Quality Management Systems – Requirements for
Aviation, Space and Defense Organizations
1. Scope
1.1 General
This standard includes ISO 9001:2008 quality management system requirements and specifies additional aviation, space and defense industry requirements, definitions and notes as shown in bold, italic text.
It is emphasized that the requirements specified in this standard are complementary (not alternative) to contractual and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements. Should there be a conflict between the requirements of this standard and applicable statutory or regulatory requirements, the latter shall take precedence.
This International Standard specifies requirements for a quality management system where an organization
a) needs to demonstrate its ability to consistently provide product
that meets customer and applicable statutory and regulatory
requirements, and
b) aims to enhance customer satisfaction through the effective
application of the system, including processes for continual
improvement of the system and the assurance of conformity to customer and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements. NOTE 1
In this International Standard, the term “product” only applies to
a) product intended for, or required by, a customer,
b) any intended output resulting from the product realization
processes.
NOTE 2
Statutory and regulatory requirements may be expressed as legal requirements.
1.2 Application
All requirements of this International Standard are generic and are intended to be applicable to all organizations, regardless of type, size and product provided.
Where any requirement(s) of this International Standard cannot
be applied due to the nature of an organization and its product,
this can be considered for exclusion.
Where exclusions are made, claims of conformity to this International Standard are not acceptable unless these exclusions are limited to requirements within clause 7, and such exclusions do not affect the organizations ability, or responsibility, to provide product that meets customer and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements.
This standard is intended for use by organizations that design, develop and/or produce aviation, space and defense products;
质量管理体系－
航空,航天和国防组织的要求
1范围
1.1总则
本标准包括I S O9001：2008质量管理体系要求,规定了附加的航空,航天和国防的行业要求,定
义和注释释..附加要求以加粗斜体表示。
要强调的是本标准所规定的质量管理体系要求
是对合同和适用法律法规要求的补充（不是取代）。如果本标准的要求和适用法律法规之间有冲突,以后者优先先..
本国际标准为有下列需求的组织规定了质量管理体系要求:
a)需要证实其有能力稳定地提供满足顾客和适
用的法律法规要求的产品;
b)通过对体系的有效应用,包括体系持续改进的
过程以及保证符合顾客与适用的法律法规要
求,旨在增强顾客满意。
注1：
在本国际标准中，术语“产品”仅适用于
a)预期提供给顾客或顾客所要求的产品。
b)产品实现过程所产生的任何预期输出。
注2：
法律法规要求可称作法定要求。
1.2应用
本国际标准规定的所有要求是通用的，旨在适用于各种类型、不同规模和提供不同产品的组织。
本国际标准的任何要求因组织及其产品的特点而不适用时，可以考虑对其进行删减。
除非删减仅限于本国际标准的第7章中那些不影响组织提供满足顾客及适用法律法规要求的产
品的能力或责任的要求，否则不可以声称符合本国际标准。
这个标准意图用于设计计，，开发发，，和/或生产航空，航天和国防产品，以及提供售后支持的组织，包
and by organizations providing post-delivery support, including the provision of maintenance, spare parts or materials for their own products.
Organizations whose primary business is providing maintenance, repair and overhaul services for aviation commercial and military products; and original equipment manufacturers with maintenance, repair and overhaul operations that operate autonomously, or that are substantially different from their manufacturing/production operations; should use the IAQG-developed 9110 standard (see Bibliography).
Organizations that procure parts, materials and assemblies and resell these products to a customer in the aviation, space and defense industries, including organizations that procure products and split them into smaller quantities for resale, should use the IAQG-developed 9120 standard (see Bibliography).
2. Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 9000:2005, Quality management systems — Fundamentals and vocabulary.
3. Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 9000 apply.
Throughout the text of this International Standard, wherever the term “product” occurs, it can also mean “service”.
3.1 Risk
An undesirable situation or circumstance that has both a likelihood of occurring and a potentially negative consequence.
3.2 Special requirements
Those requirements identified by the customer, or determined by the organization, which have high risks to being achieved, thus requiring their inclusion in the risk management process. Factors used in the determination of special requirements include product or process complexity, past experience and product or process maturity. Examples of special requirements include performance requirements Imposed by the customer that are at the limit of the industry’s capability, or requirements determined by the organization to be at the limit of its technical or process capabilities.
3.3 Critical items
Those items (e.g., functions, parts, software, characteristics, processes) having significant effect on the product realization and use of the product; including safety, performance, form, fit, function, producibility, service life, etc.; that require 括给自己的产品提供维修，备件，或材料的组织使用。
主要业务是给民用和军用航空产品提供维护护，，修理和大修服务的组织;和独立地进行维护，修理和大修活动，或者明显不同于他们自己的制造/生产活动的原始设备厂家，应当采用I A Q G开发的9110标准(见参考目录)。
采购部件，材料和组件，并销售这些部件给航空，航天和国防工业的组织，包括采购产品并分组成小额的数量进行买卖的组织，应当采用
I A Q G开发的9120标准（见参考目录），
2引用标准
下列文件中的条款通过本标准的引用而成为本
标准的条款。凡是注日期的引用文件,只有这个版本适用。凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本适用于本标准。
I S O9000:2005，质量管理体系–基础与词汇3．术语与定义
本国际标准采用I S O9000中的术语与定义。
本国际标准所出现的术语“产品”，也可指“服务”。
3.1风险：
一种不需要的情况或环境,可能是事故的初期和会有潜在负面结果果..
3.2特殊要求
由顾客识别或组织自己确定的要求,这些要求的实现由高风险,因而要求它们包含在风险管理过程中中..确定特殊要求的因素包括产品或过程的复杂性,过去的经验和产品或过程的成熟性性..特殊
要求的例子包括顾客强加的业绩要求,而这是行业接受的最高能力或是组织确定的技术或过程
能力的最高能能..
3.3关键项目
对产品的实现和使用有重要影响的项目(如功能，零件,软件,特性,过程),包括安全，性能，形成，安装，功能,可生产性，服务寿命等，这些特定要求要被足够地管理理。。举例如关键项目包
specific actions to ensure they are
adequately managed. Examples of critical items include safety critical items, fracture critical items, mission critical items, key characteristics, etc.
3.4 Key Characteristic
An attribute or feature whose variation has a significant
effect on product fit, form, function, performance, service
life or producibility, that requires specific actions for the purpose of controlling variation.
NOTE Special requirements and critical items are new terms and, along with key characteristics, are interrelated. Special requirements are identified when determining and reviewing requirements related to the product (see 7.2.1 and 7.2.2). Special requirements can require the identification of critical items. Design output (see 7.3.3) can include identification of critical items that require specific actions to ensure they are adequately managed. Some critical items will be further classified as key characteristics because their variation needs to be controlled.
4 Quality management system
4.1General requirements
The organization shall establish, document, implement and maintain a quality management system and continually improve its effectiveness in accordance with the requirements of this International Standard.
The organization’s quality management system shall also address customer and applicable statutory and regulatory quality management system requirements.
The organization shall
a) determine the processes needed for the quality management system and their application throughout the organization (see 1.2),
b) determine the sequence and interaction of these processes,
c) determine criteria and methods needed to ensure that both
the operation and control of these processes are effective,
d) ensure the availability of resources and information necessary
to support the operation and monitoring of these processes,
e) monitor, measure where applicable, and analyse these processes, and
f) implement actions necessary to achieve planned results and
continual improvement of these processes.
These processes shall be managed by the organization in accordance with the requirements of this International Standard. Where an organization chooses to outsource any process that affects product conformity to requirements, the organization shall ensure control over such processes. 括安全临界项目目，，破损关键项目目，，任务关键项目,关键特性,等。
3.4关键特性
是一种特性或性能，其变化将对产品装配,形式，功能，性能,服务寿命或制造性产生重大影响，因而要求采取特殊措施对其变化进行控制。
注：特殊要求和关键项目以及关键特性是相互关联的新术语语，，特殊要求是在确定和评审与产品有关的要求时识别的的（（见7.2.1和7.2.2）。。特特殊要求可能要求识别关键项目。设计输出（见
7.2.3)可能包括识别要求采取特殊措施保证其得到充分管理的关键项目目。。一些关键项目由于需要对其变化进行控制会被进行一步划分为关键特性。
4质量管理体系
4.1总要求
组织应按本国际标准的要求建立质量管理体系，形成文件，加以实施和保持，并持续改进其有效性。
组织的质量管理体系必须考虑顾客和适用法律法规的质量管理体系要求求..
组织应：
a)确定质量管理体系所需的过程及其在组织中
的应用(见1.2)；
b)确定这些过程的顺序和相互作用；
c)确定为确保这些过程的有效运行和控制所需
的准则和方法；
d)确保可以获得必要的资源和信息，以支持这
些过程的运行和对这些过程的监视；
e)监视、适用时测量和分析这些过程；
f)实施必要的措施，以实现对这些过程策划的
结果和对这些过程的持续进。
组织应按本国际标准的要求管理这些过程。
针对组织所选择任何影响产品符合要求的外包过程，组织应确保对其实施控制。
The type and extent of control to be applied to these outsourced processes shall be defined within the quality management system.
NOTE 1 Processes needed for the quality management system referred to above include processes for management activities, provision of resources, product realization, measurement, analysis and improvement.
NOTE 2 An “outsourced process” is a process that the organization needs for its quality management system and which the organization chooses to have performed by an external party.
NOTE 3 Ensuring control over outsourced processes does not absolve the organization of the responsibility of conformity to all customer, statutory and regulatory requirements. The type and extent of control to be applied to the outsourced process can be influenced by factors such as
a) the potential impact of the outsourced process on the organization’s capability to provide product that conforms to requirements,
b) the degree to which the control for the process is shared,
c) the capability of achieving the necessary control through the application of 7.4.
4.2Documentation requirements
4.2.1 General
The quality management system documentation shall include
a) documented statements of a quality policy and quality objectives,
b) a quality manual,
c) documented procedures and records required by this International Standard, and
d) documents, including records, determined by the organization to be necessary to ensure the effective planning, operation and control of its processes.
The organization shall ensure that personnel have access to, and are aware of, relevant quality management system documentation and changes.
NOTE 1 Where the term “documented procedure” appears within this International Standard, this means that the procedure is established, documented, implemented and maintained. A single document may address the requirements for one or more procedures. A requirement for a documented procedure may be covered by more than one document.
