哈弗参考文献格式harvard referencing

哈佛注释法（Harvard Referencing System）是一种常见的文献引用格式，被广泛应用于学术写作中。

该方法规定了文献引用的方式和顺序，使得读者可以准确地找到被引用的信息来源。

下面是关于哈佛注释法中中文文献和英文文献顺序的详细介绍：
1.中文文献的引用顺序：
在哈佛注释法中，中文文献的引用顺序是按照作者姓氏的首字母进行排序。

如果两篇文献的作者姓氏首字母相同，那么就按照作者名字的拼音进行排序。

中文文献的引用格式包括作者、题目、刊物名称、发表时间等，具体格式可能因不同学科而有所差异。

1.英文文献的引用顺序：
英文文献的引用顺序是按照作者的姓氏进行字母顺序排序。

如果两篇文献的作者姓氏相同，那么就按照作者名字的首字母进行排序。

英文文献的引用格式包括作者、题目、刊物名称、发表时间等，具体格式可能因不同学科而有所差异。

需要注意的是，在哈佛注释法中，无论中文文献还是英文文献，都应该在文献列表中按照引用顺序进行排序，并且每个文献都需要在正文中进行相应的引用和标注。

同时，不
同的学科和出版社可能会有不同的文献引用格式要求，因此在实际应用中应该根据具体情况进行调整。

References/BibliographyHarvard StyleBased on Style manual for authors, editors and printers/ revised by Snooks & Co. 2002Quick guide - How to USE IT•There are various ways of setting out references / bibliographies for an assignment.NOTE •Before you write your list of references/bibliography check with yourlecturer/tutor for the bibliographic style preferred by the AcademicDepartment.•The following are examples of one style previously known as the Harvard style based on AGPS style but now revised by Snooks & Co, 2002. The style is based on the author-date system for books, articles and “non-books”.•Your bibliography should identify an item (e.g. book, journal article, cassette tape, film, or internet site) in sufficient detail so that others may identify it and consult it.•Your bibliography should appear at the end of your essay/report with entries listed alphabetically.•If you have used sources from the Internet, these should be listed in your bibliography.FOR A BOOKThe details required in order are:1. name/s of author/s, editor/s, compiler/s or the institution responsible2. year of publication3. title of publication and subtitle if any (all titles must be underlined or italicised)4. series title and individual volume if any5. edition, if other than first6. publisher7. place of publication8. page number(s) if applicable• One authorBerkman, RI 1994, Find it fast: how to uncover expert information on any subject, HarperPerennial, New York.Explanation of above citation• Two or more authorsCengel, YA & Boles, MA 1994, Thermodynamics: an engineering approach, 2nd edn,McGraw Hill, London.Cheek, J, Doskatsch, I, Hill, P & Walsh, L 1995, Finding out: information literacy for the21st century, MacMillan Education Australia, South Melbourne.• Editor(s)Pike, ER & Sarkar, S (eds) 1986, Frontiers in quantum optics, Adam Hilger, Bristol.Jackson, JA (ed.) 1997, Glossary of geology, 4th edn, American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Va.• Sponsored by institution, corporation or other organisationInstitution of Engineers, Australia 1994, Code of ethics, Institution of Engineers, Australia, Barton,A.C.T.• SeriesBhattacharjee, M 1998, Notes of infinite permutation groups, Lecture notes in mathematicsno.1698, Springer, New York.• EditionZumdahl, SS 1997, Chemistry, 4th edn, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.• Chapter or part of a book to which a number of authors have contributedBernstein, D 1995, ‘Transportation planning’, in WF Chen (ed.), The civil engineering handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton.• No author or editorKempe's engineer's year-book 1992, Morgan-Grampian, London.The details required, in order, are:1. author2. year of submission3. title4. name of degree5. name of institution issuing degree6. location of institutionExelby, HRA 1997, ‘Aspects of gold and mineral liberation’, PhD thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane.The details required, in order, are:1. name/s of author/s of the article2. year of publication3. title of article, in single quotation marks4. title of periodical (underlined or italicised)5. volume number6. issue (or part) number7. page number(s)• Journal articleHuffman, LM 1996, ‘Processing whey protein for use as a food ingredient’, Food Technology,vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 49-52.Explanation of above citation• Conference paper (published)Bourassa, S 1999, ‘Effects of child care on young children’, Proceedings of the third annual meeting of the International Society for Child Psychology, International Society for Child Psychology, Atlanta, Georgia, pp. 44-6. (Example from Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002)• Conference paper (unpublished)Bowden, FJ & Fairley, CK 1996, ‘Endemic STDs in the Northern Territory: estimations ofeffective rates of partner change’, paper presented to the scientific meeting of the RoyalAustralian College of Physicians, Darwin, 24-25 June. (Example from Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002)• Newspaper articleSimpson, L 1997, ‘Tasmania’s railway goes private‘, Australian Financial Review, 13 October, p. 10.The details required are the same as for a book, with the form of the item (eg videorecording, tape, computer file, etc.) indicated after the year.Get the facts (and get them organised)Williamstown, Vic.Dr Brain thinking gamesThe details required, in order, are:1. corporate body issuing standard2. year of publication3. title of standard4. number of standard including identifier of issuing country or body5. publisher of standard6. place of publicationInternational Organization for Standardization 1982, Steels - Classification - Part 1: Classification of steels into unalloyed and alloy steels based on chemical composition, ISO 4948-1:1982,International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.The details required, in order, are:1. name/s of inventor/s2. date of issue3. title of patent4. number of patent, including country of issueCookson, AH 1985, Particle trap for compressed gas insulated transmission systems, US Patent 4554399.The details required, in order, are:1. issuing body2. date3. title of map4. series5. publisher6. place of publicationDepartment of Mines and Energy, Queensland 1996, Dotswood, Australia 1:100 000 Geological Series, Sheet 8158, Department of Mines and Energy, Queensland, Brisbane.•This could include sources from full text compact disk products, electronic journals or other sources from the Internet.•The basic form of the citations follow the principles listed for print sources (see above)1. name/s of author/s2. date of publication Note: If you cannot establish the date of publication, use n.d. (nodate).3. title of publication4. edition, if other than first5. type of medium, if necessary6. date item viewed7. name or site address on internet (if applicable)Weibel, S 1995, ‘Metadata: the foundations of resource description’, D-lib Magazine, viewed 7January 1997, </dlib/July95/07weibel.html>.ASTEC 1994, The networked nation, Australian Science, Technology and Engineering Council,Canberra, viewed 7 May 1997, <.au/astec/net_nation/contents.html>.• If no author is given, the title is used as the first element of a citation.Dr Brain thinking games 1998, CD-ROM, Knowledge Adventure Inc., Torrance, California.Information obtained by interview, telephone call, letter, email, etc. should be documented in the text. “Details of a personal communication do not need to be included in a reference list” i.e. You may not need to include personal communications in the list of references at the end of the essay.When interviewed on 15 June 1995, Dr Peter Jones explained that …This was later verbally confirmed (P Jones 1995, pers. comm., 15 June).There are variations on documents produced by government agencies.The following example includes both the name of the sponsoring agency and the specific author.Department of Veterans’ Affairs 2000, Payments to Vietnam veterans: a summary, report prepared by S Baslum, Department of Veteran Affairs, Canberra.The following example requires the name of the sponsoring agency only.Institution of Engineers, Australia 1994, Code of ethics, Institution of Engineers, Australia, Barton,A.C.T.• In an author-date, a textual citation generally requires only the name of the author(s) and the year of publication (and specific page(s) if necessary).• This may appear at the end of a sentence, before the full stop.• Alternatively, the author’s surname may be integrated into the text, followed by the year of publication in parentheses.• The full reference must be listed at the end of your essay.• If two or more works by different authors are cited at the same time, separate them with a semicolon.• If two or more works by the same author are cited at the same time, do not repeat the author's name. Separate the years of publication by a comma.• If there are more than two works by the same author, published in the same year, add the letters 'a', 'b', etc. to the year to distinguish the works. Also add these letters to the year in the list ofreferences at the end of the essay.• If there are more than three authors, list only the first, followed by 'et al.'• If you cannot establish the year of publication, use 'n.d.' (no date).ExamplesIt is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable (Moir & Jessel 1991).It is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable (Moir & Jessel 1991, p. 94).Moir and Jessel (1991) have shown that it is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable.Moir and Jessel (1991, pp. 93-4) have shown that it is futile to maintain that the sexes areinterchangeable.The implications for land degradation have been much debated (Malinowski, Miller & Gupta 1995;Thomson 1999).Subsequent investigation confirmed these results (Watson & Clark 1996, 1998).Public housing remains a neglected area (ACOSS 1997a, 1997b).Other researchers have questioned these findings (Larson et al. 1987).Recent advances have been made in this area (Bolton n.d.).NOTE: • A list of references contains details only of those works cited in the text.• A bibliography includes sources not cited in the text but which are relevant to the subject, listed alphabeticallyIf you require further information, refer to:For print sources Snooks & Co 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, rev.Snooks & Co., John Wiley & Sons, Canberra.For electronic sourcesLi, X & Crane, N 1993, Electronic style: a guide to writing electronic information,Meckler, Westport.Ask at the Information Desk in any Branch Library or check theLibrary’s Web Page ~ .au/useit/Updated 19 May 2003。

