英语作文背诵50篇
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英语作文50篇带翻译中考英语作文50篇带翻译中考英语作文50篇(带翻译)1、The Person I Like Best 我最喜欢的人I have many friends,but I like Li Lei best. He is a good student. He always helps others. He likes reading books, so he knows many things. He is very helpful to us. He often helps me with my study. We are good friends. We often play games and do sports together. We enjoy ourselves every day. Li Lei is the person I like best.我有很多朋友, 但我最喜欢李磊。
他是个好学生。
他总是帮助别人,他喜欢读书,所以他知道很多东西。
他很乐于帮助我们。
他经常帮助我学习。
我们很好朋友们。
我们经常一起玩游戏,一起做运动。
我们每天都玩得开心。
李磊是我最喜欢的人。
2、My Good Friend 我的好朋友Tom is my good friend. He is 16 years old. He comes from America. He lives with his parents in China. He likes playing football, singing and drawing. He is good at English, but his Chinese isn’t good. He often helps me with my English, and I help him with his Chinese. We go to play football every Sunday. We always feel happy when we get together.Tom是我的好朋友。
高考英语作文范文50篇写好高考英语作文可以参考一些满分学生作文的写作套路和方法,平时也可以背一些好的英语作文范文,在高考考场可以借用其格式和句型。
必背英语作文范文精选【一】Good morning , ladies and gentlemen ,Some of us are having problems with our parents , as they often look into our school bags or read our diaries . I fully understand why we are not comfortable about it , but there’s no need to feel too sad. Our parents are checking our bags or diaries to make sure we are not getting into any trouble . They have probably heard some horrible stories about other kids and thought we might do the same . Or perhaps they just want to connect with us but are doing it all wrong . My suggestion is : Tell them we want them to trust us as much as we’d like to trust them .If you don’t think you can talk to them , write them a letter and leave it lying around ---they are bound to read it .Thank you!【二】Spring is tht best season of the year. The weather gets warmer and warmer. My clas i'amates and I took a one-day sightseeing around our city.The scene was pretty. But when we saw the rivers along our city, I felt very sorry, and thoughit a lot.With the development of modern agriculture and industry, more and more waste water is being poured into rivers. It has caused serious pollution. The river is becoming so dirty that no living things can live in it. The river is giving off a terrible smell.We make an urgent appeal that measures should be taken to cope with the situation. Our government should start building various facilities such as sewage treatment!plant and encourage scientists to work out more and better ways to reduce the pollution of water.Water is tho source of our lives. It is very important to protect water.【三】Should We Help Strangers?Recently our class had a discussion aboutwhether we should help strangers.Differentstudents have different opinions.Some think we should try to help strangers. Helping others is a virtue,and helping others is helping ourselves.Wemay come across some trouble and need others’ help some day.If everyone isn’t willing to help us just because we are strangersto them,it’s hard to imagine what our world will belike.However,some areafraid that helping others can sometimes bring us trouble.Sometimes we are just misunderstood and even have to pay the cost ofkindness.In my opinion,we should tryour best to help others when they are in need of help,butwe should also protect ourselves from getting into trouble.If everyone tries a little kindness,ourworld will be full of love.【四】Mrs Wilson ,I’m going out shopping , and won’t be back until about 5:00 pm. I have taken with me the two books you asked me to return to the city library . At about 1 o’clock this afternoon , Tracy called ,saying that she couldn’t meet you at Bolton Coffee tomorrow morning as she has something important to attend to . She felt very sorry about that , but said that you could set some other time for the meeting . She wanted you to call her back as soon as you are home . She has already told Susan about this change.LI Hua【五】The Person Who Has Influenced Me MostMy mother is the person who has influenced memost.She is in her forties. She always listens tomy problems patiently. And she advises me how to solve them. As a doctor, sheoften says shecan’t be too careful. She oftenworks extra hours. She has devoted most of her time to her work. So I think sheis not only a good mother but also a good doctor.I hope I can be a person like her. I also hopeshe will pay more attention to her own health. She’d better have more time to relax herself.【六】The Hero in My HeartAs we know,most peoplehave heroes in their hearts. For me, Dr Norman Bethune is the hero in my heart.He was a great doctor from Canada.Dr Bethune was good at performing operations.And taking photos was his hobby. In 1938,he came toChina. He opened hospitals and invented medical tools. He worked so hard thathe saved thousands of Chinese people. He didn’t stop totake care of his own injured hand and died.I am deeply moved by his stories. So I’ll work hard today and do my best to helpothers.【七】Boys and girls ,Today I’ll talk about our English club . Our English club was set up two months ago . Now we have members of 25 . We meet once a week on Saturday afternoon. So far we have conducted a variety of activitieson English learning , such as watching English films , holding a Christmas party and getting together with foreign students .Last week we held an English story-telling competition . We required that the entries be original and interesting and be presented in English within five minutes . Every member took an active part in the activity . Two foreign English teachers were invited to act as judges . At last Li Ping won the first place . Many members said the activity benefited them in many ways . Not only did it improve their spoken English ,but also it brought them much fun . They hope many such activities can be held .That’s all. Thank you.【八】My Favourite Great BookMy favourite great book is The Adventures ofTom Sawyer by Mark Twain.Tom Sawyer is a lively and clever boy. Helives with his aunt Polly. His aunt is strict with him, so he runs to an islandin the middle of the Mississippi River with two friends, Huck and Joe. WithHuck, he goes looking for treasure; with Becky, he gets lost in a cave. Andfinally Tom and Huck find a box of gold. Tom is the hero of the story, butthere are other important characters. Becky is pretty with fair hair. Huck isTom’s best friend, and Injun Joe is the bad man ofthe story.The theme of the story is to do with childrengrowing up and becoming more serious.【九】Walk for children in poor areasNot long ago, our school organized a charitywalk to raise money for children in poor areas.It was on Saturday, 23 rd October. We walkedfrom the school to the centre of the city. Before the walk, we groupedourselves into a team of four and planned everything well. It was a hard(tough) work. But during the walk, we supported and helped each other. With thehelp of many people, we raised over (more than) 50,000 yuan in the end.We all felt tired, but we were very happy.Because it was a meaningful experience and it was an excellent chance to learnteam spirit.【十】How to Deal with Our Study ProblemsAlthough we often feel stressed, we shouldfind suitable ways to deal with stress.We can wear calm colours like blue and whiteto make us feel relaxed. We should be careful enough, because “a miss is as good as a mile”. We should also achieve a balance between schoolwork and hobbies.Try to plan your spare time well. Don’t lose heart atany time. You will make great progress through hard work.When having problems, we can ask people aroundus for help. It’s not wise to keep ourworries to ourselves.历年高考满分英语作文1、Dear Peter,I’m writing to ask whether you are able to do me a favor。
中考英语作文范文及详解50篇1.下面是Kate在英语网站上发给网友们的救助帖。
假如你是她的好朋友Peter,请你结合她的帖子内容,用英语给她回张帖子并提出你的建议。
