物流配送中心设施及设备
1 绪论
当前世界经济发展的两大趋势是全球化和市场化。经济腾飞、科技进步和信息革命，将世界经济带入前所未有的全球化和市场化的时代。集物流、信息流和资金流于一身的物流配送中心，在这全球化和市场化的时代里，又进一步促进了世界经济和贸易的发展。迈向２１世纪的国际物流技术的特征是信息化、网络化、智能化、柔性化、标准化和社会化。科学的物流配送是实现电子商务的重要环节。
物流配送中心在物流业中作用极大，加速了商品流通，减少了商品损耗，降低了物流成本，提高了库存周转率，降低了超市连锁系统的采购、验货和入库费用，减少了仓库面积，节约了土地面积、人力和财力，提高了经营灵活性和工作效率。
1.1 工业CT传送装置的研制
叶片传送装置是为检测叶片质量好坏的一套高度自动化装置。该装置以可编程逻辑控制器PLC为控制核心，通过接近开关，及光电传感器检测得到的信号判断叶片托盘的位置，同时将信号反馈到PLC，再由PLC对采集到的信号进行分析判断，按照预先编制好的逻辑程序控制叶片传送带各电动机及液系统协调工作，使叶片托盘按既定程序停靠在指定检测区域。由于叶片检测所使用射线对人体有害，所以我们采用远程控制的手段，操作房间与检测房间独立设置，使操作人员远离检测区域。使用触摸屏替代传统的按钮，指示灯组成的操作面板，既方便操作，更改便捷，又方便触摸屏与PLC通讯，只需要一根通讯电缆即可完成对现场各装置的动作控制。整套系统还使用安装了组态软件的工业控制计算机作为上位机，编制组态动画对现场叶片传送装置的动作进行形象模拟，通过与PLC实时通讯，掌握现场各环节动作情况，编制历史数据库，方便用户对工作量，故障分析等数据的查询。机械部分则有传感器，传送带，液压三部分构成。通过机械，电气，上位控制几个系统的协调工作，确保整套系统在要求的工艺下完成检测叶片的任务。课题使用到了当今比较先进的控制、数据采集、机械制造等环节，。项目中整合了PLC、触摸屏、组态软件、传感器、机械传送装置的设计、液压控制等机电一体化知识，通过技术手段使之结合到一起，最终实现了系统的协同工作。
通过改造旧有生产线，使用本文所设计的叶片传送装置大大提高了工厂的生产和检测效率，并且伴随着这种高度自动化设备的广泛使用，人力资源得到解放，降低了企业的生产成本。
1.2国内外研究现状
目前国际上的自动化传送装置已经发展的极为成熟，在各大知名制造业的流水线上使用的都是各式各样的传送装置。包括：冶金业，制造业，矿业，IT行业，纺织业等等行业中，传送装置起到了相当巨大的作用。使用合适的传送装置会大大提高工厂的生产或检测效率，并且伴随着这种高度自动化设备的广泛使用，人力资源得到解放，降低了企业的成本。国内外各传送装置有着同样的几个共性：
(1)都具备一套或几套控制系统。以控制系统为核心对传送装置进行综合操控，配合高精度机械手臂或自动化机器人或各种检测设备对成品或半成品进行检测或再加工。
(2)都具有一整套的监测传感器。通过各种传感器，对位移，压力，流量，温度，速度等数据进行检测，将监测到的原始信号变送为可供计算机或控制系统识别的数字或模拟量信号，再将得到的信号交由控制系统或上位机进行分析处理。
(3)都具有传动或动力装置。如：电动机，油泵等。随着科学技术的发展，制造精度的提高，各生产厂商制造的控制器，传感器等设备的性能越来越高，传送装置的控制精度，传送效率必将得到进一步提高。
目前上位工控机也广泛使用到了传送装置的控制系统中，利用上位工控机强大的处理能力，可以实现复杂的算法，便于控制动作的可操作性。利用高级语言编制程序，省时省力，且便于维护调试。对现场工作情况可做数据记录，在需要时调历史数据库进行数据查询，方便回查，有利于编制更科学的工艺过程。使用组态软件编制现场工作动画，使操作者更直观更快捷的了解现场实时工作情况。
2 物流机械设备
2.1输送机系统分类
输送机是按照规定路线连续地或间歇地运送散料物料和成件物品的搬运机械。
输送机系统是由两个以上输送机及其附件，组成一个比较复杂的工艺输送系统，完成物料的搬运、装卸、分拣等功能。广泛应用于工厂企业的流水生产线、物料输送线；广泛应用于流通中心、配送中心物料的快速拣选和分拣。
2.1.1带式输送机
定义：带式输送机是一种利用连续而具有挠性输送带连续地来输送物料的输送机。
用途：输送各种散状物料；在装配、检验、测试等生产线上输送单位质量不太大的成件物品。
分类：根据挠性输送带的不同，可分：织物芯胶带／织物芯PVC带／钢带／网带等。织物芯又可分为棉帆布／尼龙帆布(NN)／聚酯尼龙交织帆布(EP)等。
2.1.2滚柱输送机
定义：采用滚柱来取代辊道的输送机。
用途：结构简单，一般用于无动力驱动。适用于成件包装货物或者整底面物料的短距离搬运。
2.1.3辊道输送机
定义：辊道输送机是利用辊子的转动来输送成件物品的输送机。它可沿水平或曲线路径进行输送，其结构简单。安装、使用、维护方便，对不规则的物品可放在托盘或者托板上进行输送。
分类：按驱动方式分：无动力辊道输送机／动力辊道输送机（链传动／摩擦传动）。按无动力辊道输送机的曲线段形式分：柱形辊子式／锥形辊子式／差速辊子式／短辊子差速式等。按转撤装置的形式分：曲线段转撤／岔道分流／平面分流／小车转撤／直角转撤／回转台转撤／辊子输送机升降装置转撤等。
适用范围：滚筒输送机适用于各类箱、包、托盘等件货的输送，散料、小件物品或不规则的物品需放在托盘上或周转箱内输送。能够输送单件重量很大的物料，或承受较大的冲击载荷，滚筒线之间易于衔接过滤，可用多条滚筒线及其它输送机或专机组成复杂的物流输送系统，完成多方面的工艺需要。可采用积放滚筒实现物料的堆积输送。滚筒输送机结构简单，可靠性高，使用维护方便。
辊筒的选择：
1、滚筒的长度选择：不同宽度的货物应选适合宽度的滚筒，一般情况下采用“输送物+50mm”。
2、滚筒的壁厚及轴径选择：按照输送物的重量平均分配到接触的滚筒上，计算出每支滚筒的所需承重，从而确定滚筒的壁厚及轴径。
3、滚筒材料及表面处理：根据输送环境的不同，确定滚筒所采用的材质和表面处理（碳钢镀锌、不锈钢、发黑还是包胶）。
4、选择滚筒的安装方式：根据整体输送机的具体要求，选择滚筒的安装方式: 弹簧压入式, 内牙轴式, 全扁榫式, 通轴销孔式等。