Harvard Referencing System GuideMotivation For This DocumentIn academic work, you are expected to follow certain rules of conduct in your study. Specifically, whenever you create an assignment, essay, presentation, group project, or other work which will be submitted for discussion or for evaluation, then your work needs to be of academic standard. Not doing so may cause your grade to be reduced significantly, perhaps even to the point of failure.“Academic standard” is quite a vague term and can be di fferent things to different people. However, for business students you can imagine that your work should try to emulate the work of other people in the field of business. In particular, this includes work which you see in professional journals, the work of your professors and the writers of your textbooks.Of course, you are not expected to be able to produce leading edge content in your work, but the format of your work should follow the same academic standard as professional writers in your field at least in terms of structure, referencing, and layout.This document only discusses the elements of referencing which are required for “Academic standard” work. Other elements of your work such as its structure and layout are also important, but these are not discussed here.Referencing can be done in many ways. For your programme, the standard method of referencing is the “Harvard System of References”. This system is very common world-wide, and is nearly universally understood. However in your professional career or in other other academic programmes, you may be required to use other systems of referencing. You are responsible for being aware of the local standards required in any work which you produce.In most reference systems, the idea is to leave the main text of your work uncluttered, but to still provide clear hints to the reader about where they can look for further information. Thus, most reference systems are actually implemented in two parts: a citation, and a bibliographic entry. A citation is just a shorthand marker that you insert into the body of your work to allow the reader to find a resource such as a book or an article or a television programme or whatever. The format for this is specified by the system of referencing you are using. In the case of the Harvard System, a citation looks like “Smith (2002)”. A bibliographic entry provides a complete description of the actual resource in a standard form. It contains just enough information for readers to find the resource for themselves. Again, the Harvard System of referencing has its own unique way of expressing this information.What This Document IsThis work is taken largely from an online guide to the Harvard System at the University of the West of England website (UWE, 2005).This is a guide to the Harvard System of References and is based on British Standards 1629:1989 and 5605:1990. As these standards do not yet include references to electronic resources we include our own recommendations for these below. These recommendations follow current common practice.This document provides a series of guidelines for citations (also known as attributions) and their accompanying bibliographic entries. These guidelines however are not completely rigid: you have some flexibility in how you do both citations and bibliographic entries. But it is important that you decide, within the flexibility allowed by the guidelines, your specific way of making them. Whatever that way is, you should be absolutely consistent within your work (i.e., within yourassignment/report/presentation). Inconsistency is sloppy and viewed as unprofessional. Of course, if your professor or supervisor imposes other constraints on you, then you should follow those as well.General Comments About Electronic ResourcesThe general recommendation for electronic resources is that you need to include all the usual information for print resources. In addition, you need to indicate that the resource is online, where it was found online, and when it was found online. Details of this are provided below.Furthermore, for any electronic resource which has a printed counterpart (e.g., an electronic book, or electronic newspaper, etc.), you should present the information in a similar way in both cases. For example, if your bibliographic entries to printed books includes the title of the book quoted and in italics (“like this”) then your bibliographic entry to electronic books should also present the title in the same way.Citation in the text of your work.IntroductionA citation is simply a reference to a resource. The resource could be a page in a book, a magazine article, a television programme, or even a telephone call. In the Harvard System, a citation is simply the author's name, plus the date of publication (though in the case of an authour who publishes more than one resource in a given year, you need to add an optional letter “a”, “b”, etc., to distinguish between these resources). This simple method lets you look up the bibliographic entry easily, and also lets you see directly who is being quoted or referenced. The full details of the resource (the title of the book and the publisher, for example) are provided in the bibliography section.Here is an example of a citation:...the work of Jones (1991a) shows that lipids are...When you write a report or give a presentation you include citations for a number of reasons:•As a shorthand method of allowing your readers to understand any background material which may be important in understanding your work.•As a way of giving credit to other people for their ideas, techniques, opinions, or theories•As a way of proving that statements you make have a foundation in reality (e.g., that your quotations were really made by some other persons, that the theories or results that you mention are really published somewhere, that the data you quote is real, etc.)•As a way of giving specific references to other data, ideas, techniques, opinions and theories which you are using in your work, so that other people can evaluate your work and/or compare it to the work of others.When do you create citations in your work? Here are some situations where you should create citations:•Whenever you mention a theory or a definition of a concept, you should provide a reference to the reader so that they can look up exactly what you mean. Ideallythe reference you choose would be one which provides further information onyour theory/concept, but perhaps also a general discussion of the area with othercompeting theories or alternative definitions.•Whenever you quote data that you did not gather yourself through primary research, then you need to say where you got it from, and you do this by citing the source of the data which you mention.•Whenever you mention an opinion or quotation of somebody else, you should provide a reference to the reader so they can look it up.Where do you create citations in your work? The citations you provide in your work are put into the text just after the place where the theory/concept/data/quotation/opinion (or whatever it is that needs explanation)It is important to note that every citation in your work should be linked to a corresponding bibliographic entry at the end of your work. In general, if you wish to cite a particular book at several places in your work (e.g, you reference a theory on p.17 of the book, a quotation from p.39 of the book, and some data from p.82 of the book), then you should:•make individual citations at each place in your work, and noting the page number in the book. e.g.,•...according to the theory of Smith (Smith, 1996, p.17)...•...and Smith (1996, p.39) stated: “economics is a pure science”, by which...•...but other data indicates that only 0.9% (Smith, 1996, p.82) of...•Make a single bibliographic entry describing the book. e.g.,•Smith, J. 1996. “Economics”. Toronto. University of Toronto Press. In general, don't duplicate your references.Primary Resources（第一手资料）Almost all of the time you will reference primary resources. “Primary resources” are simply resources which you have actually seen/heard/read. In the text of your work you make a reference to a primary resource simply by using the author's surname and year of publication. There are a number of equivalent ways to do this, depending on the style you wish to employ.If the author's name occurs naturally in a sentence, then just give the year in brackets:...as defined by Mintzberg (1983)If not, then both name and year are shown in brackets:In a recent study (Handy, 1987) management is described as..If the same author has published more than one cited document in the same year these are distinguished by lower case letters attached to the year of publication:Drucker (1989a)If there are two authors both names should be given before the date:Gremlin and Jenking (1981)...If there are three or more authors only the surname of the first author should be given, followed by 'et al.' (which is the short form of a phrase meaning, “and others”): Kotler et al. (1987)If the author is unknown, use ‘Anon.’ to indicate “anonymous author”:Anon. (1967)Secondary Resources（二手资料）In some cases you may wish to quote some resource that has been referred to in something you have read. This generally happens when the original resource is not available to you. Such resources are called “secondary resources”. Secondary resources should be avoided if at all possible.The general principle to follow in this case is that you must create a bibliographic entry to describe the primary resource (i.e., to the book which you have read). This bibliographic entry is done in the normal way. However, the citation in the body of your work will be a little different: you must cite both the secondary resource and the primary resource you have read.Here are some examples which will make this clearer:Examples:Rowley (1991) cites the work of Melack and Thompson (1971) whodeveloped the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.Melack and Thompson (1971, cited by Rowley 1991) developed the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.Rowley (1991, citing Melack and Thompson 1971) refers to the McGillArchaeology questionnaire.In each of these cases, in your list of references the work by Rowley would be the only one included.Creating Bibliographic References.（建立参考书目格式）Every citation in your work will link to exactly one bibliographic entry. However, onebibliographic entry might be linked to many citations.Where do you put your bibliographic entries? In the Harvard System, they are all placed in one sectio n of your work, usually titled something like “Bibliography” or “References”. The Bibliography section follows the main body of your work.Format of the Bibliography Section（参考书目的格式）The format of the bibliography section is quite simple. It begins with something which announces that this is the bibliography section. For example, a title at the top of the first page, “Bibliography” which is in larger type and centred on the page. Or, a separate page with the title “References” in large type and centre d on the page. In either case, following this section heading are the bibliographic entries.In the Harvard System, the bibliographic entries are listed in sorted order. The sorting is done based on the following elements, in order of importance:•the first author's surname.•The first author's initials.•The date of publication.•An optional letter (a,b,c,d,...) distinguishing different publications by the same author in the same year.You will note that these elements are the same ones which make up the citation which you will use in the body of your work. This makes a clear link between any citation in the body of your work, and the bibliographic entries. Some examples will make this clear:Anderson, B. 2005. “...”Jones, H. 2004. “...”Jones, Q. 1996. “...”Jones, Q., 1999. “...”Jones, Q., 1999a. “...”Jones, Q., 1999b. “...”Smith, A. 1762. “...”Between each bibliographic entry you should normally insert a little space to allow the reader to see where one entry ends and another one begins. For example, a blank line or blank half line between entries would make your bibliography easier to read. All modern word processing software can do this for you.When you are doing research, you should collect references to each kind of material in a consistent way. If there is a resource to which you wish to make a reference, but is of a kind which is not mentioned here, then you should consult a more detailed source. There are many such sources available on the internet.Individual Bibliographic Entries（建立可供读者查阅的参考书目格式）The most important principle in making references is that the reader should be able tolocate the resource solely from the bibliographic information that you have provided. The rest of this section describes what information needs to be provided when creating bibliographic references for different kinds of resources.Note that electronic versions of resources (e.g., electronic books or articles) which can be also found in other media (e.g., printed) are referenced through bibliographic entries which are identical to their non-electronic counterparts, but with a somewhat standard additional part. Thus, an online book would be referenced as for a printed book, but would have in addition to the information needed for a printed book the following: After Title:“[online]”After Remainder of Bibliographic Entry:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Reference to a book or a report.（书、报告）You need to provide the following information, in order:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title. (in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Edition. (if not the first).Publisher.Place of publication.Plus for electronic resources the following phrases and data:After Title:“[online]”After Place of Publication:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（书）HEMINGWAY, E., 2003. Better reading French: a reader and guide toimproving your understanding of written French. : McGraw-Hill.DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National service framework fordiabetes: delivery strategy. : Department of Health.Online Examples:HEMINGWAY, E., 2003. Better reading French: a reader and guide toimproving your understanding of written French [online]. : McGraw-Hill.Available from: [Accessed 25 August 2004].DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National service framework fordiabetes: delivery strategy [online]. : Department of Health. Available from: /assetRoot/04/03/28/23/04032823.pdf [Accessed 5May 2004].For books without individual authors use ANON.Example:ANON. 1991. Turbo assembler: users' guide version 2.0. , CA: Borland. Reference to a contribution in a book.（注释）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Contribution.“eds.” List o f Editor(s)for each editor: Editor's surname, followed by Editor's initials “in” Title of Book (in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Edition. (if not the first).Publisher.Place of publication.Page numbers of contribution.Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（注释）SMITH, C.,1980. Problems of information studies in history. In: S. STONE, ed. Humanities information research. : CRUS, 1980, pp 27-30.WESTMORLAND, L., 2000. Taking the flak: operational policing, fear and violence. In: G. LEE-TREWEEK, ed. Danger in the field: risk and ethics in social research [online]. : Routledge, pp 26-42. Available from:/ [Accessed 25 May 2004].NOTE: When referring to specific pages in a book 'pp' is used. Use 'p' if referring to a single page.Reference to a journal article.（期刊）Some journal articles are published in print only, some in print and online (of which someare exact copies and some will appear in a different format), and some online only. In all cases, the version you cite should be the version that you have seen.The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Article.Title of Journal.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Volume NumberPart Number. (in brackets).Page numbers. (optional)Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（期刊）NICOLLE, L.,1990. Data protection: laying down the law. ManagementComputing, 13(12), pp 48-49, 52.CHRISTENSEN, P., 2004. The health-promoting family: a conceptualframework for future research. “Social Science and Medicine” [online],59(2), pp 223-243. Available from:/science/journal/02779536 [Accessed 5 May 2004].SANDLER, M.P., 2003. The art of publishing methods. “Journal of Nuclear Medicine” [online], 44, pp 661-662. Available from:/content/vol44/issue5/index.shtml [Accessed 5May 2004].C.M., KROESEN, K., et al., 2004. Complementary and alternativemedicine: a concept map. “BMC Complementary and AlternativeMedicine” [online] 4:2 (13 February 2004). Available from:/content/pdf/1472-6882-4-2.pdf [Accessed 5 May 2004].Reference to a newspaper article.（报纸）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Article.Title of Newspaper.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Date Published.Page numbers. (optional)Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（报纸）BOOTH, J., 2004. Blair plans annual UK-China summit. Guardian [online]11 May, p 6. Available from:/guardian/2004/05/11/pdfs/gdn_040511_brd_6 _2263446.pdf [Accessed 25 May 2004].HASSELL, N., 2004. Gilts investors take profits. Times [online] 10 August.Available from: /xchange-international[Accessed 8 August 2004].Reference to a conference paper.（会议论文）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of contribution“in” (in italics)List of Editor(s) of the Conference Proceedingsfor each editor: Editor's surname, followed by Editor's initials.Title of Conference Proceedings.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Date of Conference.Place of Conference.Publisher (if known)Page numbers.Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（会议论文）SILVER, K.,1989. Electronic mail the new way to communicate. In: D.I.RAITT, ed. 9th International Information Meeting, 3-5 December 1988. :Learned Information, pp 323-330.Reference to an Act of Government.（政府法案）Reader needs to know:Name of Issuing BodyYear of PublicationName of Act (in italics and/or underline and/or quoted)Other Identifier Numbers/Codes/Chapter NumbersPlace of PublicationPublisher.Example:（政府法案）Parliament. 2002. Football (disorder) (Amendment) Act 2002. Chapter 12. : The Stationery Office.Reference to a Command paper.（行政公文）Reader needs to know:Name of Committee/Department/Working Group/CommissionYear of PublicationTitle (in italics and/or underlined and/or in quotes)Place of PublicationPublisher.Other Identifying Codes, if any, in brackets.Example:（行政公文）Department of Trade and Industry. 2001. Productivity and enterprise: aworld class competition regime. : The Stationery Office. (Cm 5233). Reference to a thesis.（论文）Use similar method to a book.Example:LEVINE, D.,1993. A parallel genetic algorithm for the set partitioningproblem. Ph.D. thesis, Illinois Institute of Technology.Reference to a film, video and television broadcast.（电影、视频和电视广播）The reference for films and videos should include: title, year, material designation, subsidiary originator (director is preferred), production details - place: organisation. Example:。

Referencing your work usingHarvardA printable copy of the on-line referencing toolVersion (1.3 – 30/09/2008)ContentsReferencing Books 3Journals7 Referencing10MediaElectronicReferencingresources 13 ElectronicReferencingReferencing Government and Official Documents 1719ResourcesReferencingOtherSecondary Referencing 23quotes 24 directReferencingBooksJournalsElectronic mediaElectronic resourcesReferencing Government and Official DocumentsOther resourcesSecondary ReferencingIf you are reading a source by one author (in our example McKechnie (1998)) and they cite or quote work by another author (in our example Wing, Lee and Chen (1994)) you may in turn cite or quote the original work (e.g. that of Wing et al. (1994)) as a SECONDARY REFERENCE.It is always best practice to try and locate the original reference and secondary references should only be used if it is difficult to access the original work. You must remember that in a secondary reference you are seeing the original author's work from someone else's perspective.This panel shows you how to reference a secondary or indirect reference type. It should be used in conjunction with the guidelines demonstrated in the referencing tool for the appropriate referencing types used.Direct QuotesThis panel shows you how to reference a direct quotation. It should be used in conjunction with the guidelines demonstrated in the referencing tool for the appropriate referencing types used.Do not confuse quotations with citations. A citation is the practice of referring to the work of other authors in the text of your assignments.A direct quotation is where you copy the exact words used by an author and place them unaltered directly into your work. Direct quotations need to be in quotation marks as shown in the example here.。

哈佛reference 格式
在学术研究中，参考文献是一种合理、系统地表明文献整合活动的重要书写形式。

全世界学术界普遍认可哈佛参考文献格式（Harvard Reference Style），它是在国际学术出版行业19世纪80年代由哈佛大学出版社首次推出的参考文献格式，目前已被广泛用于出版物的整理格式，特别是英语国家的学术出版物。

首先，哈佛参考文献格式中的参考文献要求内容完整、准确、系统，因此会有较为详细的标题、著者、出版者、出版发行、出版日期等要求。

另外，它还有一个独特的标记功能，即在文中内容引用外部文献时，可以在括号内写上对应文献的标号，从而实现对文中引用外部文献的直接索引。

在哈佛参考文献格式中，文献分类又分为三类：书籍、期刊文献和网络文献。

其中，书籍参考文献要求给出书籍的作者、书名、出版日期以及出版信息等；期刊文献要求给出文章的发表者、文章的题目、期刊名称及出版日期、页码等；而网络文献要求给出网页地址、发布者、发布日期、出版日期、可用性等。

同时，哈佛参考文献格式还规定了文献书写格式：引用文献所有信息的排列方式以及之间的空格和括号的使用。

书籍中，必须提及作者、书名、出版商；期刊文献中，必须提及作者、文献标题、期刊名称等；网络文献中，必须提及发布者、文献题目、网址等。

以上就是哈佛参考文献格式的基本内容，这是一种完善的学术参考文献书写形式，它结构完整、内容丰富，不仅可以反映文献整
合活动，还可以更好地反映书写人对文献的研究角度，使文献更具著作价值和学术价值。

哈佛参考文献格式将使学术书写更加完善，为研究者提供更加方便的参考依据。

哈佛风格引用格式
哈佛风格（Harvard referencing style）是一种常用的学术引用格式，主要用于文献引用和参考文献列表的编写。

以下是哈佛风格引用格式的示例：
1. 引用书籍：
单一作者的书籍引用格式：
姓，名。

(出版年). 书名. 城市：出版社。

例如：Smith, J. (2010). The Handbook of Research Methods. London: Academic Press.
多位作者的书籍引用格式：
姓，名., 姓，名., & 姓，名. (出版年). 书名. 城市：出版社。

例如：Smith, J., Johnson, A., & Anderson, L. (2018). Statistics for Social Sciences. New York: Oxford University Press.
2. 引用期刊文章：
单一作者的期刊文章引用格式：
作者姓，名. (出版年). 文章标题. 期刊名，卷号（期号），页面范围。

例如：Jones, M. (2015). The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity. Nature, 523(7560), 418-421.
多位作者的期刊文章引用格式：
作者姓，名., 作者姓，名., &。

