必修三unit4
Ⅰ.重点词汇
1．________ n．天文学________ n．天文学家
2．________ n．系统；体系；制度________ adj.系统的
3．________ n．宗教；宗教信仰
4．________ n．学说；理论
5．________ n．球体；地球仪；地球_____ adj.全球性的
6．________ adj.猛烈的；激烈的________ adv. 猛烈地
7．________ n．大气层；气氛
8．________ adj.基本的；基础的
9．________ n．出席；到场；存在________ adj.出席的；存在的10．________ n．反应；回应________ vi.反应；回应
11．________ vi.乘；增加
12．________ n．氧
13．________ vt.存在；生存________n．存在；生存
14．_____ n．谜；难题vt.(使)迷惑_____adj.令人困惑的
15．________ n．生物学________ adj.生物的
16．________ n．万有引力；重力
17．________ n．卫星；人造卫星
18．________ n．物理学家
19．________ adv.失重地
20．________ n．质量；团；块；大量_______ adj.巨大的
答案
1．astronomy; astronomer 2.system; systematic
3．religion 4.theory 5.globe; global
6．violent; violently7.atmosphere
8．fundamental9.presence; present
10．reaction; react11.multiply12.oxygen
13．exist; existence14.puzzle; puzzling
15．biology; biological16.gravity17.satellite
18．physicist19.weightlessly20.mass; massive
Ⅱ.短语回顾
1．________ time 及时；终于
2．be harmful ________ 对……有害
3．give birth ________ 产生；分娩
4．________ one's turn 轮到某人；接着
5．prevent... ________ 阻止；抑制
6．block ________ 挡住(光线等)
7．cheer ________ 感到高兴；感到振奋
8．a mass ________ 许多；大量
9．break ________ 突发；爆发
10．watch ________ for 密切注视；当心；提防
11．________ that 既然
12．get close ________ 靠近；接近
13．get the hang ________ 掌握，精通
答案
1．in 2.to 3.to 4.in 5.from 6.out7.up
8．of9.out10.out11.now12.to13.of
Ⅲ.句式填空
1．what 引导的主语从句
________(它会变成什么样) was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe.
2．so... that... 如此……以至于……
The earth became ________ (如此猛烈以至于)it was not clear whether the shape would last or not. 3．it 作形式宾语的用法
This produced a chain reaction, which ________ (使得生命得以发展)．
4．英语倍数表示法
But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried ________ (两倍远) on the earth and fell over. 答案
1．What it was to become 2.so violent that 3．made it possible for life to develop
考点单词
1．pull n. & vt. 拉(力)；拖；牵引力
They are pulling down those houses to make room for a new hotel.
为了给新旅馆腾地，他们正在拆除那些房屋。
We waved as the train pulled out of the station.
火车驶出车站时我们挥手告别。
pull apart 拆开；拆散pull away (汽车等)开走
pull down 拆毁；摧毁pull in (车辆)进站
pull out 驶出；退出pull over 向路边停靠；驶向路边
pull up 停车
即境活用1I was lucky enough to get on the train before it ________.
A．pulled on B．pulled down
C．pulled in D．pulled out
[解析]pull out 驶出车站。
[答案]D
2．exist vi.存在；生存
The technology for performing this operation already exists.
做这种手术的技术早已存在。
They are paid hardly enough to exist on.
他们收入微薄，几乎无法维持生活。
exist in 存在于……之中
exist on 靠……为生
exist by 靠……生存
There exist... 有……；存在着……
come into existence 开始存在；成立
bring... into existence 使发生；产生
即境活用2There, in the ancient temple, used to ________ a big bell, which is now missing.
A．happen B．come
C．exist D．stand
[解析]There used to exist 过去有……。
[答案]C
3．puzzle n．谜；难题vt.(使)迷惑；(使)为难
What puzzled me is why they didn't take her advice.
他们为何不接受她的忠告，这使我大惑不解。
in a puzzle 疑惑；困惑
puzzle over 冥思苦想
puzzle out 苦苦思索而弄清楚
be puzzled 感到困惑
be puzzling 令人困惑的
即境活用3The present situation is ________，and we are all________about what will happen in the days to come.
A．puzzled; puzzling B．puzzling; puzzled
C．puzzling; puzzling D．puzzled; puzzled
[解析]puzzling 令人迷惑的，修饰物；puzzled 迷惑的，修饰人。
[答案]B
4．mass n．质量；团；块；大量
Her garden is a mass of flowers.
她的花园里种满了花。
I don't like children in the mass.
大体而论，我不喜欢儿童。
a mass of＝masses of 大量的；许多的
in the mass 大体上；大致上
the masses 大众；民众
the mass of... 大部分……
【易错提示】
a mass of 和masses of 后面可以接可数或不可数名词，作主语时谓语动词的单复数与mass 的单复数保持一致。
即境活用4________ work has been done to prevent the water in the lake being polluted.
A．A plenty of B．A number of
C．A mass of D．A great many
[解析]a mass of 大量的，既可以修饰可数名词也可以修饰不可数名词。B、D两项修饰可数名词；A项本身有误。
[答案]C
5．spread vt.伸展；传播；蔓延
He spread a cloth on the table.
