGuard Labs delivers anumber of security intelligenceservices to augment theFortiGate firewall platform.You can easily optimize theprotection capabilities of yourFortiGate with one of theseFortiGuard Bundles.Bundles360ProtectionEnterpriseProtectionUnified ThreatProtectionThreatProtection FortiCare ASE 124x724x724x7FortiGuard App Control Service••••FortiGuard IPS Service••••FortiGuard Advanced Malware Protection (AMP) — Antivirus, Mobile Malware,Botnet, CDR, Virus Outbreak Protection and FortiSandbox Cloud Service••••FortiGuard Web Filtering Service•••FortiGuard Antispam Service•••FortiGuard Security Rating Service••FortiGuard Industrial Service••FortiGuard IoT Detection Service 2••FortiConverter Service••IPAM Cloud 2•SD-WAN Orchestrator Entitlement 2•。
Features•Industry-standard Architecture–Emulates Many 20-pin PALs®–Low-cost Easy-to-use Software Tools•High-speed Electrically-erasable Programmable Logic Devices–5 ns Maximum Pin-to-pin Delay•Low-power - 100 µA Pin-controlled Power-down Mode Option•CMOS and TTL Compatible Inputs and Outputs–I/O Pin Keeper Circuits•Advanced Flash Technology–Reprogrammable–100% Tested•High-reliability CMOS Process–20 Year Data Retention–100 Erase/Write Cycles–2,000V ESD Protection–200 mA Latchup Immunity•Commercial and Industrial Temperature Ranges•Dual-in-line and Surface Mount Packages in Standard Pinouts•PCI CompliantBlock DiagramNote: 1.Includes optional PD control pin.Pin ConfigurationsAll Pinouts Top ViewPin Name FunctionCLK ClockI Logic InputsI/O Bidirectional BuffersOE Output EnableVCC+5V SupplyPD Power-downTSSOPDIP/SOIC PLCCBDTIC /ATMELDescriptionThe ATF16V8C is a high-performance EECMOS Program-mable Logic Device that utilizes Atmel ’s proven electrically-erasable Flash memory technology. Speeds down to 5 ns and a 100 µA pin-controlled power-down mode option are offered. All speed ranges are specified over the full 5V ±10% range for industrial temperature ranges; 5V ± 5% for commercial range 5-volt devices.The ATF16V8C incorporates a superset of the generic architectures, which allows direct replacement of the 16R8family and most 20-pin combinatorial PLDs. Eight outputs are each allocated eight product terms. Three differentmodes of operation, configured automatically with soft-ware, allow highly complex logic functions to be realized.The ATF16V8C can significantly reduce total system power, thereby enhancing system reliability and reducing power supply costs. When pin 4 is configured as the power-down control pin, supply current drops to less than 100 µA whenever the pin is high. If the power-down feature isn't required for a particular application, pin 4 may be used as a logic input. Also, the pin keeper circuits eliminate the need for internal pull-up resistors along with their attendant power consumption.Absolute Maximum Ratings*Temperature Under Bias..................................-40°C to +85°C *NOTICE:Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings ” may cause permanent dam-age to the device. This is a stress rating only and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.Note:1.Minimum voltage is -0.6V DC, which may under-shoot to -2.0V for pulses of less than 20 ns. Maximum output pin voltage is V CC + 0.75V DC, which may overshoot to 7.0V for pulses of less than 20 ns.Storage Temperature.....................................-65°C to +150°C Voltage on Any Pin with Respect to Ground...-2.0V to +7.0V (1)Voltage on Input Pins with Respect to GroundDuring Programming.....................................-2.0V to +14.0V (1)Programming Voltage withRespect to Ground .......................................-2.0V to +14.0V (1)DC and AC Operating ConditionsCommercialIndustrial Operating Temperature (Ambient)0°C - 70°C -40°C - 85°C V CC Power Supply5V ± 5%5V ± 10%ATF16V8CNote:1.All I CC parameters measured with outputs open.AC WaveformsNote: 1.Timing measurement reference is 1.5V. Input AC driving levels are 0.0V and 3.0V, unless otherwise specified.DC CharacteristicsSymbol ParameterCondition MinTypMax UnitsI IL Input or I/O Low Leakage Current 0 ≤ V IN ≤ V IL (Max)-10.0µA I IH Input or I/O High Leakage Current 3.5 ≤ V IN ≤ V CC10.0µAI CC1(1)Power Supply Current, Standby 15 MHz, V CC = Max,V IN = 0, V CC , Outputs Open Com.115mA Ind.130mAI PD Power Supply Current,Power-down ModeV CC = Max, V IN = 0, V CC Com.10100µA Ind.10105µAI OS Output Short Circuit Current V OUT = 0.5V;V CC = 5V; T A = 25°C -150mA V IL Input Low Voltage Min < V CC < Max-0.50.8V V IH Input High Voltage 2.0V CC + 1V V OL Output Low Voltage V CC = Min; All Outputs I OL = 24 mA Com., Ind.0.5V V OH Output High Voltage V CC = Min I OL = -4.0 mA 2.4V I OL Output Low CurrentV CC = MinCom.24.0mA Ind.12.0mA I OH Output High Current V CC = Min Com., Ind.-4.0mANotes:1.Output data is latched and held.2.HI-Z outputs remain HI-Z.3.Clock and input transitions are ignored.AC CharacteristicsSymbol Parameter-5-7Units Min Max Min Max t PD Input or Feedback to Non-Registered Output 1537.5ns t CFClock to Feedback33ns t CO Clock to Output 1425ns t S Input or Feedback Setup Time 35ns t H Input Hold Time 00ns t P Clock Period 68ns t WClock Width34ns F MAXExternal Feedback 1/(t S + t CO )142100MHz Internal Feedback 1/(t S + t CF )166125MHz No Feedback 1/(t P )166125MHz t EA Input to Output Enable – Product Term 2639ns t ERInput to Output Disable – Product Term2529ns t PZX OE pin to Output Enable 2526ns t PXZOE pin to Output Disable1.551.56nsPower-down AC Characteristics (1)(2)(3)Symbol Parameter-5-7Units Min MaxMin Maxt IVDH Valid Input Before PD High 5.07.5ns t GVDH Valid OE Before PD High 00ns t CVDH Valid Clock Before PD High 0ns t DHIX Input Don ’t Care After PD High 5.07.5ns t DHGX OE Don ’t Care After PD High 5.07.5ns t DHCX Clock Don ’t Care After PD High 5.07.5ns t DLIV PD Low to Valid Input 5.07.5ns t DLGV PD Low to Valid OE 15.020.0ns t DLCV PD Low to Valid