对于弯道机的锥形滚筒，其滚面宽度及锥度视货物尺寸和转弯半径而定。
2.1.4链式输送机
定义：链式输送机是利用链条牵引、承载，或由链条上安装的板条、金属网、辊道等承载物料的输送机。
分类：根据链条上安装的承载面的不同，可分：链条式/链板式/链网式/板条式/链斗式/托盘式/台车式，此外，也常与其他输送机、升降装置等组成各种功能的生产线。2.1.5悬挂输送机
定义：悬挂输送机属于链条（也可为钢索）牵引式的连续输送机。
用途：悬挂输送机是规模较大的工厂综合机械化输送设备，它广泛地应用于大量或者成批生产的工厂，作为车间之间和车间内部的机械化、自动化连续输送设备。在汽车、家电、服装、屠宰、邮政等方面得到了广泛应用。
分类：根据牵引件和承载件的连接方式不同，可分：通用悬挂输送机（提式悬挂输送机）/推式悬挂输送机/拖式悬挂输送机/积放式悬挂输送机。根据承载件的支撑方式不同可分：空中吊挂式/地面支撑式等。
3 自动化立体仓库系统的设计与实现
3 绪论
自动化立体仓库系统(Automated Storage and Retrieval System shorted forAS/RS)是现代物流系统的一个重要组成部分，广泛应用于各行各业中。目前，它已经成为企业生产和管理信息化的标志之一。自动化立体仓库在军事领域中同样具有很高的应用价值，是提高部队信息化毹；理水平、战斗力的有力保障。
自动化立体仓库是集机电、液压、通讯、PLC、计算机、数据库技术为一体的复杂的高度集成的智能系统。本课题设计的自动化立体仓库采用分布式PLC控制液压和机电设备进行作业，使用丰富的传感器确保作业的准确性和安全性；组态王开发的上位机软件对其工作进行监控和指挥并用数据库记录库存信息，辅以基于无线通讯技术的摄像设备进行实时视频监控。
3．1自动化立体仓库(Automated storage／Retrieval system)
3．1．1自动化立体仓库的定义
自动化是现代物流技术发展的主要趋势，因此作为现代物流系统主要组成部分的自动化立体仓库在整个物流系统中占有非常重要的地位。作为现代物流技术的典型代表，自动化立体仓库系统(AS／RS)能够按照指令自动完成货物的存取，并能对库存货物进行自动管理，完全实现自动化作业，该系统具有提升物流管理。
水平与物流运作效率、操作简单、能与ERP系统进行信息集成、节省占地面积、维护方便快捷等诸多优点。
自动化立体仓库丰要有以下部分组成：
高层货架：用于存储货物的钢结构。目前主要有焊接式货架和组合式货架两种基本形式。
托盘(货箱)：用于承载货物的器具，亦称工位器具。
巷道堆垛机：用于自动存取货物的设备。按结构形式分为单立柱和双立柱两种基本形式；按服务方式分为直道、弯道和转移车三种基本形式。
输送机系统：立体库的丰要外围设备，负责将货物运送到堆垛机或从堆垛机将货物移走。输送机种类非常多，常见的有辊道输送机，链条输送机，升降台，分配车，提升机机，皮带机等。
AGV系统：即自动导向小车。根据其导向方式分为感应式导向小车和激光导向小车。
自动控制系统：驱动自动化立体库系统各设备的自动控制系统。目前以采用现场总线方式为控制模式为主。
库存信息管理系统：亦称中央计算机管理系统。是全自动化立体库系统的核心。目前典型的自动化立体库系统均采用大型的数据库系统(如ORACLE，SYBASE等)构筑典型的客户机／服务器体系，可以与其他系统(如ERP系统等)联网或集成。
3．1．2自动化立体仓库的现状及发展趋势
立体仓库的产生和发展是第二次世界大战之后生产和技术发展的结果。50年代初，美国出现了采用桥式堆垛起重机的立体仓库；50年代末60年代初出现了司机操作的巷道式堆垛起重机立体仓库；1963年美国率先在高架仓库中采用计算机控制技术，建立了第一座计算机控制的立体仓库。此后，自动化立体仓库在美国和欧洲得到迅速发展，并形成了专门的学科。60年代中期，日本开始兴建立体仓库，并且发展速度越来越快，成为当今世界上拥有自动化立体仓库最多的国家之一。
我国对立体仓库及其物料搬运设备的研制开始并不晚，1963年研制成第一台桥式堆垛起重机(机械部北京起重运输机械研究所)，1973年开始研制我国第一座由计算机控制的自动化立体仓库(高15米，机械部起重所负责)，该库1980年投入运行。到目前为止，我国自动化立体仓库数量己超过200座。立体仓库由于具有很高的空间利用率、很强的入出库能力、采用计算机进行控制管理而利于企业实施现代化管理等特点，己成为企业物流和生产管理不可缺少的仓储技术，越来越受到企业的重视。自动化高架仓库应用范围很广，几乎遍布所有行业。在我国，自动化高架仓库应用的行业主要有机械、冶金、化工、航空航天、电子、医药、食品加工、烟草、印刷、配送中心、机场、港口等。3．1．3自动化立体仓库的优越性
自动化立体仓库其优越性是多方面的，对于企业来说，可从以下几个方面得到体现：l、提高空间利用率
早期立体仓库的构想，其基本出发点就是提高空间利用率，充分节约有限且宝贵的土地。在西方有些发达国家，提高空间利用率的观点已有更广泛深刻的含义，节约土地，已与节约能源、环境保护等更多的方面联系起来。有些甚至把空间的利用率作为系统合理性和先进性考核的重要指标来对待。
立体库的空间利用率与其规划紧密相连。一般来说，自动化高架仓库其空间利用率为普通仓库的2．5倍。这是相当可观的。
2、便于形成先进的物流系统，提高企业生产管理水平传统仓库只是货物储存的场所，保存货物是其唯一的功能，是一种“静态储存”。自动化立体仓库采用先进的自动化物料搬运设备，不仅能使货物在仓库内按需要自动存取，而且可以与仓库以外的生产环节进行有机的连接，并通过计算机管理系统和自动化物料搬运设备使仓库成为企业生产物流中的一个重要环节。企业外购件和自制牛产件进入自动化仓库储存是整个牛产的一个环节，短时储存是为了在指定的时间自动输出到下一道工序进行生产，从而形成一个自动化的物流系统，这是一种“动态储存”，也是当今自动化仓库发展的一个明显的技术趋势。
以上所述的物流系统又是整个企业生产符理大系统(从订货、必要的设计和规划、计划编制和生产安排、制造、装配、试验、发运等)的一个子系统，建立物流系统与企业大系统间的实时连接，是目前自动化高架仓库发展的另一个明显的技术趋势。