他把台布铺在桌子上。
The fire spread from the factory to the houses nearby.
火势从工厂延烧至附近的房舍。
In 20 years the city has spread quickly to the north.
在二十年间，这座城市迅速向北延伸。
spread out 散开；伸展；延伸
spread over 遍布在
spread (from...) to (从……)传到，波及到
spread oneself 舒展四肢(躺下)
即境活用5Paper－making began in China and from there it ________ to North Africa and Europe. A．exported B．spoiled
C．carried D．spread
[解析]spread 传播。export 出口；spoil 宠坏；carry 运载。
[答案]D
6．depend vi.依靠
It depends on how you solve the problem.
那取决于你如何解决这个问题。
You can never depend on his arriving on time.
决不可指望他能准时到达。
How much is produced depends on how hard we work.
产量的大小在于我们努力的程度。
depend on sth./sb.＝rely on 依靠或依赖某人/某物
depend on sb. to do sth. 依靠某人做某事
That depends. 视情况而定。
It all depends. 视情况而定。
live on 以……为主食；靠……生活
feed on (动物)以……为饲料
即境活用6—Do you think living in the country has advantages?
—________.
A．Yes, perfectly B．Yes, it is
C．Nothing at all D．Well, that depends
[解析]that depends 那依情况而定。
[答案]D
7．disappoint vt. 使失望
Don't disappoint me by being late again.
别再迟到了，不要叫我失望。
This accident disappointed our plans.
这意外事件使我们的计划落空。
disappoint sb. 使某人失望
disappoint a hope/plan 希望/计划落空
disappointed adj. 失望的
disappointing adj. 令人失望的
disappointment n. 失望；令人失望的人或事
to one's disappointment 令某人失望的是
即境活用7Tom never works hard at his lessons, so it's not ________ to see a ________ look on his face after the exam.
A．surprised; disappointing
B．surprised; disappointed
C．surprising; disappointing
D．surprising; disappointed
[解析]第一空用surprising 修饰物；第二空用disappointed修饰look。
[答案]D
8．method n．方法，办法；秩序，条理
New methods of production were employed a few years ago.
新的生产方法几年前曾使用过。
We should go over our lessons with methods.
我们应该系统地复习功课。
with this method 用这种方法
method of/for (doing) sth. 做……的方法
即境活用8—________ he didn't eat so noisily!
—He is always that ________.
A．If; manner B．Why; kind
C．If only; way D．On condition that; method
[解析]第一空用if only 意为”要是……就好了”；第二空用way 表示”方式”。[答案]C
考点短语
1．cheer up 感到高兴；感到振奋
Try and cheer up a bit; life isn't that bad.
试着高兴一点；生活并不是那样糟糕。
【思维拓展】
c heer sb. up 使某人高兴/振奋
cheer... on 为……加油
Cheers! 干杯！
cheer n. 欢呼声
cheerful adj. 高兴的；快乐的
cheerfully adv. 兴高采烈地
即境活用9The news that our team won the game ________.
A．cheered us up B．cheered up us
C．broke us up D．put us up
[解析]cheer sb. up 使某人高兴，使某人振奋。
[答案]A
2．in time 及时；终于；总有一天
Will you be home in time to see the children before they go to bed?
你来得及在孩子们上床睡觉之前回家看看他们吗？
【思维拓展】
at one time 曾经；一度in no time 立刻；马上
at no time 绝不all the time 一直
at all times 随时；永远for the time being 暂时；目前
from time to time 偶尔ahead of time 提前
at a time 一次
gain time (钟、表)走得快
即境活用10You will succeed________because you have been working hard at your lessons. A．on time B．in time
C．at times D．at a time
[解析]in time总有一天，最终。on time按时；at times 有时；at a time一次。
[答案]B
3．in one's turn 轮到某人
Thus they have, in their turn, become the most important animals on the planet.
于是，他们接着成为这个星球上最重要的动物。
【思维拓展】
by turns 轮流；依次in turn 轮流；依次；转而
take one's turn 依次；轮流take turns to do 轮流做
It's one's turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事
即境活用11Let's look after her ________.
A．in turn B．in danger
C．in charge D．in advance
[解析]in turn 轮流。in danger 处于危险中；in charge 负责；in advance 提前。
[答案]A
4．prevent... from 阻止；抑制
Unless we get more funding, we'll be prevented from finishing our experimental programme.
除非得到更多拨款，否则我们不能完成这项实验计划。
【思维拓展】
stop sb. (from) doing sth. 阻止某人做某事
keep sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事
keep sb. doing sth. 使某人一直做某事
protect sb. from... 保护某人不受……侵袭；挡住；防御
【易错提示】
被动语态中上述搭配中的from 都不可省略。
即境活用12Unfortunately, we were prevented ________ the project on time by the terrible weather.
A．to complete B．completed
C．completing D．from completing
[解析]be prevented from doing sth. 被阻止做某事。
[答案]D
5．block out 挡住、遮住(光线等)
The tree in the neighbour's garden blocks out a lot of light.