Clock 15.020.0ns t DLOV PD Low to Valid Output20.025.0nsATF16V8CInput Test Waveforms and Measurement Levels:t R, t F < 1.5 ns (10% to 90%)Output Test Loads:Note: 1.Typical values for nominal supply voltage. This parameter is only sampled and is not 100% tested. Power-up ResetThe ATF16V8C’s registers are designed to reset during power-up. At a point delayed slightly from V CC crossing V RST, all registers will be reset to the low state. As a result, the registered output state will always be high on power-up. This feature is critical for state machine initialization. However,due to the asynchronous nature of reset and the uncertainty of how V CC actually rises in the system, the following conditions are required:1.The V CC rise must be monotonic, from below 0.7V,2.After reset occurs, all input and feedback setuptimes must be met before driving the clock termhigh, and3.The signals from which the clock is derived mustremain stable during t PR.Pin Capacitance(1)f = 1 MHz, T = 25°CTyp Max Units ConditionsC IN58pF V IN = 0VC OUT68pF V OUT = 0VParameter Description Typ Max Unitst PR Power-upReset Time6001,000nsV RST Power-upReset Voltage3.84.5VPower-down ModeThe ATF16V8C includes an optional pin controlled power-down feature. Device pin 4 may be configured as the power-down pin. When this feature is enabled and the power-down pin is high, total current consumption drops to less than 100 µA. In the power-down mode, all output data and internal logic states are latched and held. All registered and combinatorial output data remains valid. Any outputs which were in a HI-Z state at the onset of power-down will remain at HI-Z. During power-down, all input signals except the power-down pin are blocked. The input and I/O pin keeper circuits remain active to insure that pins do not float to indeterminate levels. This helps to further reduce system power.Selection of the power-down option is specified in the ATF16V8C logic design file. The logic compiler will include this option selection in the otherwise standard 16V8 JEDEC fuse file. When the power-down feature is not spec-ified in the design file, pin 4 is available as a logic input, and there is no power-down pin. This allows the ATF16V8C to be programmed using any existing standard 16V8 fuse file. Note:Some programmers list the JEDEC-compatible 16V8C (No PD used) separately from the non-JEDEC compati-ble 16V8CEXT. (EXT for extended features.)Registered Output PreloadThe ATF16V8C’s registers are provided with circuitry to allow loading of each register with either a high or a low. This feature will simplify testing since any state can be forced into the registers to control test sequencing. A JEDEC file with preload is generated when a source file with vectors is compiled. Once downloaded, the JEDEC file preload sequence will be done automatically by approved programmers.Security Fuse UsageA single fuse is provided to prevent unauthorized copying of the ATF16V8C fuse patterns. Once programmed, fuse verify and preload are inhibited. However, the 64-bit User Signature remains accessible.The security fuse will be programmed last, as its effect is immediate.Input and I/O Pin Keeper CircuitsThe ATF16V8C contains internal input and I/O pin keeper circuits. These circuits allow each ATF16V8C pin to hold its previous value even when it is not being driven by an external source or by the device’s output buffer. This helps insure that all logic array inputs are at known, valid logic levels. This reduces system power by preventing pins from floating to indeterminate levels. By using pin keeper circuits rather than pull-up resistors, there is no DC current required to hold the pins in either logic state (high or low). These pin keeper circuits are implemented as weak feed-back inverters, as shown in the Input Diagram below. These keeper circuits can easily be overdriven by standard TTL- or CMOS-compatible drivers. The typical overdrive current required is 40 µA.Input DiagramI/O DiagramATF16V8CFunctional Logic Diagram DescriptionThe Logic Option and Functional Diagrams describe the ATF16V8C architecture. Eight configurable macrocells can be configured as a registered output, combinatorial I/O,combinatorial output, or dedicated input.The ATF16V8C can be configured in one of three different modes. Each mode makes the ATF16V8C look like a differ-ent device. Most PLD compilers can choose the right mode automatically. The user can also force the selection by sup-plying the compiler with a mode selection. The determining factors would be the usage of register versus combinatorial outputs and dedicated outputs versus outputs with output enable control.The ATF16V8C universal architecture can be programmed to emulate many 20-pin PAL devices. These architecturalsubsets can be found in each of the configuration modes described in the following pages. The user can download the listed subset device JEDEC programming file to the PLD programmer, and the ATF16V8C can be configured to act like the chosen device. Check with your programmer manufacturer for this capability.Unused product terms are automatically disabled by the compiler to decrease power consumption. A Security Fuse,when programmed, protects the content of the ATF16V8C.Eight bytes (64 fuses) of User Signature are accessible to the user for purposes such as storing project name, part number, revision, or date. The User Signature is accessible regardless of the state of the Security Fuse.Notes:1.Please call Atmel PLD Hotline at (408) 436-4333 for more information.2.Only applicable for version3.4 or lower.Compiler Mode SelectionRegisteredComplex Simple Auto Select ABEL, Atmel-ABELP16V8R P16V8C P16V8AS P16V8With PD ENABLE P16V8PDR (1)P16V8PDC (1)P16V8PD (1)P16V8PDS (1)CUPL, Atmel-CUPLG16V8MS G16V8MA G16V8AS G16V8A With PD ENABLE G16V8CPMS G16V8CPMA G16V8CPAS G16V8CP LOG/iC GAL16V8_R (2)GAL16V8_C7(2)GAL16V8_C8(2)GAL16V8OrCAD-PLD “Registered ”“Complex ”“Simple ”GAL16V8A PLDesignerP16V8R P16V8C P16V8C P16V8A Synario/Atmel-SynarioNA NA NA ATF16V8C ALL With PD ENABLE NA NA NA ATF16V8C (PD) ALL (1)Tango-PLD G16V8RG16V8CG16V8ASG16V8Macrocell ConfigurationSoftware compilers support the three different OMC modes as different device types. These device types are listed in the table below. Most compilers have the ability to automat-ically select the device type, generally based on the register usage and output enable (OE) usage. Register usage on the device forces the software to choose the reg-istered mode. All combinatorial outputs with OE controlled by the product term will force the software to choose the complex mode. The software will choose the simple mode only when all outputs are dedicated combinatorial without OE control. The different device types listed in the table can be used to override the automatic device selection by the software. For further details, refer to the compiler soft-ware manuals.When using compiler software to configure the device, the user must pay special attention to the following restrictions in each mode.In registered mode pin 1 and pin 11 are permanently con-figured as clock and output enable, respectively. These pins cannot be configured as dedicated inputs in the regis-tered mode.In complex mode pin 1 and pin 11 become dedicated inputs and use the feedback paths of pin 19 and pin 12 respectively. Because of this feedback path usage, pin 19 and pin 12 do not have the feedback option in this mode. In simple mode all feedback paths of the output pins are routed via the adjacent pins. In doing so, the two inner most pins (pins 15 and 16) will not have the feedback option as these pins are always configured as dedicated combinato-rial output.ATF16V8C Registered ModePAL Device Emulation/PAL ReplacementThe registered mode is used if one or more registers are required. Each macrocell can be configured as either a reg-istered or combinatorial output or I/O, or as an input. For a registered output or I/O, the output is enabled by the OE pin, and the register is clocked by the CLK pin. Eight product terms are allocated to the sum term. For a combi-natorial output or I/O, the output enable is controlled by a product term, and seven product terms are allocated to the sum term. When the macrocell is configured as an input, the output enable is permanently disabled.Any register usage will make the compiler select this mode. The following registered devices can be emulated using this mode:16R816RP816R616RP616R416RP4Registered Configuration for Registered Mode(1)(2)Notes: 1.Pin 1 controls common CLK for the registeredoutputs.Pin 11 controls common OE for the registeredoutputs.Pin 1 and Pin 11 are permanently configured asCLK and OE.2.The development software configures all the archi-tecture control bits and checks for proper pin usageautomatically.Combinatorial Configuration for Registered Mode(1)(2)Notes: 1.Pin 1 and Pin 11 are permanently configured as CLK and OE.2.The development software configures all the archi-tecture control bits and checks for proper pin usageautomatically.ATF16V8C Registered Mode Logic Diagram* Input not available if power-down mode is enabled.ATF16V8C Complex ModePAL Device Emulation/PAL ReplacementIn the Complex Mode, combinatorial output and I/O func-tions are possible. Pins 1 and 11 are regular inputs to the array. Pins 13 through 18 have pin feedback paths back to the AND-array, which makes full I/O capability possible. Pins 12 and 19 (outermost macrocells) are outputs only. They do not have input capability. In this mode, each macrocell has seven product terms going to the sum term and one product term enabling the binatorial applications with an OE requirement will make the compiler select this mode. The following devices can be emulated using this mode:16L816H816P8Complex Mode OptionATF16V8C Simple ModePAL Device Emulation/PAL ReplacementIn the Simple Mode, 8 product terms are allocated to the sum term. Pins 15 and 16 (center macrocells) are perma-nently configured as combinatorial outputs. Other macrocells can be either inputs or combinatorial outputs with pin feedback to the AND-array. Pins 1 and 11 are reg-ular inputs.The compiler selects this mode when all outputs are combi-natorial without OE control. The following simple PALs can be emulated using this mode:10L8 10H8 10P812L6 12H6 12P614L4 14H4 14P416L2 16H2 16P2Simple Mode OptionATF16V8C Complex Mode Logic Diagram* Input not available if power-down mode is enabled.Simple Mode Logic Diagram* Input not available if power-down mode is enabled.ATF16V8CATF16V8CUsing “C ” Product for IndustrialTo use commercial product for Industrial temperature ranges, down-grade one speed grade from the “I ” to the “C ” device (7ns “C ” = 10 ns “I ”) and de-rate power by 30%.Ordering Informationt PD (ns)t S (ns)t CO (ns)Ordering Code Package Operation Range 534ATF16V8C-5JC 20J Commercial (0°C to 70°C)7.555ATF16V8C-7JC ATF16V8C-7PC ATF16V8C-7SC ATF16V8C-7XC 20J 20P320S 20X Commercial (0°C to 70°C)ATF16V8C-7JI ATF16V8C-7PI ATF16V8C-7SI ATF16V8C-7XI20J 20P320S 20XIndustrial (-40°C to 85°C)Package Type20J 20-lead, Plastic J-leaded Chip Carrier (PLCC)20P320-lead, 0.300" Wide, Plastic Dual Inline Package (PDIP)20S 20-lead, 0.300" Wide, Plastic Gull-Wing Small Outline (SOIC)20X20-lead, 4.4 mm Wide, Plastic Thin Shrink Small Outline (TSSOP)ATF16V8C Packaging Information。