现代化企业对管理提出了更高的要求，“管理出效益’’的思维方式已成为大多数的现代企业管理者的共识。生产管理是企业管理的一个重要组成部分，主要包括产品规划，生产组织，物流规划，外购外设，产品质量，成本测算等内容。自动化高架库系统作为生产过程的一个中心环节，几乎参与了牛产管理的全过程。
3、加快货物的存取节奏，减轻劳动强度，提高生产效率建立以自动化立体仓库为中心的物流系统，其优越性还表现在自动化高架库具有的快速的入出库能力，能快速妥善地将货物存入高架库中(入库)，也能快速及时并自动地将生产所需零部件和原材料送达生产线。这一特点是普通平库所不能达到的。
同时，自动化立体仓库的实现是减轻保管人员劳动强度的最典型的例予。这种劳动强度的减轻是综合的，具体包括：
1)采用自动巷道堆垛机取代人工存放货物和人工取货，既快捷又省力。由于人员不必进入仓库内工作，工作环境大为改善。
2)采用计算机管理系统对货物进行管理，大大增强了货物的管理能力，使仓库管理科学化，准确性和可靠性有质的提高，入出库管理、盘库、报表等工作量变得简单快捷，工人的劳动强度大大降低。
3)立体库系统辅以库前辅助输送设备，使入出库变得简单方便。
4)自动化立体库系统所需要的操作人员和系统维护人员很少，既节省了人力物力，节约了资金，又改善了工作环境，一举多得。
5)自动化仓储能适应黑暗、有毒、低温等特殊场合的需要。将自动化立体仓库应用到军事领域，同样会产生较高的军事效益，是提高部队战斗力的有力保障。
Logistics and distribution center facilities and equipment
1 Introduction
The current development of the world economy is the two big trend of globalization and market. Economic boom, the progress of science and technology and the information revolution, will be the world economy into an unprecedented era of globalization and market. Set logistics, information flow and capital all in a suit of logistics distribution center, in this era of globalization and market, and further promote the development of the world economy and trade. 21 century international logistics technology is the characteristics of information, network and intelligent, flexibility, standardization and socialization. Scientific logistics distribution is to realize the important link of the electronic commerce.
Logistics distribution center in logistics industry function is great, accelerate the circulation of commodities, reduce the loss of goods, reduce logistics cost and improve inventory turnover, reduce the supermarket chain system of procurement, the inspection and storage costs and reduce the storage area, save the land area, human and financial resources, improve the management flexibility and efficiency. 1.1 the development of industrial CT transmission device
Transmission device is for testing leaf blade quality stand or fall to a set of highly automatic device. This device with programmable logic controller PLC to control the core, through close to switch, and get the photoelectric sensor detection signal judge the position of the leaf tray, and at the same time will signal to feedback to PLC, again by PLC for the collected signal the analysis judgment, the prepared according to logic control leaves the conveyor belt electric motor and fluid system coordination, blade according to established procedures parked in the tray designated testing area. Due to the blade used ray detection harmful to human body, so we use remote control method, the operation room and testing