国际经济学作业答案-第十章
Chapter 10Trade in Developing Countries
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The infant industry argument was an important theoretical basis for
(a) Neo-colonialist theory of international exploitation.
(b) Import-substituting industrialization.
(c) Historiography of the industrial revolution in Western Europe.
(d) East-Asian miracle.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
2. Sophisticated theoretical arguments supporting import-substitution policies include
(a) Terms of trade effects.
(b) Scale economy arguments.
(c) Learning curve considerations.
(d) The problem of appropriability.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
3. General equilibrium considerations lead to the realization that import-substituting policies
have
an effect of
(a) Discouraging exports.
(b) Encouraging exports.
(c) Encouraging an efficient use of a country’s resources.
(d) Generating large tariff revenues for the government
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
4. Historically those few developing countries which have succeeded in significantly raising their
per-capita income levels
(a) Did not accomplish this with import-substituting industrialization.
(b) Did accomplish this with import-substituting industrialization.
(c) Tended to provide heavy protection to domestic industrial sectors.
(d) Favored industrial to agricultural or service sectors.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
5. Statistical evidence suggests that
(a) Free trade policies promote economic growth more effectively than do import substitution
policies.
(b) Import substituting policies tend to promote effective exploitation of scale economies.
(c) Import substitution tends to lead to relatively low effective rates of protection.
(d) Import substitution is to this day the preferred growth strategy promoted by the World
Bank.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
6. The growth successes of the high performance Asian economies
(a) Supports the belief that economic development requires import substitution policies.
(b) Rejects the belief that export-oriented industrialization is likely to promote economic
development.
(c) Rejects the belief that economic development requires import substitution policies.
(d) Suggests that free trade policies are required for successful economic development.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
7. The high correlation between rapid growth in exports and rapid economic growth observed in
several East Asia countries in recent decades proves that
(a) Export promoting trade policy leads to relatively rapid economic growth.
(b) A free-trade orientation of trade policy results in rapid economic growth.
(c) Exports help growth, whereas imports impede growth.
(d) Trade policy is perhaps the most important policy area for promotion of economic
development.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: E
8. The relatively rapid economic growth experienced by Chile in the late 1980s
(a) Supported the conventional Latin American reliance on import substitution.
(b) Relied on the Harris-Todaro model to explain this growth.
(c) Rejected the conventional Latin American reliance on import substitution.
(d) Demonstrated the importance of market failure as a reason for import substitution.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
9. Which of the following could explain why the terms of trade of developing countries might
deteriorate over time?
(a) Developing country exports consist mainly of manufactured goods
(b) Developing country exports consist mainly of primary products.
(c) Commodity export prices are determined in highly competitive markets.
(d) Commodity export prices are solely determined by developing countries.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
10. Which trade strategy have developing countries used to restrict imports of manufactured
goods so that the domestic market is preserved for home producers, who thus can take over markets already established in the country?
(a) International commodity agreement.
(b) Export promotion.
(c) Multilateral contract.
(d) Import substitution.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
11. To help developing countries expand their industrial base, some industrial countries have
reduced tariffs on designated manufactured imports from developing countries below the
levels applied to imports from industrial countries. This policy is called
(a) Export-led growth.
(b) Generalized system of preferences.
(c) Most Favored Nation.
(d) Reciprocal trade agreement.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
12. Which industrialization policy used by developing countries places emphasis on the
comparative advantage principle as a guide to resource allocation?
(a) Export promotion.
(b) Import substitution.
(c) International commodity agreements.
(d) Infant Industry promotion.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
13. Taiwan and South Korea are examples of developing nations that have recently pursued these
industrialization policies
(a) Import substitution.
(b) Export promotion.
(c) Commercial dumping.
(d) Multilateral contract.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
14. To help developing nations strengthen their international competitiveness, many industrial
nations have granted tariff reductions to developing nations under the
(a) International commodity agreements program.
(b) Multilateral contract program.
(c) Generalized system of preferences program.
(d) Export led growth program
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
15. A reason why it is difficult for developing countries to maintain a cartel is that
(a) The elasticity of demand for a cartel’s output decreases over time.
(b) Producers in the cartel have an economic incentive to cheat.
(c) Economic profits discourage other producers from entering the industry.
(d) Producers in the cartel have the motivation to lower prices but not to raise prices.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
16. Import substitution policies make use of
(a) Tariffs that discourage goods from entering a country.
(b) Quotas applied to goods that are shipped abroad.