NOTE 2 The extent of the quality management system documentation can differ from one organization to another due
to
a) the size of organization and type of activities,
b) the complexity of processes and their interactions, and 对这些外包过程的控制类型和程度应在质量管理体系中加以识别。
注1：上述质量管理体系所需的过程应当包括管理活动、资源提供、产品实现,测量,分析和改进的过程。
注2：外包过程是经组织识别为质量管理体系所需的，但选择由组织的外部方实施的过程。
注3：确保对外包过程的控制并不免除组织满足顾客和法律法规要求的责任。对外包过程控制的类型和程度可受下列因素影响：
a)外包过程对组织提供满足要求的产品的能力的潜在影响；
b)对外包过程控制的分担程度；
c)通过应用7.4条款实现所需控制的能力。
4.2文件要求
4.2.1总则
质量管理体系文件应包括：
a)形成文件的质量方针与质量目标；
b)质量手册；
c)本国际标准要求的形成文件的程序和记录；
d)组织确定的为确保其过程的有效策划、运行和
控制所需的文件,包括记录；
组织应确保人员可以接触到并知道相关质量管理体系文件和更改。
注1：本国际标准中出现“形成文件的程序”之处，即要求该程序必须被建立、形成文件、并加以实施及维持。。一个文件可包括一个或多个程序的要求。一个形成文件的程序的要求可以被包含在多个文件中。
注2：不同组织的质量管理体系文件的多少和详略程度取决于：
a)组织的规模及活动的类型，
b)过程及其相互作用的复杂程度，
c) the competence of personnel.
NOTE 3 The documentation can be in any form or type of medium.
4.2.2 Quality manual
The organization shall establish and maintain a quality manual that includes
a) the scope of the quality management system, including
details of and justification for any exclusions (see 1.2),
b) the documented procedures established for the quality management system, or reference to them, and
c) a description of the interaction between the processes of the quality management system.
4.2.3 Control of documents
Documents required by the quality management system shall
be controlled. Records are a special type of document and shall
be controlled according to the requirements given in 4.2.4.
A documented procedure shall be established to define the controls needed
a) to approve documents for adequacy prior to issue,
b) to review and update as necessary and re-approve documents,
c) to ensure that changes and the current revision status of documents are identified,
d) to ensure that relevant versions of applicable documents are available at points of use,
e) to ensure that documents remain legible and readily identifiable,
f) to ensure that documents of external origin determined by
the organization to be necessary for the planning and operation
of the quality management system are identified and their distribution controlled, and
g) to prevent the unintended use of obsolete documents, and
to apply suitable identification to them if they are retained for
any purpose.
4.2.4 Control of records
Records established to provide evidence of conformity to requirements and of the effective operation of the quality management system shall be controlled.
The organization shall establish a documented procedure to define the controls needed for the identification, storage, protection, retrieval, retention and disposition of records.
The documented procedure shall define the method for controlling records that are created by and/or retained by suppliers.
Records shall remain legible, readily identifiable and retrievable. c)人员能力。
注3：文件可采用任何形式或类型的媒体。
4.2.2质量手册
组织应建立并保持质量手册，其包括：
a)质量管理体系的范围，包括任何删减的细节
与合理性(见1.2);
b)为质量管理体系编制的形成文件的程序，或
对其引用;以及
c)质量管理体系过程之间的相互作用的表述。
4.2.3文件控制
质量管理体系所要求的文件应加以控制。记录是一种特殊形式的文件，应依据4.2.4的要求加以控制。
应建立形成文件的程序，以规定以下方面必需的控制：
a)文件发布前得到批准，以确保文件是充分和
适宜的；
b)必要时对文件进行评审和更新，并再次批准；
c)确保文件的更改和现行修订状态得到识别；
d)确保在使用处可获得适用文件的有关版本；
e)确保文件保持清晰、易于识别；
f)确保组织所确定的策划和运行质量管理体系所需的外来文件得到识别，并控制其分发；
g)防止作废文件的非预期使用，若因任何原因而要保留作废文件时，对这些文件进行适当的标识。
4.2.4记录控制
为符合要求和质量管理体系有效运行提供证据
而建立的记录，应予以控制。
组织应编制形成文件的程序，以规定记录的标识、贮存、保护、检索、保存和处置所需的控制。
形成文件的程序应规定由供方生成的记录和/或保存的控制方法。
记录应保持清晰，易于识别和检索。
5 Management responsibility
5.1Management commitment
Top management shall provide evidence of its commitment to the development and implementation of the quality management system and continually improving its effectiveness by
a) communicating to the organization the importance of
meeting customer as well as statutory and regulatory
requirements,
b) establishing the quality policy,
c) ensuring that quality objectives are established,
d) conducting management reviews, and
e) ensuring the availability of resources.
5.2Customer focus
Top management shall ensure that customer requirements
are determined and are met with the aim of enhancing customer satisfaction (see 7.2.1 and 8.2.1).
Top management shall ensure that product conformity and on-time delivery performance are measured and that appropriate action is taken if planned results are not, or will not be, achieved.
5.3Quality policy
Top management shall ensure that the quality policy
a) is appropriate to the purpose of the organization,
b) includes a commitment to comply with requirements and
continually improve the effectiveness of the quality
management system,
c) provides a framework for establishing and reviewing quality objectives,
d) is communicated and understood within the organization, and
e) is reviewed for continuing suitability.
5.4Planning
5.4.1 Quality objectives
Top management shall ensure that quality objectives, including those needed to meet requirements for product [see 7.1 a)], are established at relevant functions and levels within the organization. The quality objectives shall be measurable and consistent with the quality policy.
5.4.2 Quality management system planning
Top management shall ensure that 5管理职责
5.1管理承诺
最高管理者应通过以下活动，对其建立、实施质量管理体系并持续改进其有效性的承诺提供证据：
a)向组织传达满足顾客和法律法规要求的重
要性；
b)制定质量方针；
c)确保质量目标的制定；
d)进行管理评审；
e)确保资源的获得。
5.2以顾客为关注焦点
最高管理者应以增强顾客满意为目的，确保顾客的要求得到确定并予以满足。(见7.2.1和8.2.1)。
最高管理者必须确保产品符合性和及时交付业绩被测量，如果策划的结果不能取得时，应当采取适当的措施
5.3质量方针
最高管理者应确保质量方针
a)与组织的宗旨相适应，
b)包括对满足要求和持续改进质量管理体系有
效性的承诺；
c)提供制定和评审质量目标的框架，
d)在组织内部得到沟通和理解，以及
e)在持续适宜性方面得到评审。
5.4策划
5.4.1质量目标
最高管理者应确保在组织内部的相关职能和层次上建立质量目标，质量目标包括满足产品要求(见7.1.a)所需的内容。质量目标应是可测量的，并与质量方针保持一致。
5.4.2质量管理体系策划
最高管理者应确保：
a) the planning of the quality management system is carried out in
order to meet the requirements given in 4.1, as well as the
quality objectives, and
b) the integrity of the quality management system is maintained
when changes to the quality management system are planned and implemented.
5.5Responsibility,authority and communication
5.5.1 Responsibility and authority
Top management shall ensure that the responsibilities and authorities are defined and communicated within the organization.
5.5.2 Management representative
Top management shall appoint a member of the organization’s management who, irrespective of other responsibilities, shall have responsibility and authority that includes
a) ensuring that processes needed for the quality management system are established, implemented and maintained,
b) reporting to top management on the performance of the quality management system and any need for improvement,
c) ensuring the promotion of awareness of customer requirements throughout the organization, and
d) the organizational freedom and unrestricted access to top management to resolve quality management issues.
NOTE The responsibility of a management representative can include liaison with external parties on matters relating to the quality management system.
5.5.3 Internal communication
Top management shall ensure that appropriate communication processes are established within the organization and that communication takes place regarding the effectiveness of the quality management system.
5.6Management review
5.6.1 General
Top management shall review the organization's quality management system, at planned intervals, to ensure its continuing suitability, adequacy and effectiveness. This review shall include assessing opportunities for improvement and the need for changes to the quality management system, including the quality policy and quality objectives.
Records from management reviews shall be maintained (see 4.2.4).
5.6.2 Review input
The input to management review shall include information on a)对质量管理体系进行策划，以满足质量目标
以及4.1的要求，和
b)在对质量管理体系的变更进行策划和实施
时，保持质量管理体系的完整性。
5.5职责、权限与沟通
5.5.1职责与权限
最高管理者应确保组织内的职责、权限得到规定和沟通。
5.5.2管理者代表
最高管理者应指定一名组织的管理者，无论该成员在其他方面的职责如何，应具有以下方面的职责和权限：
a)确保质量管理体系所需的过程的得到建立、
实施和保持；
b)向最高管理者报告质量管理体系的业绩和
任何改进的需求；
c)确保在整个组织内提高满足顾客要求的意
识。
d)不受组织干预和直径面对最高管理层地解
决有关质量问题。
注：管理者代表的职责可包括与质量管理体系有关事宜的外部联络。
5.5.3内部沟通
最高管理者应确保在组织内建立适当的沟通过程，并确保对质量管理体系的有效性进行沟通。
5.6管理评审
5.6.1总则
最高管理者应按策划的时间间隔评审质量管理体系，以确保其持续的适宜性、充分性和有效性。管理评审应包括评价质量管理体系改进的机会
和变更的需要，包括质量方针和质量目标。
应保持管理评审的记录(见4.2.4)。
5.6.2管理评审的输入
管理评审的输入应包括以下方面的信息：
a) results of audits,
b) customer feedback,
c) process performance and product conformity, d) status of preventive and corrective actions,
e) follow-up actions from previous management reviews,
f) changes that could affect the quality management system,
and
g) recommendations for improvement.
5.6.3 Review output
The output from the management review shall include any decisions and actions related to
a) improvement of the effectiveness of the quality management
system and its processes,
b) improvement of product related to customer requirements, and
c) resource needs.
6 Resource management
6.1Provision of resources
The organization shall determine and provide the resources needed
a) to implement and maintain the quality management system
and continually improve its effectiveness, and
b) to enhance customer satisfaction by meeting customer requirements.
6.2Human resources
6.2.1 General
Personnel performing work affecting conformity to product requirements shall be competent on the basis of appropriate education, training, skills and experience.
NOTE Conformity to product requirements can be affected
directly or indirectly by personnel performing any task within the quality management system.