Harvard referencing - Library quick guideUpdated: 19 October 2012In-text references- examplesSingle authorTwo or three authorsFour or more authorsEdited bookMore than one citation is provided in your sentenceList all citations alphabetically, with a semi-colon (;) to separate them.Secondary citationThis is when you refer to the work of one author cited by another.In the Reference List, refer to the author of the book, not the cited work. For instance, in the example below, Hosany & Martin 2012 would be in the Reference List.Encyclopedia or dictionaryThese are only cited in the text, and are NOT included in the Reference List.Website documentsMany electronic sources do not provide page numbers, unless they are in PDF format. If quoting or paraphrasing from a website that is NOT a PDF, then the in-text reference is either: ∙ a section heading (e.g. Better Health Channel 2012, Body image problems in Australian men section)∙ a paragraph number (e.g. Better Health Channel 2012, para. 5).Reference List - examplesBook – single authorCarroll, AB 2012, Business & society: ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management, 8th edn, South-Western/Cengage Learning, Mason, OH.Book – more than one authorNote: List all authors, in order of appearance on the title page of the book, and use an ampersand (&) to separate the last two authors.Chalkley, T, Brown, A, Goodman, M, Cinque, T, Warren, B, Hobbs, M & Finn, M 2012, Communication, new media and everyday life, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, Vic.Book – no authorStyle manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Qld.Edited bookLubkin, IM & Larsen, PD (eds) 2013, Chronic illness: impact and interventions, 8th edn, Jones & Bartlett Learning, Burlington, MA.E-book from a databaseBenavides, EM 2012, Advanced engineering design: an integrated approach, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, viewed 1 October 2012, Knovel database.Journal articleTaylor, CM, Karunaratne, CV & Xie, N 2012, …Glycosides of hydroxyproline: some recent, unusual discoveries‟, Glycobiology, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 757-767.E-journal article from a databaseHosany, S & Martin, D 2012, …Self-image congruence in consumer behavior‟, Journal of Business Research, vol. 65, no. 5, pp. 685-691, viewed 27 May 2012, Elsevier SD Freedom Collection. Newspaper article from a databaseCarney, S 2012, …Gillard paying price for gamble on the numbers‟, The Age, 26 May, viewed 29 May 2012, Factiva database.Website documentsBetter Health Channel 2012, Body image and diets, Better Health Channel, viewed 16 July 2012,<.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Body_image_and_diets?open>.。

A brief guide to the Harvard System∙ A bibliographical reference should contain sufficient information for you or someone else to trace the information sources you have used.∙It indicates that you have considered appropriate authorities and evidence in your work∙It acknowledges the work of others in contributing to your work.∙The same set of rules and grammar (colons and commas) should be followed every time you cite a reference (consistency).∙Note – you ought to follow the convention of referencing dictated by your school or tutor, normally the Harvard system.The Harvard system has two main components. Firstly there is the in-text reference. Fore each item of evidence that you use from an external source (a book, a journal article etc.) there is an entry that includes t he author‟s family name and the y ear of the publication (source) that the information comes from. Note that for a quotation there will also be the page number for the page that the quotation came from.This works in conjunction with the second element which is known as a reference list (sometimes known as a Bibliography). This is an alphabetical list (by the author‟s last name) which includes the full bibliographical details of the book which would enable the reader to find that source if they so wished. The in-text reference to the autho r‟s last name can be looked up in this list and the full detail found. As you can see then, the system requires both element of in-text reference and reference list to work. Examples of how to do both elements are shown below.∙All material taken from another writer‟s work should be acknowledged, whether the work is directly quoted, paraphrased or summarised.∙Not referencing = Plagiarism∙Plagiarism = a fancy word for stealingCitations in the text should give th e author‟s name with the year of publication, then all references should be listed in alphabetical order at the end of thepaper/dissertation as laid out below.For a single authorIn a study by Murthoo (1999) treatment compliance was examined…..In a study (Seedhouse, 1997) treatment compliance was examined ….When an author has published more than one cited document in the same year these are differentiated by adding lower cased letters after the year within the brackets.Beattie (2000a) argued that public health issues were igno red…Two authors:In the book by Kearney and Rainwater (2001) ….More than two authors:Singer et al (1996) contend that ….只写一个作者，其余省略If more than one citation is referred to within a sentence, list them all in the following form, by date and then alphabetically:There are indications that childhood poverty is a strong predictor of later morbidity (Wybourn and Hudson, 2002; Acheson, 1998; Lewis 1998)Online sources:When referencing a web page in your text it should be the Author and Year that you put in brackets and not the web page address or URL. Sometimes the author may be the organisation that publishes the web page, for example the Department of Health: According to the Department of Health (2006) the quality of access to health care is one of their fundamental responsibilities.Use quotation marks and acknowledge the author‟s name, year of publication and page number of the quote in brackets.Short quotations (up to 2 lines) can be included in the body of the text:- Wybourn (1999) states that “being an undergraduate can be a pain” (p.19).Longer quotations should be indented in a separate paragraph:-Smaje (1995) when commenting on transcultural care comments that:“Whereas multiculturalism tends to emphasise the existence of different cultural traditions in contemporary Britain and promotes tolerance and understanding, anti-racism places a more political emphasis on the forces that structure and determine access to power in society”If part of the quotation is omitted then this can be indicated using three dots:- Smaje (1995) states “…the existence of different cultur al traditions in contemporary Britain and promotes tolerance and understanding…” (p.17)Secondary referencingWhere one author is referring to the work of another and the primary source is not available.You should cite the primary source and the source you have read eg Vygotsky and Piaget, 2002, cited in Wybourn, 2003.∙Secondary referencing should be avoided where possible. Find the original if you can.∙List in alphabetical order by author‟s name and then by date (earliest first),∙If more than one item has been published during a specific year by letter (1995a, 1995b etc.)∙Take information from the title page of a publication and not from the front cover, which may be different.∙Include the elements and punctuation given in the examples below.∙Author‟s forenames can be included if given on the title page but this is not necessary.∙The title of the publication should either be in italics or underlined.A book by a single author:Baggini, J (2002) Making Sense: Philosophy behind the headlines. Oxford:Oxford University Press.A book by two authors:Searle, John and Chomsky, N (1997) The meaning of sense: critique &arguments. 105th edn. London: Wybourn.A book by more than two authorsSinger, Mandela et al. (1995) Health care in a multiracial society. London:Open University PressA book by a corporate author (eg a government department or other organisation):Nursing and Midwifery Council (2003) Patient-centred care: a NMC positionstatement on patient involvement. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council.An edited book:Baumeister, R. (ed.) (1999) The self in Social Psychology: Key readings insocial psychology. Hove: Taylor and Francis.A chapter in a bookBurnard, P. (1997) …The self and self awareness.‟ In:K. Burns et al. (eds.) The Self in Society. London: Stanley Thornes. pp.17-28.An article in a journal:Valkimaki, A. (1993) …Patient information systems.‟British Journal of Nursing, 13(1), pp.43-5.An article in a newspaper:Sabo, M. (2003) …Fear of gun crime rising.‟Guardian, 26 October 2003, p.10. If no author name is given then the publisher should be used instead.Guardian (2003) Public health in decline. Guardian, 24October 2003, p11.An online source:Department of Health (2006) Equality and human rights. Available at:/PolicyAndGuidance/EqualityAndHumanRights/fs/en(Accessed: 15 May 2006).A television programmeJulie through the looking glass. (1992). BBC 2, 4 JulyA video12 Angry Men. (1957) Directed by Sidney Lumet [Videocassette]. Hollywood:MGM EntertainmentCD ROMSInstitute of Cancer Research (2000) A breath of fresh air: an interactive guide tomanaging breathlessness in patients with lung cancer. [CD Rom]. Sutton:Institute of Cancer ResearchGovernment publications∙White Papers contain statements of Government policy∙Green Papers put forward proposals for consideration and public discussion.∙They are cited in the same way.A White paperDepartment for Education and Skills (2002) 14-19 next steps: the future.Cm.3390. London: Stationery OfficeA Green paperDepartment for Education and Skills (2003) Extending Opportunities: raisingstandards. Cm 3854. London: Stationery Office.An Act of ParliamentGreat Britain. Education Act 2002: Elizabeth II. Chapter 25. London: TheStationary Office.。

哈佛参考文献注明方式Referencing using the Harvard method当你为申报学位而撰写文章、项目、作业、博士论文或硕士论文时，你需要常常参考读过的文献，以证明一个论点、说明一个要点、归纳某一理论、报告资料或数据、或是证明你的推论。

你必需通过列出参考信息的方式来讲明你所参考的这些作品的出处。

应该在行文中标注，在最后详细列出。

重要的一点是，不能够陈述了其他人的材料或观点但不用列明参考信息的方式说明出处。

假设有如此的行为，即是剽窃，一旦发觉，将按学院的不轨行为程序执行。

出于以下的缘故，提供参考信息是必要的：●证明你对主题进行了研究，你的观点是基于已出版的材料而提出的。

●使你的观点和论点充实；●承认你采纳的资料的出处，和你的观点是由此进展而来；●区别哪些观点是你自己的，哪些是他人的；●让你的读者能找到你的观点的出处，能让他们自行研究这些材料。