(c) Production subsidies granted to industries with comparative advantage.
(d) Tax breaks granted to industries with comparative advantage.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
17. Export-led growth tends to
(a) Discourage competition in the global economy.
(b) Exploit domestic comparative advantages.
(c) Lead to unemployment among domestic workers.
(d) Help firms benefit from diseconomies of large-scale production.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
18. All the following nations except _______ have recently utilized export-led growth policies.
(a) Hong Kong
(b) South Korea
(c) Argentina
(d) Singapore
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
19. The development of countries like South Korea has been supported by all of the following
except.
(a) High domestic interest rates.
(b) High domestic saving rates.
(c) Large endowments of human capital.
(d) High levels of labor productivity.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
20. For most developing countries
(a) Productivity is high among domestic workers.
(b) Population growth and illiteracy rates are low
(c) Saving and investment levels are high
(d) Agricultural goods and raw materials constitute a high proportion of domestic output.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
21. In 2003, the per-capita income in China was roughly _____of that in the U.S.
(a) one hundredth
(b) One eighth
(c) One half
(d) The same as
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
22. The “East Asian Miracle” is
(a) The ability of so many people to live in such small areas.
(b) The fact that so many Influenza varieties originate from this region.
(c) The fact that poor dualistic economies managed to escape the vicious circle of poverty.
(d) The ability to maintain large positive trade balances with the U.S.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
23. The infant industry argument is that
(a) Comparative advantage is irrelevant to economic growth
(b) Developing countries have a comparative advantage in agricultural goods.
(c) Developing countries have a comparative advantage in manufacturing.
(d) Developing countries have a potential comparative advantage in manufacturing.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
24. The infant industry argument calls for active government involvement
(a) Only if the government forecasts are accurate.
(b) Only if some market failure can be identified.
(c) Only if the industry is not one already dominated by industrial countries.
(d) Only if the industry has a high value added.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
25. The imperfect capital market justification for infant industry promotion
(a) Assumes that new industries will tend to have low profits.
(b) Assumes that infant industries will soon mature.
(c) Assumes that infant industries will be in products of comparative advantage.
(d) Assumes that banks can allocate resources efficiently.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
26. Brazil’s export record in 1999 illustrated the principle that
(a) A large country will tend to have few exports.
(b) A small country will tend to have a high export ratio.
(c) Protectionist policies tend to discourage exports.
(d) Export-promoting policies do not tend to work.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
27. The disappointment with import-substitution policies is in part because
(a) The rapid and continuous growth record of South American countries.
(b) Many countries pursuing this strategy experienced stagnation in their growth.
(c) This policy is inconsistent with sophisticated economic growth models.
(d) This policy tended to create world-class industrial competitors.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
28. Import substitution policies have over time tended to involve all but the following
(a) Overlapping import quotas.
(b) Exchange controls.
(c) Domestic content rules.
(d) Simple tariffs.
(e) Multiple exchange rate schemes.
Answer: D
29. An efficient economy would set the marginal product in the traditional sector
(a) Lower than that in the modern non-traditional sector.
(b) Higher than that in the modern sophisticated sector.
(c) Equal to that in the modern sophisticated sector.
(d) Lower in the relatively capital intensive sector.
(e) Higher in the relatively capital intensive sector.
Answer: C
30. The HPAE (High Performance Asian Economies) countries
(a) Have all consistently supported free trade policies.
(b) Have all consistently maintained import-substitution policies.
(c) Have all consistently maintained non-biased efficient free capital markets.