邻居花园里的那棵树挡住了很多光线。
【思维拓展】
block off sth. 封锁；切断
block sth. in 塞满；使……受阻
block up sth. 堵塞；挡住
a block of＝blocks of 大块/一批……
a block of flats 一幢公寓大楼
即境活用13—How further do we have to go?
—Exactly, the school is still two ________ away.
A．buildings B．blocks
C．streets D．corners
[解析]block 街区。
[答案]B
6．break out (火灾、战争、疾病)突发；爆发
The experts predict that a new disease will break out this winter.
专家们预言，今年冬天将有一种新的疾病爆发。
【思维拓展】
take place 发生；进行(有计划发生)
happen 发生(意外事故发生)
occur 发生；突然想起
【易错提示】
表示”发生”的词语均无被动语态形式。
即境活用14It seems that the computer system was attacked by a new virus that ________ last week.
A．broke out B．put out
C．came out D．got out
[解析]break out 爆发。put out 扑灭；come out 出版；get out出来。
[答案]A
重点句型
1．They were in time to produce carbon, nitrogen, water and other gases, which were to make the earth's atmosphere.
最终产生了碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他多种气体，从而形成了地球的大气层。
句中be to do 结构表示即将发生某事、计划或安排做某事、要求做某事。
The foreign students are to hold a party to celebrate Christmas Day next Monday.
那些外籍学生下周一打算举行一次晚会庆祝圣诞节。
You are to meet the experts from Hong Kong at the airport.
你们去机场接来自香港的专家。
【思维拓展】
“be about to do” 表示即将做某事，不与任何时间状语连用；”will ＋动词原形”表示将来行为，”预见”或”临时考虑”将做某事；be going to do 表示打算/计划做某事，或有迹象表明要发生某事。
Wait for me for a moment; I'm about to set out.
稍等片刻；我马上就动身。
We will put the plan into practice next spring.
我们明年春天实施这个计划。
Look, the clouds are gathering; it's going to rain.
瞧，云彩在聚集；马上就要下雨了。
即境活用15If you ________ her respect, you will have to be generous.
A．are going to win B．are to win
C．will win D．are about to win
[解析]条件状语从句只能用be to do 结构，表示将来。
[答案]B
2．”Oh dear，”I cried, “walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed.”
“天啊，”我惊呼，”既然引力改变了，走路就确实需要稍微锻炼一下了。”
句中now that 引导原因状语从句，意为”既然，由于”，相当于since，而且that 可以省略。Now that you have finished your work, you'd better have a rest.
既然已经做完工作了，你最好休息一下。
Now that you don't have faith in me, I will never give you any advice.
既然你不相信我，我将不再给你提任何建议。
【思维拓展】
due to 由于，归功于；because of 因为；
on account of 由于，因为；
owing to 由于，因为；
thanks to 由于，多亏(多作表语或状语)；
as a result of 由于
即境活用16________ they've got to know each other, I'm sure they will get along better.
A．Now that B．Unless
C．Although D．As soon as
[解析]now that 既然，用来引出原因状语从句。
[答案]A
3．This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop.
这就产生了一系列的反应，使得生命就可能发展了。
这是”make it ＋形容词/名词＋to do sth.”句型。该句型中it 为形式宾语，指代后面的不定式结构，形容词或名词为宾语补足语。
People in the West make it a rule to buy Christmas presents for their relatives and friends.
在西方，人们常在圣诞节时购买礼物给亲属和朋友。
it 作形式宾语，除指代不定式结构外，还可指代that 引导的宾语从句。
They made it clear to the public that they did an important and necessary job.
他们向公众表明：他们所做的工作重要且必不可少。
即境活用17I made ________ clear that I would support him.
A．it B．one
C．that D．this
[解析]make it ＋形容词＋to do sth. 句型。
[答案]A
4．But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.
而当我试着向前迈步时，我发觉我被送出很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍，而且我摔倒了。
(1)”A ＋谓语动词＋倍数＋形容词或副词的比较级＋than ＋B”表示”A比B大(长、宽、高等)多少倍”。
(2)”A ＋谓语动词＋倍数＋as ＋形容词或副词的原级＋as ＋B”，表示”A是B的多少倍”。
(3)”A ＋谓语动词＋倍数＋the size (height/length/width, etc.) ＋of ＋B”表示”A是B 的多少倍”。
(4)”A ＋谓语动词＋倍数＋what 从句”。
They have three times as many cows as we have.
他们的牛是我们的三倍。
This table is 3 times as big as that one.
＝This table is twice bigger than that one.
＝This table is 3 times the size of that one.
这张桌子是那张的3倍大。
即境活用18(2012·北京市顺义区尖子生考试)Mum likes this old house in downtown better than the huge one in the country, but it costs almost________.
A．twice as much B．twice as many
C．twice so much D．twice so many
[解析]倍数的表达法为：twice the ＋名词＋of；倍数＋as＋形容词原级＋as；倍数＋形容词的比较级＋than。修饰不可数名词用twice as much。
[答案]A
Ⅰ.词义辨析
1．AIDS is a disease that breaks down the body's immune ________.
A．situation B．origin
C．system D．preservation
2．________ crimes such as murders or robberies are on the increase in this district.