哈佛参考文献注明方式的要紧方面哈佛参考文献注明方式（即“名称和日期”法）受到普遍应用。

这一体系有两个方面。

第一，在文章主体中借用他人作品的地方，用括号标出引用标记。

其二，在作品最后，以“参考文献”为题目按字母顺序列出文中引用的详细情形。

本方式的目的在于确保你的文章正文可不能因为有大量的目录信息而给读者造成干扰。

引用标记含有最大体的信息，让读者在参考文献表中找到其位置。

请注意：请列位学生注意，本校学术委员会要求所有学生了解哈佛参考文献注明体系，同时，学生也应注意，有些专业可利用不同的参考文献注明体系。

若是有这种情形，教员将告知学生。

若是有疑问，请询问教员。

在文中标注参考标记参考标记一般是以下的形式：◆用一对括号括起你所参考内容的作者的姓氏，其后是文献的出版年份。

例如：最初结论（Williams，1990）已受到质疑（Reynolds，1994）。

◆若是作者的名字随着行文显现了，那么在括号中只添加年份。

例如：最初结论已受到Reynolds（1995）和Roberts（1994）的质疑。

Coventry UniversityHarvard ReferenceStyle GuideThis Guide shows you how to write in-text citations and aList of References in the CU Harvard Reference StyleFor more information and the latest version of this Guide:/cawThis Guide is updated annually. Version 3.0.1 Sept2009.© Deane, M. (2006) Coventry University Harvard Reference Style Guide.Unpublished booklet. Coventry:Coventry University.Produced in collaboration with Ray Summers (Illustrations),Lisa Ganobcsik-Williams (editorial assistance), and Catalina Neculai,Erik Borg (Editors), with input from the Coventry University Harvard Reference Style Working Party.Table of contentsForeword to the Coventry University Harvard Reference Style Guide (3)Introduction (4)I Can’t Find an Example of My Source! (4)Part One: In-text citations (8)I. In-text Citations: Frequently Asked Questions (8)1. What should I do if I can’t find the date on a web site? (8)2. How should I cite an author’s name? (8)3. What should I do if I cannot find the author of a source? (8)4. Where in the sentence should I put in-text citations? (9)5. Can I cite lots of sources in the same sentence? (9)6. How do I cite a single source with multiple authors using ‘et al.’? (9)7. Does the full stop go before or after in-text citations? (9)8. When should I use italics? (9)9. When should I give page numbers? (10)10. When should I omit page numbers? (10)II. In-text Citations: Numerical Data (10)III. In-text Citations: Printed Written Sources (10)1. A whole book (10)2. A chapter or essay by a particular author in an edited collection of essays (11)3. Multiple authors (11)4. A corporate author (11)5. A journal article (11)6. Personal communication (11)7. A book in the Bible or the Koran (11)8. A Government Bill (11)9. Hansard official report of a Parliamentary debate (12)IV. In-text Citations: Electronic Written Sources (12)1. Electronic texts (12)2. A website (12)3. An online discussion forum/mailing list (JISCMAIL or Listserv) (12)4. A blog (12)V. In-text Citations: Electronic Visual or Audio Sources (12)1. A video film or a sound recording accessed electronically (DVD, CD, streamlined) (13)2. A broadcast or a podcast (13)3. A programme video recording (from TV) (13)4. A recorded radio broadcast (13)VI. In-text-Citations: Printed or Exhibited Visual Sources (13)1. An image or an art figure in a book, magazine or catalogue (14)2. An advertisement (14)3. An exhibition stand or an item in an exhibition (14)4. A map (14)VII. In-text Citations: Spoken Sources (15)1. A Lecture (15)2. An interview you have conducted (15)VIII. In-text Citations: Secondary Sources (15)Part Two: The List of References (16)I. List of References: Frequently Asked Questions (16)1. What should I do if I list more than one source by the same author? (16)2. How do I find the date in a book? (16)3. How should I reference a first, second, etc. or revised edition? (17)4. How do I find the place of publication in a book? (17)5. Where should I put an editor or the editors? (17)6. What do I do if I have both an editor and an author? (17)7. Where should I put a translator? (17)8. What should I do if I cannot find an author in a printed source? (17)9. How should I reference a book written in a foreign language? (17)II. List of References: Numerical Data (18)III. List of References: Printed Written Sources (18)1. A whole book (18)2. A book produced by an organisation (a corporate author) (18)3. A book with multiple authors (18)4. A chapter or essay by a particular author in an edited collection of essays (18)5. A printed journal article (18)6. A report (19)7. An unpublished booklet or departmental handbook (19)8. A leaflet (19)9. A newspaper article (19)10. A conference paper within conference proceedings (19)11. Conference proceedings (19)12. A thesis or dissertation (20)13. A UK patent (20)14. An international patent (20)15. A standard (20)16. A Statutory Instrument (20)17. A technical paper (20)18. A personal communication or letter (20)19. An encyclopaedia entry (21)20. A dictionary (21)21. The Bible or other sacred text (21)22. A House of Commons / Lords Report (21)23. A Government Bill (21)24. An Act of Parliament (21)25. A Government Green or White Paper (22)26. Hansard official report of a Parliamentary debate (22)27. An official report of a Parliamentary debate in a Standing Committee (22)28. A music score (22)IV. List of References: Electronic Written Sources (22)1. An electronic journal article (22)2. A web site (or other online media) (23)3. An electronic book (23)4. Electronic Newspaper Article (23)5. Electronic lecture notes or transcript (24)6. Personal communication: an email (24)7. Online discussion forum/mailing list (JISCMAIL or Listserv) (24)8. A report accessed electronically (24)9. A thesis or a dissertation online (24)10. A blog (25)11. Computer Software (25)V. List of References: Electronic Visual and Audio Sources (25)1. An image, a video film or a sound recording accessed electronically (DVD, CD, streamlined) (25)2. A broadcast or a podcast (25)3. A programme video recording (from TV) (26)4. A Lecture: audio recording (26)5. An advertisement in a magazine or newspaper accessed (26)electronically (26)6. An artwork or image in a magazine accessed electronically (26)VI. List of References: Printed or Exhibited Visual Sources (27)1. An image or an art figure in a magazine (27)2. A work of art, photograph, illustration or item in an exhibition or exhibition stand (27)3. An exhibition catalogue or an art book (27)4. An advertisement in a printed magazine or newspaper (27)5. A map (28)6. An Ordnance Survey map (28)7. An exhibition stand (28)VII. List of References: Spoken Sources (28)1. A Lecture: students’ written notes (28)2. An interview you have conducted (28)3. An interview in an edited book or collection (28)VIII. List of References: Secondary Sources (29)1. A secondary reference in a book (29)2. A secondary reference in a journal (29)List of FiguresFigure 1. The two elements in a sample paper (5)Figure 2. In-text citations (6)Figure 3. The List of References (7)Figure 4. In-text citation of numerical data (10)Figure 5. In-text citation of an image accessed electronically (13)Figure 6. In-text citation of a printed image (14)Foreword to the Coventry University HarvardReference Style GuideThe Coventry University Harvard Reference Style is a customisation of an author-date or Harvard referencing system. Our version, created by the Centre for Academic Writing, provides a stable instrument with which to refer to sources in academic writing. By providing a common version, Coventry University’s academic community will have a shared system that will allow readers to exchange new ideas and access the sources that form the basis for these ideas in a simple and consistent manner.Explicit indication of the sources of information and ideas is one of the characteristics of academic writing in Britain and in many other countries, but not all. Explicit referencing of sources distinguishes academic writing from other types of writing, including newspapers, novels, and much workplace writing. Academic writers show where they got the information or ideas for their texts through referencing systems, such as Coventry University’s Harvard Reference Style (CU Harvard). They do this for a number of reasons:•To respect intellectual property;•To strengthen arguments by indicating the source of ideas;•To demonstrate knowledge of the field in which you are writing;•To establish your own voice in your academic writing;•To meet marking criteria;•To avoid accusations of plagiarism.By using the CU Harvard Reference Style, you will join an academic conversation maintained through our written texts.The CU Harvard Reference Style Guide is organised into two parts. Part One deals with in-text citations, the indication in your text that you are referring to a source. Part Two deals with the List of References, which is where you provide all the information a reader needs to find the source. Any written assignment that refers to sources must contain both in-text references as they occur in the body of the text and an alphabetic list of the sources you have used at the end. Each part of the guide has a group of ‘Frequently Asked Questions’, followed by source types: printed or electronic, written, spoken/audio, and visual. The Guide is accompanied by a Glossary that defines the most useful terms used in referencing.A brief word about referencing software tools:Software tools can simplify the process of accurately referring to sources and including appropriate references in your List of References. Coventry University supports RefWorks, a referencing software programme that allows a writer to enter the information needed for a full reference only once, and then simply and easily add citations to that source. The programme will format and alphabetise the list of references in CU Harvard Reference Style. Microsoft Word 2007 includes a referencing facility that will format references in APA style, another author-date style. References formatted this way will need a limited amount of manual change to conform to CU Harvard Reference Style. At an even simpler level, the “sort” function in Microsoft Word can be used to alphabetise the List of References after it has been manually entered.IntroductionWhenever you borrow information, ideas, images, or numerical data from other sources you must document the source in two ways:• Provide an in-text citation of the source in the main body of your writing: give the author’s surname or the corporate author, the year of publication, and page number if you quote or paraphrase, or if you summarise information on a specific page of thesource.•Enter the source in the List of References at the end of your document: give all the publication or internet details in the correct format (see the Contents Page of thisGuide for details).It is important that there is a link between these two elements, as illustrated in Figure 1, which shows that the author and date given in your in-text citation must correspond to the author and date given at the start of your List of References entry.I Can’t Find an Example of My Source!The purpose of this Guide is to help you become a confident and independent writer and researcher, so do not be afraid to use your own judgement if you encounter an unusual source. In this Guide a balance has been struck between listing every possible type of source and keeping the guidelines concise and reader friendly. Therefore, on rare occasions you may need to cite and reference an unusual type of source that is not included in this Guide (a jam jar label for instance). Do not panic if you cannot find precise guidelines in such a case, but consider these tips:In-text citations are easy because you just give the author or corporate author and the date (plus page numbers if relevant). See the Introduction to Part One of this Guidefor a list of all the pieces of information you should include in an in-text citation inwhich order, and adapt these principles if necessary.•The List of References entry is also simple when you know how! See the Introduction to Part Two of this Guide for a list of all the pieces of information youshould include in a List of References entry, in which order, and adapt theseprinciples if necessary.• Follow the ARC of Successful Citing and Referencing:How do I integrate research sources into my writing?For guidance on how to quote, paraphrase, and summarise, see the Coventry University Harvard Reference Style website and Glossary at: /caw.The relationship between in-text citations and the List of ReferencesAn in-text citation gives formal recognition of a source you have used. To ‘cite’ means to refer to a source in the main body of your academic paper. An ‘academic paper’ is the scholarly term for an essay, assignment or other document. The List of References provides sufficient information for readers to locate each source you have cited. To ‘reference’ means to enter full details of a source in this list that goes on a separate page at the end of your academic paper.The List of References is organised alphabetically according to the surname of the author or corporate author. Every line after the first should be indented so that author stands out. There is a line of space between each entry.Figure 1 shows a sample page from an academic paper with the List of References page superimposed. This figure shows that these two elements are linked, and that they each start with the same author or corporate author and date. A source should only appear once in the List of References even if there are many in-text citations for that source in your paper.Figure 1. The two elements in a sample paperAn example of in-text citationsFigure 2 shows in-text citations in the main body of an academic paper. This sample paper is about Queen Elizabeth I, who ruled England during the second half of the sixteenth century. You must give in-text citations each time you borrow ideas, information, images, or numerical data from a source in order to display intellectual honesty about the sources you have used.Figure 2. In-text citationsThis writer has undertaken independent research and learnt how to cite and reference with skill. By marshalling evidence from other sources, you can advance your own original argument in a convincing way to become a scholarly and authoritative writer. Make sure you credit the intellectual property of other scholars.An example of the List of ReferencesFigure 3 shows a sample List of References. It demonstrates that sources are referenced differently depending on the type, and there is a special format for books, journal articles, online journal articles, web sites, etc. See the Contents Page of this Guide for a list of different types.The List of References is organised alphabetically according to the surname of the author or corporate author. Every line after the first should be indented so that author stands out. There is a line of space between each entry.Make just one list and do not divide the entries into separate categories. There is no full stop at the end of each entry. Put the List of References on a separate page at the end of your paper, but, if you include an Appendix, this goes after the List of References.Figure 3. The List of ReferencesPart One: In-text citationsThis section of the Guide explains how to write in-text citations. The basic principle is to give the surname of the author or the corporate author and the year of publication in brackets (author date), plus the page number if you quote or paraphrase, or if you summarise information on a specific page of the source.•Example of citing a quote or paraphrase: Higgins argues that land fill sites are ‘not cost efficient’ (2005: 68).• Example of summarising an entire book or article: A recent study reveals new information about child health (Wikes 2006).• Example of summarising a point made on two consecutive pages of a book or article: The book provides examples of how the eating habits of parents directlyinfluence children (Wikes 2006: 19-20).I. In-text Citations: Frequently Asked Questions1. What should I do if I can’t find the date on a web site?For the purpose of accuracy, if you can’t find the date, it is best to write ‘n.d.’, which means ‘no date’. Example:Students are gaining increasingly high grades (National Student Forum n.d.).2. How should I cite an author’s name?You have two options, and you may vary the practice throughout your academic paper. Option 1If you mention the author’s name in your own writing, just give the date (and page number if you quote, paraphrase, or summarise specific information) in your in-text citation. Example: Shah (2005: 66) maintains that in recent years Coventry has become Britain’s most important industrial city.Option 2If you do not mention the author’s name in your writing, give the author’s surname and date (and the page number if you quote, paraphrase, or summarise specific information) in your in-text citation. Example:Wavelets are an effective means of disease detection (Qureshi 2006: 95).3. What should I do if I cannot find the author of a source?If the source is anonymous, you can write ‘Anon.’ instead of the author. Example:At the turn of the twentieth century, research in biology was influenced by scientific positivism (Anon. 1900).4. Where in the sentence should I put in-text citations?You can either place in-text citations near the start of your sentences, or near the end. Be aware that writers in different disciplines follow different practices in this regard.5. Can I cite lots of sources in the same sentence?Readers need to know exactly who made each point you have borrowed as you advance your own argument, so only cite more than one author in the same sentence if they make similar points or use similar methods or evidence. Example:Shaw (2001: 15) argues that therapists are losing their skills. Similarly, Higgins (2004: 72) maintains that there has been a decrease in skills development.If you cannot avoid citing more than one source because various authors all argue the same point, put the sources in alphabetical order and separate each one with a comma. Example: Health informatics will radically change the nature of the National Health Service by the year 2010 (Brown 2002: 3, Lee 2006: 44 and Padda 2005: 14).6. How do I cite a single source with multiple authors using ‘et al.’? For up to three authors, give all the authors’ surnames in your in-text citation. Example: Cox, Patel, and Pavliotis (2004) discuss Britain’s future adoption of the euro.However, if there are more than three authors use ‘et al.’ which is short for ‘et alii’ meaning‘and others’ in Latin. Note that there is a full stop after ‘al.’ because it is an abbreviation (a shortened form of the original word). Remember that although only one surname is given, you are referring to multiple authors, so the next verb in your sentence must agree in the plural rather than the singular. Example:Fletcher et al. (2006: 88) suggest that in this century global climate change has caused billions of dollars worth of damage.7. Does the full stop go before or after in-text citations?Even when quoting, do not use a full stop until AFTER your in-text citation in brackets because the in-text citation is part of your sentence. Example:Anderson posits that vitamin E has ‘life-changing effects’ (2006: 8).8. When should I use italics?•Put the title of a print publication in italics (do not use bold or underline). The titles of all the main documents must be italicised, such as titles of books, titles ofjournals, titles of websites etc. so that readers can see at a glance which physicalsources you have cited. Example: Dickens wrote many novels, but Hard Times(Jones 2004: 16) is the most interesting from a philosophical perspective.•Put all foreign words in italics, including et al.•Do not use italics for the title of journal articles or book chapters. Instead use single quotation marks. The title of any sub-document or sub-section of a maindocument, such as the article or chapter that sits within a publication, must sit withinsingle quotation marks. Example: Peterson’s recent article on oncology entitled‘Meningioma Detection’ (2006) makes a real contribution to cancer research.•Do not use italics when quoting. Instead, use either double or single quotation marks, and whichever you choose, be consistent throughout your document.Example: Although there are many approaches to disaster planning, the Smartsonmodel ensures both ‘effectiveness and efficiency’ (Smartson 2004: 65).9. When should I give page numbers?Give a page number in your in-text citation when you QUOTE or PARAPHRASE a source because this enables readers to locate the exact passage you have cited for their own use, or to check that you have quoted or re-phrased the source accurately. Also give page numbers when you SUMMARISE a point that appears on a specific page or pages of a source. Example of a quote: Crude oil price rises have been ‘alarming’ (Brown 2006: 5).10. When should I omit page numbers?If you are summarising what an author has argued in a book or article, you do not need to give page numbers. Example: McArthurs has undertaken new research into alternative therapies (McArthurs 2006).II. In-text Citations: Numerical DataEvery time you borrow a date, statistic or other numerical data from a source, give an in-text citation. Example: The number of heart attacks has risen dramatically in recent years and there has been an increase of 10% since 1992 (Department of Health 2005: 65).If you present numerical data visually, label it as a figure or table and include a List of Figures or Tables in your Contents Page. If the figure is from a paginated source, you must give the page number in your in-text citation. In your own writing, explain who compiled the data because the in-text citation only tells readers your source. Give the figure a title and an in-text citation with the author or corporate author and date of the source in brackets. Discuss the significance of the data in full.Example of how to cite a Figure in your paper:Figure 4. In-text citation of numerical dataIII. In-text Citations: Printed Written Sources1. A whole bookGive the author’s surname and the year of publication in brackets. Example:Applied research has boosted pedagogical practice (Anderson 2006).2. A chapter or essay by a particular author in an edited collection of essaysIf your source is just one chapter within a collection of essays by various different authors, give an in-text citation for the author of the chapter you want to cite, and the date of the edited book. Example:Recent developments in the field of pedagogical research have revolutionised teaching practice (Taylor 2006: 47).3. Multiple authorsFor up to three authors, give all the authors’ surnames in your in-text citation. Example: Cox, Patel, and Pavliotis (2004) discuss Britain’s future adoption of the euro.However, if there are more than three authors use ‘et al.’ which is short for ‘et alii’meaning‘and others’ in Latin. Note that there is a full stop after ‘al.’ because it is an abbreviation (a shortened form of the original word). Remember that although only one surname is given, you are referring to multiple authors, so the next verb in your sentence must agree in the plural rather than the singular. Example:Fletcher et al. (2006: 88) suggest that in this century global climate change has caused billions of dollars worth of damage.4. A corporate authorSometimes sources are produced by an organisation, not individuals. This is known as a corporate author. Give an in-text citation as usual but cite the organisation as the author. Example:It is essential to plan for emergencies (Disaster Agency 2006).5. A journal articleGive the surname of the author of the article and the year the journal was published in brackets. Example:Evidence-based practice has many positive effects (Smithson 2006).6. Personal communicationGive the surname of the person you are citing and the date in brackets. In your own writing give the full name of the person you are citing. Example:In a personal communication, Androulla Athanasiou explained that she is ‘completely against’ recent moves to erect a new football stadium in Coventry (Athanasiou 2006).7. A book in the Bible or the KoranWithin brackets give the title of the chapter in place of the author, then give the chapter number (for the Bible), add a colon, then give the verse number. Example:David was a mighty warrior (2 Kings 10:3).As the chapter, ‘The Star’ shows, the cosmic universe has a powerful symbolism for Arabic people. (The Star: 1)8. A Government BillIn your own writing within brackets write ‘HC Bill’ or ‘HL Bill’ and in new brackets give the Parliamentary Session, then give the Bill serial number in square brackets. Note that every time a Bill passes through Parliament, it is re-numbered. Give an in-text citation within brackets with ‘HC’ for House of Commons or ‘HL’ for House of Lords then the date and page number if appropriate. Example:It was revealed today in the House of Commons (HC Bill (2000-1) [30]) that housing tax is likely to be revised (HC 2001: 56).9. Hansard official report of a Parliamentary debateIn your own writing within brackets write ‘HC Deb.’ or ‘HL Deb.’ and in new brackets give the Parliamentary Session, then outside these brackets give the volume number, add a comma, then write ‘col.’ for the column number, and state the column number. Give an in-text citation within brackets with ‘HC’ for House of Commons or ‘HL’ for House of Lords then the date and page number if appropriate. Example:Pattern hounded the Prime Minister (HC Deb. (2000-1) 203, col. 346) over international debt (HC 2001: 42).IV. In-text Citations: Electronic Written SourcesFollow the same practice as when you cite printed sources by giving the author and date, but no page number is required for online sources.1. Electronic textsFor any source accessed online including an electronic journal article, electronic book, electronic lecture notes, etc. give the author’s surname or the corporate author and the date in brackets. Example:White noise has been under-researched (Wallace 2006).2. A websiteGive the corporate author and the date in brackets. DO NOT give the full web address (called the URL) in your in-text citation because this goes in the List of References. Example:There are many software packages for detecting plagiarism (Referencing 2006).If you cannot find the date, for the purpose of accuracy, it is best to write ‘n.d.’, which means ‘no date’. Students are gaining increasingly high grades (National Student Forum n.d.).Note: If the website has both a copyright and a ‘last updated’ date, then give the ‘last updated’ date in brackets!3. An online discussion forum/mailing list (JISCMAIL or Listserv) Give the surname of the author of the email you wish to cite and the date of the email in brackets. Example:Neurological rehabilitation has been under-funded for years (Lango 2005).4. A blogGive the surname of the author of the blog and the date it was written. Example:Chaos theory has impacted seriously on literature as well as science (Richards 2006). V. In-text Citations: Electronic Visual or Audio SourcesEvery time you borrow a picture, painting, photograph, diagram, or other image from a source, give an in-text citation. Label it as a figure and include a List of Figures in your Contents Page. If the figure is originally from a printed source you can give the page number in your in-text citation. In your own writing, explain who the artist is, because the in-text citation only tells readers your source. Give the figure a title and an in-text citation with the author or corporate author and date of the source in brackets. Discuss the significance of the figure in full.Example of how to cite a Figure when the source is accessed online:Figure 5. In-text citation of an image accessed electronically1. A video film or a sound recording accessed electronically (DVD, CD, streamlined)Give the director’s or the producer’s surname as the author, or the corporate author if no other information is available, then the date in brackets. Example:Dance is an effective form of therapy (Anderson 2006).2. A broadcast or a podcastGive the title of the broadcast in italics and the date in brackets. Example:Contemporary politicians are more image-conscious than ever (Have I Got News for You 2005).3. A programme video recording (from TV)Give the title of the programme in italics and the date in brackets. Example:Farmers are required to diversify in order to survive (Farming Today 2005).4. A recorded radio broadcastGive the title of the programme as the author in italics and the date in brackets. Example: Political life has changed since the election of New Labour (Radio4 News 2005).VI. In-text-Citations: Printed or Exhibited Visual Sources。