room set up independently, make operation personnel away from testing area. Use touch screen to replace the traditional button, indicator of operation panel, convenient operation, change is convenient, and convenient PLC and touch screen, only need a communication cable can complete all devices to the scene of the motor control. The system also use installed the configuration software industrial control computer as a PC, configuration of the animation of leaf of action to make image transmission device simulation, real-time communication with PLC, grasp every link of the action of historical database, the convenient user about the workload, fault analysis of data query. By the specifics have sensors, the conveyor belt, hydraulic three parts. Through the mechanical, electrical, upper control several system to balance work, to ensure that the system in the process of complete testing requirements of
外文文献原稿和译文 原稿 Logistics from the English word "logistics", the original intent of the military logistics support, in the second side after World War II has been widely used in the economic field. Logistics Management Association of the United States is defined as the logistics, "Logistics is to meet the needs of consumers of raw materials, intermediate products, final products and related information to the consumer from the beginning to the effective flow and storage, implementation and control of the process of . " Logistics consists of four key components: the real flow, real storage, and management to coordinate the flow of information. The primary function of logistics is to create time and space effectiveness of the effectiveness of the main ways to overcome the space through the storage distance. Third-party logistics in the logistics channel services provided by brokers, middlemen in the form of the contract within a certain period of time required to provide logistics services in whole or in part. Is a third-party logistics companies for the external customer management, control and operation of the provision of logistics services company. According to statistics, currently used in Europe the proportion of third-party logistics services for 76 percent, the United States is about 58%, and the demand is still growing; 24 percent in Europe and the United States 33% of non-third-party logistics service users are actively considering the use of third-party logistics services. As a third-party logistics to improve the speed of material flow, warehousing costs and financial savings in the cost effective means of passers-by, has become increasingly attracted great attention.
毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日
Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system
文献出处: Mahpula A、The Research of Regional Logistics Competitiveness [J]、Journal of Transport Geography, 2015, 15(2): 30-34、 原文 The Research of Regional Logistics Competitiveness Mahpula A Abstract At present, the development of logistics is the logistics demand rapid increase, the expanding market capacity, accelerates the construction of logistics infrastructure, third-party logistics fast growth the tendency, the whole logistics industry is developing in the direction of the information, globalization and specialization、At the same time, with the rapid increase of logistics demand, the development of the regional logistics more rapidly、Regional logistics is an important part of regional economy, the existence and development of regional logistics is the premise of existence and development of regional economy, no regional economy there would be no regional logistics、Regional logistics and regional economic development level, is closely related to the scale and the level of the different regional economic shape, size and industry, determines the level of regional logistics, the scale and structure form、Regional economic integration can make the area and regional logistics incline to reasonable, adapt to reasonable layout of industrial structure, to reduce logistics cost, promote the development of regional logistics、On the other hand, the regional economic development is inseparable from the development of regional logistics and regional logistics to provide support and guarantee for the development of regional economy, the development of the regional logistics will drive and promote the further development of regional economy、Therefore, the development of the regional logistics has become to improve the regional investment environment and industry development environment, expanding the scope of the regional influence, the key to enhancing regional competitiveness、 Keywords: Regional logistics; Regional logistics competitiveness; Evaluation index 1 Introduction The rapid development of world economy and the progress of modern science and technology, the logistics industry as an emerging service industry, is developing rapidly in the global scope、Internationally, logistics industry is considered to be the economic development of the artery and basic industry, its development degree
https://www.doczj.com/doc/2b10923380.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
物流规划中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
设施规划 引言 设施规划在过去的十年间已经被赋予了全新的意义。在过去，设施规划一般被认为是一门科学。而在当今竞争激烈的全球市场，设施规划成为了一种策略。政府、教育机构和企业已经不再单独相互竞争，现在这些实体或企业将彼此联合为合作企业、组织协会，并最终合成为供应链，将客户纳入到整个供应链过程以保持竞争力。 这些年来设施规划问题一直是一个热门话题。尽管它已拥有很悠久的历史，但在目前的出版物、会议以及研究中，设施规划仍是最受欢迎的科目之一。设施规划的处理已经从清单式或者菜单式的方法发展到了高度复杂的数学建模。在本文中，我们使用了一个实用的设施规划方法，其利用了实证以及同时包含传统和现代概念的分析方法。值得提及的是，在本文中拥有很广泛的设施规划应用示例。例如，这本书的内容可以适用于一个新医院,一个装配部门,一个已有的仓库,或者一个机场的行李部的规划。无论问题是发生在医院、生产工厂、配送中心、机场、零售商店、学校、银行、还是办公室或者这些设施的任何部分；无论是在一个发达国家的现代化设施还是在一个发展中国家的过时设施中，本文给出的材料在进行规划时都非常有用。重要的是要认识到现代设施规划中将设施当作是一个动态的实体，一个成功的设施规划方案的关键因素是其适应性以及适合全新应用的能力。 设施规划的定义 当今的设施规划必须能够帮助组织实现供应链的优越性。实现供应链的优越性是一个有六个步骤、或者说六个等级的过程。一如既往，这些步骤与优越性、可见性、协同性、综合性、敏捷性等联系在一起。 当一家公司最大化供应链的各个功能（采购-制造-运输-储存-销售），个体部门（如金融、市场营销、销售、采购、信息技术、研发、生产、分配和人力资源等部门）的目标就是要成为公司最好的部门。组织的有效性不是重点，每个组