(d) Have all maintained openness to international trade.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
31. The experience of Sub-Sahara Africa, as compared to that of “Other Asia” (n ot including the
HPAEs) supports the argument that
(a) High rates of protection tend to harm economic growth
(b) The poorer is the country the easier it is for it to “catch up” economically
(c) Low rates of protection tend to promote economic growth
(d) Both (a) and (c)
(e) None of the above
Answer: E
32. The remarkable success of the HPAEs proves that
(a) trade policy is the key to successful economic growth
(b) trade policy is irrelevant to successful economic growth
(c) high educational standards is the key to successful economic growth
(d) dual economies must suffer economic stagnation
(e) None of the above
Answer: E
33. The HPAE “economic miracle” illustrates a clear case in which
(a) exports and growth were positively related
(b) exports were promoted by successful economic growth
(c) economic growth was determined by successful export promotion
(d) trade policy dominated other considerations in promoting economic growth
(e) None of the above
Answer: A
34. The “East Asian Miracle” of the “Four Tigers” i n the 1960s was replicated by
(a) developing countries around the world
(b) other East Asian countries
(c) Sub Sahara African countries
(d) Industrialized countries
(e) None of the above
Answer: B
35. The experience of Chile’s foreign sector in the last tw o decades of the 20th Century supports
the proposition that economic growth is supported by
(a) Import substitution
(b) Industrialization policies
(c) Trade liberalization policies
(d) Both (a) and (b) above
(e) None of the above
Answer: C
36. China’s rec ent experience supports the proposition that
(a) “Economic miracles” are solely to be expected in small countries
(b) Central planning and socialism can promote sustained economic growth
(c) A lessening of income disparities is a prerequisite for economic growth
(d) Growth in a large country cannot be affected by its foreign sector
(e) None of the above
Answer: E
Essay Questions
1. It is argued that import substitution is a misguided trade policy if the intent is to promote
long-term economic growth. Explain the reasons underlying this argument.
Answer: Import substitution promotes that economic activity in which the country is relatively inefficient. This lowers the real income at any given time and decreases the
resources which can be used for investment purposes, hence lower growth rates. An
additional answer is that import substitution by creating a protected domestic
market fails to provide incentives to produce high, or world-class quality—which
means this country, cannot market in foreign countries. With such a (perceived)
limited market, endogenous economic growth will not be forthcoming. Finally, it
may be that exposure to world competition has its own dynamic effect promoting
economic growth.
2. The United States, as it began its long and successful growth in the early 19th Century,
consciously promoted domestic production through such activities as tariffs, Clay’s American System, and many direct subsidies to railroads, canal companies, farmers (free land) etc.
Today we view this blatant example of large scale and extensive import-substitution
industrialization as having been very successful. Comment and relate to your answer to
question 1.
Answer: This is an interesting point and emphasizes that economic models tend to be a-historical. That is, they lack the historic perspective; and thus may be misleading
as guides to long run issues, such as economic growth. This also suggests that trade
policy per se is almost certainly not sufficient to explain why some countries grow
and others do not.
3. Classical and Neoclassical trade theory makes the case that free trade can bring a country to
an optimum and economically efficient use of its resources; and hence is an optimal
trade-policy, if the objective is maximizing long term economic growth. There are those who argue that the experience of the Asian Miracle countries, such as Taiwan, South Korea and Singapore verify this argument in the real world. Explain. There are others who argue that the experience of these countries cannot be used to verify or support the argument above. Explain.
Answer: Both arguments may indeed be made. These countries did in fact tend to promote exports in a consistent set of policies. However, they tended to do this via conscious
National industrial-policy (e.g., South Korea usi ng “the Japanese system”), and
hence (with the possible exception of Hong Kong) do not provide a good test-tube for
the long run effects of a free-trade stance.
4. The consensus today is that import—substitution protectionist industrial policy has not served
the developing countries’ growth ambitions well. This fact proves that policies relying on
export-driven growth are the “winning ticket” for these countries.
Answer: Although there are many who draw precisely this lesson from the “ East Asian Miracle” of the past half-century, such a conclusion does not necessarily follow
logically. Although the four HPAEs succeeded in their economic as well as in their
export sector growth, they differed among themselves considerably in the degree and
manner with which they abjured protectionist policies. In any case,
export-promotion policies may distort relative prices to the same extent as import
protectionist policies, and hence may lead to the same waste and misallocation of
national resources.
Graphical/Numerical Problems
1. If OmL1 workers are employed in manufacturing then what is the marginal productivity of
labor in manufacturing?
Answer: OmWm
2. If OmL1 workers are employed in manufacturing then what is the marginal productivity of
labor in agriculture?
Answer: OfWf
3. If manufacturing labor were to increase to OmL2, how much value would the economy as a whole
gain?
Answer: the triangle ABC.
4. Why would workers not shift from agriculture to manufacturing in the initial situation where
wages are higher in the latter?
Answer: imperfections in the labor market
5. If the economy were in the initial position (where OmL1 workers were in manufacturing, what
trade policy might gain ABC of economic welfare?
Answer: import-substitution giving protection to manufacturing.