6.2.2 Competence, training and awareness
The organization shall
a) determine the necessary competence for personnel performing a)审核结果；
b)顾客反馈；
c)过程的业绩和产品的符合性；
d)预防和纠正措施状况；
e)以往管理评审的跟踪措施；
f)可能影响质量管理体系的变更；
g)改进的建议。
5.6.3管理评审输出
管理评审的输出应包括与以下方面有关的任何决定和措施：
a)质量管理体系及其过程有效性的改进；
b)与顾客要求有关的产品的改进；
c)资源需求。
6.资源管理
6.1资源提供
组织应确定并提供以下方面所需的资源:
a)实施、保持质量管理体系并持续改进其有效
性；
b)通过满足顾客要求，增强顾客满意。
6.2人力资源
6.2.1总则
基于适当的教育、培训、技能和经验，从事影响产品与要求符合性工作的人员应是能够胜任的。
注：在质量管理体系中承担任何任务的人员都可能直接或间接地影响产品与要求的符合性。
6.2.2能力、意识和培训
组织应：
a)确定从事影响产品与要求的符合性工作的人
员所必要的能力；
work affecting conformity to product requirements,
b) where applicable, provide training or take other actions to achieve the necessary competence,
c) evaluate the effectiveness of the actions taken,
d) ensure that its personnel are aware of the relevance and
importance of their activities and how they contribute to the
achievement of the quality objectives, and
e) maintain appropriate records of education, training, skills
and experience (see 4.2.4).
6.3Infrastructure
The organization shall determine, provide and maintain the infrastructure needed to achieve conformity to product requirements. Infrastructure includes, as applicable
a) buildings, workspace and associated utilities,
b) process equipment (both hardware and software), and
c) supporting services (such as transport, communication or information systems).
6.4Work environment
The organization shall determine and manage the work environment needed to achieve conformity to product requirements.
NOTE The term "work environment" relates to those conditions under which work is performed including physical, environmental and other factors (such as noise, temperature, humidity, lighting, or weather).
7 Product realization
7.1 Planning of product realization
The organization shall plan and develop the processes needed for product realization. Planning of product realization shall be consistent with the requirements of the other processes of the quality management system (see 4.1).
In planning product realization, the organization shall determine the following, as appropriate:
a) quality objectives and requirements for the product;
NOTE Quality objectives and requirements for the product include consideration of aspects such as
- product and personal safety, b)适用时，提供培训或采取其他措施以获得所
需的能力；
c)评价所采取措施的有效性；
d)确保员工认识到所从事活动的相互性和重要
性，以及如何为实现质量目标作出贡献；
e)保持教育、培训、技能和经验的适当记录(见
4.2.4)。
6.3基础设施
组织应确定、提供并维护为达到产品符合要求所需的基础设施。适用时，基础设施包括：
a)建筑物、工作场所和相干的设施；
b)过程设备(硬件和软件)；
c)支持性服务(例如运输,通讯或信息系统)。
6.4工作环境
组织应确定并管理为达到产品符合要求所需的工作环境。
注：术语“工作环境”是指工作时所处的条件，包括物理的、环境的和其他因素（如噪音、温度、湿度、照明或天气）。
7产品实现
7.1产品实现的策划
组织应策划和开发产品实现所需的过程。产品实现的策划应与质量管理体系其他过程的要求相
一致（见4.1）。
在对产品实现进行策划时，组织应确定以下方面的适当内容：
a)产品的质量目标和要求；
注:产品的质量目标和要求包括考虑下述方面,如：
-产品和人员安全；
- reliability, availability and maintainability,
- producibility and inspectability,
- suitability of part and materials used in the product,
- selection and development of embedded software, and
- recycling or final disposal of the product at the end of its life.
b) the need to establish processes and documents, and to provide
resources specific to the product;
c) required verification, validation, monitoring, measurement,
inspection and test activities specific to the product and the criteria for product acceptance;
d) records needed to provide evidence that the realization
processes and resulting product meet requirements (see 4.2.4);
e) configuration management appropriate to the product;
f) resources to support the use and maintenance of the
product.
The output of this planning shall be in a form suitable for the organization’s method of operations.
NOTE 1 A document specifying the processes of the quality management system (including the product realization processes) and the resources to be applied to a specific product, project or contract, can be referred to as a quality plan.
NOTE 2 The organization may also apply the requirements given in 7.3 to the development of product realization processes.
7.1.1 Project Management
As appropriate to the organization and the product, the organization shall plan and manage product realization in a structured and controlled manner to meet requirements at acceptable risk, within resource and schedule constraints.
7.1.2 Risk Management
The organization shall establish, implement and maintain a process for managing risk to the achievement of applicable requirements, that includes as appropriate to the organization and the product.
a) assignment of responsibilities for risk management,
b) definition of risk criteria (e.g., likelihood, consequences, risk acceptance),
c) identification, assessment and communication of risks throughout product realization,
d) identification, implementation and management of actions -可靠性、可用性和可维护性；
-可生产性和可检验性；
-使用在产品中的零件和材料的适宜性；
-嵌入式软件的选择和开发；
-产品在寿命结束时的回收和最终处理。
b)针对产品确定过程、文件和资源的需求；
c)产品所要求的验证、确认、监视、测量、检
验和试验活动，以及产品接收准则；
d)为实现过程及其产品满足要求提供证据所
需的记录(见 4.2.4)。
e)适合于产品的技术状态管理；
f)支持产品使用及维护的资源。
策划的输出形式应适合于组织的运作方式。
注1：对应用于特定产品、项目或合同的质量管理体系的过程(包括产品实现过程)和资源
作出规定的文件可称之为质量计划。
注2：组织也可将7.3的要求应用于产品实现过程的开发。
7.1.1项目管理
当适合于组织和产品时，组织应以一种结构化的和受控的方式去策划和管理产品实现现，，并在限定资源和时间周期内,用一种可接受的风险来满足要求。
7.1.2风险管理
组织应建立、实施和保持风险管理过程，以实现适用的要求，适当时包括对组织和产品的要求：
a)风险管理的职责分配；
b)风险准则的确定（如：可能性、后果,风险
接受程度）；
c)在产品实现全过程中风险的识别别、、评估和交
流；
d)对于超过确定的风险接受准则时，减轻风险
to mitigate risks that exceed the defined risk acceptance criteria, and
g) acceptance of risks remaining after implementation of
mitigating actions.
7.1.3 Configuration Management
The organization shall establish, implement and maintain a configuration management process that includes, as appropriate to the product
a) configuration management planning,
b) configuration identification,
c) change control
d) configuration status accounting, and
e) configuration audit.
NOTE See ISO 10007 for guidance
7.1.4 Control of Work Transfers
The organization shall establish, implement and maintain a process to plan and control the temporary or permanent transfer of work (e.g., from one organization facility to another, from the organization to a supplier, from one supplier to another) and to verify the conformity of the work to requirements.
7.2 Customer-Related processes
7.2.1 Determination of Requirements Related to the Product The organization shall determine
a) requirements specified by the customer, including the
requirements for delivery and post-delivery activities,
b) requirements not stated by the customer but necessary for
specified or intended use, where known,
c) statutory and regulatory requirements applicable to the product,
and
d) any additional requirements considered necessary by the
organization.
NOTE Requirement related to the product can include special requirement,
NOTE Post-delivery activities include, for example, actions
措施的识别、实施和管理；
e)减轻风险措施实施后,风险保持在可接受水
平上。
7.1.3技术状态管理
组织应建立、实施和保持适用于产品的技术状态管理过程，包括：
a)技术状态管理策划
b)技术状态标识；
c)更改控制；
d)技术状态纪实；
e)技术状态审核。
注：见I S O10007作为指南。
7.1.4工作转移的控制
组织应建立、实施和保持一个策划和控制临时性或永久性转移工作的过程,（如：从组织的一处设施转移到组织的另一处，从组织转移到供应商，从一个供应商转移到另一个供应商）,并验证工作对要求的符合性。
7.2与顾客有关的过程
7.2.1与产品有关的要求的确定
组织应确定：
a)顾客规定的要求，包括对交付及交付后活动
的要求；
b)顾客虽然没有明示，但规定的用途或已知的
预期用途所必需的要求；
c)适用于产品的法律法规要求；
d)组织认为必要的任何附加要求。
注：与产品有关的要求包括特殊要求。
注：交付后活动包括，例如：担保规定下的活动、
under warranty provisions, contractual obligations such as maintenance services, and supplementary services such as recycling or final disposal.
7.2.2 Review of Requirements Related to the Product
The organization shall review the requirements related to the product. This review shall be conducted prior to the organization’s commitment to supply a product to the customer (e.g. submission of tenders, acceptance of contracts or orders, acceptance of changes to contracts or orders) and shall ensure that
a) product requirements are defined,
b) contract or order requirements differing from those previously
expressed are resolved,
c) the organization has the ability to meet the defined requirements
d) special requirement of the product are determined, and
e) risks (e.g., new technology, short delivery time frame ) have
been identified (see7.1.2)
Records of the results of the review and actions arising from the review shall be maintained (see 4.2.4).
Where the customer provides no documented statement of requirement, the customer requirements shall be confirmed by the organization before acceptance.
Where product requirements are changed, the organization shall ensure that relevant documents are amended and that relevant personnel are made aware of the changed requirements.
NOTE: In some situations, such as internet sales, a formal review is impractical for each order. Instead the review can cover relevant product information such as catalogues or advertising material.
7.2.3 Customer communication
The organization shall determine and implement effective arrangements for communicating with customers in relation to:
a) product information,
b) enquiries, contracts or order handling, including amendments,
and
c) customer feedback, including customer complaints.
7.3 Design and Development
7.3.1 Design and Development Planning 合同义务如维修服务,以及附加的服务如回收或最终处置。
7.2.2与产品有关的要求的评审
织应评审与产品有关的要求。评审应在组织向顾客作出提供产品的承诺之前进行(如：提交标书、接受合同或订单及接受合同或订单的更改)，并应确保：
a)产品要求得到规定；
b)与以前表述不一致的合同或订单的要求已予
解决;
c)组织有能力满足规定的要求，以及
d)产品的特殊要求已得到确定，
e)风险已被识别（如：新技术，短的交付期）
(见7.1.2)
评审结果及评审所引起的措施的的记录应予保持(见4.2.4)。
若顾客提供的要求没有形成文件，组织在接受顾客要求前应对顾客要求进行确认。
若产品要求发生变更，组织应确保相关文件等到修改，并确保相关人员知道已变更的要求。
注：在某些情况下，例如网上销售，对每一个订单进行正式的评审可能是不实际的。而代之
对有关的产品信息，如产品目录、产品广告
内容等进行评审。
7.2.3顾客沟通
组织应对以下有关方面确定并实施与顾客沟通的有效的安排：
a)产品信息；
b)问询、合同或订单的处理，包括对其修改；
c)顾客反馈，包括顾客抱怨。
7.3设计和开发
7.3.1设计和开发策划
The organization shall plan and control design and development of product.