中英文对照翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Policies for Development of Iron and Steel Industry The iron and steel industry is an important basic industry of the national economy, a supporting industry for realizing the industrialization and an intensive industry in technologies, capital, resources and energy, and its development requires a comprehensive balancing of all kinds of external conditions. China is a big developing country with a comparatively big demand of iron and steel in the economic development for a long time to go. China's production capacity of iron and steel has ranked the first place in the world for many years. However, there is a large gap in terms of the technological level and material consumption of the iron and steel industry compared with the international advanced level, so the focus of development for the future shall be put on technical upgrading and structural adjustment. In order to enhance the whole technical level of the iron and steel industry, promote the structural adjustment, improve the industrial layout, develop a recycling economy, lower the consumption of materials and energy, pay attention to the environmental protection, raise the comprehensive competitive capacity of enterprises, realize the industrial upgrading, and develop the iron and steel industry into an industry with
我国第三方物流中存在的问题、原因及战略选择 熊卫 【摘要】我国物流业发展刚刚起步，第三方物流的理论和实践等方面都比较薄弱。本文指出我国第三方物流存在的问题在于国内外第三方物流企业差距、物流效率不高、缺乏系统性管理、物流平台构筑滞后、物流管理观念落后等。分析了产生上述问题的原因，并提出了精益物流、中小型第三方物流企业价值链联盟、大型第三方物流企业虚拟化战略等三种可供选择的第三方物流企业发展战略。 【关键词】第三方物流；精益物流战略；价值链联盟；虚拟化战略 1引言 长期以来，我国国内企业对采购、运输、仓储、代理、包装、加工、配送等环节控制能力不强，在“采购黑洞”、“物流陷井”中造成的损失浪费难以计算。因此，对第三方物流的研究，对于促进我国经济整体效益的提高有着非常重要的理论和实践意义。本文试图对我国策三方物流存在的问题及原因进行分析探讨，并提出第三方物流几种可行的战略选择。 2我国第三方物流业存在的主要问题 (一)我国策三方物流企业与国外第三方物流企业的差距较大，具体表现在以下几个方面： 1、规模经济及资本差距明显。由于国外的大型第三方物流企业从全球经营的战略出发，其规模和资本优势是毫无疑问的，尤其初创时期的我国策三方物流业，本身的规模就很小，国外巨头雄厚的资本令国内企业相形见绌。 2、我国策三方物流业企业提供的物流服务水准及质量控制远不如国外同行。当国内一些企业还在把物流理解成“卡车加仓库“的时候，国外的物流企业早已完成了一系列标准化的改造。同时，国外的物流组织能力非常强大，例如德国一家第三方物流公司，公司各方面的物流专家遍布欧洲各地。如果有客户的货物需要经达不同的国家，那么欧洲各地的这些专家就在网上设计出一个最佳的物流解决方案。这种提供解决方案的能力就是这第三方物流公司的核心能力，而不像国内公司号称拥有多少条船，多少辆车。 3、我国加入WTO后物流产业的门槛降低。在物流服务业方面：我国承诺所有的服务行业，在经过合理过渡期后，取消大部分外国股权限制，不限制外国服务供应商进入
2011年中国快递行业研究报告——China Express Delivery Industry Report, 2011 Enterprise wide USD $ 3300 Release Date Dec.2011 Abstract In July, 2011, in the “Twelfth Five-Year (2011-2015)” plan on the development of postal industry issued by State Post Bureau of the Peo ple’s Republic of China, the following “twelfth five-year” development indicators were put forward for the express delivery industry: the network coverage of key express delivery enterprises came up to 98% in municipalities and provincial capitals, and over 90% in provincially administered municipalities; and the key express delivery enterprises realized the 72-hour inter-provincial capital and inter-key city express delivery rate of more than 90%, express delay rate of lower than 0.8%, damage rate of lower than 0.01%, and loss rate of lower than 0.005%. The express delivery business of China has witnessed rapid growth in 2011. Up to the end of September of 2011, Chinese express delivery companies (with annual sales of over RMB5 million) had made 2.52 billion deliveries, up 53.3% year-on-year, and harvested RMB53.14 billion, a 28.9% YoY rise, of which Chinese inner-city express business revenue was RMB4.67 billion, with the year-on-year increase of 58.1%; the cross regional express business revenue rose 37% year-on-year to RMB30.73 billion; and the international and Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan business revenue was RMB13.57 billion, a slight rise of 4.9% from the same period of last year. From January to September of 2011, 1.125 billion deliveries were made in Guangdong, Zhejiang and Shanghai, accounting for 44.64% of the national business volume, and achieved RMB25.697 billion with a 48.36% share of the total business revenue in China. ‘Research report on the express delivery industry in China’ mainly covers the followings: The twelfth five-year plan of national express delivery industry and the twelfth five-year plan of express delivery industry in key provinces and cities;