Chapter 1 Introduction Multiple Choice Questions Historians of economic thought often describe ___________ written by _______ and published in __________ as the first real exposition of an economic model. “Of the Balance of Trade,” David Hume, 1776 “Wealth of Nations,” David Hume, 1758 “Wealth of Nations,” Adam Smith, 1758 “Wealth of Nations,” Adam Smith, 1776 “Of the Balance of Trade,” David Hume, 1758 Answer: E From 1959 to 2000, the U.S. economy roughly tripled in size. U.S. imports roughly tripled in size. the share of US Trade in the economy roughly tripled in size. U.S. Imports roughly tripled as compared to U.S. exports. U.S. exports roughly tripled in size. Answer: C The United States is less dependent on trade than most other countries because the United States is a relatively large country. the United States is a “Superpower.” the military power of the United States makes it less dependent on anything. the United States invests in many other countries. many countries invest in the United States. Answer: A Ancient theories of international economics from the 18th and 19th Centuries are: not relevant to current policy analysis. are only of moderate relevance in today’s modern international economy. are highly relevant in today’s modern internationa l economy. are the only theories that actually relevant to modern international economy. are not well understood by modern mathematically oriented theorists. Answer: C
第一章 1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要? 答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要 2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。 答：参见教材第一章第二节内容，将图1－6a中，以横坐标表示y商品的供给，以纵坐标表示x商品供给，得出相应生产可能性边界线，然后将图1－6b中，以横坐标表示y商品供给，以纵坐标表示y的相对价格，通过类似推导可得出国民供给曲线，国民需求曲线作类似推导可得。 3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡? 答：两种商品同时达到均衡。一种商品均衡时，由其相对价格，机会成本，需求可知另一种商品得相对价格，机会成本和需求。 4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。 答案提示：略，参见书上 5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致? 答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。 6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。 答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。 7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平?
第一章绪论 1、列举出体现当前国际经济学问题的一些重要事件，他们为什么重要？他们都是怎么影响中国与欧、美、日的经济和政治关系的？当前的国际金融危机最能体现国际经济学问题，其深刻地影响了世界各国的金融、实体经济、政治等领域，也影响了各国之间的关系因此显得尤为重要；其对中国与欧、美、日的政治和经济关系的影响为：减少中国对上述国家的出口，影响中国外汇储备，贸易摩擦加剧，经济联系加强，因而也会导致中国与上述国家在政治上的对话与合作。 2、我们如何评价一国与他国之间的相互依赖程度？我们可以通过一国的对外贸易依存度来评价该国与他国之间的相互依赖程度，也可以通过其他方式来评价比如一国政府政策的溢出效应和回震效应以及对外贸易对国民生活水平的影响。 3、国际贸易理论及国际贸易政策研究的内容是什么？为什么说他们是国际经济学的微观方面?国际贸易理论分析贸易的基础和所得，国际贸易政策考察贸易限制和新保护主义的原因和效果。国际贸易理论和政策是国际经济学的微观方面，因为他们把国家看作基本单位，并研究单个商品的（相对）价格。 4、什么是外汇交易市场及国际收支平衡表？调节国际收支平衡意味着什么？为什么说他们是国际经济学的宏观方面？什么是宏观开放经济学及国际金融？外汇交易市场描述一国货币与他国货币交换的框架，国际收支平衡表测度了一国与外部世界交易的总收入与总支出的情况。调节国际收支平衡意味着调节一国与外部世界交易出现的不均衡（赤字或盈余）；由于国际收支平衡表涉及总收入和总支出，调节政策影响国家收入水平和价格总指数，因而他们是国际经济学的宏观方面；外汇交易及国际收支平衡调节涉及总收入和总支出，调整政策影响国家收入水平和价格总指数，这些内容被称为宏观开放经济学或国际金融。 5、浏览报刊并做下列题目：（1）找出5条有关国际经济学的新闻（2）每条新闻对中国经济的重要性或影响（3）每条新闻对你个人有何影响 A (1) 国际金融危机: 影响中国整体经济,降低出口、增加失业、经济减速等 (2) 美国大选：影响中美未来经济政治关系 (3) 石油价格持续下跌：影响中国的能源价格及相关产业 (4) 可口可乐收购汇源被商务部否决：《反垄断法》的第一次实施，加强经济法治 (5) 各国政府经济刺激方案：对中国经济产生外部性效应B 以上5条新闻对个人影响为：影响个人消费水平和就业前景 第二章比较优势理论 1、重商主义者的贸易观点如何？他们的国家财富概念与现在有何不同？重商主义者主张政府应当竭尽所能孤立出口，不主张甚至限制商品（尤其是奢侈类消费品）。重商主义者认为国家富强的方法是尽量使出口大于进口，而出超的结果是金银等贵重金属流入，而一个国家拥有越多的金银，就越富有越强大。现在认为一个国家生产力即生产商品的能力越高则一国越富强 2、亚当.斯密主张的贸易基础和贸易模式分别是什么？贸易所得是如何产生的？斯密倡导什么样的国际贸易基础？他认为政府在经济生活中的适当功能是什么？亚当.斯密主张的贸易基础是绝对优势；贸易模式为两国通过专门生产自己有绝对优势的产品并用其中一部分来交换器有绝对劣势的商品。通过生产绝对优势商品并交换，资源可以被最有效的使用，而且两种商品的产出会有很大的增长，通过交换就会消费比以前更多的商品从而产生了贸易所得；斯密倡导自由贸易，主张自由放任也就是政府尽可能少干涉经济