During the design and development planning, the organization shall determine
a) the design and development stages,
b) the review, verification and validation that are appropriate to each
design and development stage, and
c) the responsibilities and authorities for design and development.
Where appropriate, the organization shall divide the design and development effort into distinct activities and, for each activity, define the tasks, necessary resource, responsibilities, design content, input and output data and planning constraints.
The different design and development tasks to be carried out shall be based on the safety and functional objectives of the product in accordance with customer, statutory and regulatory requirements.
Design and development planning shall consider the ability to produce, inspect, test and maintain the product.
The organization shall manage the interfaces between different groups involved in design and development to ensure effective communication and clear assignment of responsibility.
Planning output shall be updated, as appropriate, as the design and development progresses.
NOTE Design and development review, verification and validation have distinct purposes. They can be conducted and recorded separately or in any combination as suitable or the product and the organization.
7.3.2 Design and Development Inputs
Inputs relating to product requirements shall be determined and records maintained (see 4.2.4). These input shall include
a) functional and performance requirements,
b) applicable statutory and regulatory requirements,
c) where applicable, information derived from previous similar
designs, and
d) other requirements essential for design and development.
The inputs shall be reviewed for adequacy. Requirements shall be complete, unambiguous and not in conflict with each other. 组织应对产品的设计和开发进行策划和控制。
在进行设计和开发策划时，组织应确定：
a)设计和开发阶段；
b)适合于每个设计和开发阶段的评审、验证和确
认活动；
c)设计和开发的职责和权限。
在适用的场合合，，组织应将设计和开发工作分解为明显的活动，对每项活动，确定任务、必需的资源、职责、设计内容、输入和输出数据以及策划限制条件。
应基于符合顾客和法律法规要求的产品安全和
功能目标之上，完成不同的设计和开发任务。
设计和开发策划应考虑生产、检验、试验和维护产品的能力。
组织应对参与设计和开发的不同小组之间的接口进行管理，以确保有效的沟通，并明确职责分工。
随设计和开发的进展，在适当时，策划的输出应予更新。
注：设计和开发评审、验证和确认具有不同的目的。根据产品和组织的具体情况，可以单独或任意组合的形式进行并记录。
7.3.2设计和开发输入
应确定与产品要求有关的输入，并保持记录(见4.2.4)。这些输入应包括：
a)功能和性能要求；
b)适用的法律、法规要求；
c)适用时，以前类似设计提供的信息；
d)设计和开发所必需的其他要求。
应对这些输入进行评审，以确保输入是充分的。要求应完整、清楚，并且不能自相矛盾。
7.3.3 Design and Development Outputs
The outputs of design and development shall be in a form suitable for verification against the design and development input and shall be approved prior to release.
Design and development outputs shall
a) meet the input requirements for design and development,
b) provide appropriate information for purchasing , production and
service provision,
c) contain or reference product acceptance criteria,
d) specify the characteristics of the product that are essential
for its safe and proper use, and
e) specify, as applicable, any critical items, including any key characteristics, and specific actions to be taken for these items.
The organization shall define the data required to allow the product to be identified, manufactured, inspected, used and maintained including for example:
-the drawings, part lists and specifications necessary to define the configuration and the design features of the product, and
-the material, processes, manufacturing and assembly data needed to ensure conformity of the product.
NOTE information for production and service provision can include details for the preservation of product.
7.3.4 Design and Development Review
At suitable stages, systematic reviews of design and development shall be performed in accordance with planned arrangements (see
7.3.1)
a) to evaluate the ability of the results of design and development to
meet requirements,
b) to identify any problems and propose necessary actions,
and
c) to authorize progression to the next stage.
Participants in such reviews shall include representatives of functions concerned with the design and development stage(s) being reviewed. Records of the result of the reviews and any necessary actions shall be maintained (see 4.2.4)
7.3.5 Design and Development Verification 7.3.3设计和开发输出
设计和开发输出的方式应适合于针对设计和开发的输入进行验证,并应在放行前得到批准。
设计和开发输出应：
a)满足设计和开发输入的要求；
b)给出采购、生产和服务提供的适当信息；
c)包含或引用产品接收准则；
d)规定对产品的安全和正常使用所必需的产品
特性,和
e)适用时，规定任何关键项目，包括任何关键
特性，以及对这些项目要采取的特殊措施
组织应确定对产品进行标识、制造、检验、使用和维护所要求的数据，包括例如：
-定义产品技术状态和设计特性所必需的图纸，零件清单和规范；
-保证产品符合性所需的材料、过程、制造和装配数据。
注：生产和服务提供的信息可能包括产品防护的细节。
7.3.4设计和开发评审
在适宜的阶段，应依据所策划的安排(见7.3.1)对设计和开发进行有系统的评审，以便：
a)评价设计和开发的结果满足要求的能力；
b)识别任何问题并提出必要的措施，和
c)授权进入下一阶段。
评审的参加者应包括与所评审的设计和开发阶段有关的职能的代表。评审结果及任何必要措施的记录应予保持。(见4.2.4)
7.3.5设计和开发验证
Verification shall be performed in accordance with planned arrangements (see 7.3.1) to ensure that the design and development outputs have met the design and development input requirements. Records of the results of the verification and any necessary actions shall be maintained (see 4.2.4)
7.3.6 Design and Development Validation
Design and development validation shall be performed in accordance with planned arrangements (see 7.3.1) to ensure that the resulting product is capable of meeting the requirements for the specified application or intended use, where known. Wherever practicable, validation shall be completed prior to the delivery or implementation of the product. Records of the results of validation and any necessary actions shall be maintained (see 4.2.4).
7.3.6.1 Design and Development Verification and
Validation Testing
Where tests are necessary for verification and validation, these tests shall be planned, controlled, reviewed, and documented to ensure and prove the following:
a. test plans or specifications identify the product being
tested and the resources being used, define test objectives and conditions, parameters to be recorded, and relevant acceptance criteria;
b. test procedures describe the method of operation, the
performance of the test, and the recording of the results;
c. the correct configuration of the product is submitted for
the test;
d. the requirements of the test plan and the test procedures
are observed, and
e. the acceptance criteria are met.
7.3.6.2 Design and Development verification and
Validation Documentation
At the completion of design and/or development, the organization shall ensure that reports, calculations, test results, etc., demonstrate that the product definition meets the specification requirements for all identified operational conditions.
7.3.7 Control of Design and Development Changes
Design and development changes shall be identified and records maintained. The changes shall be reviewed, verified and validated, as appropriate, and approved before implementation. The review of design and development changes shall include evaluation of the effect of the changes on constituent parts and product already 为确保设计和开发输出满足输入的要求，应依据所策划(见7.3.1)的安排对设计和开发进行验证。验证结果及任何必要措施的记录应予保持(见4.2.4)。
7.3.6设计和开发确认
为确保产品能够满足规定的使用要求或已知的预期用途的要求，应依据所策划(见7.3.1)的安排对设计和开发进行确认。只要可行，确认应在产品交付或实施之前完成。确认结果及任何必要措施的记录应予保持。(见4.2.4)。
7.3.6.1设计和开发文件的验证和确认试验
当验证和确认必须进行试验时，应对这些试验进行策划、控制、评审并形成文件，以确保和证实：
a.试验计划或规范确定了要进行试验的产品和
使用的资源；规定了试验目的和条件、要记录的参数以及相关接收准则；
b.试验程序描述了操作方法、试验的性能和记录
的结果；
c.提交试验的产品的样品技术状态正确；
d.遵守了试验计划和试验程序的要求；
e.满足了接收准则。
7.3.6.2设计和开发验证和确认试验的文件
在设计和/或开发完成时，组织必须确保报告、计算、试验结果等能够证实在所规定的运行条件下，产品的定义符合规范的要求。
7.3.7设计和开发更改的控制
应识别设计和开发的更改，并保持记录。适当时，应对设计和开发的更改进行评审、验证和确认，并在实施前得到批准。设计和开发更改的评审应包括评价更改对产品组成部分和已交付产品的
影响。
delivered. Records of the results of the review of changes and any necessary actions shall be maintained (see 4.2.4)
Design and development changes shall be controlled in accordance with the configuration management process (see 7.1.3)
Records of the results of the review of changes and any necessary actions shall be maintained (see 4.2.4).
7.4 Purchasing
7.4.1 Purchasing process
The organization shall ensure that purchased product conforms to specified purchase requirements. The type and extent of control applied to the supplier and the purchased product shall be dependent upon the effect of the purchased product on subsequent product realization or the final product.
The organization shall be responsible for the conformity of all products purchased from suppliers, including product from sources defined by the customer.
The organization shall evaluate and select suppliers based on their ability to supply product in accordance with the organization’s requirements. Criteria for selection, evaluation and re-evaluation shall be established. Records of the results of evaluations and any necessary actions arising from the evaluation shall be maintained (see 4.2.4)
NOTE One factor that can be used during supplier selection and evaluation is supplier quality data from objective and reliable external sources, as evaluated by the organization (e.g., information from accredited quality management system or process certification bodies, organization approvals from government authorities). Use of such data would be only one component of an organization’s supplier control process and the organization remains responsible for verifying that purchased product meets specified purchase requirements.
The organization shall:
a. maintain a register of its suppliers that includes approval
status (e.g., approved, conditional, disapproved) and the scope of the approval (e.g., product type, process family), b. periodically review supplier performance; the result of
these reviews shall be used as a basis for establishing the level of controls to be implemented;
c. define the necessary actions to take when dealing with
suppliers that do not meet requirements;
d. ensure where required that both the organization and all
suppliers use customer-approved special process 设计和开发的更改应按技术状态管理过程（见7.1.3）进行控制。
更改的评审结果及任何必要措施的记录应予保持。(见4.2.4)。
7.4采购
7.4.1采购过程
组织应确保采购的产品符合规定的采购要求。对供方及采购的产品控制的类型和程度应取决于采购的产品对随后的产品实现或最终产品的影响。
组织必须对所有从供应商采购的产品的符合性负责，包括从顾客指定的来源采购的产品。
组织应根据供方按组织的要求提供产品的能力评价和选择供方。应制定选择、评价和重新评价的准则。评价结果及评价所引起的任何必要措施的记录应予保持(见4.2.4)。
注：在选择和评价供应商过程中，可使用来自客观和可靠的外部来源的供应商质量数据作为组织自己的评估,（例如：来自授信的质量管理体系或过程认证机构,来自政府机构对组织的批准）。使用这种数据只能是组织对供应商控制过程的一个组成部分分，，组织仍然负责验证采购的产品满足规定采购要求的责任。
组织应：
a)保持一份批准的供方名录，包括批准状态
（如：批准，有条件批准，不批准）和批准范围（如：产品类型、过程类别）；
b)周期性地评估供方的业绩；应使用这些评审
结果作为确定实施控制程度的依据；
c)当供应商不能满足要求时，规定采取必要的
措施；
d)当要求时，确保组织和所有供应商都使用顾
客批准的特殊过程资源；
sources,
e. Define the process, responsibilities and authority for the
approval status decision, changes of the approval status and conditions for a controlled use of suppliers depending on the supplier’s approval status, and
f. determine and manage the risk when selecting and using suppliers (see 7.1.2).