要求:1. 回帖内容要紧紧围绕救助帖,可适当发挥,但必须健康向上;2. 意思通顺、语气连贯、过渡自然;3. 80词以上;4. 回帖的开头和结尾已给出,但不计入总词数。
Dear friends,I don’t feel well these days. I get lots of headaches because I ha ve no time to exercise. My parents want me to get better grades, so they send me to many after-school clubs, including Language Learning Club, Music Club and Math Club etc. Also, my elder brother isn’t nice to me. He refuses to let me watch my favorite TV show. Instead, he watches whatever he wants until late at night. I don’t think this is fair. At home I always feel lonely and nervous. I’m always under too much pressure.Is that normal? What can I do? Could you please give me some advice?Kate Dear Kate,It’s not easy being your age, and it’s normal to have these feelings._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________Yours,Peter 【答案】例文Dear Kate,It’s not easy being your age, and it’s normal to have these feelings. Firstly, why don’t you talk about your feelings with your par ents? You’ve had so much pressure because of schoolwork. Working hard at school is very important, but you also need some free time to relax yourself. Try to communicate with your parents, and make them allow you to do things you like. Secondly, why not sit down and communicate with your elder brother? You should explain that you don’t mind him watching TV all the time. However, he should let you watch your favorite show. I hope things will be better for you soon.Yours,Peter 【详解】1.题干解读:题目要求根据Kate救助贴中的内容,针对她的问题和烦恼,以她好朋友Peter 的名义给她回张贴子并提出你的建议。
高考英语作文范文50篇1. My Dream SchoolMy dream school is a place where students can freely express their creativity and explore their interests. It is a school that values individuality and encourages students to think critically and independently. In my dream school, there are no rigid rules and regulations, but rather a supportive and nurturing environment where students can thrive.2. The Importance of Learning EnglishEnglish is a global language that is essential for communication in today's world. It is the language of business, science, and technology, and proficiency in English opens up countless opportunities for individuals. Therefore, it is crucial for students to prioritize learning English in order to succeed in the future.3. The Impact of Technology on EducationTechnology has revolutionized the way we learn and has madeeducation more accessible and interactive. With the use of computers, tablets, and the internet, students can access a wealth of information and resources that enhance their learning experience. However, it is important to strike a balance and not rely solely on technology for education.4. The Benefits of Extracurricular ActivitiesParticipating in extracurricular activities can greatly enrich a student's high school experience. Whether it's joining a sports team, a music club, or a debate society, these activities provide opportunities for students to develop new skills, make friends, and discover their passions outside of the classroom.5. The Impact of Social Media on TeenagersSocial media has become an integral part of teenagers' lives, but it also has its drawbacks. It can lead to addiction, cyberbullying, and a distorted sense of reality. It is important for teenagers to use social media responsibly and be aware of its potential negative effects on their mental health.6. The Importance of Environmental ProtectionEnvironmental protection is a pressing issue that affects the future of our planet. It is crucial for individuals to be mindful of their ecological footprint and take steps to reduce their impact on the environment. This includes conserving energy, reducing waste, and supporting sustainable practices.7. The Influence of Role ModelsHaving positive role models can greatly influence a person's character and aspirations. Whether it's a family member, a teacher, or a public figure, role models inspire us to be better versions of ourselves and guide us towards our goals.8. The Benefits of TravelingTraveling exposes us to new cultures, perspectives, and experiences that broaden our horizons. It is an invaluable form of education that fosters personal growth and understanding of the world around us.9. The Impact of GlobalizationGlobalization has connected the world in unprecedented ways, shaping our economy, culture, and politics. It has both positive and negative effects, and it is important for individuals to adapt to the changes brought about by globalization.10. The Challenges of Modern ParentingModern parenting comes with its own set of challenges, as parents navigate the complexities of raising children in a rapidly changing world. It requires patience, understanding, and the ability to balance work and family life.11. The Importance of Time ManagementEffective time management is crucial for success in high school and beyond. It allows students to juggle their academic responsibilities, extracurricular activities, and personal life without feeling overwhelmed.12. The Value of Volunteer WorkVolunteering not only benefits the community, but also instills a sense of empathy and compassion in individuals. It is a rewarding experience that allows us to make a positive impact on the lives of others.13. The Impact of Peer PressurePeer pressure can influence a person's decisions and behaviors, often leading to negative consequences. It is important for individuals to have the confidence to resist peer pressure and make choices that align with their values.14. The Significance of FamilyFamily provides a sense of belonging, support, and love that is essential for emotional well-being. It is important to cherish and nurture the relationships within our family, as they shape our identity and values.15. The Importance of Mental Health AwarenessMental health awareness is crucial in breaking the stigmasurrounding mental illness and promoting support and understanding for those struggling with their mental well-being. It is important for individuals to prioritize their mental health and seek help when needed.16. The Impact of Music on SocietyMusic has the power to unite, inspire, and provoke change. It reflects the cultural and social dynamics of a society and has the ability to influence people's emotions and perspectives.17. The Benefits of a Healthy LifestyleMaintaining a healthy lifestyle through regular exercise, balanced nutrition, and adequate rest is essential for overall well-being. It boosts physical health, mental clarity, and emotional stability.18. The Influence of Literature on SocietyLiterature has the ability to shape and challenge societal norms, provoke critical thinking, and evoke empathy. It is a powerful medium for expressing diverse perspectives and addressing socialissues.19. The Importance of Financial LiteracyFinancial literacy is essential for making informed decisions about money management, investments, and budgeting. It equips individuals with the skills to navigate the complexities of personal finance.20. The Impact of Artificial IntelligenceArtificial intelligence is rapidly transforming various industries and has the potential to revolutionize the way we live and work. It is important to understand the implications of AI and adapt to the changes it brings.21. The Value of EmpathyEmpathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of others, and it is an essential quality for building meaningful relationships and fostering compassion in society.22. The Influence of Fashion TrendsFashion trends reflect the cultural, social, and economic dynamics of a society. They have the power to shape individual identity and express creativity.23. The Importance of Critical ThinkingCritical thinking is the ability to analyze, evaluate, and interpret information objectively. It is a valuable skill that enables individuals to make informed decisions and solve complex