VOLUME 30 ISSUE 2 October 2008 Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering Copyright by International OCSCO World Press. All rights reserved.2008 151 Research paper 2008年十月期2卷30 材料与制造工程成果期刊 版权所有：国际OCSCO 世界出版社。一切权利保有。2008 ？？151研究论文 1. Introduction Friction stir welding (FSW) is a new solid-state welding method developed by The Welding Institute (TWI) in 1991 [1]. The weld is formed by the excessive deformation of the material at temperatures below its melting point, thus the method is a solid state joining technique. There is no melting of the material, so FSW has several advantages over the commonly used fusion welding techniques [2-10]. 1.导言摩擦搅拌焊接（FSW）是焊接学？会于1991年研发的一种新型固态焊接方法。这种焊接？是由材料在低于其熔点的温度上过量变形形成，因此此技术是一种固态连接技术。材料不熔化，所以FSW 相比常用的熔化焊接技术有若干优势。例如，在焊接区无多孔性或破裂，工件（尤其薄板上）没有严重扭曲，并且在连接过程中不需要填料、保护气及昂贵的焊接准备there is no significant distortion of the workpieces (particularly in thin plates), and there is no need for filler materials, shielding gases and costly weld preparation during this joining process. FSW被认为是对若干材料例如铝合金、镁合金、黄铜、钛合金及钢最显著且最有潜在用途的焊接技术FSW is considered to be the most remarkable and potentially useful welding technique for several materials, such as Al-alloys, Mg-alloys, brasses, Ti-alloys, and steels [1-16]. 然而，在FSW过程中，用不合适的焊接参数能引起连接处失效，并且使FSW连接处的力学性能恶化。However, during FSW process using inappropriate welding parameters can cause defects in the joint and deteriorate the mechanical properties of the FSW joints [2, 3]. 此技术起初就主要是为低熔点材料如铝合金、镁合金及铜合金而广泛研究的。The technique has initially been widely investigated for mostly low melting materials, such as Al, Mg and Cu alloys. 此技术已被证明是很有用的，尤其在连接用于航空航天用途的如高合金2XXX及7XXX系列铝合金等难熔高强度的铝合金。It has proven to be very useful, particularly in the joining of the difficult-to-fusion join high strength Al-alloys used in aerospace applications, such as highly alloyed 2XXX and 7XXX series aluminium alloys. 做出Al-5086 H32型板摩擦搅拌对焊的高强度、抗疲劳及断裂的力学性能？。The difficulty of making high-strength, fatigue and fracture resistant Mechanical properties of friction stir butt-welded Al-5086 H32 plate G. .am a,*, S. Gü.lüer b, A. .akan c, H.T. Serinda. a a Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, 31040 Antakya, Turkey a 土耳其安塔卡亚31040，Mustafa Kemal大学建筑工程系 b General Directorate of Highways of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey b 土耳其安卡拉土耳其高速公路总理事会？ c Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Engineering an d Architecture, 14280 Bolu, Turkey c 土耳其Bolu 14280 Abant Izzet Baysal 大学建筑工程系 * Corresponding author: E-mail address: gurelcam@https://www.doczj.com/doc/2b10923380.html, *相关作者电子邮箱地址：gurelcam@https://www.doczj.com/doc/2b10923380.html, Received 30.06.2008; published in revised form 01.10.2008
Dashboard From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about a control panel placed in the front of the car. For other uses, see Dashboard (disambiguation). The dashboard of a Bentley Continental GTC car A dashboard (also called dash, instrument panel (IP), or fascia) is a control panel located directly ahead of a vehicle's driver, displaying instrumentation and controls for the vehicle's operation. Contents 1.Etymology 2.Dashboard features 3.Padding and safety 4.Fashion in instrumentation 5.See also 6.References Etymology Horse-drawn carriage dashboard Originally, the word dashboard applied to a barrier of wood or leather fixed at the front of a horse-drawn carriage or sleigh to protect the driver from mud or other debris "dashed up" (thrown up) by the horses' hooves.[1] Commonly these boards did not perform any additional function other than providing a convenient handhold for ascending into the driver's seat, or a small clip with which to secure the reins when not in use. When the first "horseless carriages" were constructed in the late 19th century, with engines mounted beneath the driver such as the Daimler Stahlradwagen, the simple dashboard was retained to protect occupants from debris thrown up by the cars' front wheels. However, as car design evolved to position the motor in front of the driver, the dashboard became a panel that protected vehicle occupants from the heat and oil of the engine. With gradually increasing mechanical complexity, this panel formed a convenient location for the placement of gauges and minor controls, and from this evolved the modern instrument panel,