7.4.2 Purchasing information
Purchasing information shall describe the product to be purchased, including where appropriate
a) requirements for approval of product, procedures, processes and
equipment,
b) requirements for qualification of personnel,
c) quality management system requirements,
d) the identification and revision status of specifications,
drawings, process requirements, inspection/verification instructions and other relevant technical data,
e) requirements for design, test, inspection, verification
(including production process verification), use of statistical techniques for product acceptance, and related instructions for acceptance by the organization, and as applicable critical items including key characteristics,
f) requirements for test specimens (e.g., production method,
number, storage conditions) for design approval, inspection/verification, investigation or auditing,
g) requirements regarding the need for the supplier to
-notify the organization of nonconforming product,
-obtain organization approval for nonconforming product disposition,
-notify the organization of changes in product and/or process, change of suppliers, changes of manufacturing facility location and, where required, obtain organization approval, and
-flow down to the supply chain the applicable requirements including customer requirements,
h) records retention requirements, and
i) right of access by the organization, their customer and
regulatory authorities to the applicable areas of all facilities, at any level of the supply chain, involved in the order and to all applicable records,
The organization shall ensure the adequacy of specified purchase requirements prior to their communication to the supplier. e)对于批准状态决定、批准状态更改以及根据
供应商批准状态对供应商进行控制使用的条件确定过程、职责和权力。
f)选择和使用供应商时，确定和管理风险(见
7.1.2)。
7.4.2采购信息
采购信息应表述拟采购的产品，适当时包括：
a)产品、程序、过程和设备的批准要求；
b)人员资格的要求；
c)质量管理体系的要求；
d)规范、图样、过程要求、检验/验证说明书和其他有关的技术资料的标识和修订状态；
e）组织的设计、试验、检验、验证的要求（包括生产过程的验证），用于产品接收的统计技术的使用，和有关组织接收的指导书，以及适用的关键项目包括关键特性；
f）用于设计批准、检验/验证、调查或审核的试验样件的要求（例如，生产方法，数量。
储存条件）。
g)需要考虑对供应商的下述要求：
-向组织通报不合格产品，
-不合格品处理得到组织批准；
-将产品和/或过程的更改，供应商更改，生产设施地点更改应织
报告组织，，并且在要求时获得组织的批准；
-向供应链传达适用要求，包括顾客要求；
h)记录保存要求；
i)组织及其顾客,和法规性机构可接触涉及订
单的任何层次的供应链所有设施的适用区
域,和所有适用记录的权利。
在与供方沟通前，组织应确保所规定的采购要求是充分与适宜的。
7.4.3 Verification of Purchased Product
The organization shall establish and implement the inspection or other activities necessary for ensuring that purchased product meets specified purchase requirements.
NOTE 1 Customer verification activities performed at any level of the supply chain should not be used by the organization or the supplier as evidence of effective control of quality and does not absolve the organization of its responsibility to provide acceptable product and comply with all requirements.
NOTE 2 Verification activities can include
a. obtaining objective evidence of the conformity of the
product from suppliers (e.g., accompanying documentation, certificate of conformity, test reports, statistical records, process control records),
b. inspection and audit at the supplier’s premises,
c. review of the required documentation,
d. inspection of products upon receipt, and
e. delegation of verification to the supplier or supplier
certification.
Where purchased product is released for production use pending completion of all required verification activities, it shall be identified and recorded to allow recall and replacement if it is subsequently found that the product does not meet requirements.
Where the organization delegates verification activities to the supplier, the requirements for delegation shall be defined and a register of delegations maintained.
Where the organization or its customer intends to perform verification at the supplier’s premises, the organization shall state the intended verification arrangements and method of product release in the purchasing information.
7.5 Production and Service Provision
7.5.1 Control of Production and Service Provision
The organization shall plan and carry out production and service provision under controlled conditions. Controlled conditions shall include, as applicable
a) the availability of information that describes the characteristics of
the product,
NOTE This information can include drawings, parts lists, 7.4.3采购产品的验证
组织应确定并实施检验或其他必要的活动，以确保采购的产品满足规定的采购要求。
注1组织或供方不应该把顾客对任何层次的供应链所做的验证活动用作质量有效控制的证据据，，也不能免除组织提供可接受产品和符合所有要求的责任。
注2验证活动可以包括
a)从供应商处获得产品符合性的客观证据（如
随产品文件，合格证明，试验报告，统计记
录，过程控制记录）；
b)在供应商处的检验和审核；
c)对要求的文件的评审；
d)按收货单检验产品，
e)对供方委托验证代表，或要求供方认证。
在等待所有要求的验证活动完成前前，，如果采购的产品被发放用于生产，应对其进行标识和记录，做到如果验证结果发现产品不符合要求求，，能够对其进行召回和更换。
在组织派人员去供应商处进行验证时时，，应规定委派的要求并保持委派人员的记录。
当组织或其顾客拟在供方的现场实施验证时，组织应在采购信息中对拟验证的安排和产品放行
的方法作出规定。
7.5生产和服务提供
7.5.1生产和服务提供的控制
组织应策划并在受控条件下进行生产和服务提供。适用时，受控条件应包括：
a)获得表述产品特性的信息；
注：信息可包括图纸、零件清单、材料和工艺规
materials and process specifications.
b) the availability of work instructions, as necessary,
NOTE Work instructions can include process flow charts, production documents (e.g., manufacturing plans, travelers, routers, work orders, process cards) and inspection documents.
c) the use of suitable equipment,
NOTE Suitable equipment can include product specific tools (e.g., jigs, fixtures, molds) and software programs.
d) the availability and use of monitoring and measuring equipment,
e) the implementation of monitoring and measurement,
f) the implementation of product release, delivery and post-delivery
activities,
g) accountability for all product during production(e.g., parts
quantities, split orders, nonconforming product),
h) evidence that all production and inspection/verification
operations have been completed as planned, or as otherwise documented and authorized,
i) provision for the prevention, detection, and removal of
foreign objects,
j) monitoring and control of utilities and supplies (e.g., water, compressed air, electricity chemical products) to the extent they affect conformity to product requirements, and
k) criteria for workmanship, specified in the clearest practical way (e.g., written standards, representative samples or illustrations).
Planning shall consider, as appropriate,
- establishing, implementing and maintaining appropriate processes to manage critical items, including process controls where key characteristics have been identified.
- designing, manufacturing and using tooling to measure variable data,
-identifying in-process inspection/verification points when adequate verification of conformance cannot be performed at a later stage of realization, and
-special processes (see 7.5.2).
7.5.1.1 Production Process Verification 范。
b)必要时，获得作业指导书；
注：作业指导书可包括过程流程图、生产文件（如：制造计划、路线图、流程卡、生产指令和过程卡）和检验文件。
c)使用适宜的设备；
注：适宜的设备可包括产品专用工装（型架、夹具、模具）和软件程序。
d)获得和使用监视和测量设备；
e)实施监视和测量；
f)产品放行、交付和交付后活动的实施；
g）在生产过程中对所有的产品负有责任（例如：零件数量、分作业指令、不合格品等）；
h）所有生产和检验/验证操作已经按计划或其他文件完成的证据并被认可；
i）预防、检测和去除外来物的措施；
j）对会影响产品要求符合性的用品和供给物物（（如水、压缩空气、电及化学产品）进行监视和控制，k）以最清楚实用的方式（例如，文字标准、样件或图示）规定工艺准则。
适用时，策划应考虑：
-建立、实施和保持适当的过程来管理关键项目，包括对识别出关键特性的过程控制；
-设计、制造和使用工具以测量变量数据；
-当适宜的符合性验证不能在产品实现的后面阶段进行时，识别过程中的检验/验证点。
-特殊过程(见7.5.2）。
7.5.1.1生产过程的验证
The organization shall use a representative item from the first production run of a new part or assembly to verify that the production processes, production documentation and tooling are capable of producing parts and assemblies that meet requirements. This process shall be repeated when changes occur that invalidate the original result (e.g., engineering changes, manufacturing process changes, tooling changes).
NOTE This activity is often referred to as first article inspection.
7.5.1.2 Control of Production Process Changes
Personnel authorized to approve changes to production processes shall be identified.
The organization shall control and document changes affecting processes, production equipment, tools or software programs.
The results of changes to production processes shall be assessed to confirm that the desired effect has been achieved without adverse effects to product conformity.
7.5.1.3 Control of Production Equipment, Tools and Software Programs
Production equipment, tools and software programs used to automate and control/monitor product realization processes, shall be validated prior to release for production and shall be maintained.
Storage requirements, including periodic preservation/ condition checks, shall be defined for production equipment or tooling in storage.
7.5.1.4 Post-Delivery Support
Post-delivery support shall provide as applicable for the
a. collection and analysis of in-service data,
b. actions to be taken including investigation and reporting
when problems are detected after delivery.
c. control and updating of technical documentation,
d. approval, control, and use of repair schemes, and
e. controls required for off-site work (e.g., organization’s
work undertaken at the customer’s facilities).