C h a p t e r7I n t e r n a t i o n a l F a c t o r M o v e m e n t s Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following differs in its essential analytical framework (a) I nternational trade in goods (b) I nternational conflict resolution (c) I nternational trade in services (d) I nternational trade in factors of production (e) I nternational borrowing and lending Answer: B 2. The slope of the production function measures (a) t he physical increase in output as country grows. (b) t he dollar-value increase in output as a country grows. (c) t he increase in number of workers as immigration proceeds. (d) t he marginal product of labor. (e) t he marginal product of capital.
Answer: D 3. International free labor mobility will under all circumstances (a) i ncrease total world output. (b) i mprove the economic welfare of everyone. (c) i mprove the economic welfare of workers everywhere. (d) i mprove the economic welfare of landlords (or capital owners) everywhere. (e) N one of the above. Answer: E 4. If the world attained a perfect Heckscher-Ohlin model equilibrium with trade, then (a) w orkers in the labor abundant country would migrate to the capital abundant country. (b) w orkers in the labor abundant country would wish to migrate to the capital abundant country. (c) w orkers in the labor abundant country would have no desire to migrate to the capital abundant country.
课后习题 第一章绪论 (一) 选择题 1.国际经济学在研究资源配置时，是以（）作为基本的经济单位来划分的。 A. 企业 B.个人 C.政府 D.国家 2.国际经济学研究的对象是（） A国际商品流动B世界范围内的稀缺资源的最优配置 C国际收支平衡D各国之间的经济活动和经济关系 3.从国际间经济资源流动的难易度看，（）流动最容易 A商品B资本C人员D技术 答案提示：1.D 2. B D 3.C （二）问答题 1．试述国际经济学和国内经济学的关系。 答案提示：（1）联系：国际经济学与国内经济学研究的经济活动是相似的，面临的主要问题也是相似的；（2）最主要的区别是国际经济的民族国家性。 第二章古典的国际贸易理论 （一）选择题 本国生产A、B、C、D四种产品的单位劳动投入分别为1、2、4、15，外国生产这四种产品的单位劳动投入分别为12、18、24、30，根据李嘉图模型，本国在哪种产品上拥有最大比较优势？在哪种产品上拥有最大比较劣势？（） （ａ）Ｄ、Ａ（ｂ）Ｃ、Ｂ（ｃ）Ａ、Ｄ（ｄ）Ｂ、Ｃ 答案：Ｃ （二）问答题 1．亚当·斯密对国际贸易理论的主要贡献有哪些？ 答案提示：亚当·斯密的主要贡献是：（1）抨击了重商主义；（2）提出了绝对优势之一概念；（3）强调国际分工是使国民财富增加的最重要手段。 2．绝对优势理论和比较优势理论的区别是什么？ 答案提示：（1）绝对优势理论强调，国与国之间劳动生产率的绝对差异导致的技术水平的差异是产生国际贸易的主要原因；（2）比较优势理论强调，劳动生产率的相对差异导致的技术水平的差异是产生国际贸易的主要原因。 （三）计算题 1．根据下面两个表中的数据，确定（1）贸易前的相对价格；（2）比较优势型态。 表1 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入 A国 B国 X Y 6 2 15 12
For personal use only in study and research; not for commercial use 第一章 1.为什么说在决定生产与消费时,相对价格比绝对价格更重要？ 答案提示:当生产处于生产边界线上,资源则得到了充分利用,这时,要想增加某一产品的生产,必须降低另一产品的生产,也就就是说,增加某一产品的生产就是有机会机本(或社会成本)的。生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率与充分就业得以实现,但究竟选择哪一点,则还要瞧两个商品的相对价格,即它们在市场上的交换比率。相对价格等于机会成本时,生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。所以,在决定生产与消费时,相对价格比绝对价格更重要 2.仿效图1—6与图1—7,试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线与国民需求曲线。 答:参见教材第一章第二节内容,将图1－6a中,以横坐标表示y商品的供给,以纵坐标表示x商品供给,得出相应生产可能性边界线,然后将图1－6b中,以横坐标表示y商品供给,以纵坐标表示y的相对价格,通过类似推导可得出国民供给曲线,国民需求曲线作类似推导可得。 