哈佛体系reference格式
哈佛参考文献格式，也称为哈佛引用格式，是一种常见的文献引用格式。

它最早发源于清华大学发行的“黑塞和黑塞词典”，由麻省理工学院的著名的文献管理专家拉尔夫罗素提出，被广泛应用于学术论文中。

哈佛参考文献格式在拉尔夫罗素引用文献格式基础上，加入了更多关于电子出版物、计算机程序和图片等新媒体的参考文献，能够照顾到当代多样化的文献参考需求。

二、哈佛引用格式的特点
1、引用格式具有一致性：哈佛引用格式坚持只使用一种引用格式，使文献引用更加统一，使其他人更容易理解文章中的引用。

2、引用格式更新迅速：哈佛参考文献格式与不断发展的新媒体保持同步更新，以适应当今多样化的文献引用需求。

3、引用融入文本：哈佛引用格式要求引用内容融入文章的段落中，而不是单独引用，使文献引用更加紧凑，更加有说服力。

4、引用格式清晰明了：哈佛引用格式用字母或数字表示出文献引用顺序，使文章中的引用顺序更加清晰明了。

三、哈佛引用格式的应用
1、学术论文：哈佛参考文献格式在学术论文中应用十分普遍，论文作者可以使用此格式对文献引证进行统一管理，使参考文献更加规范完整，使文章表达更加严谨。