7.5.2 Validation of Processes for Production and Service Provision
The organization shall validate any processes for production and service provision where the resulting output cannot be verified by subsequent monitoring or measurement and, as a consequence, deficiencies become apparent only after the product is in use or the service has been delivered. 组织应使用从首批生产的新零件或组件中确定的有代表性的项目来验证生产过程程、、生产文件和工装能够生产满足要求的零件和部件件。。当发生使原来验证结果无效的更改时时，，应进行重新验证过程(如工程更改,制造过程更改,工装更改)。
注：此项活动通常被称为首件检验。
7.5.1.2生产过程更改的控制
必须确定授权批准生产过程更改的人员。
组织应当对影响过程、生产设备、工装或软件程序的更改进行控制和文件化。
对生产过程更改的结果应进行评定，以便证实已达到了预期的效果并对产品符合性没有不利的影响。
7.5.1.3生产设备、工装和软件程序的控制
生产设备备、、工装和用于使生产实现过程自动化和控制/监视的软件程序在使用前应进行确认，并应进行维护。
对储存的生产设备或工装必须确定储存要求求，，包括定期进行防护和状况检查。
7.5.1.4交付后支持
适用时，交付后应为下述活动提供支持：
a)使用中数据的收集和分析；
b)当交付后发现问题时，要采取的措施，包括
调查和报告；
c)技术文件的控制和更新；
d)修理大纲的批准、控制和使用；
e)对基地外工作要求的控制（例如，组织在顾
客设施上进行的工作）。
7.5.2生产和服务提供过程的确认
当生产和服务提供的过程输出不能由后续的监视或测量加以验证，致使问题在产品投入使用后或服务已交付后才显现时，组织应对任何这样的过程实施确认。
中文参考文献格式 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识： M——专著，C——论文集，N——报纸文章，J——期刊文章，D——学位论文，R——报告，S——标准，P——专利；对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 参考文献一律置于文末。其格式为： （一）专著 示例 [1] 张志建.严复思想研究[M]. 桂林：广西师范大学出版社，1989. [2] 马克思恩格斯全集：第1卷[M]. 北京：人民出版社，1956. [3] [英]蔼理士.性心理学[M]. 潘光旦译注.北京：商务印书馆，1997. （二）论文集 示例 [1] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. [2] 别林斯基.论俄国中篇小说和果戈里君的中篇小说[A]. 伍蠡甫.西方文论选：下册[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. 凡引专著的页码，加圆括号置于文中序号之后。 （三）报纸文章 示例 [1] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27，（3） （四）期刊文章 示例 [1] 郭英德.元明文学史观散论[J]. 北京师范大学学报（社会科学版），1995（3）. （五）学位论文 示例 [1] 刘伟.汉字不同视觉识别方式的理论和实证研究[D]. 北京：北京师范大学心理系，1998. （六）报告 示例 [1] 白秀水，刘敢，任保平. 西安金融、人才、技术三大要素市场培育与发展研究[R]. 西安：陕西师范大学西北经济发展研究中心，1998. （七）、对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明性的注释，置于本页地脚，前面用圈码标识。 参考文献的类型 根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母标识： M——专著（含古籍中的史、志论著） C——论文集 N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——研究报告 S——标准 P——专利 A——专著、论文集中的析出文献 Z——其他未说明的文献类型 电子文献类型以双字母作为标识： DB——数据库 CP——计算机程序 EB——电子公告
励志标语【中英文对照】 1、The secret of suess is constancy to purpose. 成功的秘诀在于对目标的忠实。 2、Never put off what you can do today until tomorrow. 今日事今日毕! 3、Only they who fulfill their duties in everyday matters will fulfill them on great oasions. 只有在日常生活中尽责的人才会在重大时刻尽责。 4、Nothing is impossible! 没有什么不可能! 5、Keep on going never give up. 勇往直前，决不放弃! 6、If your world doesn't allow you to dream, move to one where you can.--BILLY IDOL 如果环境不容许你有梦想，迁移到容许你梦想的地方去吧。-- 比利。艾道尔 7、A man is not old as long as he is seeking something. A man is not old until regrets take the place of dreams. 只要一个人还有追求，他就没有老。直到后悔取代了梦想，一 个人才算老。 8、Our destiny offers not the cup of despair , but the chalice of opportunity . (Richard Nixon, American President)
超详细中英文论文参考文献标准格式 1、参考文献和注释。按论文中所引用文献或注释编号的顺序列在论文正文之后，参考文献之前。图表或数据必须注明来源和出处。 （参考文献是期刊时，书写格式为： [编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名（外文可缩写）、年份、卷号、期数、页码。参考文献是图书时，书写格式为： [编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。） 2、附录。包括放在正文内过份冗长的公式推导，以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： [M]--专著,著作 [C]--论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集，及一些专题论文集，如《***大学研究生学术论文集》[N]-- 报纸文章 [J]--期刊文章：发表在期刊上的论文，尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的（如知网），但它也是发表在期刊上的，你看到的电子期刊仅是其电子版 [D]--学位论文：不区分硕士还是博士论文 [R]--报告：一般在标题中会有"关于****的报告"字样 [S]-- 标准 [P]--专利 [A]--文章：很少用，主要是不属于以上类型的文章 [Z]--对于不属于上述的文献类型，可用字母"Z"标识，但这种情况非常少见 常用的电子文献及载体类型标识： [DB/OL] --联机网上数据(database online) [DB/MT] --磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) [M/CD] --光盘图书(monograph on CDROM) [CP/DK] --磁盘软件(computer program on disk) [J/OL] --网上期刊(serial online) [EB/OL] --网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 很显然，标识的就是该资源的英文缩写，/前面表示类型，/后面表示资源的载体，如OL表示在线资源 二、参考文献的格式及举例 1．期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号)起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6):107-109. [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52. [3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 67. 2．专著类
监控摄像头的选择与基本参数 2010-02-22 摄像机镜头是视频监视系统的最关键设备，它的质量（指标）优劣直接影响摄像机的整机指标，因此，摄像机镜头的选择是否恰当既关系到系统质量，又关系到工程造价。 镜头相当于人眼的晶状体，如果没有晶状体，人眼看不到任何物体；如果没有镜头，那么摄像头所输出的图像就是白茫茫的一片，没有清晰的图像输出，这与我们家用摄像机和照相机的原理是一致的。当人眼的肌肉无法将晶状体拉伸至正常位置时，也就是人们常说的近视眼，眼前的景物就变得模糊不清；摄像头与镜头的配合也有类似现象，当图像变得不清楚时，可以调整摄像头的后焦点，改变CCD芯片与镜头基准面的距离（相当于调整人眼晶状体的位置），可以将模糊的图像变得清晰。由此可见，镜头在闭路监控系统中的作用是非常重要的。工程设计人员和施工人员都要经常与镜头打交道：设计人员要根据物距、成像大小计算镜头焦距，施工人员经常进行现场调试，其中一部分就是把镜头调整到最佳状态。 １、镜头的分类 按外形功能分按尺寸大小分按光圈分按变焦类型分按焦距长矩分球面镜头 1 25mm 自动光圈电动变焦长焦距镜头非球面镜头 1/2” 3mm 手动光圈手动变焦标准镜头针孔镜头 1/3” 8.5mm 固定光圈固定焦距广角镜头鱼眼镜头 2/3” 17mm （１）以镜头安装分类：所有的摄像机镜头均是螺纹口的，CCD摄像机的镜头安装有两种工业标准，即C安装座和CS安装座。两者螺纹部分相同，但两者从镜头到感光表面的距离不同。C安装座：从镜头安装基准面到焦点的距离是17.526mm。CS安装座：特种C安装，此时应将摄像机前部的垫圈取下再安装镜头。其镜头安装基准面到焦点的距离是12.5mm。如果要将一个C安装座镜头安装到一个CS安装座摄像机上
各种花卉的英文名 iris蝴蝶花 cockscomb鸡冠花 honeysuckle金银花chrysanthemum菊花 carnation康乃馨 orchid兰花 canna美人蕉 jasmine茉莉花 daffodil水仙花 peony牡丹 begonia秋海棠 cactus仙人掌 christmas flower圣诞花/一品红poppy罂粟 tulip郁金香 chinese rose月季 violet紫罗兰 peach flower桃花 aloe芦荟 mimosa含羞草 dandelion蒲公英
plum bolssom梅花中国水仙 new year lily 石榴 pomegranate 月桂victor's laurel 报春花 polyanthus 木棉 cotton tree 紫丁香 lilac 吊钟 lady's eardrops 紫荆 Chinese redbud 百合 lily 紫罗兰 wall flower 桃花 peach 紫藤 wisteria 杜鹃 azalea 铃兰 lily-of-the-valley 牡丹 tree peony 银杏 ginkgo 芍药 peony 蝴蝶兰 moth orchid 辛夷 violet magnolia 蟹爪仙人掌 Christmas cactus 玫瑰 rose 郁金香 tulip
茶花 common camellia 千日红 common globe-amaranth 非洲堇 African violet 栀子花 cape jasmine 木槿 rose of Sharon 风信子 hyacinth 百子莲 African lily 牵牛花 morning glory 君子兰 kefir lily 荷包花 lady's pocketbook 含笑花 banana shrub 非洲菊 African daisy 含羞草 sensitive plant 茉莉 Arabian jasmine 猪笼草 pitcher plant 凌霄花 creeper 树兰 orchid tree 康乃馨coronation 鸡冠花 cockscomb 荷花lotus 鸢萝 cypress vine 菩提 botree
中英文标语 导读：本文是关于中英文标语，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享！ 1、环境好，生活就好。 The environment is good, life is good. 2、绿色校园，绿色生活。 Green campus, green life. 3、当你不要我时，请把我送回家。 Please send me home when you don't want me. 4、青草绿树你我他咱们同住一家。 The grass, the trees, you and me, we live together. 5、垃圾混置是垃圾，垃圾分类是资源。 Garbage mixed is garbage, garbage classification is resource. 6、心中有情，脚下留情。 The hearts of love, at the foot of mercy. 7、绿色的校园，绿色的家，美丽的环境靠你我他。 Green campus, green home, beautiful environment depends on you and me. 8、善待地球就是善待自己。 To treat the earth kindly is to treat yourself kindly.
9、少一串脚印，多一份绿意。 Less footprints, more greenery. 10、垃圾箱：请你近距离投篮。 Trash box: please close shot. 11、小小一口痰，细菌千千万。 A small amount of sputum, bacteria thousands of millions. 12、让绿色的旋律环绕每一个生命。 Let the green melody surround every life. 13、我选择，我喜欢，我环保，我健康。 I choose, I like, I'm green, I'm healthy. 14、欣赏荒野、回归自然。 Enjoy the wilderness and return to nature. 15、追求绿色时尚，拥抱绿色生活。 Pursue green fashion and embrace green life. 16、小草微微笑，请你绕一绕。 The grass smiles lightly. Please round around. 17、痰吐在地，辱写在心。 Sputum spit in the ground, humiliation written in the heart. 18、环境卫生的洁净，有您的一份文明。 Clean environment, have a civilization of yours. 19、学会做人，学会学习，保护自然。
中英文参考文献格式! (細節也很重要啊。。）来源：李菲玥的日志 规范的参考文献格式 一、参考文献的类型 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章J——期刊文章 D——学位论文R——报告S——标准P——专利 A——文章 对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 常用的电子文献及载体类型标识： ［ＤＢ/OL］——联机网上数据(database online) ［DB/MT］——磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) ［Ｍ/CD］——光盘图书(monograph on CD ROM) ［ＣＰ／DK］——磁盘软件(computer program on disk) ［Ｊ／ＯＬ］——网上期刊(serial online) ［ＥＢ/OL］——网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点： ①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母. 如：Malcolm R ichard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norri s, F. & I.Gordon.； ②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。二、参考文献的格式及举例 1．期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6)：107-109.