Developing Critical Systems with PLDComponentsAdrian J.Hilton1and Jon G.Hall21formerly of Praxis High Integrity Systems,20Manvers Street,Bath BA11PX,Englandadi@2Computing Research Centre,The Open University,Walton Hall,Milton KeynesMK76AA,EnglandJ.G.Hall@Abstract.Understanding the roles that rigour and formality can havein the design of critical systems is critical to anyone wishing to contributeto their development.Whereas knowledge of these issues is good in soft-ware development,in the use of hardware–specifically programmablelogic devices(PLDs)and the combination of PLDs and software–theissues are less well known.Indeed,even in industry there are many differ-ences between current and recommended practice and engineering opin-ion differs on how to apply existing standards.This situation has led togaps in the formal and rigorous treatment of PLDs in critical systems.In this paper we examine the range of and potential for formal specifica-tion and analysis techniques that address the requirements for verifiablePLD programs.We identify existing formalisms that may be used,andlay out the areas of contributions that academia and industry in collab-oration can make that would allow high-integrity PLD programming tobe as practicable as high-integrity software development.This paper also touches briefly on some important practical,technical,organisational,social,and psychological aspects of the introduction offormal methods into industrial practice for hardware and system design.It also provides an update and summary of the recent UK Defence Stan-dard00-56,as it relates to hardware.Key words:FPGA,PLD,survey,programmable logic,parallel,process al-gebra,programming languages,CSP,programmable hardware1IntroductionProgrammable Logic Devices are increasingly important components of high integrity systems.By offloading tasks from the main CPU onto a PLD,higher system performance goals can be attained.They can be used to implement safety-specific functions that must be outside the direct address space of the main CPU.Technological changes mean that PLD development has become more like software development in terms of program size and complexity,as well as in the need to clarify a program’s purpose and structure.Standards for safety-related electronic hardware design and development have,since1999,explicitly targeted Field Programmable Gate Arrays—such as the Xilinx Virtex family—and Complex Programmable Logic Devices(CPLDs)—such as the Altera FLEX10K family.The practices which they recommend vary in rigour and in practicability.Adherence to these standards is currently hindered by the immature state of PLD program design,development and anal-ysis techniques and tools relative to those available to safety-related software developers.There are now signs that the move towards the high-level program-ming of PLDs,coupled with the adoption of existing specification notations and proof techniques,may enable more formal and rigourous PLD program develop-ment(for a brief survey,see Section2.4).This paper will focus on the existing standards and techniques primarily used in European countries,although several of the standards examined have Amer-ican origin or usage too.Section2of this paper summarises the characteristics of PLDs and describes how and where they are used.In Section3we describe and analyse the main safety and security standards relevant to PLD program development.Section4summarises recent research relevant to safe or provably correct PLD program development.Finally,Section5summarises the paper, suggests a joint agenda for academia and industry,as well as other future work. 2Programmable Logic DevicesPLDs were a development of the simple Programmable Logic Array(PLA)which has been available in electronics design since the early1980s.The early history offield-programmable logic is reviewed by Moore in[1].The most common(and interesting)form of PLD currently in use is a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)which form the focus of this paper.2.1Device design characteristicsThe key characteristics of an FPGA are that it can have its program con-tents changed upon power-up(hence“field-programmable”)and that its internal structure is a regular array of logic cells(hence“gate array”).An FPGA provides a logic device of relatively low complexity that can compute some function of the set of its digital inputs to produce a set of digital outputs.This is done in a highly-parallel manner.FPGAs have semi-permanent state,held in programmed lookup tables,typically implemented as static random access memory(SRAM). These tables are programmed by the download of lookup table data from an external source.FPGAs differ from other programmable logic devices(PLAs,PROMs or CPLDs)by allowing more complex internal dataflows.They differ from Ap-plication Specific Integrated Circuits(ASICs)by trading speciality of design for speed of development and economy of small-scale production.2.2Use of PLDsPLDs are typically used in building a prototype system in place of a custom ASIC.It is significantly cheaper and quicker to use PLDs when the alternative is a minimum production run of5000ASICs in a fabrication plant(“fab”).A small-scale single run of ASIC production can easily cost$750,000and take months from the submission of a VHDL design to the fab to the delivery of the silicon.There are many current examples of successful mission critical PLD use. Actel[2]reported that their radiation-tolerant and radiation-hardened FPGAs are continuing to perform critical functions in the Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity,after a year on the surface of Mars.There can be sig-nificant commercial gain in using PLDs rather than ASICs.Because they are field-programmable,time-to-market can be reduced,since there is not the delay in setting up and making the ASIC production run,and there is little overhead if an error is subsequently found in the device.Their characteristics also increase the potential for longer time-in-market,through mid-life upgrades to the PLD code(without having to replace the hardware).Kevin Morris[3]emphasises these benefits:Reconfigurable programmable logic devices offer the added advantage of post-launch design modification that could make the difference between a working