Unit 1
A．The process of learning an art can be divided conveniently into two parts: one, the mastery of the theory; the other, the mastery of the practice. If I want to learn the art of medicine, I must first know the facts about the human body, about various diseases. When I have all this theoretical knowledge, I am by no means competent in the art of medicine. I shall become a master in this art only after a great deal of practice, until eventually the results of my theoretical knowledge and the result of my practice are blended into one—my intuition, the essence of the mastery of any art. But aside from learning the theory and practice, there is a third factor necessary to becoming a master in any art—the mastery of the art must be a matter of ultimate concern; there must be nothing else in the world more important than the art. This holds true for music, for medicine, for carpentry—and for love. And, maybe, here lies the answer to the question of why people in our country try so rarely to learn this art, in spite of their obvious failures: in spite of the deep-seated craving for love, almost everything else is considered to be more important than love: success, prestige, money, power—almost all our energy is used for the learning of how to achieve these aims, and almost none to learn the art of loving.
学习艺术的过程可以非常容易地分成两部分：一、掌握理论；二、精于实践。如果我需要学习医学，我必须首先了解人体和各种疾病。但即使我掌握所有这些理论知识，也决不表明我就能熟练操作了。只有当经过大量实践，直到最后我的理论知识和实践结果融合在一起，形成直觉了，我才能称得上这门艺术的专家。直觉是艺术掌握的精华所在。但是除了学习理论知识和进行实践外，想在艺术领域成为一名真正的行家里手还必须掌握第三种因素，即对艺术的追求必须是其最终所关怀的；世上再无比这门艺术更重要的事。音乐、医药、木工手艺都是这样，爱情也是如此。我们这个社会中的人们，尽管显然已经失败却仍很少去学习爱的艺术，其原因也许就在于此：虽然内心深处都渴望爱，却认为其他任何事都比爱重要，如成功、名望、财富、权力；我们几乎把所有的精力都消耗在对这些目标的追逐上，而几乎不花费任何精力来学习这种爱的艺术。
B. What is it we want most from a marriage? To love and be loved. To be happy and secure. To grow, to discover. A love relationship is the garden in which we plant, cultivate and harvest the most precious of corps, our own self, and in which our spouse is provided the same rich soil in which to bloom.
We cannot obtain what we want unless our partner also gets what he or she wants. A woman may, for instance, want to go to the symphony. Her husband might hate symphonies. But by spending a few hours listening to music he doesn’t care for, he can bring joy to his partner. That’s pretty cheap price to pay for joy, isn’t it?
我们在婚姻中最想得到的是什么？爱与被爱，幸福与安全，成长与实现。爱的关系是一个花园，我们在其中种植、培育和收获最珍贵的作物——我们自己，我们的配偶在这个花园里得到同样肥沃的土壤可以蓬勃发展。
只有当我们的配偶也心愿得偿时，我们才可能心愿得偿。例如，一位妇女可能想去听交响乐而她的丈夫则痛恨交响乐。但是，花几个小时听他不喜欢的音乐，他可以给自己的伴侣带来快乐。为得到这份快乐所付出的代价并不高，对吧？
A．The speed of communication is bound to have an effect on composers—styles are now known and imitated so quickly that “crossover” may be the buzzword for music in the new century. People can download anything in their home, and you know tomorrow what someone on the other side of the world did yesterday. Barriers between classical music, jazz and other forms will continue to break down and audiences will derive equal pleasure from lots of different styles. I foresee a greater plurality of taste.
The great unknown is the effect new technology is going to have on the soundworld of music, as opposed to its forms and structures. In this century we’ve seen the potential of percussion in orchestral work develop out of all recognition, and have become accustomed to electronic music. So I anticipate developments around the corner that will produce huge changes in what we listen to.
高速通讯肯定会对作曲者产生影响。如今各种风格如此快速地为人所了解和模仿，―风格跨越‖可能成为新世纪里音乐界的时髦词。人们可以在家里下载任何作品。昨天地球另一边的人做了什么，明天你就可以知道。古典音乐、爵士乐和其它音乐形式之间的屏障将会继续崩溃，听众将会从许多不同风格的作品中获得同样的快感。可以预见，人们的欣赏口味将会更加多元化。
一个很大的未知数是，新技术对音乐的音响效果而不是其形式和结构会产生什么影响。本世纪我们已经看到打击乐在管弦乐作品中的潜力发挥到了令人无法辨认的程度，而且我们也已经习惯了电子音乐。因此可以预见，未来的发展不久就会给我们所听到的音乐带来巨大的变化。
B. At present, with further progress of economic globalization, countries are increasingly interdependent, and the pursuit of peace, development and cooperation has become an irresistible trend of the times, presenting the world with rare opportunities for development. At the same time, uncertainties and destabilizing factors in world economic growth have increased recently, as evidenced by continued turbulence in the financial market, rising prices for energy and resource, acute problem of food security, and growing pressure of global inflation. There remain numerous grim challenges in the effort to build a harmonious world of lasting peace and common prosperity.