植物花卉中英文对照、花卉英文名大全 金橘－－－－－－－－－－－－－－kumquat 米仔兰(米兰）－－－－－－－－－ milan tree 变叶木－－－－－－－－－－－－－croton 一品红－－－－－－－－－－－－－poinsettia 扶桑－－－－－－－－－－－－－－Chinese hibiscus 吊灯花－－－－－－－－－－－－－fringed hibiscus 马拉巴栗（发财树)－－－－－－－ Guiana chestnut 山茶－－－－－－－－－－－－－－camellia 云南山茶－－－－－－－－－－－－Yunnan camellia 金花茶－－－－－－－－－－－－－golden camellia 瑞香－－－－－－－－－－－－－－daphne 结香－－－－－－－－－－－－－－paper bush 倒挂金钟－－－－－－－－－－－－fuchsia 八角金盘－－－－－－－－－－－－Japan fatsia 常春藤－－－－－－－－－－－－－ivy 鹅掌柴－－－－－－－－－－－－－umbrella tree 杜鹃花－－－－－－－－－－－－－rhododendron 茉莉花－－－－－－－－－－－－－jasmine 桂花－－－－－－－－－－－－－－sweet osmanthus 夹竹桃－－－－－－－－－－－－－sweet-scented oleander 黄花夹竹桃－－－－－－－－－－－lucky-nut-thevetia 鸡蛋花－－－－－－－－－－－－－frangipani 龙吐珠－－－－－－－－－－－－－bleeding-heart glorybower 夜香树（木本夜来香）－－－－－－night jasmine 鸳鸯茉莉－－－－－－－－－－－－broadleaf raintree 栀子花－－－－－－－－－－－－－cape jasmine 蝴蝶兰－－－－－－－－－－－－－moth orchid 卡特兰－－－－－－－－－－－－－cattleya 石斛－－－－－－－－－－－－－－dendrobium 兜兰－－－－－－－－－－－－－－lady slipper 兰花－－－－－－－－－－－－－－orchid 春兰－－－－－－－－－－－－－－goering cymbidium
中英文对照版经典质量宣传标语 1、百年大计，质量第一。 Long-term program, quality first. 2、今日质量，明日市场。 Today’squality, tomorrow’smarket. 3、同心协力，提高品质。 To work as one, to improve the quality. 4、全员参与，持续改进。 Full participation, continuous improvement. 5、以精立业，以质取胜。 Start a career with essence, win through high quality. 6、精益求精，创造辉煌。 Seek for greater perfection, create resplendence. 7、质量第一，从我做起。 Quality first, begin from me. 8、控制每一道工序，做好每一件产品。 Control every procedure well, make each product well. 9、效益是企业的源泉，质量是企业的生命。 Benefit is the source of enterprise, quality is the life of enterprise. 10、质量是品牌的生命。 Quality is brand's life. 11、品质的好坏在于每个人的工作态度。
Quality depends on everyone's work attitude. 12、今日的质量，明天的市场。 Today's quality, tomorrow's market. 13、未来的成功——属于质量领先者。 Future success belongs to quality leader. 14、一线工人请注意，品质效率在于你。 Attention, quality efficiency note to the workers at the Frontline. 15、不接受不良品，不制造不良品，不传递不良品。 Don't accept bad product, don't make bad product, don't relay bad product. 16、品质是做出来的，不是检验出来的。 Quality is being made instead of by checking. 17、制造须靠低成本，竞争依赖高品质。 The manufactur depends on reducible cost, competitive relays on high quality. 18、自检互检，确保产品零缺陷。 Ability to check step by step to ensure zero fault in production. 19、检查测试坚持做，一点问题不放过。 Consist makeing inspection to avoid the products fault be caused. 20、我们的承诺，不做不良品。 Ours logan is zero fault in production. 21、要想产品零缺陷，全面品管不可少。
英文引用及参考文献格式要求 一、参考文献的类型 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——报告 对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点： ①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母.如：MalcolmRichardCowley应为：Cowley,M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：FrankNorris与IrvingGordon应为：Norris,F.&I.Gordon.； ②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：MasteringEnglishLiterature，EnglishWeekly。 二、参考文献的格式及举例 1.期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码. 【举例】 [1]王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究，2004,21(1)：56-58. [2]夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52. [3]Heider,E.R.&D.C.Oliver.Thestructureofcolorspaceinnamingandmemo ryoftwolanguages[J].ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearch,1999,(3):62–6 7. 2.专著类 【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码. 【举例】[4]葛家澍，林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社，2001：42. [5]Gill,R.MasteringEnglishLiterature[M].London:Macmillan,1985:42-45. 3.报纸类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期（版次）. 【举例】 [6]李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N].光明日报，1998-12-27(3). [7]French,W.BetweenSilences:AVoicefromChina[N].AtlanticWeekly,198 715(33). 4.论文集 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码. 【举例】 [8]伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C].上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12-17. [9]Spivak,G.“CantheSubalternSpeak?”[A].InC.Nelson&L.Grossberg(e ds.).VictoryinLimbo:Imigism[C].Urbana:UniversityofIllinoisPress,1988, pp.271-313.
摄像头测试指导手册 一、测试环境及测试条件 1、暗室：不能反光、透光、关灯后照度低于1Lx，墙面用18度灰的灰布。如无特殊 规定，为保证摄像设备拍摄测试图卡时能够输出足够的信号，拍摄时测试图卡表面照度范围应在700Lx～1200Lx之间，测试时饱和度和均匀度可根据实际调节，正常测试使用D65光源，光强度不足需使用相同光源补光。 2、在D65光源色温下，测试图卡上任何一点的照度与测试图卡中心照度差不大于10%； 在其他色温下，测试图卡上任何一点的照度与测试图卡中心照度差不大于30%，光源应采取必要的遮光措施，防止光源直射镜头。测试图卡周围应是低照度，以减少炫光，测试时应尽量避免外界光线照射。测试图卡背景采用黑或吸光型中性灰。 3、测试中可使下列标准色温：D65光源色温6500K、泛光灯色温3400K。实际测试环 境的色温标准偏差应不大于200K，色温从2700k－7500k 可调换。 4、温度20±2℃，相对湿度50±20%。 5、测试距离可根据实际任意调整。摄像头与图卡距离建议为80-130cm，实际测试中 若超过以上范围需要标注。 6、图表放臵：放臵图表时使之与相机的焦点面平行，并且使得横向看时，水平方向 的粗框与画面水平框平行。根据iso12233的规定，拍摄时让图表的有效高度正好占满画面。实际上完全按照该要求拍摄有一定难度，因此也可拍摄的稍小。此时，将乘以“整个画面的垂直像素/画面中图表的每有效高度的像素数”进行标定。 7、相机条件设定的原则：根据本标准测量分辨率时，相机参数原则上采用出厂时的 设定。采用出厂设定以外的设定进行测量时必须注明所采用的设定。若存在根据出厂时的设定无法确定的参数时，厂商将按照该相机的用户最可能使用的设定进行测量，并注明可确定该设定的信息。曝光条件、对焦、变焦位臵没有特别规定；相机的白平衡必须相对照明光源进行适当调节。 8、测试图卡照明方法图示：
iris 蝴蝶花hon eysuckle 金银花 chrysanthemum 菊花 carnation 康乃馨 orchid 兰花 canna 美人蕉 jasmine 茉莉花 daffodil 水仙花 peony 牡丹 begonia 秋海棠 cactus 仙人掌 christmas flower 圣诞花/一品红 poppy 罂粟 tulip 郁金香 chi nese rose 月 季 violet 紫罗兰 peach flower 桃花 aloe 芦荟 mimosa 含羞草 dandelion 蒲公英 plum bolssom 梅花中国水仙new year lily
石榴pomegranate 月桂victor's laurel 报春花polyanthus 木棉cotton tree 紫丁香lilac 吊钟lady's eardrops 紫荆Chinese redbud 百合lily 紫罗兰wall flower 桃花peach 紫藤wisteria 杜鹃azalea 铃兰lily-of-the-valley 牡丹tree peony 银杏ginkgo 芍药peony 蝴蝶兰moth orchid 辛夷violet magnolia 蟹爪仙人掌Christmas cactus 玫瑰rose 郁金香tulip
非洲堇African violet 栀子花cape jasmine 木槿rose of Sharon 风信子hyacinth 百子莲African lily 牵牛花morning glory 君子兰kefir lily 荷包花lady's pocketbook 含笑花bana shrub 非洲菊African daisy 含羞草sensitive plant 茉莉Arabian jasmine 猪笼草pitcher plant 凌霄花creeper 树兰orchid tree 康乃馨coronation 荷花lotus 鸢萝cypress vine 菩提botree 大理花dahlia
校园标语精选（中英文对照）装饰教室或校园时，说不定可以借鉴一下— 1、Offering is life 奉献就是人生 2、Discard the old ways of life in favor of the new Be promising and diligent in one ' s work 革故鼎新奋发图强 3、English is the bridge to the world 英语是走向世界的桥梁 4、Time is life 时间就是生命 5、Knowledgeable about the past and present Conversant with the Chinese and west 博古通今学贯中西 6、Learning English well having bright future 学好英语前程灿烂 7、Teach students in allowance with their opportunities Take advantage of their specialties 因材施教发展特长 8、Master English you can roam the world 精通英语走遍天下 9、Develop create and improve together with the time 与时俱进开拓创新 10、The motherland in heart and the world in eyes 胸怀祖国放眼世界 11、Solidify your base and richen your knowledge to improve your ability 厚基础宽知识 强能力 12、Learn different languages to master the world Culture 学中外语言通五洲文化4、善学者尽其理，善行者究其难。 Find out how to learn to learn well, Find out how to go to go farther. 6、知之者不如行之者。 To do is better than to say. 12、探索、求知、明理 Explore truths , seek knowledge and you'll understand reasons. 附录（一）标志牌门卫Guard 车库Parking 食堂Dining-room 画廊Gallery 宣传栏Bulletin board 教学大楼Teaching & Learning Building x年级型Class , Gi^ade x 办公室Teachers' office 健身房Gymnasium 厕所W.C 小卖部Buffet