A．Genuine B．Violent
C．Fundamental D．Secure
3．The ________ at home has been depressing since they had that fight.
A．atmosphere B．background
C．emergency D．occasion
4．The festival has been a great success, ________ last year when it rained non-stop.
A．besides B．beyond
C．despite D．unlike
5．The Government fears the strike may produce a ________ reaction in other industries.
A．float B．atom
C．series D．chain
6．If you ________ three by three, you get nine.
A．multiply B．puzzle
C．seek D．combine
7．There is no evidence that life ________ on other planets.
A．responds B．exists
C．explodes D．sinks
8．For the sake of her daughter's health, she decided to move to a warm ________.
A．weather B．temperature
C．season D．climate
9．Three people were killed when their car ________ into a lorry.
A．charged B．crashed
C．balanced D．glared
10．The sound of her voice came ________ down from an upstairs window.
A．floating B．settling
C．blocking D．packing
Ⅱ.短语填空
1．Don't worry—I'm sure things will get better ________.
2．We congratulated her on ________ a fine healthy baby.
3．Class Three should be responsible for raising the red flag this week________.
4．The wall ________ all the light. It should be pulled down.
5．She told her child to ________ when crossing the street.
6．Using the computer isn't difficult once you ________ it.
7．________ you are grown up, you should not rely on your parents.
8．Should another world war ________，what would become of human beings?
9．The crowd ________ when they saw the teams arrive.
10．I'll go with you ________ the station for company.
Ⅲ.单词拼写
1．It cost him more than one ________ (十亿) dollars to complete the project.
2．”What happened？”John's mother asked him in a ________ (温和的) voice.
3．Before the Earth's protective ________ (大气层) was formed, there was no life except in the sea. 4．With the________ (引力) of the moon and the sun each day, tides (潮汐)roll in and roll away. 5．Man-made ________ (卫星) are used for sending and receiving messages.
6．Smoking ________ (增加) the risk of heart attacks and other health problems.
7．Eating too many desserts can be ________ (有害的) to one's teeth.
8．Global warming and ________ (气候) change problems are perhaps the greatest threats to our planet.
9．According to the ________ (理论) of relativity (相对论), nothing can travel faster than light. 10．Most of the evidence had been destroyed. ________ (因此), it was almost impossible to prove him guilty.
答案I
1[解析]system体系，系统。situation 情形；origin 起源；preservation 保护。[答案]C
2[解析]violent 暴力的。genuine 真诚的；fundamental基本的；secure 安全的。[答案]B
3[解析]atmosphere 气氛。background 背景；emergency 紧急事件；occasion场合。[答案]A
4[解析]unlike 与……不同。besides 另外；beyond 超出；despite 尽管。[答案]D
5[解析]chain 连锁。float 漂；series 系列；atom 原子。[答案]D
6[解析]multiply 乘。puzzle 使迷惑；seek 寻求；combine 合并。[答案]A
7[解析]exist 存在。respond 回答；explode 爆炸；sink 下沉。[答案]B
8 [解析]climate气候。weather 天气；temperature 温度；season季节。[答案]D
9 [解析]crash 撞击。charge 负责，充电；balance 使平衡；glare怒视。[答案]B
10 [解析]float 漂。settle 安定；block 堵塞；pack 打包。[答案]A
答案II
1．in time 2.giving birth to 3.in its turn
4．blocks out 5.watch out 6.get the hang of
7．Now that8.break out9.cheered up
10．as far as
答案III
1．billion 2.gentle 3.atmosphere 4.pull
5．satellites 6.multiplies7.harmful
8．climate9.theory10.Thus
Great European Cities PARIS Paris is the capital and largest city of France, situated on River Seine. It is one of the most beautiful cities in the world and is visited by more than eight million tourists every year. The most popular place for tourists is the Eiffel Tower, the famous symbol of Paris. One of the world’s largest art galleries, the Louvre, is also located in Paris. The city is also located in Paris. The city is also famous for its restaurants, cafes and theatres. About two-thirds of France’s artists and writers live in Paris. BARCELONA Barcelona is the second largest city of Spain and is situated on the northeast coast, about five hundred kilometres east of the Spanish capital, Madrid. One of Barcelona’s most famous landmarks is the Church of Sagrada Familia, which was designed by an architect called Antonio Gaudi. Gaudi worked on the project from 1882 until his death in 1926. The church hasn’t been finished yet! FLORENCE Florence is an Italian city which became famous because of the Renaissance, a great artistic movement which began in the 1300s and lasted for three hundred ears. During the Renaissance, some of the greatest painters of all time lived and worked in Florence. Many of Florence’s most beautiful paintings and sculptures were produced by great artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. Florence is visited each year by about a million tourists who come to see the art galleries, churches and museums. The Uffizi Palace is the most famous art gallery in the city. ATHENS Athens, the capital of Greece, is known as the birthplace of western civilization. Two thousand four hundred years ago, it was the world’s most powerful city. Buildings such as the Parthenon on the Acropolis Hill were built during this period. Greece’s best writers lived in ancient Athens. Their work has influenced other writers ever since. The Human Development Report In the year 2000, 147 world leaders agreed to work together to reduce poverty by 2015 or earlier. From this agreement came the Human Development Report. One of the most important sections of this report is the Human Development Index. This examines the achievements of 175 countries. The Index measures a country’s achievements in three ways: life expectancy (how long people usually live), education and income. The index has some surprises. Norway is at the top of the list, while the US is at number 7. The other top five countries are: Iceland(2), Sweden(3), Australia(4), the Netherlands(5). The UK is in the thirteenth position, while China is in the middle of the list. The bottom ten countries are all African countries, with Sierra Leone(in West Africa) at the bottom of the list. The report describes eight Development Goals. The most important goals are to: Reduce poverty and hunger; Make sure that all children have education up to the age of 11; Fight AIDS and other diseases; Improve the environment of poor people, e.g. make sure they have safe drinking water; Encourage developed countries to give more help to other countries. The 2003 Human Development Report gives examples of successful development. For example, in nine years, China increased life expectancy by 13 years. In the last ten years in China, 150 million people moved out of poverty. However, the challenges are still great. Every day 799 million people in developing countries are hungry. Over half of these are in South Asia or Africa. Although more than 80% of children in developing countries go to primary school, about 115 million children are not being educated. More than 1 billion people in developing countries do not drink safe water. However, in other regions of the world, e.g. Eastern Europe, water is now mostly safe to drink.