当前，经济全球化深入发展，国与国相互依存日益紧密，求和平、谋发展、促合作已成为不可阻挡的时代潮流，世界面临难得的发展机遇。同时，近来世界经济增长中的不确定、不稳定因素增多，金融市场持续动荡，能源资源价格上涨，粮食安全问题突出，全球通胀压力增大。建设持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界，仍面临不少严峻挑战。
A．While China is home to 22% of the world’s population, it has only 7% of the cultivated land. Still, Chinese agriculture has made remarkable progress over the past five years. In 1994, China was a global leader in the production of major farm products such as grain, cotton and meat. The grain harvest in 1995 hit 460 million tons, setting a new domestic record.
In addition, China is developing strategies to ensure an adequate domestic food supply for years to come. One key has been a variety of market reform. Unlike the past, individual farms and agricultural cooperatives now operate as profit-making enterprises. That means taking risks. But the benefits are obvious. Farm families have seen their annual income rise considerably, while consumers find more food available than ever before.
中国是占世界人口22%的家园，却只占世界耕地的7%。但在过去5年里，中国农业仍然取得了显著的进步。1994年，中国主要农产品如谷物、棉花和肉类都居世界领先地位。1995年粮食丰收，达到4.6亿多吨，创造了新的国家记录。
另外，中国正在实施今后几年内保障粮食足以自给的发展战略。一个关键是实行多种形式的市场改革。与过去不同的是，现在个体农场和合作农场都是赢利企业，尽管有风险，但其好处是显而易见的。农民家庭每年收入有相当大的增长，而消费者较之以前也可以买到更多的食品。
B. China is one of the largest countries in the world, her territory being about the size of the whole Europe. In the vast country of ours there are large areas of fertile land which provide us with food and clothing; mountain ranges across its length and breadth with extensive forests and rich mineral deposits; many rivers and lake which provide us with water transport and irrigation, and a long coastline which facilitates communication with nations beyond the seas.
( Excerpts from The Selected Works of Mao Zedong)
我们中国是世界上最大的国家之一，它的领土和整个欧洲的面积差不多相等。在这个广大的领土之上，有广大的肥田沃地，给我们以衣食之源；有纵横全国的大小山脉，给我们生长了广大的森林，贮藏了丰富的矿产；有很多的江河湖泽，给我们以舟楫和灌溉之利；有很长的海岸线，给我们以交通海外各民族的方便。
——《毛泽东选集》（节选）
A．First, the teacher’s personality should be pleasantly live and attractive. This does not rule out people who are physically plain, or even ugly, because many such have great personal charm. But it does rule out such types as the over-excitable, melancholy, frigid, sarcastic, cynical, frustrated, and overbearing. I would say too, that it excludes all of dull or purely negative personality.
Secondly, it is not merely desirable but essential for a teacher to have a genuine capacity for sympathy—in the literal meaning of that word—a capacity to tune in to the minds and feelings of other people. Closely related with this is the capacity to be tolerant—not, indeed, of what is wrong, but of the frailty and immaturity of human nature which induce people, and again especially children, to make mistakes.
首先，教师应该经历充沛，有个性魅力，令人愉快。这并不意味着应当排除相貌平平的人，或者甚至相貌难看的人，因为许多这类老师具有很大的个人魅力。然而这的确意味着应当排除那种过于激动、忧郁、冷漠、爱冷嘲热讽、爱挑剔挖苦、沮丧以及盛气凌人的人。我还要说应当排除所有那些生性呆板或对一切都采取绝对消极态度的人。
第二，教师要有真诚的同情心，教师的这种品质不仅是可取的而且是必不可少的。―同情‖，顾名思义就是一种能对他人内心和感受表示深切理解的能力。与此紧密相连的是宽容——不是宽容错误而是宽容人性中的脆弱和不成熟，这种脆弱和不成熟容易使人，尤其是孩子，犯错误。
B. The success of science has less to do with a particular method than with an essential attitude of the scientist. This attitude is essentially one of inquiry, experimentation and humility before the facts. Therefore, a good scientist is an honest one. True scientists do not bow to any authority but they are ever ready to modify or even abandon their ideas if adequate evidence is found contradicting them. Scientists, they do place a high value on honesty.