2、科技文凭：在科技文凭的课程描述中，哈佛引用格式也有着广泛的应用，使文凭更具可信度。

3、会议论文：在各类会议发布的论文中，哈佛引用格式也有着广泛的应用，使论文的引用内容更加严谨。

四、结论
从上面可以看出，哈佛参考文献格式在学术论文、科技文凭、会议论文等文献参考方面的应用十分普遍，值得我们深入学习和掌握。

哈佛参考文献格式采用统一的格式进行引用，能够使文献引用更加规范，使参考文献的内容更加完整，也为文献参考带来了很大的便利。

STUDENT GUIDEHarvard Referencing SystemThis student guide presents the most commonly used aspects of the Harvard Referencing System.SourcesSnooks & Co 2002, Style manual: for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, John Wiley & Australia.Sons,American Psychological Association 2001, Publication manual of the American PsychologicalAssociation, 5th edn, APA, Washington, DC.If further information is needed, students can refer to the ‘COMPREHENSIVEGUIDE: Harvard Referencing System’ or to the above publications in the MacquarieUniversity Library. Students can also check with their departments or lecturers foron-campus Harvard referencing support.AcknowledgementA significant component of the Master of Accounting (MAcc) program is the Language for Professional Communication in Accounting Program (LPCA). The LPCA program is a collaboration of the Master of Accounting program and The Centre for Macquarie English (CME), formerly the National Centre for English Language Teaching and Research (NCELTR). The LPCA program provides tailored resources for specific units, as well as providing materials for additional generic workshops. Students are able to develop a high level of communication and professional skills and, at the same time, to develop technical skills. These resources are integrated with relevant technical content and are a significant part of the teaching and learning within individual units. Communication and professional skills are assessed, often together with technical skills, in individual units. The development of these skills is essential to students’ success, not only within the units of this program, but also in an accounting career.As part of the LPCA program, resources have been made available to provide students with an understanding of the plagiarism policies of the University and the Master of Accounting program. Also referencing materials, including this Harvard referencing guide, have been developed to address the methods and style requirements necessary to cite research sources. MAcc and CME acknowledge Eugen Klissarov in collaboration with Mary Cayley, both CME-LPCA staff members, for the design and development of this Harvard referencing guide.This project was funded by the 2006 Macquarie University Flagship Grant Scheme.STUDENT GUIDEHarvard Referencing SystemCONTENTSFAQs: referencing & plagiarism 1 Specific guidelines: in-text citations, paraphrases & direct quotations 2 Specific guidelines: reference lists 4 Examples: in-text & reference list citations 7 Sample reference list 14 Excerpts from a paper highlighting in-text citations 15STUDENT GUIDE Harvard Referencing SystemFAQsSTUDENT GUIDEHarvard Referencing System• When using a referencing system for in-text citations and a reference list , you must usethe appropriate formatting elements. •Formatting refers to the use of layout and punctuation, including spacing, indenting, lower and upper case letters, period or full stops, colons, semicolons, commas, brackets and italics. These formatting elements are used to clearly and consistently present in-text citations and a reference list in your written work.• The examples throughout this guide indicate the formatting you should use.IN-TEXT CITATIONSEach time you use an author's words or ideas in your writing, you must place a citation in the text. This applies to both direct quotations and paraphrases. It is important to place the in-text citation directly in, or immediately after, the sentence or clause which uses information or ideas from a source. It is not adequate to put the in-text citation at the end of the paragraph because this indicates that only the information in the last sentence belongs to the source.The basic in-text citation is very similar for all types of sources. However, the type of source being cited cannot usually be identified until the reader looks at the reference list. In-text citations in written work may appear either: a) as part of a sentence[manufacturers have suffered a significant loss of domestic market share since 1993.} [in-text citation ] {paraphrase } The use of [ ] and { }, above, are for explanatory purposes only, and should NEVERbe used in written assignments.In the above example, the author is a grammatical part of the sentence and, in this instance, appears at the beginning of the sentence.The above citation can also be placed in different positions in the sentence, for example: i. According to Jayanthakumaran (2001, p. 6), Textile, Clothing & Footwear (TCF)manufacturers have suffered a significant loss of domestic market share since 1993. ii. Textile, Clothing & Footwear (TCF) manufacturers, according to Jayanthakumaran (2001, p. 6), have suffered a significant loss of domestic market share since 1993.b) or at the end of a sentencei.Textile, Clothing & Footwear (TCF) manufacturers have suffered a significant loss ofdomestic market share since 1993 (Jayanthakumaran 2001, p. 6).These conventions apply to authors and authoring bodies or organizations of all types of sources.It is often useful to vary the citation styles, e.g., as part of a sentence or at the end of asentence. Varying citation styles may allow for better linking between sentences andbetween ideas. It also allows for different emphasis – either on the topic or the author. ParaphrasesParaphrases occur when you read a source and use the information in your assignment, but rephrase or write the information in your own words.i.Jayanthakumaran (2001, p. 6) states that Textile, Clothing & Footwear (TCF)manufacturers have suffered a significant loss of domestic market share since 1993.This example is a paraphrase and it needs to be cited.The absence of double quotation marks (“ ”) informs the reader this is a paraphrase.It is expected that you will extensively research and use information found in sources.However, it is also expected that most of the information from the sources will beparaphrased, that is, written in your own words.Direct quotationsDirect quotations are used when you want to use some words exactly as they are found in the source.If you rely on a source and use the exact words in your assignment, you must indicate this by the use of double quotation marks (“ ”). These indicate a direct quotation.Direct quotations need to be as brief as possible. They should only be used occasionally and only for good reasons, for example, when:•the author’s words convey a powerful meaning that cannot be paraphrased with the same effect•you use the author as an authoritative voice in your own writing•you introduce an author’s position which you want to discuss•you need to provide supporting points or evidence for your own position.Generally, direct quotations in the text are placed within your own sentences.i.Innes and Warburton (1998, p. 69) report that “employment in the TCF sector fell by morethan 40 per cent over the ten years to June 2001”.ii.As Innes and Warburton (1998, p. 69) report, “employment in the TCF sector fell by more than 40 per cent over the ten years to June 2001”.With direct quotations only, page numbers may also be separated and placed at the end of the direct quotation:i.Innes and Warburton (1998) report that “employment in the TCF sector fell by more than40 per cent over the ten years to June 2001” (p. 69).ii.As Innes and Warburton (1998) report, “employment in the TCF sector fell by more than40 per cent over the ten years to June 2001” (p. 69).Page numbers or paragraph numbers should be provided in in-text citations for bothdirect quotations and paraphrases.STUDENT GUIDEHarvard Referencing SystemREFERENCE LISTSThe reference list is usually the last page/s of the assignment. It should begin on a new page and be simply headed References.• A reference list consolidates all the various sources in alphabetical order using either the author’s surname or the names of authoring bodies. The titles of documents (or the titles of media such as videos, CD-ROMs and radio programs) are used if the author’s name or the name of the authoring body is not known.•Numbers, letters or bullets are not used when citing sources in a Reference List.•The 2nd and subsequent lines of each entry are indented (this is called a ‘hanging indent’). •Single spacing within an entry, but 1.5 spacing between entries is used.•Alignment for the reference list page/s is ‘Align left’. ‘Justify’ should not be used for the reference list.Following are the reference list details needed for the more common source types.Although the details required for each type of source in the reference list aresignificantly different, the reference list entries for all source types, both print &electronic, are based on the entry for a print book, particularly the conventionsrelating to multiple authors and authoring bodies.BOOK, print•author’s surname & initial(s) or name of authoring body•year of publication•title of book (in italics; minimal capitalisation other than proper nouns & acronyms)•title of series, if applicable•description of work, if applicable•edition number, if not first edition•editor, compiler, reviser or translator, if applicable•volume number or number of volumes, if applicable•name of publisher (business identifiers such as company, Pty, Inc., Ltd, Co., Limited,plc. and Corporation not included)•place of publicationReference list:Moorhead, G & Griffin, R 2001, Organizational behavior: managing people and organizations, 6th edn, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.Pedersen, H 1937, A concise comparative Lycian grammar, monograph, Vandenhoeck &Ruprecht, Gottingen, Sweden.CHAPTER IN EDITED BOOK, print(An edited book is a collection of writings by different authors; the ‘editor’ is theperson who compiles or selects the work to be included).•author’s surname & initial(s) or name of authoring body (use the author of the chapter/ article you have read, not the editor/s of the book)•year of publication•title of chapter/article (single quotation marks; minimal capitalisation other than proper nouns & acronyms)•the word ‘in’•editor(s)’ initial(s) and surname(s) (initials precede surnames)•(ed.) or (eds)•title of edited book (in italics; minimal capitalisation other than proper nouns & acronyms) •edition number, if not first edition•name of publisher (business identifiers such as company, Pty, Inc., Ltd, Co., Limited, plc. and Corporation not included)•place of publicationIn-text:It is likely, as has been suggested, that cultural synergies cannot be achieved until inherent cross-cultural issues have been addressed (Adler, 1980).Reference list:Adler, NJ 1980, ‘Cultural synergy: the management of cross-cultural organizations’, in WW Burke & LD Goodstein (eds), Trends and issues in OD: current theory and practice, University Associates, San Diego.JOURNAL ARTICLE, print•author’s surname & initial(s) or name of authoring body•year of publication•title of article (single quotation marks; minimal capitalisation other than proper nouns & acronyms)•title of journal (in italics; maximal capitalisation)•title of series, if applicable•issue details; may include volume no., issue no., month or season•page numbers of the whole article (these are always cited for journal articles) Reference list:Jayanthakumaran, K 2001, ‘Trade policy reform and textile clothing and footwear industries: Australia 1992/93-1996/97’, Economic Papers, vol. 20, no. 2, June, pp. 1-12. JOURNAL ARTICLE, electronic•author’s surname & initial(s) or name of authoring body•year of publication•title of article (single quotation marks; minimal capitalisation other than proper nouns & acronyms)•title of journal (italics; maximal capitalisation)•title of series, if applicable•issue details; may include volume no., issue no., month or season•page numbers of the whole article (these are always cited for electronic journal articles,if available)•date article was viewed•name of databaseReference list:Waldmann, E 2000, ‘Teaching ethics in accounting: a discussion of cross-cultural factorswith a focus on Confucian and Western philosophy’, Accounting Education, vol. 9, no. 1, May, pp. 21-8, viewed 25 July 2005, EBSCOhost database.WEBSITE•author (person or organization responsible for the site)•year (year the site was created or last revised)•name & place of source sponsor (‘owner’/‘publisher’); name may be same as author•date website was viewed•domain name enclosed in angle < > bracketsReference list:St Vincent de Paul Society 1999, St Vincent de Paul Society, ACT, viewed 8 July 2005,<http:// .au>.WEBSITE DOCUMENT•author (may be person or organization responsible for the site)•year (the year the site was created or last revised)•title of document (in italics; minimal capitalisation other than proper nouns & acronyms) •version number, if applicable•description of document, if applicable•name & place of source sponsor (‘owner’/‘publisher’); name may be same as author•date document was viewed•complete URL for the page/section, including links, needs to be shown and is enclosed in angle < > bracketsReference list:Macquarie University 2006, What is Plagiarism?, Macquarie University, Sydney, viewed 10April 2006, <.au/plagiarism>.STUDENT GUIDEHarvard Referencing SystemExamples of in-text & reference list citationsExamples of in-text citations for types of sources have been provided. The first example in each case is as part of the sentence, and the second example is at the end of the sentence. Examples of reference list entries have also been provided for these source types.Although the details required for each type of source in the reference list are significantly different, the reference list entries for all source types, both print & electronic, are based on the entry for a print book, particularly the conventions relating to multiple authors and authoring bodies.BOOKS , printSingle authorApplies to authors of all source types. Page no. spans 22-3, not 22-23.In-text:According to Harris (2001, pp. 22-3), the possibility that ... Statistics indicate that ... (Harris 2001, pp. 22-3).Reference list:Harris, RA 2001, The plagiarism handbook: strategies for preventing, detecting, and dealing with plagiarism, Pyrczak Publishing, Los Angeles. Single authoring body , e.g. companies, government & non-government organisations In-text:Telstra Corporation (2004) stresses the importance of ...Corporate governance is stressed due to ... (Telstra Corporation 2004). Reference list:Telstra Corporation 2004, Annual report , Telstra, Melbourne.Unknown authorUse title and italicize both in the text and in the reference list. Articles ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’ aredisregarded when placing entry alphabetically in reference list. Page no. spans 111-2, not 111-112.In-text:The inns of court (1965, pp. 111-2) outlines ...It was thought these matters ... (The inns of court 1965, pp. 111-2).Reference list:Department of Finance and Administration 2005, Annual report 2004-05, DFA, Canberra.The inns of court 1965, Jordan & Sons, London.Moorhead, G & Griffin, R 2001, Organizational behavior: managing people and organizations , 6th edn, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.Two authors or authoring bodiesApplies to authors of all source types. Use ‘and’ when part of sentence, but ‘&’ when in brackets. Use ‘&’ in reference list.In-text:Hatim and Munday (2004, pp. 49-50) present data indicating that ... Data has been presented that ... (Hatim & Munday 2004, pp. 49-50). Reference list:Hatim, B & Munday, J 2004, Translation: an advanced resource book, Routledge, New York.Three authors or authoring bodiesApplies to authors of all source types. Use ‘and’ when part of sentence, but ‘&’ when in brackets. Use ‘&’ in reference list.In-text:May, May and Andrew (1999, pp. 31-2) provide ...Guidelines relating to ... (May, May & Andrew 1999, pp. 31-2).Reference list:May, CB, May, GS & Andrew, JD 1999, Effective writing: a handbook for finance people , Prentice Hall, New Jersey.BOOKS, print, continuedFour or more authors or authoring bodiesApplies to authors of all source types. Use, et al., when part of sentence and when in brackets. Details of all authors cited in reference list.In-text:Kotler et al. (2001, pp. 103-4) believe, however, that ...It is believed, however, that ... (Kotler et al. 2001, pp. 103-4). Reference list:Kotler, P, Brown, L, Adam, S & Armstrong, G 2001, Marketing, 5th edn, Prentice Hall, Sydney.Secondary sourceThe work of one author, Kotler et al., refers to the work of another author, Gupta. Both sources are cited in the text. Only the source that has been read, Kotler et al., is shown in the reference list.In-text:Gupta (cited in Kotler et al. 2001, pp. 11-12) claims that ... It is argued that ... (Gupta, cited in Kotler et al. 2001, pp. 11-12). Reference list:Kotler, P, Brown, L, Adam, S & Armstrong, G 2001, Marketing, 5th edn,Prentice Hall, Sydney.Chapter in edited book Specific chapter in edited book cited. Note use of, in, before names of editors in reference list. Editor’s initials precede surnames. Note use of (eds).In-text:As argued by Adler (1980), cultural synergies cannot be achieved until ... It is argued that cultural synergies cannot be achieved until ... (Adler, 1980). Reference list:Adler, NJ 1980, ‘Cultural synergy: the management of cross-culturalorganizations’, in WW Burke & LD Goodstein (eds), Trends and issues in OD: current theory and practice, University Associates, San Diego.Edited bookGeneral focus or content of edited book cited. Editor in author position. Note use of (ed.) in reference list; (eds) if more than 1 editor. In-text:Kamwangamalu’s (1998) evidence that ...There is some evidence that ... (Kamwangamalu, 1998).Reference list:Kamwangamalu, NM (ed.) 1998, Aspects of multilingualism in post-apartheid South Africa, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin.2nd or later edition Note use of, edn, in reference list.In-text:Moorhead and Griffin (2001) emphasise that ...It is strongly emphasised that ... (Moorhead & Griffin, 2001).Reference list:Moorhead, G & Griffin, R 2001, Organizational behavior: managing people and organizations, 6th edn, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.Multiple works by same author published in same yearLower case letters, a,b,c, used to distinguish works. Multiple works convention applies to all source types. In-text:Nunan (1992a; 1992b; 1992c) indicates that ...A number of theories indicate that ... (Nunan 1992a; 1992b; 1992c). Reference list:Nunan D 1992a, Introducing discourse analysis, Penguin, London.Nunan D 1992b, Research methods in language learning, Cambridge University Press, New York.Nunan D 1992c, Teachers interactive decision-making, National Centre forEnglish Language Teaching and Research, Sydney.Dictionaries (& encyclopedias), single authorCite author as for print book; Note translator, trans.; initial(s) precede surname, Sage.In-text:Cirlot (1971) explores the concept of alchemy by using ... The concept of alchemy is explored by using ... (Cirlot 1971).Reference list:Cirlot, JE 1971, A dictionary of symbols, 2nd edn, trans. J Sage, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.Dictionaries (& encyclopedias), no author In-text:The Macquarie dictionary (2005) defines drafting as a process by which ... Drafting is defined as a process by which ... (The Macquarie dictionary 2005). Reference list:The Macquarie dictionary 2005, 4th edn, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW.BOOKS, electronic1.For electronic books, the conventions for multiple authors and editors are the same as for print books.2.If page numbers are not available, then paragraph numbering conventions used: para., paras or ¶, ¶¶.3.Electronic books are generally accessed online through university library databases using student access codes, but can sometimes be accessed directly via the internet.4. In relation to electronic books, date viewed and complete URL (including any links for pages/sections) enclosed by angle < > brackets or name of database must be provided.Electronic databaseIf page nos. not available, provide paragraph nos. if they can be reasonably identified. Name of database provided, URL not required. In-text:As Hofstede, Pedersen and Hofstede (2002, para. 14) acknowledge, the ...It is acknowledged that ... (Hofstede, Pedersen & Hofstede 2002, para. 14). Reference list:Hofstede, GJ, Pedersen, P & Hofstede, GH 2002, Exploring culture: exercises, stories, and synthetic cultures, Intercultural Press, Yarmouth, Maine,viewed 16 November 2005, NetLibrary database.InternetComplete URL enclosed in < > brackets should be provided irrespective of URL length.In-text:Scott’s (1998, paras 3-4) strong support of the view that ...This view is strongly supported because ... (Scott 1998, paras 3-4). Reference list:Scott, WD 1998, Increasing human efficiency in business: a contribution to the psychology of business, viewed 17 June 2006, </ catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=38334>.Dictionaries (& encyclopedias), internet Complete URL enclosed in < > brackets should be provided irrespective of URL length.In-text:Online dictionary (2006) defines governance as ...Governance is defined as ... (Online dictionary 2006).Reference list:Online dictionary 2006, Merriam-Webster, USA, viewed 7 June 2006, <http:// /cgi-bin/dictionary>.PERIODICALS: JOURNALS, MAGAZINES & NEWSPAPERS, print & electronic1.The conventions for journal articles are the basis for magazine and newspaper article conventions.2.In relation to all print and electronic periodicals, the conventions for multiple authors are the same as forprint books.3.Electronic periodicals are generally accessed online through university library databases using studentaccess codes, but can sometimes be accessed directly via the internet.4. In relation to electronic periodicals, date viewed and complete URL (including any links for pages/sections) enclosed by angle < > brackets or name of database must be provided.Periodicals: Journal articles, print & electronicJournal article, print Publisher & place of publication not required in reference list. Page nos. of complete article provided, pp. 1-12, in reference list. In-text:Jayanthakumaran (2001, p. 6) seems to dismiss the idea that ...The idea that ... (Jayanthakumaran 2001, p. 6).Reference list:Jayanthakumaran, K 2001, ‘Trade policy reform and the textile, clothing and footwear industry: Australia 1993-97’, Economic Papers, vol. 20, no. 2, June, pp. 1-12.Journal article, electronic databaseName of database provided, URL not required. Page nos. of complete article provided, pp. 21-8, in reference list. Page no. spans 21-8 not 21-28. In-text:Waldmann’s (2000, p. 23) suggestion that a number of factors relating to ...A number of factors relating to ... (Waldmann 2000, p. 23).Reference list:Waldmann, E 2000, ‘Teaching ethics in accounting: a discussion of cross-cultural factors with a focus on Confucian and Western philosophy’, Accounting Education, vol. 9, no. 1, May, pp. 21-8, viewed 25 July 2005, EBSCOhost database.Periodicals: Journal articles, print & electronic, continuedJournal article, internet Complete URL enclosed in < > brackets should be provided irrespective of URL length. Page nos. of complete article provided, pp. 167-78, in reference list. Page no. spans 171-2 not 171-172 & 167-78 not 167-178.In-text:Shirabe (2004, pp. 171-2) has noted that ...It has been noted that ... (Shirabe 2004, pp. 171-2).Reference list:Shirabe, M 2004, ‘Measures of performance of universities and their faculties in Japan’, Information-Knowledge-Systems Management, vol. 4, no. 3, pp.167-78, viewed 17 November 2005, </citation.cfm?id 1096329.1096334&coll=GUIDE&dl=GUIDE&CFID=63620412& CFTOKEN= 89901306>.Periodicals: Magazine articles, print & electronicMagazine article, print Note use & placement of day & month of publication in reference list. Page nos. of complete article provided, pp. 33-9. Publisher & place of publication not required.In-text:Le Mesurier and Tandukar (2006, pp. 34-5) clarify this viewpoint which ... This viewpoint holds that ... (Le Mesurier & Tandukar 2006, pp. 34-5). Reference list:Le Mesurier, K & Tandukar, A 2006, ‘Conflict stirs trade fears’, BRW, 1 April, pp. 33-9.Magazine article, electronic database Name of database provided, URL not required. Page nos. of complete article provided in reference list, pp. 5-9. Publisher & place of publication not required in reference list. In-text:Reason (2005, p. 7), on the other hand, believes that ...On the other hand, it is believed that ... (Reason 2005, p. 7).Reference list:Reason, T 2005, ‘The narrowing GAAP: the convergence of foreign anddomestic accounting rules could catch some U.S. companies by surprise’, CFO, vol. 21, no. 17, December, pp. 5-9, viewed 5 May 2006, Business Source Premier database.Magazine article, internetIf page nos. not available, use paragraph nos. (paras 2-3) if these can be reasonably identified. In-text:Wolff (2006, paras 2-3) argues that there has been a paradigm shift in ... Due to technology, one argument is that ... (Wolff 2006, paras 2-3). Reference list:Wolff, M 2006, ‘ipod, therefore, I am’, AFR Boss, 9 March, viewed 14 July 2006, <.au/edition.aspx>.Periodicals: Newspaper articles, print & electronicNewspaper article, print Day & month provided in reference list. Publisher & place of publication not required. In-text:Indeed, Baker’s (2005, p. 4) confirmation that ...Indeed, it was confirmed that ... (Baker 2005, p. 4).Reference list:Baker, J 2005, ‘No rest for credit cards’, Sydney Morning Herald, 26 December, p. 4.Newspaper article, no title, no author, printTitle of newspaper in italics used in in-text citations & reference list. Page nos. of complete article provided, pp. 13-14. Publisher & place of publication not required in reference list.In-text:As was noted recently in the Sydney Morning Herald (2006, p. 13), the ... The use of natural resources ... (The Sydney Morning Herald, 2006, p. 13). Reference list:The Sydney Morning Herald 2006, 15 May, pp. 13-14.Newspaper article, electronic database Name of database provided, URL not required. Page nos. of complete article provided, pp. 11-16. Publisher & place of publication not required in reference list.In-text:Austen (2005, pp. 14-15) reports that ...It is reported that ... (Austen 2005, pp. 14-15).Reference list:Austen, I 2005, ‘A patent dispute threatens to cut executives off’, The NewYork Times, 3 December, pp. 11-16, viewed 26 December 2005, Expanded Academic ASAP database.Periodicals: Newspaper articles, print & electronic, continuedNewspaper article, internetIf page nos. not available, use paragraph nos., paras 5-6, if these can be reasonably identified. In-text:Gittins (2003, paras 5-6) examines a number of possible causes for ... Several possible causes for ... are examined (Gittins 2003, paras 5-6). Reference list:Gittins, R 2003, ‘The truth of the rich-poor divide’, The Age, 4 March, viewed 22 July 2005, <.au/articles/2003/10/28/10672331 B71873.html?from=storyrhs&oneclick=true>.WEBSITES & ELECTRONIC DISCUSSION FORUMSWebsite, e.g. companies, government & non-government organisationsYear 1999, year website created or last revised; Author & publisher same entity. Domain name enclosed in < > brackets. In-text:The St Vincent de Paul Society (1999) provides information which ... Available information indicates ... (St Vincent de Paul Society 1999). Reference list:St Vincent de Paul Society 1999, St Vincent de Paul Society, ACT, viewed 8 July 2005, <.au>.Website document, authorConventions for author & title of document follow that of a print book. Year 2005 refers to year page created or last revised. Complete URL enclosed in < > brackets should be provided irrespective of URL length.In-text:In discussing the accounting cycle, Ketz (2005, paras 11-12) indicates ... The accounting cycle seems to indicate that ... (Ketz 2005, paras 11-12). Reference list:Ketz, JE 2005, The accounting cycle, viewed 20 February 2006, <http:// /x50918.xml>.Website document, authoring bodyIf the authoring body uses paragraph numbering, these can be used in the in-text citations. Acronym, e.g. AASB, may be used in author position in subsequent citations, but then 2 cross-referenced entries needed in reference list. AASB may be used in ‘publisher’ position in reference list.In-text:In relation to multi-employer plans, the Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) (2006, paras 29-32), outlines ... orIn relation to multi-employer plans, the Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) (2006, pp. 22-3), outlines ...Multi-employer plans are those which ... (Australian Accounting Standards Board 2006, paras 29-32). orMulti-employer plans are those which ... (Australian Accounting Standards Board 2006, pp. 22-3).Reference list:AASB—see Australian Accounting Standards Board 2006.Australian Accounting Standards Board 2006, AASB 119 Employee Benefits,AASB, Canberra, viewed 14 July 2006, <.au>.Website document, no dateIf there is no date, use ‘n.d.’ in place of the date. In-text:According to the Australia China Business Council (n.d.) an FTA between Australia and China would result in increased living standards in both countries.Reference list:Australia China Business Council n.d., Australia China FTA Round-up, viewed 16 July 2008, .au/.Website, PDF document .pdf in URL indicates PDF document and page numbers should be provided in in-text citations. Acronym, e.g. NAATI, may be used in author position in subsequent citations, but then 2 cross-referenced entries needed in reference list. NAATI may be used in ‘publisher’ position in reference list.In-text:According to the National Accreditation Authority for Translators & Interpreters (NAATI) (2005, p. 66), it seems that ...... (National Accreditation Authority for Translators & Interpreters 2005, p. 66).Reference list:NAATI 2005—see National Accreditation Authority for Translators &Interpreters 2005.National Accreditation Authority for Translators & Interpreters 2005, Manual for candidates 2004, rev. edn, NAATI, viewed 22 December 2005, <http:// .au/documents/manuals/manual_for_candidates.pdf>.。