人教版高一英语必修一第四单元Earthquake重点词组及练习 1.burst into +n =burst out doing 突然·····起来burst into tears =burst out crying 2.as is known to everybody总所周知 3.be injured 受伤 4.cut across穿过横穿 5.as usual像往常一样 6.give out散发出精疲力竭 7.instead of 代替 8.give a speech演讲9.put up shelters搭建避难 10.be pleased to do sth.乐意做某事11.be proud of 以·····而自豪 12.the number of ·····的数量13.in the open air 在户外 14.right away立刻15.in ruins破败不堪成废墟 16.dig out掘出17.at an end 终结 18.a number of 许多大量的19.too····· to·····太·····而不能 20.tens of thousands of 成千上万的 21.be trapped in =be caught in 被困在·····中 22.all ····· not····· = not all·····并非所有·····都 23.to the north of =north of 在·····的北面24.be rescued from 被从·····解救出 25.be buried 被埋葬被埋藏26.bury oneself in =be buried in 专心于，埋头于 27.think little of 评价不高think highly of 赞许给予较高评价 28.as if 仿佛29. be/ get shocked 震惊30.at an end 终结 1、In the city, the water pipes in some buildings crashed and burst. 城市里，一些大楼里的水管爆裂。 burst爆裂,突发 用法归纳： I felt as if my heart would burst with joy. 我觉得自己高兴得心花怒放。 The police burst through the door. 警察破门而入。 There was a burst of laughter in the next room. 隔壁房间里突然爆发出一阵笑声。 联想扩展： (1) burst in on…突然打断 He burst in on our conversation. 他突然打断了我们的谈话。 (2) burst into +n.突然… The speaker burst into angry speech. 演讲者突然讲粗话。 (3) burst out + doing突然… The woman burst out crying like a child. 那个妇女突然像小孩一样哭了。 2. Two-thirds of them died or were injured during the earthquake. 地震中，有三分之二的人死亡或受伤。injury n. 伤害 易混辨析： injure ; hurt; wound; harm 伤害
Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars 一.重点词汇 1．________ n．天文学________ n．天文学家 2．________ n．系统；体系；制度________ adj.系统的 3．________ n．宗教；宗教信仰 4．________ n．学说；理论 5．________ n．球体；地球仪；地球_____ adj.全球性的 6．________ adj.猛烈的；激烈的________ adv. 猛烈地 7．________ n．大气层；气氛 8．________ adj.基本的；基础的 9．________ n．出席；到场；存在________ adj.出席的；存在的10．________ n．反应；回应________ vi.反应；回应 11．________ vi.乘；增加 12．________ n．氧 13．________ vt.存在；生存________n．存在；生存 14．_____ n．谜；难题vt.(使)迷惑_____adj.令人困惑的 15．________ n．生物学________ adj.生物的 16．________ n．万有引力；重力 17．________ n．卫星；人造卫星 18．________ n．物理学家 19．________ adv.失重地 20．________ n．质量；团；块；大量_______ adj.巨大的 二.短语回顾 1．________ time 及时；终于 2．be harmful ________ 对……有害3．give birth ________ 产生；分娩4．________ one's turn 轮到某人；接着 5．prevent... ________ 阻止；抑制6．block ________ 挡住(光线等) 7．cheer _______感到高兴；感到振奋8．a mass ________ 许多；大量9．break ________ 突发；爆发10．watch ________ for 密切注视；当心；提防 11．________ that 既然 12．get close ________ 靠近；接近13．get the hang ________ 掌握，精通 三、请根据各句上下文的意义，选择正确的单词填入空白处。 第一组：force, disappoint, system, surface, harmful, astronomy, gravity, publish, atmosphere, planet 1 His words _________ me and I lost hope for him. 2 He seems very honest on the _________ but actually he is not reliable. 3 There is still a lot that scientists don’t k now or explain in the field of _________. 4 He posted his newly-written novel to a _________ house but received no reply. 5 There are eight _________ in the solar system.