system and orbiting space junk.The critical systems industry would like to implement systems based on PLDs for all the reasons stated above,but cannot if the resulting systems exhibit the common failure modes of PLDs.Gibbons and Ames[4]report on the use of an FPGA in a space-based tethering experiment where an unanticipated power-up characteristic of the chosen FPGA caused the effective loss of the satellite incorporating it.This occurred despite extensive testing,and one reason was that it was not possible to reproduce the transient spike twice within several hours–a classic transient fault.It is clear from this experience that FPGAs suffer many of the traditional failure modes of other devices and,therefore,that extensive testing is not sufficient for mission-or safety-critical FPGAs.As well as demonstrating correctness,then,the role of formality is to assess the suitability of PLDs for such systems.2.3Programming PLDsThe implementation of a PLD-based system can be done in many ways.The equivalent of microprocessor object code will be a device-specific“netlist”which specifies the data to be loaded into each cell and router of the device.To reach netlist form,several intermediate compilation steps are normally required;the place-and-route work involved in this compilation is NP-hard.The majority of PLDs are programmed in VHDL[5]or Verilog[6],either di-rectly or with a higher-level design language being compiled through them.These Hardware Description Languages(HDLs)have substantial standard libraries,al-lowing a certain amount of code reuse.They model the PLD as interconnectedblocks rather than providing higher-level functions such as iteration or proce-dure call.Even if a higher-level language or design tool is used,it will normally compile its input into VHDL or Verilog.There is a subset relation between behavioural and synthesizable VHDL.The former is an expressive imperative language incorporating explicit iteration,al-ternation and a constructive type system.The latter is a small and simple subset (Register Transfer Level)which can be compiled directly into combinations of logic gates and latches.Going from the former to the latter is non-trivial,and in general it is too difficult to automate the translation process.Design languages at a level of abstraction above HDLs have three main vari-ants:1.explicitly parallel general-purpose languages,such as occam[7];2.domain-specific languages designed to solve a certain class of problems in aninherently parallel way,such as Esterel[8];or3.modifications of existing imperative languages,such as System-C[9]andHandel-C[10].The programming model underpinning occam,a development of CSP[11], has been developed initially into the Handel language,embedded in a functional programming syntax[12],and more recently into the commercially-supported Handel-C language[10].Although Handel-C has a C-like syntax,it incorporates explicit parallelism has a semantic model much closer to that of occam than to that of C,which may counter some of the arguments against using C for criti-cal system development.Another example,this time a compositional hardware language is Ruby[13],based on the idea that circuits are built from parts by a process of composition,which has mathematical properties similar to that de-fined on functions and relations.A modern development of Ruby is Lava[14],a prototype HDL developed by and in use at Chalmers University in Sweden.It trades offthe expressiveness of behavioural VHDL or Verilog for compactness and simplicity of descriptions of common circuit layouts.An example of a domain-specific language is the synchronous programming language Esterel[8],used to specify and implement action systems.This has been applied by Hammarberg et al.[15]in a demonstration hydraulicfluid detection system.Another example is CoreFire[16],in which developers write CoreFire programs in a“sticks and bubbles”graphical notation of dataflow,and compile them to high-performance applications which run on Annapolis Wild FPGA boards.Commonly used imperative languages which have been compiled into PLDs include C[17],Java[18]and Ada[17,19].The specific difficulty in using these languages is in expressing PLD-specific concepts such asfine-grain parallelism which is not normally part of the original language.System-C[9](and the already mentioned Handel-C)are examples of how C’s syntax can be extended to express parallel concepts.2.4PLD formalismsSubstantial effort was made in the1980s and1990s to develop a hardware design language that supported formal reasoning and abstraction,two features absent from HDLs such as VHDL and Verilog.A good example of this approach is ELLA[20],a non-proprietary language with a formal basis.ELLA is not a strict competitor to VHDL and Verilog,but in practice it is treated as such:At that time,the relatively small size of hardware designs made design in existing HDLs feasible,if difficult,and this acted against the adoption of ELLA(and similar design languages).It may be that,as hardware designs and PLD dies continue to grow in size,high-integrity requirements will make ELLA et al.more necessary.This change was seen in software with the emergence of structured design methods as program sizes grew beyond what one developer could manage;it is reasonable that a similar effect will eventually be seen in programmable logic program design.The formalisms that apply best to the massively parallel PLD structure are the(parallel)process algebras such as CSP[11]and CCS[21].The main problem in representing small-small digital logic constructs such as AND and OR gates with CSP is that CSP is not receptive;a CSP process representing a logic gate may refuse events representing voltage changes on its input wires,whereas the logic gate may not.A secondary problem is that CSP is asynchronous by design; processes only synchronise through shared events(or communication on chan-nels).Most PLD designs are synchronous,with design blocks sharing a single clock.Therefore the receptive and synchronous aspects of the PLD architecture would have to be represented artificially in a CSP model.A better approach is to use an algebra incorporating these features,and the authors have success-fully applied the synchronous receptive process algebra SRPT[22]in a refinement system for PLD programming[23].Recent work by Boulanger et al.