Scientists must accept facts even when they would like them to be different. They must strive to distinguish between what they see and what they wish to see—for humanity’s capacity for self-deception is vast. People have traditionally tended to adopt general rules, beliefs, creeds, theories, and ideas without thoroughly questioning their validity and to retain them long after they have been shown to be meaningless, false, or at least questionable. The most widespread assumptions are the least questioned. Most often, when and idea is adopted, particular attention is given to cases that seem to support it, while cases that seem to refute it are distorted, belittled, or ignored. We feel deeply that it is a sign of weakness to ―change our minds.‖ Competent scientists, however, must be expert at changing their minds. This is because science seeks not to defend our beliefs but to improve them. Better theories are made by those who are not hung up on prevailing ones.
科学的成功与其说取决于某种特定的方法，不如说与科学家们所共有的一种态度更为有关。从根本上来讲，这种态度是一种探究、实验、尊重事实的态度。真正的科学家不屈服权威，但如果他们发现有足够证据证明他们的想法有矛盾，他们乐意修正，甚至放弃那些观点。科学家确确实实置诚实至上。
科学家必须接受事实，即使在他们希望事实不同时也必须如此。他们必须竭尽全力把他们看到的同他们希望看到的区分开来——因为人类具有极大的自欺能力。人们
一贯倾向于未经彻底询问其是否正确，便采纳一般的规则、信仰、信念、理论和观点，而且在它们被证明是毫无意义的、错误的或者至少是可疑的之后，能长久的抱住它们不放。流传最广的假定是最少受到怀疑的。
A．Does the rise of a contingent work force mean that traditional jobs, in which workers can expect a long term relationship with their employer, will soon be obsolete? Probably not, although there are likely to be much fewer traditional jobs than in the past. Rather the trend toward a flexible work force is leading to a redefinition of the job. Jobs are increasingly seen as arrangements in which people sell their services to employers in a variety of ways, often starting as contingency workers and being promoted into full-time positions later on.
The evolution of the job required a corresponding evolution in employees’ approach to work. Just as employers are transforming themselves to get closer to their market and their customers, employees must get closer to the reality of the labor market. Employees should think of themselves as entrepreneurs who own a bundle of skills and competencies, which they can market to their ―clients‖. Thus works need to contin uously update their skill bundles to remain attractive to employers.
这种非固定型劳动队伍的出现意味着传统工作——员工和雇员之间有着长期雇佣关系的工作——将很快过时了吗？或许不会的！尽管传统型工作同过去相比可能会减少很多。然而，这种向灵活多变发展的趋势正在引导我们去重新界定―工作‖一词。人们越来越强烈地认识到：工作是一种商约，人们以各种不同方式将自己的劳务卖给雇主。这种商约常常以临时员工身份开始，到后来才被晋升到全日制的职位。
工作的演变过程需要一个相应的雇工对待工作的演变过程。正如雇主正在努力改变自我以求更接近于他们的市场和顾客，雇工必须更接近劳工市场的显示。雇工应该把自己看作企业家：他们拥有一套技术和技能，他们完全可以向他们的―顾客‖推销自己的技术和技能。这样，雇工需要不断地更新自己的技术，使自己对雇主一直有吸引力。
B. Respect versus popularity—it is the old conflict between being professional and being personal. We want to do a good job, but we want to be friends with everyone, too. The truth is, you can’t always be liked if you do your job properly. And the desire to keep everyone happy can become a weakness.
If you do your job properly you’ll seldom be everyone’s favourite person. But the payoff comes in the form of a deeper liking and admiration. Respect is like money in the bank: You have to put it in before you can draw in out. Don’t worry about popularity, work on respect. That will take you a lot further in the long run.