维基百科，自由的百科全书哈佛参考文献格式[1]是一种罗列引用的方式，它将引用文献的其中一部分用括号包含起来，放在正文之内。

与之相对的是传统的将参考文献标注于文末（尾注）。

[2][3]目录• 1 参考文献o1.1 引用o1.2 书目• 2 延伸阅读• 3 参见引用[编辑]1. ^Harvard System of Referencing Guide. Anglia RuskinUniversity. 21 May 2012 [4 September 2012].2. ^"Author-date system, Chicago Manual of Style,Williams College Libraries, accessed 25 October 2010.3. ^ Pears, R and Shields, G Cite them right : the essentialreferencing guide (2008) ISBN 978-0-9551216-1-6书目[编辑]•American Psychological Association (2001). Citations in Textof Electronic Material, APA Style.•British Standards Institution (1990). Recommendations forciting and referencing published material, 2nd ed., London:British Standards Institution.•Chernin, Eli (1988). "The 'Harvard system': a mysterydispelled", British Medical Journal. October 22, 1988,pp. 1062–1063.•The Chicago Manual of Style (2003), 15th ed.Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN0-226-10403-6 (hardcover). ISBN0-226-10404-4 (CD-ROM).•Council of Science Editors (2006). Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, andPublishers, 7th ed. Reston, VA (USA): CSE.ISBN0-9779665-0-X•Mark, Edward Laurens (1881). Maturation, fecundation, and segmentation of Limax campestris, Binney", Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College,Volume 6.•Modern Language Association of America (2009). The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed. NewYork: MLA. ISBN 1-60329-024-9•MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (2008).Modern Language Association, 3rd edition. ISBN0-87352-297-4•Roediger, Roddy (April 2004). "What should they be called", APS Observer,17 (4), 2009, accessed 11 March2009.•"Lamont Libraries Lead RefWorksWorkshops" (2006). Harvard College Library. •"Research Service Libraries Take Part in PilotProject" (2009). Harvard University Library, February 18,2009, accessed 11 March 2009.•Turabian, Kate L., et al. (2007). A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 7th ed.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.ISBN 0-226-82336-9•"Citation Tools" at Harvard Libraries (2008) –Includes hyperlinked "Tool Comparisons: RefWorks, EndNote,Zotero".•American Library Association (ALA) (November 2003). ALA Standards Manual.•Anglia Ruskin University Library (updated 2010). "Harvard System of Referencing Guide".•Mullan, W.M.A. (updated 2010). " Harvard referencegenerator for citing references".•Council of Science Editors (CSE), previously named Councilof Biology Editors (CBE) (2009). "Scientific Style andFormat: Introduction" and"Reference Links"–Includessection on "Grammar and Style" with hyperlinked "Citing theInternet: Formats for Bibliographic Citations".)•Duke University Library (last modified, 2 June 2008). "CitingSources: Documentation Guidelines for Citing Sources andAvoiding Plagiarism"–Provides hyperlinked "CitationGuides" pertaining to the most commonly used citationguidelines, including parenthetical referencing; includes:APA, Chicago, CBE, CSE, MLA, and Turabian styleguidelines.•Harvard College Library (2008). "Research Guides".(Compiled by the Staff of Harvard College Library.)•Harvard College Writing Program, HarvardUniversity (2008). Resources for Students: Guides to UsingSources.•University of Leeds Library (2009). "References and citationsexplained", accessed 25 October 2010.•University of Southern Queensland Library (2008). YourGuide to the Harvard AGPS ReferencingSystem and "Harvard Style (AGPS) - Web sources",accessed 25 October 2010.•Victoria University of Technology (2009). Harvard(AGPS) Style: Harvard (AGPS) Style: A Guide toReferencing Sources Used in Assignments], accessed 25October 2010.•ISO 690•文后参考文献著录规则分类：•文献学。