英语必修三Unit 4 Astronomy课文翻译 作者：未知来源：尚学苑2014-09-20 LIF HOW E BEGAN ON THE EARTH No one knows exactly how the earth began, as it happened so long ago. However, according to a widely accepted theory, the universe began with a "Big Bang" that threw matter in all directions.After that, atoms began to form and combine to create stars and other bodies. For several billion years after the "Big Bang", the earth was still just a cloud of dust. What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe. The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not. It exploded loudly with fire and rock. They were in time to produce carbon, nitrogen, water vapour and other gases, which were to make the earths atmosphere. What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface. Water had also appeared on other planets like Mars but, unlike the earth, it had disappeared later. It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life. What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas. This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop. Many millions of years later, the first extremely small plants began to appear on the surface of the water. They multiplied and filled the oceans and seas with oxygen, which encouraged the later development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish. Next, green plants began to grow on land. They were followed in time by land animals. Some were insects. Others, called amphibians, were able to live on land as well as in the water. Later when the plants grew into forests, reptiles appeared for the first time. They produced young enerally by laying eggs. After that, some huge animals, called dinosaurs, developed. They laid eggs too and existed on the earth for more than 140 million years. However, 65 million years ago the age of the dinosaurs ended. Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery. This disappearance made possible the rise of mammals on the earth. These animals were different from all life forms in the past, because they gave birth to young baby animals and produced milk to feed them. Finally about 2.6 million years ago some small clever animals, now with hands and feet, appeared and spread all over the earth. Thus they have, in their turn, become the most important animals on the planet. But they are not looking after the earth very well. They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space. As a result of this, many scientists believe the earth may become too hot to live on. So whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.
高一英语人教版必修三-全册课文原文 Unit 1 Festivals around the world FESTIVALS AND CELEBRATIONS Festivals and celebrations of all kinds have been held everywhere since ancient times. Most ancient festivals would celebrate the end of cold weather, planting in spring and harvest in autumn. Sometimes celebrations would be held after hunters had caught animals. At that time people would starve if food was difficult to find, especially during the cold winter months. Today’s festivals have many origins, some religious, some seasonal, and some for special people or events. Festivals of the dead Some festivals are held to honour the dead or to satisfy the ancestors, who might return either to help or to do harm. For the Japanese festival Obon, people should go to clean graves and light incense in memory of their ancestors. They also light lamps and play music because they think that will lead the ancestors back to earth. In
第四章细胞的物质输入和输出 第一节物质跨膜运输的实例 一、渗透作用 （1）渗透作用：指水分子（或其他溶剂分子）通过半透膜的扩散。 （2）发生渗透作用的条件： 一是具有半透膜，二是半透膜两侧具有浓度差。 二、细胞的吸水和失水（原理：渗透作用） 1、动物细胞的吸水和失水 外界溶液浓度<细胞质浓度时,细胞吸水膨胀 外界溶液浓度>细胞质浓度时,细胞失水皱缩 外界溶液浓度=细胞质浓度时,水分进出细胞处于动态平衡 2、植物细胞的吸水和失水 细胞内的液体环境主要指的是液泡里面的细胞液。 原生质层：细胞膜和液泡膜以及两层膜之间的细胞质 外界溶液浓度>细胞液浓度时,细胞质壁分离 外界溶液浓度<细胞液浓度时,细胞质壁分离复原 外界溶液浓度=细胞液浓度时就，水分进出细胞处于动态平衡 3、质壁分离产生的条件： （1）具有大液泡（2）具有细胞壁(3) 活细胞 4、质壁分离产生的原因： 内因：原生质层伸缩性大于细胞壁伸缩性 外因：外界溶液浓度>细胞液浓度 5、植物吸水方式有两种： （1）吸胀作用（未形成液泡）如：干种子、根尖分生区（了解） （2）渗透作用(形成液泡的) 二、比较几组概念 扩散：物质从高浓度到低浓度的运动叫做扩散（扩散与过膜与否无关）（如：O2从浓度高的地方向浓度低的地方运动） 渗透：水分子或其他溶剂分子通过半透膜的扩散又称为渗透 （如：细胞的吸水和失水，原生质层相当于半透膜）