受人尊敬与受人欢迎归结起来其实是敬业和个人化之间的矛盾。我们都想把工作做好，同时我们也想和所有的人成为朋友。而实情是如果你想把工作做好的话，你就必然不讨人喜爱。想成为好好先生的一厢情愿往往会成为你的弱点。
尽职工作并不能使你成为大家都喜欢的人物，可这样做的报酬却相当可观，它能让你得到更深层次的喜爱和仰慕。尊敬就如同银行里的钱一样：在提款之前你必须往里面存款！不用担心自己的人气指数，要激发别人的尊敬，从长远来说，这能助你迈向成功之路。
Section A
If human beings paid attention to all the sights, sounds, and smells that besiege
them ,their ability to codify and recall information would be swamped .instead ,they simplify the information by grouping it into broad verbal categories .For example ,human eyes have the extraordinary power to discriminate some ten million colors ,but the English language reduces these to no more than four thousand color word ,of which only eleven basic terms are commonly used .That is why a driver stops at all traffic lights whose color he categories as red ,even though the lights vary slightly from one to another in their a of redness .
倘若人类关注其周围所有的现象、声音和气味，则其编排和提取信息之时就会应接不暇。相反，他们以文字的形式将信息进行广义分类，从而使之简化。例如，人眼具有区分大约一千万种颜色的非凡能力，但英语中这类词汇却不超过4000个，其中常用的基本词汇只有11个。那就是为什么司机遇到交通灯时，如果此时灯的颜色正处于他所划定的红色范畴，就会把车停下来，尽管不同的交通灯在红灯状态下的色度稍有不同。
Section B
当人们聚在一起的时候，无论做其他什么事情——不管是玩耍、争吵，交朋友，还是造汽车，他们都要说话。我们生活在一个语言的世界里。我们与朋友、同事交谈，与妻子、丈夫或情人交谈，与师长、父母或姻亲交谈，我们还和个人又以更多的谈话加以回应。电视和广播则进一步助长了这种滔滔不绝的谈话现象。我们醒着的时候几乎没有一刻能离开语言。即使在梦中，我们也说话或听别人说话。在没人答话时，我们照样说话。我们中有些人在熟睡时大声说话，有时候我们与宠物说话，有时候还会自言自语，拥有语言，或许比别的任何特征，更能把人类与其他动物区分开来。要了解人类，就得了解使我们成为人的语言的本质，根据许多民族的神话和宗教，语言才是人类生活和力量的源泉。对一些非洲人来说，一个新生的婴儿只是一件―东西‖，还不是一个―人‖。一个孩子只有通过学习才能成为人。因此，根据这一传统，我们都是因为至少掌握了一种语言才变成―人‖的。
Whatever else People do when they come together –whether they play, fight, make friends ,or make automobiles –they talk .We live in a world of language .We talk to our friends ,our associates ,our wives and husband ,our lovers ,our teachers our parents and
in-laws. We talk to bus drivers and total strangers .We talk face-to-face and over the telephone ,and everyone responds with more talk .Television and radio further smell this torrent of words. Hardly a moment of walking lives is free from words ,and even in our dreams we talk and are talked to. We also talk when there is no one to answer. Some of us talk aloud in our sleep. We talk to our pets and sometimes to ourselves.
The possession of language ,perhaps more than any other attribute ,distinguishes humans from other animals. To understand our humanity one must understand the nature of language that makes us human. According to the philosophy expressed in the myths and religions of many peoples , it is language that is the source of human life and power . To some people of Africa ,a newborn child is a ―thing‖ ,not yet a ―person‖. Only by the act of learning dose the child become a human being. Thus , according to this tradition ,we all become ―human‖ because we all know at least one language.
Section A
lucky kids! As a child, I had to make do with virtual camping: devouring the wonderful nature books that my own children now love. But they get the real thing: life lived on the bosom of mother earth. Adventure and courage and responsibility with the security of parents on a beach nearby. These are the things the children recall with shining
eyes ,backs straight with pride when we reminisce about the good times we have had. Not the latest computer game or website or TV series, but the magic, old as humankind itself, of tents and campfires, storytelling and skinny-dipping and sleeping under the stars. These are gifts that we can give them as a talisman against the despair felt by so many young people. These are the memories that enchant their childhood, will carry them into adulthood and warm them in their old age.