Harvard referencing: a guide for SoMstudents IntroductionAcademic work demands that you consider the work of other writers and researchers. To use their work without acknowledgement is to steal the ideas of other people and is called plagiarism.You should acknowledge the sources which have informed your work by citing them in the text of your work, and referencing them at the end of your essay, project report, dissertation or thesis. Otherwise, you run the risk of being accused of academic misconduct.There are several widely used methods for writing references. The School of Management uses the Harvard system. If you do not use this method properly you will lose marks.What sources of information should I be reading?Before you use any document, you should consider the quality of the information it provides. Articles published in refereed academicjournals are the most authoritative, because they have been through a thorough checking process known as peer review. Books may not have been checked so rigorously by their publishers. Articles in newspapers and trade magazines are not checked as carefully as those in refereed academic journals so may not be as reliable. And information found on the Internet needs to be treated with caution, as anyone can put material there, accurate or otherwise!How do I put a citation in my text?To avoid being accused of plagiarism, you need to put a citation in the text you are writing whenever you mention another person’s work. This applies whether you are summarising or paraphrasing their ideas or quoting their words directly.Basically, all you need to do is to write the author’s oreditor’s surname and the year of publication like this (Hales, 1986) or like this as discussed by Hales (1986). You may sometimes have a corporate author, rather than a personal author, like this (British Retail Consortium, 2007). If you have used two documents by the same author published in the same year, distinguish them by adding a suffix like this (Lowe, 2005a; Lowe, 2005b). If there are two or more authors or editors for a document, put them all in your citation like this (Riley, Ladkin and Szivas, 2002). If you want to cite several works together, because they all support your argument about a particular point, list them chronologically, and if there is more than one for a particular year put those in alphabetical order, like this (Hales, 1986; Wrigley and Lowe, 1996; Howard, 2001; Sigala, Lockwood and Jones, 2001; Riley, Ladkin and Szivas, 2002; Lowe, 2005b; Key Note, 2006; Lee-Kelley, 2006; Sadler-Smith, 2006).If you are quoting another author’s words, it is important that you make this clear by using quotation marks and including the page numbers in your citation like this “Many businesses now operate in a knowledge economy that is networked, digital, virtual, fast-moving, global and uncertain.” (Sadler-Smith, 2006, p.30).How do I write a reference?The full reference for each of the documents you have cited in your text should be put in a list of references at the end of your work.For a journal article, you need to include the author or authors (surname followed by initials), the year of publication (and suffix if used) (in brackets), the title of the article (in quotation marks), the name of the journal (in italics), the volume number, the part or issue number (in brackets), and the page numbers (use p. for one page, pp. for more than one page).Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003a) "The effects of waitexpectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268.For some journals, you may have to put the date instead of the volume and part numbers.Howard, M. (2001) "If it ain't broke, don't fix it", Financial Management, May, p.14.Pettit, L. (2005) "Forte at sixty", Caterer and Hotelkeeper, 8 December, pp.26-30.For a book, you need to include the authors or editors (use ed. in brackets for one editor, eds. for more than one editor), the year of publication, the title of the book (in italics), the edition (except forthe 1st edition; use edn. for edition), the place of publication, and the publisher.Bender, D.A. and Bender, A.E. (1999) Bender's dictionary ofnutrition and foodtechnology. 7th edn. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing.Wrigley, N. and Lowe, M.S. (eds.) (1996) Retailing, consumption and capital:towards the new retail geography. Harlow: Longman.For a chapter in an edited book, you need to include the author of the chapter, the date of publication, the title of the chapter (in quotation marks), the word in, the editor of the book, the title of the book (in italics), the edition, the place of publication, the publisher, and the page numbers of the chapter.Baxter, I. and Chippindale, C. (2005) "Managing Stonehenge: the tourism impact and the impact on tourism", in Sigala, M. and Leslie, D. (eds.) International culturaltourism: management, implications and cases. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, pp.137-150.If you used an electronic version of a journal article or a book, you should also include the name of the online database (in italics), the word Online [in square brackets], the phrase Available at followedby the URL, and the word Accessed followed by the date you read the document (in brackets).Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003b) "The effects of waitexpectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268. ScienceDirect[Online]. Available at: (Accessed: 26 November 2007).Sadler-Smith, E. (2006) Learning and development for managers: perspectives from research and practice. Oxford: Blackwell. NetLibrary [Online]. Available at:(Accessed: 22 November 2007).For a web page, you need to include the author, the date of publication (or last updated), the title, the URL, and the date you read the document.Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (2007) Whistleblowing. Available at:(Accessed: 30 November 2007).What should my list of references look like?Something like this. Note that all types of publication areincluded in a single list, and that the list is arranged alphabetically.Baxter, I. and Chippindale, C. (2005) "Managing Stonehenge: the tourism impact and the impact on tourism", in Sigala, M. and Leslie, D. (eds.) International cultural tourism: management, implications and cases. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, pp.137-150.Bender, D.A. and Bender, A.E. (1999) Bender's dictionary ofnutrition and food technology. 7th edn. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing.British Retail Consortium (2007) British Retail Consortium 2007. Norwich: The Stationery Office.Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (2007) Whistleblowing. Available at: (Accessed: 30 November 2007).Chef2Chef Culinary Portal (2007) Available at: (Accessed: 4 December 2007).Egmond, T. van (1999) Het verschijnsel toerisme: verleden, heden, toekomst. Leiden: Toerboek.Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003a) "The effects of wait expectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing,79(4), pp.259-268.Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003b) "The effects of wait expectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronageintentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing,79(4), pp.259-268. ScienceDirect [Online]. Available at:(Accessed: 26 November 2007).Hales, C.P. (1986) "What do managers do?: a critical review of the evidence", Journal of Management Studies, 23(1), pp.88-115.Howard, M. (2001) "If it ain't broke, don't fix it", Financial Management, May, p.14.Key Note (2006) Mobile telecommunications: market report. Hampton: Key Note. Leatherhead Food International (no date) FoodlineWeb.Available at:(Accessed: 4 December 2007).Lee-Kelley, E. (2006) Trust and identification in the virtual team : exploring the bases of trust and the processes of intra-group identification. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Surrey.Lowe, M.S. (2005a) "The regional shopping centre in the inner city: a study of retail-led urban regeneration", Urban Studies, 42(3), pp.449-470.Lowe, M.S. (2005b), "Revitalizing inner city retail?: the impact of the West Quay development on Southampton", International Journal ofRetail and Distribution Management, 33(9), pp.658-668.Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2005) Cite them right: the essential guide to referencing and plagiarism. Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear Tree Books.Pettit, L. (2005) "Forte at sixty", Caterer and Hotelkeeper, 8 December, pp.26-30.Riley, M., Ladkin, A. and Szivas, E. (2002) Tourism employment: analysis and planning. Clevedon: Channel View.Sadler-Smith, E. (2006) Learning and development for managers: perspectives from research and practice. Oxford: Blackwell. NetLibrary [Online]. Available at:(Accessed: 22 November 2007).Sigala, M., Lockwood, A. and Jones, P. (2001) "Strategic implementation and IT: gaining competitive advantage from the hotel reservations process", International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 13(7), pp.364-371.Wrigley, N. and Lowe, M.S. (eds.) (1996) Retailing, consumption and capital: towards the new retail geography. Harlow: Longman.What do I do if there is no author?If there is no obvious personal author or corporate author, thetitle can be used instead, both as the citation in your text (Chef2Chef Culinary Portal, 2007) and in your reference list.Chef2Chef Culinary Portal (2007) Available at: (Accessed: 4December 2007).What do I do if there is no date of publication?If there is no obvious date of publication, you should put (no date).Leatherhead Food International (no date) FoodlineWeb. Available at:(Accessed: 4 December 2007).Can I include documents in languages other than English?Yes, these should be included in their original language.Egmond, T. van (1999) Het verschijnsel toerisme: verleden, heden, toekomst. Leiden: Toerboek.What about other types of publication, such as newspaper articles, company reports, and market research reports?There is a longer list of examples of references at, including custom textbooks, conference papers, law reports, and theses and dissertations. For further information, see a book by Pears and Shields (2005).Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2005) Cite them right: the essential guide to referencing and plagiarism. Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear Tree Books.What is secondary referencing?There may be occasions when you want to mention someone’s work which has been referred to in a document you have read, even though you haven’t actually read the ori ginal piece of work yourself. This is known as secondary referencing.In your text you might say something like this. Barney in 1999, quoted by Sadler-Smith (2006, p.30), said that ... . In your list of references you should include Sadler-Smith but not Barney. If anyone wants to read Barney’s document, they will be able to find the details of it in Sadler-Smith’s list of references.What is a bibliography? And how does it differ from a list of references?A bibliography is a comprehensive list of all the documents published on a particular subject. The list of references that you put at the end of your academic work should only include the documents that you have read for that particular piece of work. Check that everything you have cited in your text (except secondary references) is included in your list of references, and that everything in your list of references has been cited in your text.I’m worried that I haven’t done my references properly. Do you have any further advice?The purpose of writing a reference for a document you have read is to enable someone else to find a copy of the same document. So checkthat the details you have given are correct and complete. In particular,double check the spelling of the author’s name and the accuracy of volume numbers, page numbers, dates and URLs. And make sure you have made a note of all the details you need for the reference, while you have the original document in front of you - if you photocopy a chapter from a book and forget to write down which book it came from, you could waste a lot of time later trying to find out which book it was!。

如何生成harvard参考文献格式哈佛参考文献格式是一种常用的学术写作引用格式，它使用著者-日期引用体系，即在引用的同时标注作者姓名和出版日期。

以下是如何生成哈佛参考文献格式，并给出相关参考内容的指南。

首先，哈佛参考文献格式要求将参考文献按照字母顺序列出，每个参考文献的格式基本相同。

参考文献的基本结构包括：作者姓名，出版日期，文章或书名，以及可能需要的其他元素，如出版商或期刊名称。

1. 书目参考格式：作者姓，作者名. (出版年). 书名. 出版地：出版商。

以下是一个书目参考格式的示例：Smith, J. (2010). The Power of Habit. New York: Random House.2. 期刊文章参考格式：作者姓，作者名. (出版年). 文章标题. 刊物名称，卷号(期号)，页码。

以下是一个期刊文章参考格式的示例：Johnson, L. A., & Smith, P. (2017). The Effects of Exercise on Mental Health. Journal of Health Psychology, 26(2), 135-142。

3. 网页参考格式：网站作者名. (发布日期). 文章标题. 网站名称。

检索日期，来源链接。

以下是一个网页参考格式的示例：Brown, A. (2019). The Importance of Sleep for Students. Health Education Online. Retrieved June 20, 2021, from [来源链接]。

请注意，在生成哈佛参考文献格式时应遵循以下要求和规则：1. 书目和期刊文章引用中的作者姓名按照以下顺序排列：姓，名字首字母。

如果有多个作者，用“&”符号隔开。

2. 在书目和期刊文章引用中，书名或文章标题应用斜体或引号括起来。

3. 书目中的出版地和出版商，文章中的卷号和期号，以及网页中的发布日期和检索日期，都需要用括号括起来。

LoginSearch for:Print viewAdministratorsChicago Press, Chicago, IL.Patton, M.Q. (1990), Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods , 2nd ed., Sage, Newbury Park, CA.A chapter from an edited bookSurname, A.N.(year of publication)"Title of chapter"in Editor surname, initials (Ed.)Title of BookEditionPublisherPlace of publicationChapter page numbers.ExampleBourdieu, P.(1977), "The forms of capital", in Richardson, J.G. (Ed.), Handbook of Theory and Researchfor the Sociology of Education, Greenwood Press, New York, NY, pp. 311-56.A translated workSurname, A.N.(year of publication)Title of BookEditionTranslated by Translator name, initialsPublisherPlace of publication.ExampleBourdieu, P. (1977), Outline of a Theory of Practice, translated by Nice, R., Cambridge University Press,Cambridge.Journal articlesSurname, A.N.(year of publication)"Article title"Journal TitleVolume number, Issue number (if it exists)Article page numbers.ExampleBaron, R.M. and Kenny, D.A. (1986), "The moderator-mediator variable distinction in socialpsychological research", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 51, pp. 1173-82.Guthrie, J. and Parker, L. (1997) "Editorial: Celebration, reflection and a future: a decade of AAAJ",Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal , Vol. 10 No.1, pp. 3-8Electronic sourcesNB this refers to a source which is only available electronically, and not to sources which you may have accessed electronically but which are also available in print form, such as an article from an Emerald journal accessed via the Web.These follow the same convention of referencing as for printed sources, but include elements unique to the Web: Name(year of publication)"Article title"available at: full url(accessed date)For the last two elements, please try to remember the following conventions:When giving the url, "http://" should only be included if the address does not include "www"(accessed date) is important because of the lack of permanence of Internet sites.ExampleBetter Business Bureau (2001), "Third-party assurance boosts online purchasing", available at:/about/press/2001/101701.asp (accessed 7 January 2002).Hummingbird (2002), Hummingbird corporate website, available at: (accessed 2January 2002).Leeds Metropolitan University (2002), "Business Start-Up@Leeds Met", available at:/city/bus_startup.htmPitkow, J. and Kehoel, C. (1997), "GVU's WWW user surveys", available at: Ballantyne, D. (2000), "Dialogue and knowledge generation: two sides of the same coin in relationshipmarketing", paper presented at the 2nd WWW Conference on Relationship Marketing, November 1999-February 2000, Monash University and MCB University Press, available at:/services/conferen/nov99/rm/paper3.htmlAn electronic journal would be referenced as follows:Surname, A.N.(year of publication)"Article title"Journal TitleVolume number, Issue numberArticle page numbersAvailable at: url(accessed date)ExampleSwaminathan, V., Lepkoswka-White, E. and Rao, B.P. (1999), "Browsers or buyers in cyberspace? Aninvestigation of electronic factors influencing electronic exchange", Journal of Computer-MediatedCommunication, Vol. 5 No. 2, available at: www. / jcmc/vol5/ issue2/Conference papersSome papers may not be published in journals but may be delivered at a conference and then published as part of the proceedings of that conference, in which case, use one of the following styles as appropriate.ExampleLodi, E., Veseley, M. and Vigen, J. (2000), "Link managers for grey literature", New Frontiers in GreyLiterature, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Grey Literature, Washington, DC, October4-5, 1999, GreyNet, Amsterdam, pp. 116-34.Naude, P. and Holland, C. (1998), "Marketing in the information domain", in Halinen-Kaila, A. andNummela, N. (Eds), Interaction, Relationships and Networks: Visions for the Future, Proceedings of the14th Annual IMP Conference, pp. 245-62.Stauss, B. and Weinlich, B. (1995), "Process-oriented measurement of service quality by applying thesequential incident technique", paper presented at the Fifth Workshop on Quality Management inServices, EIASM, Tilburg.Strandvik, T. and Storbacka, K. (1996), "Managing relationship quality", paper presented at the QUIS5Quality in Services Conference, University of Karlstad, Karlstad.As you see, some of the above references give the date of the conference, others do not; if in doubt, follow the convention used by the conference.Government or commercial reportsParticularly when writing a case study, you may want to refer to company or government documents. In which case, the organization may become the author and the form of entry would be as follows:Organization name(year of publication)Title of reportPublisher and place of publication (may be same as author).ExampleApollo Enterprises (1993), Annual Report , p. 8.Ernst and Ernst (1978), Social Responsibility Disclosure: 1978 Survey, Ernst and Ernst, Cleveland, OH.Bank of England (2003), Quarterly Report on Small Business Statistics, Bank of England, London.Department for Trade and Industry (DTI) (2002), White Paper on Enterprise, Skills and Innovation, DTI,London.European Commission (1998), Fostering Entrepreneurship in Europe: Priorities for the Future, EuropeanCommission, Brussels.Yorkshire Forward (1999), Regional Economic Strategy, Yorkshire Forward, Leeds...Some guidelines to remember for all source typesIf all the above seems complicated, it's worth remembering that the Harvard system is actually quite logical. Bear in mind the following guidelines:The entry always begins with the author's surname, followed by initials, followed by the date in brackets.Authors' surnames and initials are always inverted, i.e. Other, A.N. (whether you are referring to the author of anarticle/chapter, or the editor of the work within which the work is found).If more than one entry by the same author, put in order of dates.Publications, whether book or journal titles, are always in italic, with significant words only capitalized. Make sure that the journal title is exactly the same, e.g. use of &/and.Excerpts from publications, i.e. book chapters, journal articles, always come in "quotes", with only the first word, proper names, and German nouns, capitalized.The name of the publisher is shown before the place of publication (as it would be in an address). Abbreviations for US states should be in short capitalized form, e.g. CA, MA, rather than Ca., Mass., and should be added as necessary.Electronic references follow the same conventions as printed ones, followed by "available at:" and the URL. Only retain "http://" if the address does NOT include www. Also, state the date when last accessed (accessed ...).Use commas to separate elements of the entry.。

哈佛大学文献标注方法（Harvard referencing system）外国的老师很看重学生参考文献的引用，这个也是占分数的。

很多欧洲和澳洲的大学一般要求哈佛大学文献参考系统。

操作方法如下：一、正文中国外的文献引用方法和中文有很大的差异性，中文引用喜欢照搬别人的原话，但英文一般不这样，要自己归纳别人的观点，或者说别人做了什么研究，结论怎么样啊。

总之最好不要原文照搬。

（一）文中不出现作者姓名如果引用作者的某句话或者某个观点，就在这句话的末尾加（），（）内要标注作者的姓名和该文章出版的年份，如(Author 2005)。

反是有引用的，不管是从报纸上来的、还是书本、论文都要标。

如：Making reference to published work appears to be characteristic of writing for a professional audience (Cormack 1994).如：(Jones 1946; Smith 1948)如：Recent research has found that the majority of……(Green et al 1995)（二）文中出现作者姓名如果正文中出现了作者的姓名，如xxx said/ concluded/ suggests….则在姓名后面加（），（）内只要标注年份即可，如（2005）。

如：Cormack (1994, p.32-33) states that 'when writing for a professional readership, writers invariably make reference to already published works'.如：Jones (1946) and Smith (1948)have both shown……如：Green et al (1995) found that the majority ……(三) 其他情况如果一个作者同年出版了两本书，如2005年，要这样标：(Author 2005a) 或(Author 2005b)；如果在一篇文章中引用多篇报纸文章，要表明这篇报纸文章的具体日期，如(The Guardian, October 18, 2005)。