[24]has attempted to use the B method to produce BHDL,a VHDL reformulation in B.This work is early and tool support is limited,but it represents a promising avenue for certain applications.2.5SummaryWe have seen that PLDs present a different programming architecture to con-ventional microprocessors,and have examined different programming methods for this synchronous highly parallel model.We now discuss the demands that safety and security certification make for rigorous development and verification of PLD programs.3Current safety and security standardsThe main safety standards relevant to PLD programming in Europe are:–RTCA DO-254[25]which is an international civil aviation standard;–UK Interim Defence Standard00-56[26]which is a UK standard for defence-related systems,superceding the older UK Interim Defence Standard00-54[27];–IEC61508[28]which is a European standard intended to apply to a wide range of systems;and–the Common Criteria[29]which is an international standard for developing secure systems.The available standards vary significantly in what they prescribe for PLDs and what techniques they suggest are applicable.Defence Standard00-54is the most prescriptive,but as noted above is likely to become less relevant with the new release of Defence Standard00-56.The common requirements of the standards are:1.to operate under an appropriate quality/safety management system;2.to plan the development process and the safety argument in advance;3.to consider both random and systematic failures;4.to qualify tools involved directly in the compilation chain;5.to use analytic techniques(“formal methods”)to verify high-integrity pro-grams;and6.to conduct the verification based on identified system hazards.In this section we analyse the content of each of these standards in detail.3.1RTCA DO-254/EUROCAE ED-80The airborne electronic hardware development guidance document RTCA DO-254/EUROCAE ED-80[25]is the counterpart to the well-established civil avion-ics software standard RTCA DO-178B/EUROCAE ED-12B.It provides a guide to the development of programs and hardware designs for electronic hardware in avionics.It covers PLDs as well as Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs),Line Replaceable Units(LRUs)and other electronic hardware.As well as being applied to systems aimed for Federal Aviation Authority acceptance,it may be used as a quality-related standard in non-FAA projects.Overview DO-254specifies the life cycle for PLD program development and provides recommendations on suitable general practice.It is not a prescriptive standard;the emphasis is on choosing a pragmatic development process which nevertheless admits a clear argument to the certification authority(CA)that the developed system is of the required integrity.DO-254recommends a simple documentation structure with a set of planning documents that establish the design requirements,safety considerations,planned design and the verification that is to occur.This would typically be presented to the CA early in the project in order to agree that the process is suitable.This plan will depend heavily on the assessed integrity level of the component which may range from Level D(low criticality)to Level A(most critical).Note that the DO-254recommendations differ very little between Levels A and B.High-integrity requirements Appendix B of DO-254specifies the verifica-tion recommended for Level A and Level B components in addition to that done for Levels C and D.This is based on a Functional Failure Path Analysis (FFPA)which decomposes the identified hazards related to the component into safety-related requirements for the design elements of the hardware program. The additional verification which DO-254suggests may include some or all of: architectural mitigation:changing the design to prevent,detect or correct hazardous conditions;product service experience:arguing reliability based on the operational his-tory of the component;elemental analysis:applying detailed testing and/or manual analysis of safety-related design elements and their interconnections;safety-specific analysis:relating the results of the FFPA to safety conditions on individual design elements and verifying that these conditions are not violated;andformal methods:the application of rigorous notations and techniques to spec-ify or analyse some or all of the design.If tools are used for compilation or verification of the PLD software then DO-254requires a certain amount of tool qualification.This may incorporate separate analysis of the tool software,appeals to in-service history of the tool,or direct inspection of the tool output.At higher integrity levels,in-service history alone is likely to be insufficient.3.2UK Defence StandardsThe UK Defence Standards have been rewritten so that the older programmable hardware standard00-54,and its software counterpart00-55,have been rolled together into Issue3of the00-56standard,and so00-56should be seen in the light of00-54.Issue3of00-56was released in January2005as an interim standard.This version[26]explicitly equates regular software and PLD programs as safety-related complex electronic elements(SRCEE)in Part2,§15.1.The older Interim Defence Standard00-54[27]specified safety-related hard-ware development in a similar way to DO-254.The main difference was that 00-54was far more prescriptive than DO-254,and assumed that the develop-ment takes place within a safety management process as described in Defence Standard00-56Issue2[30].Overview00-54makes strict demands on the rigour and demonstrable correct-ness of PLD programs,and that these are significantly stricter than those in DO-254.The new00-56is less prescriptive,instead requiring that“compelling evidence that safety requirements have been met.Where possible,objective, analytical evidence shall be provided.”