problems.24. The Impact of Social InequalitySocial inequality is a pervasive issue that affects access to resources, opportunities, and rights. It is important to address and advocate for social justice to create a more equitable society.25. The Benefits of Learning a Second LanguageLearning a second language enhances cognitive abilities, cultural understanding, and global communication. It opens doors to newopportunities and enriches personal development.26. The Influence of Pop CulturePop culture reflects the current trends, values, and attitudes of society. It shapes our collective identity and influences our consumption habits.27. The Importance of Self-ReflectionSelf-reflection fosters personal growth, self-awareness, and emotional resilience. It allows individuals to learn from their experiences and make positive changes in their lives.28. The Impact of Social ResponsibilitySocial responsibility entails acting in the best interest of society and the environment. It is important for individuals and organizations to prioritize ethical and sustainable practices.29. The Significance of Gender EqualityGender equality is essential for creating a fair and inclusive society where individuals are treated with respect and have equal opportunities. It is important to advocate for gender equality and challenge discriminatory norms.30. The Benefits of Positive ThinkingPositive thinking promotes resilience, optimism, and emotional well-being. It enables individuals to overcome challenges and approach life with a constructive mindset.31. The Influence of Technology on RelationshipsTechnology has redefined the way we communicate and connect with others, influencing the dynamics of relationships. It is important to maintain a balance between virtual and face-to-face interactions.32. The Importance of Cultural DiversityCultural diversity enriches society by fostering tolerance, understanding, and appreciation for different traditions and perspectives. It is important to celebrate and preserve culturaldiversity.33. The Impact of Global WarmingGlobal warming poses a significant threat to the environment and human well-being. It is important for individuals and governments to take action to mitigate its effects and promote sustainable practices.34. The Value of Lifelong LearningLifelong learning is essential for personal and professional development. It enables individuals to adapt to change, acquire new skills, and stay intellectually engaged.35. The Influence of Social Media on PoliticsSocial media has become a powerful tool for political communication, activism, and mobilization. It has reshaped the political landscape and influenced public opinion.36. The Importance of ResilienceResilience is the ability to bounce back from adversity and challenges. It is a valuable trait that promotes emotional strength and perseverance.37. The Impact of UrbanizationUrbanization has transformed the social, economic, and environmental fabric of cities. It is important to address the challenges of urbanization, such as overcrowding and pollution, to create sustainable urban environments.38. The Benefits of MulticulturalismMulticulturalism promotes inclusivity, diversity, and mutual respect among different cultural groups. It enriches society by fostering cross-cultural understanding and cooperation.39. The Influence of Social Media on Body ImageSocial media has contributed to the perpetuation of unrealistic beauty standards and body image issues. It is important to promote body positivity and self-acceptance.40. The Importance of Conflict ResolutionConflict resolution skills are essential for maintaining healthy relationships and resolving disputes peacefully. It is important to cultivate effective communication and negotiation techniques.41. The Impact of Technology on EducationTechnology has revolutionized the way we learn and has made education more accessible and interactive. With the use of computers, tablets, and the internet, students can access a wealth of information and resources that enhance their learning experience. However, it is important to strike a balance and not rely solely on technology for education.42. The Benefits of Extracurricular ActivitiesParticipating in extracurricular activities can greatly enrich a student's high school experience. Whether it's joining a sports team, a music club, or a debate society, these activities provide opportunities for students to develop new skills, make friends, and discover theirpassions outside of the classroom.43. The Impact of Social Media on TeenagersSocial media has become an integral part of teenagers' lives, but it also has its drawbacks. It can lead to addiction, cyberbullying, and a distorted sense of reality. It is important for teenagers to use social media responsibly and be aware of its potential negative effects on their mental health.44. The Importance of Environmental ProtectionEnvironmental protection is a pressing issue that affects the future of our planet. It is crucial for individuals to be mindful of their ecological footprint and take steps to reduce their impact on the environment. This includes conserving energy, reducing waste, and supporting sustainable practices.45. The Influence of Role ModelsHaving positive role models can greatly influence a person's character and aspirations. Whether it's a family member, a teacher,or a public figure, role models inspire us to be better versions of ourselves and guide us towards our goals.46. The Benefits of TravelingTraveling exposes us to new cultures, perspectives, and experiences that broaden our horizons. It is an invaluable form of education that fosters personal growth and understanding of the world around us.47. The Impact of GlobalizationGlobalization has connected the world in unprecedented ways, shaping our economy, culture, and politics. It has both positive and negative effects, and it is important for individuals to adapt to the changes brought about by globalization.48. The Challenges of Modern ParentingModern parenting comes with its own set of challenges, as parents navigate the complexities of raising children in a rapidly changing world. It requires patience, understanding, and the ability to balance work and family life.49. The Importance of Time ManagementEffective time management is crucial for success in high school and beyond. It allows students to juggle their academic responsibilities, extracurricular activities, and personal life without feeling overwhelmed.50. The Value of Volunteer WorkVolunteering not only benefits the community, but also instills a sense of empathy and compassion in individuals. It is a rewarding experience that allows us to make a positive impact on the lives of others.In conclusion, the topics covered in this collection of high school English essay examples provide a diverse range of insights into important issues that affect students and society as a whole. From the impact of technology and social media to the significance of environmental protection and cultural diversity, these topics offer valuable perspectives for students to explore and reflect upon. It is important for students to engage with these topics and considertheir implications for their own lives and the world around them. Through thoughtful reflection and discussion, students can gain a deeper understanding of these issues and develop the critical thinking skills necessary to navigate the complexities of the modern world.。
中考英语作文50篇(带翻译)1、ThePersonILikeBest我最喜欢的人Ihavemanyfriends,butIlikeLiLeibest.Heisagoodstudent.Healwayshelpsothers.Helikesreadingboo ks,soheknowsmanythings.Heisveryhelpfultous.Heoftenhelpsmewithmystudy.Wea2、Tom文。
我们每个星期日都去踢足球。
当我们聚在一起的时候,我们总是感到快乐。