摄像机基础培训（三） 一、CCD彩色摄像机的主要技术指标或测量方法 1、CCD彩色摄像机的主要技术指标 （１）CCD尺寸，亦即摄像机靶面。一般来说，尺寸越大，包含的像素越多，清晰度就越高，性能也就越好。在像素数目相同的条件下，尺寸越大，则显示的图像层次越丰富。 （２）CCD像素，是CCD的主要性能指标，它决定了显示图像的清晰程度，分辨率越高，图像细节的表现越好。CCD是由面阵感光元素组成，每一个元素称为像素，像素越多，图像越清晰。现在市场上大多以25万和38万像素为划界，38万像素以上者为高清晰度摄像机。 （３）水平分辨率。彩色摄像机的典型分辨率是在320到500电视线之间，主要有330线、380线、420线、460线、500线等不同档次。分辨率是用电视线（简称线TV LINES）来表示的，彩色摄像头的分辨率在330-500线之间。分辨率与CCD和镜头有关，还与摄像头电路通道的频带宽度直接相关，通常规律是1MHz的频带宽度相当于清晰度为80线。频带越宽，图像越清晰，线数值相对越大。分辨率是水平线的数量乘上。因此最高垂直分辨率为：NTSC ：525 X =393 条；PAL ：625 X = 470 条。水平分辨率测量方法： a、检验(解析)图：将摄影机直接拍摄检验图，在监视器上直接读取垂直及水平分辨率。当多个摄像机进行测试时，应使用相同镜头，（推荐使作定焦、二可变镜头），以测试卡中心圆出现在监视器屏幕的左右边为准，清晰准确的数出已给的刻度线共10组垂直线和10组水平线。分别代表着垂直清晰度和水平清晰度，并给出相应的线数。如垂直350线水平800线。此时最好用高线的黑白监视器。测试时可在远景物聚焦，也可边测边聚焦。最好能两者兼用，可看出此摄像机的差异（对远近会聚）。 b、频宽测量：使用示波器测量摄影机读取图像讯号频宽, 测量出频宽再乘
常见花的英文单词 中国水仙new year lily 石榴pomegranate 月桂victor's laurel 报春花polyanthus 木棉cotton tree 紫丁香lilac 吊钟lady's eardrops 紫荆Chinese redbud 百合lily 紫罗兰wall flower 桃花peach 紫藤wisteria 杜鹃azalea 铃兰lily-of-the-valley 牡丹tree peony 银杏ginkgo 芍药peony 蝴蝶兰moth orchid 辛夷violet magnolia 蟹爪仙人掌Christmas cactus 玫瑰rose 郁金香tulip 茶花common camellia 千日红common globe-amaranth 非洲堇African violet 栀子花cape jasmine 木槿rose of Sharon 风信子hyacinth 百子莲African lily 牵牛花morning glory 君子兰kefir lily 荷包花lady's pocketbook 含笑花banana shrub 非洲菊African daisy 含羞草sensitive plant 茉莉Arabian jasmine 猪笼草pitcher plant 凌霄花creeper 树兰orchid tree 康乃馨coronation 鸡冠花cockscomb
荷花lotus 鸢萝cypress vine 菩提botree 大理花dahlia 圣诞百合Christmas bell 一串红scarlet sage 紫薇crape myrtle 勿忘我forget-me-not 睡莲water lily 文心兰dancing lady 吊兰spider plant 白头翁pappy anemone 向日葵sunflower 矢车菊cornflower 竹bamboo 金鱼草snapdragon 夹竹桃oleander 金盏花pot marigold 月季花china rose 金银花honeysuckle 长春花old maid 金莲花garden nasturtium 秋海棠begonia 非洲凤仙African touch-me-not 美人蕉canna 曼陀罗angel's trumpet 晚香玉tuberose 梅花flowering apricot 野姜花ginger lily 圣诞红common poinsettia 菊花chrysanthemum 虞美人Iceland poppy 昙花epiphyllum 鸢尾iris 龙胆royal blue 腊梅winter sweet 麒麟花crown of thorns 木芙蓉cotton rose 九重葛paper flower 火鹤花flamingo flower 三色堇tricolor viola 嘉德丽亚兰cattleya
安全标语中英文对照 导读：本文是关于标语大全的文章，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享！ 1、安全一个人，幸福全家人。 Safe one person, happy whole family. 2、高高兴兴上班，平平安安下班。 Happy to go to work, safe off work. 3、微笑辽阔无界，安全超于一切。 Smile is broad and boundless. Safety is more than everything. 4、生命至高无上，安全责任为天。 Life is paramount and safety responsibility is heaven. 5、快速诚可贵，生命价更高。 Fast, honest and valuable, higher life price. 6、遵守交通规则，享受美好人生。 Obey traffic rules and enjoy a good life. 7、安全就是节约，安全保障生命。 Safety means saving, and safety guarantees life. 8、落实安全责任，夯实安全基础。 Implementing safety responsibility and laying a solid foundation for safety.
9、小心无大错，粗心铸大过。 Careful is not a big mistake, careless is a big mistake. 10、宁绕百米远，不冒一步险。 Better go around a hundred meters than take one step. 11、采取措施，防患于未然。 Take measures to prevent trouble before it happens. 12、关注校园安全，构建人文和谐。 Pay attention to campus safety and build humanistic harmony. 13、事故是警钟，多敲才能创平安。 Accidents are alarm bells, and more strikes can create safety. 14、人人讲安全，家家保平安。 Everyone talks about safety, and home is safe. 15、力求一次做好，争取最大效益。 Make every effort to do a good job at one time and strive for maximum benefit. 16、头上有一帽，安全有一套。 There is a hat on the head and a set of safety. 17、事前多检讨，事后少烦恼。 More review beforehand and less worry afterwards. 18、行万里平安路，做百年长乐人。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/2513838272.html, 中英文论文参考文献 一、中英文论文期刊参考文献 [1].面向中英文混合环境的多模式匹配算法. 《软件学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2008年3期.孙钦东.黄新波.王倩. [2].基于自适应特征与多级反馈模型的中英文混排文档分割. 《自动化学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2006年3期.夏勇.王春恒.戴汝为. [3].基于最大熵方法的中英文基本名词短语识别. 《计算机研究与发展》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI 收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2003年3期.周雅倩.郭以昆.黄萱菁.吴立德. [4].中英文指代消解中待消解项识别的研究. 《计算机研究与发展》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI 收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2012年5期.孔芳.朱巧明.周国栋. [5].基于树核函数的中英文代词消解?. 《软件学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2013年5期.孔芳.周国栋. [6].基于树核函数的中英文代词消解. 《软件学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2012年5期.孔芳.周国栋. [7].一种并行中英文混合多模式匹配算法. 《计算机工程》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2014年4期.王震.李仁发.李彦彪.田峥. [8].中英文混合文章识别问题. 《软件学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2005年5期.王恺.王庆人.
手机摄像头参数解析-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1
手机摄像头参数解析 2000年11月，夏普联合日本当时第三大移动运营商J-photo推出了全球第一款拍照手机，像素仅有11万。时至今日，手机拍照已经成为手机必不可少的一个功能，手机摄像头历经多年发展，也已经不可同日而语。 随着智能手机的普及和不断升级，用户对于手机拍照画质也就越来越高，好的拍照画质就离不开出色的手机摄像头配置，而目前市面上手机摄像头的规格众多，参数各不相同，怎么去看这些名词和参数来挑选好的拍照手机呢下面让我们一起来简单学习一下。 手机摄像头的结构和工作原理 拍摄景物通过镜头，将生成的光学图像投射到传感器上，然后光学图像被转换成电信号，电信号再经过模数转换变为数字信号，数字信号经过DSP加工处理，再被送到手机处理器中进行处理，最终转换成手机屏幕上能够看到的图像。
手机摄像头的简单结构 手机摄像头的工作流程 由于手机摄像头的工作原理基本都相同，对于我们选择好的手机摄像头并不产生影响，我们只需要简单了解即可。 影响手机摄像头拍照画质的几个因素 1、传感器的类型 传感器是决定手机摄像头成像品质最为重要的一部份，也经常被手机厂商作为宣传的重点，厂商也习惯采用传感器的分类来对手机摄像头的类型进行分类。 常见的摄像头传感器类型主要有两种，一种是CCD传感器，一种是CMOS传感器。 CCD的优势在于成像质量好，但是制造工艺复杂，成本居高不下，特别是大型CCD价格非常高昂，且耗电高，并不适合在移动设备上使用。在相同分辨率下，CMOS价格比CCD便宜，但图像质量相比CCD来说要低一些。 CMOS影像传感器相对CCD具有耗电低的优势，加上随着工艺技术的进步，CMOS的画质水平也不断地在提高，所以目前市面上的手机摄像头都采用CMOS传感器。
亚洲常见花卉英文译名Abutilon pictum / Thomsonii风铃花 Abutilon Hybriden金铃花 Acacia dealbata银栲皮树 Acaena / New Zealand burr无瓣蔷薇(纽西兰球果属植物) Acanthus叶蓟属植物 Acer palmatum掌叶槭 Achillea / Yarrow丽纹锯草(蓍草属植物) Achimenes / Cupid's bower / hot water plant长筒花Actinidia狝猴桃<--攀缘植物 Adenium obesum沙漠玫瑰(天宝花) Adiantum capilus-veneris / True maidenhair fern铁线蕨Aegopodium podagraia 'Variegata'斑叶羊角芹 African daisy非洲菊 Agapanthus / African lily百子莲 Agastache藿香 Agave龙舌兰属植物 Ageratum houstonianum紫花霍香蓟 Agrostemma githago / Corn cockle麦仙翁 Ajuga reptans匍筋骨草 Akebia木通(别名:巧克力藤蔓) <--攀缘植物
Alcea rosea / Hollyhock蜀葵 Alchemilla / Lady's mantle斗篷草 Allium葱属 Aloe芦荟属植物 Alyssum香荠属植物 Amaranthus苋属植物 Ampelopsis山葡萄<--攀缘植物 Ampelopsis brevipedunculata蛇白蔹 Anchusa capensis / Alkanet非洲勿忘草Androsace carnea / Rock jasmine铜钱花Anethu, graveolens / Dill莳萝 Annual phlox福禄考 Antennaria dioica山荻 Anthemis西洋甘菊 Anthemis punctata subsp cupaniana春黄菊Antirrhinum majus / Snapdragon金鱼草 Arabis / Rock cress南芥菜(岩水芹) Aralia elata黃斑高? Arbutus野草莓樹 Arctotis Fastuosa / Monarch of the veldt南非雛菊Arenaria balearica蚤綴