半透膜：物质的透过与否取决于半透膜孔隙直径的大小 （如：动物膀胱、玻璃纸、肠衣、鸡蛋的卵壳膜等） 选择透过性膜：细胞膜上具有载体，且不同生物的细胞膜上载体种类和数量不 同，构成了对不同物质吸收与否和吸收多少的选择性。 （如：细胞膜等各种生物膜） 第二节生物膜的流动镶嵌模型 一、探索历程（略，见P65-67）、细胞融合实验 二、流动镶嵌模型的基本内容 ▲磷脂双分子层构成了膜的基本支架 ▲蛋白质分子有的镶嵌在磷脂双分子层表面，有的部分或全部嵌入磷脂双分子层中，有的横跨整个磷脂双分子层 ▲磷脂双分子层和大多数蛋白质分子可以运动 三、糖蛋白（糖被）组成：由细胞膜上的蛋白质与糖类结合形成。 作用：细胞识别、免疫反应、血型鉴定、保护润滑等。 第三节物质跨膜运输的方式 一、被动运输：物质进出细胞，顺浓度梯度的扩散，称为被动运输。 (1)自由扩散：物质通过简单的扩散作用进出细胞 (2)协助扩散：进出细胞的物质借助载体蛋白的扩散 二、主动运输：从低浓度一侧运输到高浓度一侧，需要载体蛋白的协助，同时还需要消耗细胞内化学反应所释放的能量，这种方式叫做主动运输。 四、大分子物质进出细胞的方式：胞吞、胞吐。（如分泌蛋白的形成） 利用原理：膜的流动性 两种方式都需要能量，但不需要跨膜，通过囊泡的形式运输。 五、影响几种跨膜运输方式的条件 1、自由扩散：内外浓度差 2、协助扩散：内外浓度差、载体数量 3、主动运势：载体数量、A TP量
Unit 5 CANADA- “THE TRUE NORTH” A TRIP ON “THE TRUE NORTH” Li Daiyu and her cousin Liu Qian were on a trip to Canada to visit their cousins in Montreal on the Atlantic coast. Rather than take the aeroplane all the way, they decided to fly to Vancouver and then take the train from west to east across Canada. The thought that they could cross the whole continent was exciting. Their friend, Danny Lin, was waiting at the airport. He was going to take them and their baggage to catch “The True North”, the cross-Canada train. On the way to the station, he chatted about their trip. “You’re going to see some great scenery. Going eastward, you’ll pass mountains and thousands of lakes and forests, as well as wide rivers and large cities. Some people have the idea that you can cross Canada in less than five days, but they forget the fact that Canada is 5,500 kilometres from coast to coast. Here in Vancouver, you’re in Canada’s warmest part. People say it is Canada’s most popular cities to live in. Its population is increasing rapidly. The coast north of Vancouver has some of the oldest and most beautiful forests in the world. It is so wet there that the trees are extremely tall, some measuring over 90 metres.” That afternoon aboard the train, the cousins settled down in their seats. Earlier that day, when they crossed the Rocky Mountains, they managed to catch sight of some mountain goats and even a grizzly bear and an eagle. Their next stop was Calgary, which is famous for the Calgary Stampede. Cowboys from all over the world come to compete in the Stampede. Many of them have a gift for riding wild horses and can win thousands of dollars in prizes. After two days’ travel, the girls began to realize that Canada is quite empty. At school, they had learned that most Canadians live within a few hundred kilometres of the USA border, and Canada’s population is only slightly over thirty million, but now they were amazed to see such an empty country. They went through a wheat-growing province and saw farms that covered thousands of acres. After dinner, they were back in an urban area, the busy port city of Thunder Bay at the top of the Great Lakes. The girls were surprised at the fact that ocean ships can sail up the Great Lakes. Because of the Great Lakes, they learned, Canada has more fresh water than any other country in the world. In fact, it has one-third of the world’s total fresh water, and much of it is in the Great Lakes. That night as they slept, the train rushed across the top of Lake Superior, through the great forests and southward towards Toronto. “THE TRUE NORTH” FROM TORONTO TO MONTREAL The next morning the bushes and maple trees outside their windows were red, gold and orange, and there was frost on the ground, confirming that fall had arrived in Canada. Around noon they arrived in Toronto, the biggest and most wealthy city in Canada. They were not leaving for Montreal until later, so they went on a tour of the city. They went up the tall CN Tower and looked across the lake. In the distance, they could see the misty cloud that rose from the great Niagara Falls, which is on the south side of the lake. The water flows into the Niagara River and over the falls on its way to the sea. They saw the covered stadium, home of several famous basketball teams. As they walked north from the harbour area, Li Daiyu said, “Lin Fei, one of my mother’s old schoolmates, lives here. I should phone her from a telephone booth.”