3、MyDay我的一天Onweekdays,Igetupat6:30.Ihavebreakfastatseveno’clock.AndthenIgotoschool .UsuallyIgotoschoolbybikeandgettoschoolatabout7:30.Idon’tliketobelate.W ebeginourclassesat8:00.Ihavelunchatschool.Intheafternoonwehavetwoclasses.Weoftenplaygamesafterschool.Igethomeataboutsixo’clock.Wehavesupperatse veno’clock.IntheeveningIdomyhomework.SometimesIwatchTV.Igotobedataboutt eno’clock.平日(周一至周五),我6:30起床。
我七点吃早饭。
然后我去学校。
我通常骑自行车去上学,到7:30上学。
我不喜欢迟到。
我们八点开始我们的课程。
我在学校吃午饭。
4、后我们出去散步。
我们经常谈论太阳、月亮和许多人在散步的事情。
我们回来后,我的父亲经常做一些阅读,我母亲看电视,还有我做我的家庭作业。
当我们聚在一起的时候,我感到非常高兴。
我爱我家。
我爱我的父母。
5、MyEnglishTeacher我的英语老师Mr.HuisourEnglishteacher.Hehastaughtusforthreeyears.Heisatallman.Ithinkh eisthirtyyearsold.Helikeswearingawhiteshirtandblacktrousers.Heisoneofthe mostpopularteachersinourschool.Heworksveryhard.Healwayscomestoschoolearl yandgoeshomelate.Weenjoyhislessons.Heisstrictwithus,butwelovehimverymuch.胡老师是我们的英语老师。
50篇英语作文内容Sure, here are 50 English essay topics:1. The Impact of Social Media on Society。
2. Climate Change: Causes, Effects, and Solutions。
3. The Importance of Education in Today's World。
4. Artificial Intelligence: Boon or Bane?5. The Role of Technology in Shaping the Future。
6. Mental Health Awareness: Breaking the Stigma。
7. Gender Equality: Achievements and Challenges。
8. The Rise of Virtual Reality: Changing Perspectives。
9. Globalization: Pros and Cons。
10. Sustainable Development: Balancing Economy and Environment。
11. The Power of Literature in Shaping Cultures。
12. Youth Empowerment: Building Tomorrow's Leaders。
13. The Significance of Cultural Diversity。
14. Entrepreneurship: Risk and Reward。
15. The Ethics of Genetic Engineering。
16. The Future of Work: Automation and Job Displacement。
17. The Impact of Tourism on Local Communities。
中考英语作文范文及详解50篇1.假如你是Li Hua,你被评为学校的“美德少年”,初中三年的学习生活即将结束,你远在英国的表妹Linda即将回国学习,她来信请你给她即将开始的初中生活提出一些建议,请根据下面的要点提示,写一封回信。
1. 要点:(1)文中不能出现真实的校名和姓名等;(2)语言要通顺,表达要正确;(3)要求包含所有要点提示,为了行文需要,可适当增加要点;(4)词数不少于60个英语单词,开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数。
3. 参考词汇:培养兴趣develop interests 社会新闻social news与人交流communicate with 在公共场合in publicDear Linda,I’m very glad to hear that you will come back to China and study in my school next term. Here are some suggestions foryou.___________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________Be st wishes, and I’m looking forward to seeing you earlier.Yours,Li Hua 【答案】例文Dear Linda,I’m very glad to hear that you will come back to China and study in my school next term. Here aresome suggestions for you.At school, you should study hard to learn a lot of knowledge, you should pay attention to social news, you can develop some interests such as reading books and playing sports. At home, you should communicate with your family. If you do something wrong, you should correct it. In public, you should follow the rules, especially the traffic rules, and you should pay attention to the safety, don’t go out alone at night; You should help others when they are in trouble. If you like traveling, you can go on a trip in your free time.Best wishes, and I’m looking forward to seeing you earlier.Yours,Li Hua 【详解】1、题干解读:题目要求你给的远在英国的表妹写一封信,对她即将开始的初中生活提出一些建议,要求包括在学校、在家里以及在公共场所应该怎么做给出你的建议,可适当发挥。
50篇英语作文1. The Impact of Technology on Education2. A Day in the Life of a High School Student3. The Importance of Environmental Conservation4. My Favorite Book and Why I Love It5. The Role of Sports in Society6. Exploring the Concept of Cultural Diversity7. The Benefits of Learning a Second Language8. A Journey Through Time: My Hometown's History9. The Power of Volunteering10. The Influence of Social Media on Modern Relationships11. My Experience with Public Speaking12. The Challenges of Online Learning13. The Art of Effective Communication14. The Impact of Climate Change on Our Planet15. The Role of Art in Society16. My Dream Job and Why I Want to Pursue It17. The Importance of Physical Fitness18. A Trip to Remember: My Travel Experience19. The Significance of Teamwork in Achieving Goals20. The Ethics of Animal Testing21. The Evolution of Music and Its Impact on Culture22. The Role of Libraries in the Digital Age23. My Personal Philosophy on Success24. The Impact of Advertising on Consumer Behavior25. The History and Traditions of My Family26. The Effects of Fast Fashion on the Environment27. The Importance of Mental Health Awareness28. The Role of Education in Personal Development29. The Impact of Travel on Personal Growth30. The Challenges of Living Abroad31. The Benefits of Meditation and Mindfulness32. The History of My Favorite Sport33. The Role of Technology in Disaster Relief Efforts34. My Experience with Community Service35. The Importance of Financial Literacy36. The Impact of Globalization on Local Cultures37. The Role of Education in Combating Poverty38. The Power of Positive Thinking39. The Ethics of Genetic Engineering40. The Impact of Plastic Pollution on Marine Life41. The Role of Education in Promoting Gender Equality42. My Experience with a New Hobby43. The Importance of Water Conservation44. The Impact of Urbanization on Wildlife45. The Role of Creativity in Problem Solving46. The Benefits of a Balanced Diet47. The History of My Favorite Festival48. The Role of Technology in Enhancing Learning Experiences49. The Impact of Deforestation on Ecosystems50. The Importance of Preserving Endangered Languages。
⼩学⽣英语作⽂⼤全(50篇),短⼩精悍,满分必背!1.假期去过的地⽅Last winter vacation, I went to Beijing with my parents. Beijing is in the north of China. We went there by train. In Beijing I visited the Tian’anmen Square. I climbed the Great Wall. I had a good time there. I love Beijing.2.假期计划I am going to go to Beijing this summer holiday. Beijing is in the north of China. It’s very famous. I am going to go there by train. In Beijing I am going to climb the Great Wall. I am going to visit the Tian’anmen Square.3.描述图⽚中⼈物正在做的事情Look at this picture. There are five people in it. Amy is reading a book. Sam is listening to music. Daming is flying a kite. Tom is playing with toys. Simon is riding a bike. They are very happy.4.喜欢的动物My favourite animalI like dogs very much. I have a pet dog. It’s very cute. Its name is Dudu. It’s black and white. It has got two big eyes and a small nose. It likes eating meat. It can run fast. It’s very clever. I often play with it.5.喜欢的季节My favourite season is spring. In spring, it’s warm. There are lots of beautiful flowers. I can enjoy them. I can have a picnic in the park. I can fly a kite. I can do lots of interesting things. So I like spring.6.我的爱好Collecting stamps is my hobby. I like stamps very much. I have got lots of stamps. Some stamps are about animals. Some stamps are about famous men and women. I have got Chinese stamps. But I haven’t got English stamps. Collecting stamps is interesting.7.喜欢的节⽇My favourite festival is Spring Festival. At Spring Festival, I can play with my friends. I can eat lots of delicious food. I can get some money. We have a special meal. It’s a big family dinner. I love Spring Festival.8.梦想I have a dream. I want to be an English teacher. Because I like English. I think English is interesting and useful. I can speak English well. Now I study very hard. I hope my dream will come true.9.我的学校My school is very big and beautiful. In our school there are some tall buildings. The walls are white. The windows are bright. In our school there are lots of pupils and teachers. The pupils study hard. The teachers work hard.I love my school.10.喜欢的运动Playing basketball is my favourite sport. Because it’s very interesting. I have got a basketball. I play basketball every day. My friends like basketball, too. I often play with my friends. I hope to be a basketball star.11.我的朋友My friendI have a good friend. Her name is Amy. She is twelve years old. She has got two big eyes. She is tall. She is friendly. She likes reading books. She can speak English well. She wants to be a teacher. We all like her.12.