他们真是幸运的孩子！孩提时的我只能如饥似渴地阅读那些描写自然美景的精彩书籍，在脑海里拼命想像露营的情景。我自己的孩子现在也喜欢这些书，但除此之外他们还能真正体验在大地母亲怀抱里的生活。经历一下冒险、检验一下勇气、承担一点责任，而且不乏安全感，因为父母就在不远处的沙滩上。
每当我们回首一起度过的美好时光，对这些事的回忆总是让孩子们双眸发亮，骄傲地挺直了腰板。它不是最新的电脑游戏、不是最时髦的网站、也不是最流行的电视连续剧，而是和人类自身一样古老的，来自帐篷中和篝火下，讲故事、裸泳以及星光下的夜宿的神奇魔力。我们可以把这样的礼物当做护身符送给孩子们，用它来驱走困扰许多年轻人的绝望情绪。这些美好记忆使他们的童年令人陶醉，还会伴随他们长大成人，给他们的暮年增添暖意。
Section B
Life is like a winding path surrounded by flowers, butterflies,and delicious fruit, but many of us spend much time looking for happiness around the next corner. We do not bend to enjoy the happiness which is ours for the taking just at our feet.
In our de sire to reach the ―pot of gold‖,complete and lasting happiness we all want to fill our lives,we ignore anything which does not seem worthy of such a large ambition,or which can not give us the whole thing all at once. Happiness is all around us,but it often comes in small grains.When we gather it grain by grain,we soon have a basketful.
生活宛如一条蜿蜒曲折的小径，周围鲜花绽放，彩蝶飞舞，美果压枝。但是，我们有很多人却不惜花费很多时间舍近求远去寻找幸福。其实，幸福就在脚下，俯拾即得，而我们却不肯弯腰拣起享用。生活中，我们都渴望得到满盛完美而永恒幸福的―金罐子‖。与此同时，对配不上即将实现的宏愿的细枝小叶，却视而不见；对起不到立竿见影功效的一砖一瓦，却置之不理。幸福就在我们周围，但它往往以小小颗粒的形式出现。只要我们一粒一粒地把它收集起来，很快就可以装满一篮子。
Section A
China has gone through a journey of 15years in order to first resume the contracting party status in GATT and later to enter the WTO .the twists and turns over the past 15 years have been deeply embedded in the minds of the Chinese People and witness by each every foreign friend who care for and supports chin’s cause of modernization . However , it is a comfort to see that china’s access ion to the WTO has been noticeably accelerate with the concerted efforts of various relevant parties over recent years .
In May and June this year ,china held consultations and reached comprehensive consensus with US and EU on the outstanding issue in the multilateral negotiation of china’s WTO accession .in early and mid July ,the WTO held the 16th and 17th sessions of the china working party meeting ,at which the substantive negotiation on china’s WTO entry was concluded with the drafting of the protocol ,working party report and other multilateral legal documents regarding china’s WTO accession completed . I believe at the 18th Working Party Meeting to be convened in September, all the legal documents on china’s WTO accession will be eventually adopted a nd submitted to the WTO General Council for review, thus wrapping up the historic mission of the WTO Working Party on china. Hard endeavor of 15 years is about to turn china’s entry to the WTO into a reality. 中国为恢复关贸总协定缔约国地位和加入世贸组织已经走过了15年的历程。15年的沧桑变化，已经深深印在中国人的记忆之中，并且也为每一位关心和支持中国现代化事业的外国朋友所见证。值得欣慰的是，近年来，在有关各方的共同努力下，中国加入世贸组织的进程明显加快。
今年5月6日，中国先后同美国、欧盟就中国加入世贸组织在多边谈判中的遗留问题进行了磋商，并达成了全面共识。7月初和7月中旬，世贸组织第16次和第17次中国工作组会议，结束了中国加入世贸组织的实质性谈判，完成了中国加入世贸组织的议定书枠、枟中国工作组报告书枠等多边法律文件的起草工作。我相信，9月召开的第18次中国工作组会议，将最终通过中国加入世贸组织的所有法律文件，并将这些法律文件提交世贸组织总理事会审议，从而结束中国工作组的工作。经过15年的艰辛努力，中国加入世贸组织即将成为现实。
Part B
中国即将加入世界贸易组织，这将为中国和其他发展中国家之间的合作带来更多新的机会。中国成为世贸组织成员国后，将进一步强化这种合作，推动发展中国家和发达国家之间的对话。中国加入世贸组织自然是世贸组织所有成员的一个胜利，不过这一胜利首先应该属于所有的发展中国家。
China’s impending entry into the World Trade Organi zation （WTO）will usher in more new opportunities for co-operation between China and other developing countries．The WTO membership will lead China to further commit itself to intensifying such co-operation and pushing for bilateral talks between developed and developing countries．China’s WTO entry is of course a victory for all members of the organization，but the victory belongs to all developing countries first of all．