物流市场调研外文参考文献原文及译文综合报告 题目 __ 研究物流业及中国物流技术_____ 二级学院 专业 班级 学号 学生姓名 电话号码 时间2012-04-5
原文： Studies on Logistics and Logistics Technology of China Luo Yixin (Department of Industry and Commerce Management, Human College of Finance and Economics, Human Chansha 410205) Received 15 July 2004 Abstract For further pushin g ahead with the development of China’s logistics industry，the author，based on the status quo of China's logistics industry，alfirms the achievements made in the development course of the industry of China．By studying various respects of the industry including the understanding of logistics，standards of technical terms，logistics technologies and management，the author analyzes the major problems existence in China’s current logistics industry and puts forward the rationalization proposal．Key words：logistics；development；problem；measure 1 Preface Modem logistics industry is currently one of the most popular trades．Since China introduced the concept of logistics from abroad in early 1980s，logistics industry has been developed rapidly．At present，our country already has quite a lot of logistics parks and centers，develops a series of modem logistics technologies and obtains a large number of innovation accomplishments bearing self-determination intelectual property rights．Among those are typical ones such as the development of integration logistics management system with self-determination intelectual property rights (LOG + +／SMCS) in 2003.The real—time connection with famous ERP system (SAPR／3)has been realized，the system radically changes the unicity and low int egrity level of China’s traditional logistics and thus symbolizes that domestic logistics software has been in line with international noFIns for modern logistics management system．Another example is the new structural—type quick stacker that has the operation speed of0—150 m／rain．1ifting speed of 0—40 m／min and forking speed of 0 —20／40 m／rain, bearing self-determination intellectual property rights developed in the same year．Laser ranging technology is applied to the system in horizontal direction．resulting that the distance—measuring error is ±1 mm within 500 meters and positioning accuracy is ±3 mm．For the vertical direction．due to the application of rotary encoder plus tooth—be technique，positioning accuracy reaches ± 3 mm．In this way．the system successfully integrates a variety of new—type detecting technologies involving laser location，rotary encoder and toth—belt eranging．integration has been utilized for positioning and then radically altered traditional positioning method ．Besides，the adoption of redundancy and trouble shooting technique dramatically increases the system's efficiency and reliability．The adoption of over ten new techs consisting of new—type forking structure and loading platform with dimension detector and bar code sensor has promoted the technical advancement of key equipments used in logistics industry as well as greatly narrowed the gap between China and international advanced countries in terms okey equipments．In 2003。a patent product at world—leading place，the push—pull laser guiding AGV cart，ca／Be into market．Ever has never been a similar product both at home and abroad．is AGV cart．having conquered numbers of difficulties as path planning，reflecting board layout and pinpointing position，can travel an d locate its position safely and flexibly in rolling machine units．In other words，it realizes complete automation delivery ．In 2003，domestic enterprises designed and applied automatic supplementary—materials allocation system equipped with vision—identification movable robot．system was ran king at international leading stage．In year 2003,thanks to the successful