⾃我介绍My name is Amy. I am twelve years old. I have got two big eyes. I am tall. I am friendly. I like reading books. I can speak English well. I can play basketball. But I can’t swim. I want to be a teacher.13.我的家庭I have a happy family. There are three people in my family. They are my father, my mother and me. My father is a teacher. He teaches math. My mother is a teacher, too. She teaches English. I am a pupil. We all like reading books.14.给朋友写⼀封信告诉他你上个周末所做的事情Dear Amy,How are you? I had a good time last weekend. On Saturday morning, I cleaned my room. In the afternoon, I had a picnic in the park. In the evening I did my homework. On Sunday morning I went to the zoo with my parents. In the afternoon I watched TV. I was very happy.I miss you. Please write soon.Love from,Sam15.我⼀天的⽣活I get up at six in the morning. I have milk and eggs for breakfast. Then I go to school by bus. I have four lessons in the morning. I have lunch at home. I have two lessons in the afternoon. After school I do my homework. I go to bedat nine in the evening.16.介绍⼀位名⼈In October 2003, Shenzhou V flew into space with Yang Liwei. He was China’s first man in space. Yang Liwei is from Liaoling. First he became a pilot. Then he became a taikonaut. Yang Liwei spent about twenty-one hours in space. He madea video about his space travel. Lots of people saw it. He is very, very famous.17.Library Rules1. Look at the library rules.2. Please stand in line.3. Please show your library card.4. Don’t talk in the library.5. Please be quiet.18.我的家乡My hometownJiaozuo is my hometown. It’s a beautiful place. It’s in the north of China. In Jiaozuo there are lots of beautiful places. Yuntai Mountain is very famous. Every year lots of people visit it. In Jiaozuo we have got lots of delicious food. People are very friendly. I love my hometown.。
初中生50篇英语作文范文1. My Family - A student describes their family members and their characteristics.2. A Day in My Life - An essay detailing the daily routine ofa middle school student.3. My Favorite Hobby - A composition about the author's favorite pastime and why they enjoy it.4. The Importance of Education - A discussion on why education is crucial for personal and societal development.5. My Ideal Job - A student shares their dream job and the reasons behind their choice.6. A Trip to the Zoo - A narrative essay recounting a day spent at the local zoo.7. The Environment and Me - An essay on the student's personal efforts to protect the environment.8. My Favorite Book - A review of a book that has made a significant impact on the student.9. A School Event - A description of a memorable school event and its significance.10. Technology in Education - An exploration of how technology has changed the way students learn.11. Healthy Eating Habits - An essay on the importance of maintaining a balanced diet.12. My Favorite Season - A student explains which season they like best and why.13. A Visit to the Museum - A recount of a trip to a museum and the things learned there.14. The Role of Sports in My Life - An essay on how sports have influenced the student's life.15. A Friend in Need - A story about helping a friend througha difficult time.16. My Favorite Subject - A composition on why a particular school subject is the student's favorite.17. The Impact of Social Media - A discussion on the pros and cons of social media use among teenagers.18. A Green School - An essay on the concept of a green school and its benefits.19. My First Attempt at Cooking - A humorous narrative about the student's first time cooking.20. The Power of Music - An essay on how music can affectmood and behavior.21. A Day in the Countryside - A reflective piece on the student's experience spending a day in a rural area.22. The Importance of Teamwork - A discussion on the value of collaboration and teamwork.23. My Favorite Movie - A review of a movie that has inspired the student.24. A Lesson Learned - An essay on a significant lesson the student has learned from a mistake.25. The Benefits of Reading - A composition on why reading is important for personal growth.26. My Dream Vacation - A descriptive essay on where the student would like to travel and why.27. The Influence of Teachers - An essay on the impact teachers have on students' lives.28. A School Project - A narrative about a school project and the skills learned during the process.29. The Importance of Sleep - An informative essay on therole of sleep in a student's life.30. My Favorite Animal - A composition describing thestudent's favorite animal and why.31. A Day at the Beach - A narrative essay about a day spent at the beach and the fun activities.32. The Role of Art in Society - An essay on how art contributes to cultural and societal development.33. My Favorite Place in the City - A descriptive essay on a favorite city location and its significance.34. The Impact of Technology on Communication - A discussion on how technology has changed the way we communicate.35. A School Volunteer Experience - A recount of a volunteer experience at school and its impact on the student.36. The Importance of Exercise - An essay on the benefits of regular physical activity.37. My Favorite Festival - A composition on a cultural or national festival that the student enjoys.38. A School Debate - A narrative about participating in a school debate and the topics discussed.39. The Role of Libraries - An essay on the importance of libraries in education and community.40. My Favorite Game - A description of a game the student enjoys playing and why it's fun.41. The Importance of Recycling - An informative essay on the environmental benefits of recycling.42. A School Talent Show - A recount of a school talent show and the performances witnessed.43. The Impact of Advertising - An essay on how advertising influences consumer behavior.44. My Favorite Historical Figure - A composition on a historical figure that inspires the student.45. A School Field Trip - A narrative essay about a memorable field trip and the lessons learned.46. The Importance of Water Conservation - An essay on why conserving water is essential.47. My Favorite School Club - A description of a school club the student is part。
01 The Language of MusicA painter hangs his or her finished pictures on a wall, and everyone can see it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed. Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them. A student of music needs as long and as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor. Most training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer. Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support. String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm—two entirely different movements.Singers and instruments have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune. Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner’s responsibility to tune the instrument for them. But they have their own difficulties; the hammers that hit the string have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear.This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sound with fanatical but selfless authority.Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding. Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century.02 Schooling and EducationIt is commonly believed in United States that school is where people go to get an education. Nevertheless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school. The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important.Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling. Education knows no bounds. It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or in the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor. It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning. The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished scientist. Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often produces surprises. A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions. People are engaged in education from infancy on. Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term. It is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral part of one’s entire life.Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next. Throughout a country, children arrive at school at approximately the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by an adult, use similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on. The slices of reality that are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the working of government, have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught. For example, high school students know that there not likely to find out in their classes the truth aboutpolitical problems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with. There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling.03 The Definition of “Price”Prices determine how resources are to be used. They are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers. The price system of the United States is a complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services, including labor, professional, transportation, and public-utility services. The interrelationships of all these prices make up the ―system‖ of prices. The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less upon everything else.If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define ―price‖, many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or, in other words that price is the money values of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction. This definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes. For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amount of money involved must be known. Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and other factors. In other words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total ―package‖ being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price.04 ElectricityThe modern age is an age of electricity. People are so used to electric lights, radio, televisions, and telephones that it is hard to imagine what life would be like without them. When there is a power failure, people grope about in flickering candlelight, cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic lights to guide them, and food spoils in silent refrigerators.Yet, people began to understand how electricity works only a little more than two centuries ago. Nature has apparently been experimenting in this field for million of years. Scientists are discovering more and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit humanity.All living cell send out tiny pulses of electricity. As the heart beats, it sends out pulses of record; they form an electrocardiogram, which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart is working. The brain, too, sends out brain waves of electricity, which can be recorded in an electroencephalogram. The electric currents generated by most living cells are extremely small –often so small that sensitive instruments are needed to record them. But in some animals, certain muscle cells have become so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as muscle cells at all. When large numbers of these cell are linked together, the effects can be astonishing.The electric eel is an amazing storage battery. It can seed a jolt of as much as eight hundred volts ofelectricity through the water in which it live. ( An electric house current is only one hundred twenty volts.) As many as four-fifths of all the cells in the electric eel’s body are specialized for generating electricity, and the strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughly to length of its body.05 The Beginning of DramaThere are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece. The on most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual. The argument for this view goes as follows. In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the world-even the seasonal changes-as unpredictable, and they sought through various means to control these unknown and feared powers. Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals. Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites. As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama.Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used, Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances and when the entire community did not participate, a clear division was usually made between the "acting area" and the "auditorium." In addition, there were performers, and, since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect-success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun-as an actor might. Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities.Another theory traces the theater's origin from the human interest in storytelling. According to this vies tales (about the hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person. A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds.06 TelevisionTelevision-----the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth-is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world. It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and computer technologies.The word "television", derived from its Greek (tele: distant) and Latin (visio: sight) roots, can literally be interpreted as sight from a distance. Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system of electronics, television provides the capability of converting an image (focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera) into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable. These impulses, when fed into a receiver (television set), can then be electronically reconstituted into that same image.Television is more than just an electronic system, however. It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission. First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals. Second, there is nonbroadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses. We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists today. During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast networks, ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment. These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well. We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.07 Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie, known as the King of Steel, built the steel industry in the United States, and , in the process, became one of the wealthiest men in America. His success resulted in part from his ability to sell the product and in part from his policy of expanding during periods of economic decline, when most of his competitors were reducing their investments.Carnegie believed that individuals should progress through hard work, but he also felt strongly that the wealthy should use their fortunes for the benefit of society. He opposed charity, preferring instead to provide educational opportunities that would allow others to help themselves. "He who dies rich, dies disgraced," he often said.Among his more noteworthy contributions to society are those that bear his name, including the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, which has a library, a museum of fine arts, and a museum of national history. He also founded a school of technology that is now part of Carnegie-Mellon University. Other philanthrophic gifts are the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace to promote understanding between nations, the Carnegie Institute