与碱溶液反应Cl2 + 2NaOH = NaCl + NaClO + H2O 2Cl2 + 2Ca(OH)2 = CaCl2 + Ca(ClO)2 + 2H2O 与盐溶液反应Cl2 + Na2SO3 + H2O = 2HCl + Na2SO4Cl2 + 2KI = I2 + 2KCl 实验室制取原理MnO2 + 4HCl(浓) △MnCl2 + Cl2↑+2H2O 2KMnO4 + 16HCl = 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 5Cl2↑+ 8H2O NaCl O + 2HCl = NaCl + Cl2↑+ H2O ( 离子方程式: Cl O-+ 2H+ + Cl- = Cl2↑+ H2O ) 2.新制氯水成分分子:H２ＯＨClO Cl2 离子:H+Ｃｌ-CｌO-OＨ- 久置氯水成分分子：H2O离子：H+Cl-OH- ３.实验室如何制取纯净的氯气制取原理：MnO2 + 4HCｌ(浓) △MnCl２+ Cｌ2↑+2Ｈ2O 气体成分：Cｌ２（ＨCｌ、H2O）操作顺序仪器中盛装的药品各试剂的作用应出现的现象 ①先通入饱和食盐水除去HC l有晶体析出（NaCl） ②再通入浓H2SO4除去H2O 4.漂白粉 ①制法:2Cl２+ 2Cａ(ＯH)2= CaCl２＋Ca(ＣlO)2+2H2O ②有效成分:Cａ(CｌO)2 成分:ＣaCｌ２和Ｃａ（ClＯ)2 ③漂白原理：Ca(ClO)2 +CO2 +H2O = CaＣO３↓+ 2HClＯ（在溶液中) 漂白慢Ca(CｌO)2 + 2HCｌ＝CａCl2 + 2ＨＣlO漂白快 ④久置失效发生的反应：Ca（CｌO)2＋CO2 + H２O ＝ＣaCO3＋2HClO２HClO 错误!2ＨCｌ+O2↑ 5．Br2、Ｉ2在不同溶剂中的颜色 水苯或汽油四氯化碳 Br2黄～橙橙～橙红橙～橙红 I2深黄～褐淡紫～紫红紫～深紫 6.置换反应Ｃl2 ＋2NａBr = Br2+ 2NaCl Br2 ＋２KＩ＝I2+2ＫBr∴氧化性Cｌ2>Br2 ＞I2 7．I２遇淀粉溶液后，溶液呈蓝色 I－错误!I２ 三.氮 1.氮的氧化物 NO: 无色气体、有毒(同CＯ）、难溶与水2NO＋O2 = 2NＯ2 NＯ2:红棕色气体、有毒、与水反应3NＯ2 +2H2Ｏ= 2ＨＮO3 +NO 2．有关NO与Ｏ２或NＯ2与O２混合通入水中,液面上升一定高度时用的方程式 ４NＯ2 + O２＋2H2O= ４HＮＯ３4NO＋3Ｏ2 +２Ｈ2O = 4HNO3 3.硝酸 物理性质无色液体、有刺激性气味、能以任意比溶于水 化学性质 酸的通性 强 氧 化 性 与金属氧化物3FeO + 10HNO3 = 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO↑+ 5H2O 与金属 3Cu + 8HNO3(稀) = 3Cu(NO3)2 +2NO↑+ 4H2O Cu + 4HNO3(浓) = Cu(NO3)2 +2NO2↑+ 2H2O 与非金属 C + 4HNO3(浓) △CO2↑+ 4NO2↑+ 2H2O 不稳定性4HNO3 光照 或加热 4NO2↑+ O2↑+ H2O ４.氨( ＮH3） 物理性质无色气体、有刺激性气味、密度小于空气、1:700溶于水 化学与H2O NH3 + H2O NH3·H2O NH4++ OH-与酸NH3 + HCl = NH4Cl
Unit 1 Festivals around the world FESTIVALS AND CELEBRATIONS Festivals and celebrations of all kinds have been held everywhere since ancient times. Most ancient festivals would celebrate the end of cold weather, planting in spring and harvest in autumn. Sometimes celebrations would be held after hunters had caught animals. At that time people would starve if food was difficult to find, especially during the cold winter months. Today’s festivals have many origins, some religious, some seasonal, and some for special people or events. Festivals of the dead Some festivals are held to honour the dead or to satisfy the ancestors, who might return either to help or to do harm. For the Japanese festival Obon, people should go to clean graves and light incense in memory of their ancestors. They also light lamps and play music because they think that will lead the ancestors back to earth. In Mexico, people celebrate the Day of the Dead in early November. On this important feast day, people eat food in the shape of skulls and cakes with “bones” on them. They offer food, flowers and gifts to the dead. The Western holiday Halloween also had its origin in old beliefs about the return of the spirits of dead people. It is now a children’s festival, when they can dress up and go to their neighbours’ homes to ask for sweets. If the neighbours do not give any sweets, the children might play a trick on them. Festivals to Honour People Festivals can also be held to honour famous people. The Dragon Boat Festival in China honours the famous ancient poet, Qu Y uan. In the USA, Columbus Day is in memory of the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the New World. India has a national festival on October 2 to honour Mohandas Gandhi, the leader who helped gain India’s independence from Britain. Harvest Festivals Harvest and Thanksgiving festivals can be very happy events. People are grateful because their food is gathered for the winter and the agricultural work is over. In European countries, people will usually decorate churches and town halls with flowers and fruit, and will get together to have meals. Some people might win awards for their farm produce, like the biggest watermelon or the most handsome rooster. China and Japan have mid-autumn festivals when people admire the moon and in China enjoy moon-cakes. Spring Festivals The most energetic and important festivals are the ones that look forward to the end of winter and to the coming of spring. At the Spring Festival in China, people eat dumplings, fish and meat and may give children lucky money in red paper. There are dragon dances and carnivals, and families celebrate the Lunar New Year together. Some Western countries have very exciting carnivals, which take place forty days before Easter, usually in February. These carnivals might include parades, dancing in the streets day and night, loud music and colourful clothing of al kinds. Easter is an important religious and social festival for Christians around the world. It celebrates the return of Jesus from the dead and the coming of spring and new life. Japan’s Cherry Blossom Festival happens a little later. The country, covered with cherry tree flowers, looks as though it is covered with pink snow. People love to get together to eat, drink and have fun with each other. Festivals let us enjoy life, be proud of our customs and forget our work for a little while.