(Part1,§11.3.1).Risk is regulated(in the UK)on the basis of being reduced ALARP(As Low As is Reasonably Practical).This stems from a UK Court of Appeal decision onthe1949case Edwards vs.The National Coal Board[31]where Judge Asquith noted:“...a computation must be made by the owner in which the quantum of risk is placed on one scale and the sacrifice involved in the measures necessary for averting the risk(whether in money,time or trouble)is placed in the other,and that,if it be shown that there is a gross dis-proportion between them-the risk being insignificant in relation to the sacrifice-the defendants discharge the onus on them.”This is significant because it means that if it is feasible and not dispropor-tionately expensive to do formal analysis,and there is a demonstrable gain in reliability from this,then a UK court is likely to expect it to be done for the system risk to be regarded as ALARP.High-integrity requirements Formal specification and analysis of PLD pro-grams were mandated at all safety integrity levels for00-54.This posed a practi-cal problem for developers since in1999(its year of issue)there were no known tool-supported specification or proof notations which were generally applicable to PLD programming.Each project required a from-scratch selection of,and capability development in,notations and analysis techniques.This is risky and potentially expensive.The new00-56,as noted above,makes no prescription for methods to be used.However,the risk involved in using the SRCEE is required to be ALARP and specifically requires evidence to validate the safety argument including(Part 1,§19.2):1.direct evidence from analysis;2.direct evidence from demonstration(testing and/or operation),includingquantitative evidence;3.direct evidence extracted from the review process;4.process evidence showing good practice in development,maintenance andoperation;and5.qualitative evidence for good design,including expert testimony etc.The quantitative aspect of item2is significant because work by Little-wood[32]has shown that conventional testing cannot show that a system is highly reliable in a statistically significant way,and so the use of formal meth-ods is justified.This applies to systems at the SIL-3or SIL-4integrity levels,or Levels A and B in DO-254terms.00-56also requires each tool in the compilation chain to have suitable argu-ments or analysis in place to show that it does not introduce significant errors into the system.3.3Other standardsIEC61508“Functional Safety of Electrical/Electronic/Programmable Elec-tronic Safety-Related Systems”[28]is a standard which covers a wide range of systems and their components.Part2in particular gives requirements for the development and testing of electrical,electronic and programmable devices.Here the programmable part of the systems is not addressed in detail;there are re-quirements for aspects of the design to be analysed,but no real requirements for implementation language or related aspects.Because of this,in the experience of the authors,DO-254is more directly usable for developers than is IEC61508 Part2.PLDs have been shown to be particularly useful in implementing crypto-graphic functions,for instance the Advanced Encryption Standard(AES).The Common Criteria guidance for IT security evaluation[29]does not distinguish between software executing on a microprocessor,ASICs or programs executing on PLDs;they may all form part of the Target of Evaluation(ToE)and require equally rigorous reasoning with respect to the security requirements identified in the Protection Profile or Security Target for the ToE.The formal and semi-formal assurance required for ASIC and software designs at Evaluation Assurance Levels 5to7is therefore required for PLD programs too.4Recent researchRecent research relevant to safety-critical PLD program design includes:1.specification and proof of parallel systems,enabling a correct-by-constructionapproach to program design;2.model checking techniques to verify safety properties of an existing PLDdesign at a HDL or netlist level;and3.the design and use of high-level programming languages to enable PLD pro-gramming at a more abstract level,possibly in a domain-specific language or tool.4.1Specification and proof techniquesEstablished parallel specification notations such as CSP and LOTOS[33]are ca-pable of describing the highly parallel structure of a PLD program,but have not yet been applied generally as specification notations for actual PLD programs.A contributory factor is likely to be the over-complexity of the notations compared to the simple synchronous structure of most PLD programs.Earlier work by Breuer et al.