of Washington to fund scientific research, and Carnegie Hall to provide a center for the arts.Few Americans have been left untouched by Andrew Carnegie's generosity. His contributions of more than five million dollars established 2,500 libraries in small communities throughout the country and formed the nucleus of the public library system that we all enjoy today.08 American RevolutionThe American Revolution was not a sudden and violent overturning of the political and social framework, such as later occurred in France and Russia, when both were already independent nations. Significant changes were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking. What happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution. During the conflict itself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing. Most of them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated communities scarcely knew that a war was on.America's War of Independence heralded the birth of three modern nations. One was Canada, which received its first large influx of English-speaking population from the thousands of loyalists who fledthere from the United States. Another was Australia, which became a penal colony now that America was no longer available for prisoners and debtors. The third newcomer-the United States-based itself squarely on republican principles.Yet even the political overturn was not so revolutionary as one might suppose. In some states, notably Connecticut and Rhode Island, the war largely ratified a colonial self-rule already existing. British officials, everywhere ousted, were replaced by a home-grown governing class, which promptly sought a local substitute for king and Parliament.09 SuburbanizationIf by "suburb" is meant an urban margin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior, the process of suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. Before that period the city was a small highly compact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed by horse and cart. But the early factories built in the 1840's were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment. In time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments and row houses that abutted the older, main cities. As a defense against this encroachment and to enlarge their tax bases, the cities appropriated their industrial neighbors. In 1854, for example, the city of Philadelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County. Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in New York. Indeed, most great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the communities along their borders.With the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowding and accompanying social stress-conditions that began to approach disastrous proportions when, in 1888, the first commercially successful electric traction line was developed. Within a few years the horse-drawn trolleys were retired and electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urban area, fostering a wave of suburbanization that transformed the compact industrial city into a dispersed metropolis. This first phase of mass-scale suburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urban Middle Class, whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods far from the aging inner city were satisfied by the developers of single-family housing tracts.10 Types of SpeechStandard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the level of formality. As such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in standard dictionaries. Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered appropriate for more formal situations. Almost all idiomatic expressions are colloquial language. Slang, however, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as good, formal usage by the majority. Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified. Both colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than in writing.Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech. Some slang also passes into standard speech, butother slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity. In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories. Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events. It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions. First, the introduction and acceptance of new objects and situations in the society; second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups; third, association among the subgroups and the majority population.Finally, it is worth noting that the terms "standard" "colloquial" and "slang" exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language. Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expressions. Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use all three types of expressions.11 ArchaeologyArchaeology is a source of history, not just a bumble auxiliary discipline. Archaeological data are historical documents in their own right, not mere illustrations to written texts, Just as much as any other historian, an archaeologist studies and tries to reconstitute the process that has created the human world in which we live - and us ourselves in so far as we are each creatures of our age and social environment. Archaeological data are all changes in the material world resulting from human action or, more succinctly, the fossilized results of human behavior. The sum total of these constitutes what may be called the archaeological record. This record exhibits certain peculiarities and deficiencies the consequences of which produce a rather superficial contrast between archaeological history and the more familiar kind based upon written records.Not all human behavior fossilizes. The words I utter and you hear as vibrations in the air are certainly human changes in the material world and may be of great historical significance. Yet they leave no sort of trace in the archaeological records unless they are captured by a dictaphone or written down by a clerk. The movement of troops on the battlefield may "change the course of history," but this is equally ephemeral from the archaeologist's standpoint. What is perhaps worse, most organic materials are perishable. Everything made of wood, hide, wool, linen, grass, hair, and similar materials will decay and vanish in dust in a few years or centuries, save under very exceptional conditions. In a relatively brief period the archaeological record is reduce to mere scraps of stone, bone, glass, metal, and earthenware. Still modern archaeology, by applying appropriate techniques and comparative methods, aided by a few lucky finds from peat-bogs, deserts, and frozen soils, is able to fill up a good deal of the gap.12 MuseumsFrom Boston to Los Angeles, from New York City to Chicago to Dallas, museums are either planning, building, or wrapping up wholesale expansion programs. These programs already have radically altered facades and floor plans or are expected to do so in the not-too-distant future.In New York City alone, six major institutions have spread up and out into the air space and neighborhoods around them or are preparing to do so.The reasons for this confluence of activity are complex, but one factor is a consideration everywhere - space. With collections expanding, with the needs and functions of museums changing, empty space has become a very precious commodity.Probably nowhere in the country is this more true than at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, which has needed additional space for decades and which received its last significant facelift ten years ago. Because of the space crunch, the Art Museum has become increasingly cautious in considering acquisitions and donations of art, in some cases passing up opportunities to strengthen its collections.Deaccessing - or selling off - works of art has taken on new importance because of the museum's space problems. And increasingly, curators have been forced to juggle gallery space, rotating one masterpiece into public view while another is sent to storage.Despite the clear need for additional gallery and storage space, however," the museum has no plan, no plan to break out of its envelope in the next fifteen years," according to Philadelphia Museum of Art's president.13 Skyscrapers and EnvironmentIn the late 1960's, many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems, and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized. Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot capacities.Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers, and wasters, of electric power. In one recent year, the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120, 000 kilowatts-enough to supply the entire city of Albany, New York, for a day. Glass-walled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful. The heat loss (or gain)through a wall of half-inch plate glass is more than ten times that through a typical masonry wall filled with insulation board. To lessen the strain on heating and air-conditioning equipment, builders of skyscrapers have begun to use double-glazed panels of glass, and reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror films that reduce glare as well as heat gain. However, mirror-walled skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings.Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city's sanitation facilities, too. If fully occupied, the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year-as much as a city the size of Stanford, Connecticut , which has a population of more than 109, 000.14 A Rare Fossil RecordThe preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rate occurrence in the fossil record. The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized. Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swiftcurrents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils.The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development; their paddles, for example, are already well formed. One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long.Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare elsewhere? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.15 The Nobel AcademyFor the last 82years, Sweden's Nobel Academy has decided who will receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, thereby determining who will be elevated from the great and the near great to the immortal. But today the Academy is coming under heavy criticism both from the without and from within. Critics contend that the selection of the winners often has less to do with true writing ability than with the peculiar internal politics of the Academy and of Sweden itself. According to Ingmar Bjorksten , the cultural editor for one of the country's two major newspapers, the prize continues to represent "what people call a very Swedish exercise: reflecting Swedish tastes."The Academy has defended itself against such charges of provincialism in its selection by asserting that its physical distance from the great literary capitals of the world actually serves to protect the Academy from outside influences. This may well be true, but critics respond that this very distance may also be responsible for the Academy's inability to perceive accurately authentic trends in the literary world. Regardless of concerns over the selection process, however, it seems that the prize will continue to survive both as an indicator of the literature that we most highly praise, and as an elusive goal that writers seek. If for no other reason, the prize will continue to be desirable for the financial rewards that accompany it; not only is the cash prize itself considerable, but it also dramatically increases sales of an author's books.16. the war between Britain and FranceIn the late eighteenth century, battles raged in almost every corner of Europe, as well as in the Middle East, south Africa ,the West Indies, and Latin America. In reality, however, there was only one major warduring this time, the war between Britain and France. All other battles were ancillary to this larger conflict, and were often at least partially related to its antagonist’ goals and strategies. France sought total domination of Europe . this goal was obstructed by British independence and Britain’s efforts throughout the continent to thwart Napoleon; through treaties. Britain built coalitions (not dissimilar in concept to today’s NATO) guaranteeing British participation in all major European conflicts. These two antagonists were poorly matched, insofar as they had very unequal strengths; France was predominant on land, Britain at sea. The French knew that, short of defeating the British navy, their only hope of victory was to close all the ports of Europe to British ships. Accordingly, France set out to overcome Britain by extending its military domination from Moscow t Lisbon, from Jutland to Calabria. All of this entailed tremendous risk, because France did not have the military resources to control this much territory and still protect itself and maintain order at home.French strategists calculated that a navy of 150 ships would provide the force necessary to defeat the British navy. Such a force would give France a three-to-two advantage over Britain. This advantage was deemed necessary because of Britain’s superior sea skills and technology because of Britain’s superior sea skills and technology, and also because Britain would be fighting a defensive war, allowing it to win with fewer forces. Napoleon never lost substantial impediment to his control of Europe. As his force neared that goal, Napoleon grew increasingly impatient and began planning an immediate attack. 17.Evolution of sleepSleep is very ancient. In the electroencephalographic sense we share it with all the primates and almost all the other mammals and birds: it may extend back as far as the reptiles.There is some evidence that the two types of sleep, dreaming and dreamless, depend on the life-style of the animal, and that predators are statistically much more likely to dream than prey, which are in turn much more likely to experience dreamless sleep. In dream sleep, the animal is powerfully immobilized and remarkably unresponsive to external stimuli. Dreamless sleep is much shallower, and we have all witnessed cats or dogs cocking their ears to a sound when apparently fast asleep. The fact that deep dream sleep is rare among pray today seems clearly to be a product of natural selection, and it makes sense that today, when sleep is highly evolved, the stupid animals are less frequently immobilized by deep sleep than the smart ones. But why should they sleep deeply at all? Why should a state of such deep immobilization ever have evolved?Perhaps one useful hint about the original function of sleep is to be found in the fact that dolphins and whales and aquatic mammals in genera seem to sleep very little. There is, by and large, no place to hide in the ocean. Could it be that, rather than increasing an animal’s vulnerability, the University of Florida and Ray Meddis of London University have suggested this to be the case. It is conceivable that animals who are too stupid to be quite on their own initiative are, during periods of high risk, immobilized by the implacable arm of sleep. The point seems particularly clear for the young of predatory animals. This is an interesting notion and probably at least partly true.18.Modern American Universities胖胖:)Before the 1850’s, the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them dating from colonial。