[34]on production of a refinement calculus directly targeting VHDL has a solid theoretical base,and(in theory)allows the production of VHDL designs which are demonstrably correct.This work also fell foul of over-complexity,and without tool support was impractical to apply efficiently to PLD program designs.The authors have used the SRPT synchronous receptive process algebra to implement a formal specification and refinement systems for synchronous PLD programs.This work,initially described in[23]and extended in[35],establishes refinement as a practical technique for at least small PLD designs,and indicates that it may scale well for certain classes of design.It is targeted directly at the specification and proof of PLD programs,but currently lacks tool support.Thefirst author has used CSP as a specification language in a high integrity commercial PLD program development.Both developer and customer found that the CSP specifications clarified and identified deficiencies in a well-reviewed English functional requirements document,giving increased confidence in the final program.Additionally,it enabled experimental model checking with the FDR2tool;this identified some errors in the developed program(which had been separately identified by expensive testing).Refinement in parallel systems is an area of active research;the authors anticipate significant developments in techniques and tool support in this area in the next few years.4.2Model checkingModel checking is the application of graph theory andfinite state machines to decide whether a temporal logic formula is maintained across all possible system states.It has become practical to apply it to verifying key properties of complex modern processors,for example the non-floating point operations of the Intel Pentium IV microprocessor as described by Schubert[36].It is effective at deciding whether a design conforms to certain safety properties,but is vulnerable to the state explosion problem where designs of increasing size quickly become impractical to model-check.It is beneficial for checking a complete design but cannot usually be applied until near the end of a development.Model checking tools such as Solidify from Saros Technologies are now start-ing to be used in PLD program verification,and can provide assurance that the design has suitable safety properties across all possible states.This is a more powerful argument for safety than simulation,since it is practically impossible to cover all possible system states for any designs other than the very simple,but there remains the question of tool qualification.As noted in Section3.1,DO-254 requires either direct verification of the tool or in-service history–inspection of the tool output does not help qualification in this case.Neither of these are currently available.Solidify specifications are written in one of several commercial HDL specifi-cation languages,and the tool operates on behavioural VHDL,Verilog or RTL. This removes the need for a test bench simulating a system,allows quick verifi-cation that common errors are absent,and a range of extra checks with increased confidence coming from additional time spent writing specifications to check.It can check against protocols such as the AMBA bus specification.It is a promising approach and sets a baseline for expectations for other model checking tools.Stepney[37]has shown how a subset of CSP compatible with the FDR2 model-checking tool can be transformed into a program in a Handel-C languagesubset,thereby allowing a design to be model-checked for correctness before a compilable version of the design is produced.FDR2has a long in-service history and would be easier to qualify for medium levels of integrity.Note that the use of model checking and other formal techniques by major industrial microprocessor designers such as Intel(Pentium4)and ARM indi-cates that they believe it to provide a commercial advantage.This may be due to the complexity of modern microprocessors precluding effective coverage by conventional testing.In this way the hardwarefield is more advanced than the software or programmable hardwarefields.4.3High-level programmingImperative Since1996there has been a steadily growing interest in compil-ing imperative languages into HDLs(and hence into PLDs).The most popular approaches have been based around C language syntax,presumably for its im-mediate appeal to most developers,although this syntax often hides complex parallel programming issues not present in sequential C.Handel-C is a modern high-level PLD programming language that owes much to the occam parallel programming language[7](which has also been used to tar-get FPGAs[OCCAM to FPGAs,such as R.M.Pell and B.M.Cook,Occam on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays-Fast Prototyping of Parallel Embedded Systems.]).It has been used in a range of industrial applications including mili-tary and aerospace,although the authors do not know of any use of a Handel-C program in a safety-critical function.As noted in Section4.2above,a Handel-C subset can be the target of a compilation from model-checked CSP,and there is a toolset which can perform the usual verification activities at each development stage.However,the Handel-C compiler is complex and as yet is not known to be amenable to qualification.Gupta et al.[38]have described a synthesis process which transforms pointer-free non-recursive ANSI C to VHDL.Unusually,it places much of the paral-lel programming activity within the toolset;the programming language cannot express parallel concepts.Because of this,the approach suffers from the well-documented deficiencies of the C language with respect to safety and correctness. The fundamental question is how the developer can be sure that his program-ming intent has been captured and preserved by the compilation chain.The conventional software programming language Ada95has been examined by the authors[39]and by Audsley and Ward[40]as a design and implementation language for PLDs.Audsley and Ward have addressed the compilation of legacy Ada code into a one-hot state machine,aiming to maintain the existing safety argument for the code by qualifying only the PLD-targeting compiler.This work is in progress but has demonstrated coverage of many Ada constructs including Ada’s parallel programming features(although,at the lower levels of design, SPARK Ada is arguably limited in its ability to model highly parallel code such as pipelined architectures).Ada has the advantage that its syntax is very close to the syntax of behavioural VHDL;however,synthesizable VHDL is more restrictive.。