3.在只有两种商品的情况下,当一个商品达到均衡时,另外一个商品就是否也同时达到均衡？ 答:两种商品同时达到均衡。一种商品均衡时,由其相对价格,机会成本,需求可知另一种商品得相对价格,机会成本与需求。 4.如果生产可能性边界就是一条直线,试确定过剩供给(或需求)曲线。 答案提示:略,参见书上 5.如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线(B国)与过剩需求曲线(A国)来确定国际均衡价格,那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果就是否一致？ 答案提示:国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。 6.说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。 答案提示:一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品,有利于此国贸易利益的获得,不过,出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加,有损于出口国的贸易利益;与此类似,出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加,但就是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。对于进
第三章 ） Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions 1. Use the information in the table on labor productivities in France and Germany to answer the following questions.使用该信息表上关于法国和德国的劳动生产率，以回答以下问题。 Output per Hour Worked单 位工作小时的产出 France Germany Cheese 2 kilograms 1 kilogram Cars 0.25 0.5 a. Which country has an absolute advantage in cheese? In cars?哪个国家有奶酪的绝 对优势？汽车呢？ b. What is the relative price of cheese in France if it does not trade? In Germany, if it does not trade?什么是奶酪在法国的相对价格，如果它不交易？在德国，如果不 进行交易？ c. What is opportunity cost of cheese in France? In Germany?法国奶酪的机会成本是 多少？德国呢？ d. Which country has a comparative advantage in cheese? In cars? Show how you know.在奶酪生产上，那个国家有比较优势？在汽车生产上呢？解释你的结论 e. What are the upper and lower bounds for the trade price of cheese?奶酪交易价格的 上下边界是什么？ f.Draw a hypothetical PPC for France and label its slope. Suppose that France follows its comparative advantage in deciding where to produce on its PPC. Label its production point.画一条假设的法国生产可能性曲线并标出其斜率。假设法国根 据其比较优势决定生产可能性曲线上生产点，标出其生产点。 If the trade price of cars is 5 kilos of cheese per car, draw a trade line showing how France can gain from trade.如果贸易价格是每辆汽车换5千克奶酪，画出交易线 说明法国能够得到的贸易利得。 Answers: a. France has the absolute advantage in cheese and Germany in cars. This follows because France’s productivity is higher in cheese and Germany’s is higher in cars. 法国有干酪和德国车的绝对优势。在此之前，因为法国的生产力是奶酪更高，德 国是汽车高 b. The autarkic relative price of cheese in France is one-eighth car per kilogram; in Germany it is one-half car.奶酪在法国的自给自足的相对价格是每公斤八分之一 的汽车;在德国它是二分之一的汽车 c. Opportunity costs are equal to relative prices.机会成本等于相对价格
第一章练习与答案 1．为什么说生产和消费只取决于相对价格？ 答：经济主体的经济行为考虑的是所有商品的价格，而不是单一价格因素。 3.在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？试解释原因。 答案：是 4.如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。 答案提示： 5.如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？ 答案提示：不一定一致，x商品的价格是Px/Py，而y商品的价格是Py/Px. 7.如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？ 答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。 8.根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些？ 答案提示：小国。 第二章答案 1．根据下面两个表中的数据，确定（1）贸易前的相对价格；（2）比较优势型态。 表1 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入
A B X Y 6 2 15 12 表2 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入 A B X Y 10 4 5 5 答案提示：首先将劳动投入转化为劳动生产率，然后应用与本章正文中一样的方法进行比较。（表2-2（a）和表2-2（b）部分的内容） 2．假设A、B两国的生产技术条件如下所示，那么两国还有进行贸易的动机吗？解释原因。 表3 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入 A B X Y 4 2 8 4 答案提示：从绝对优势来看，两国当中A国在两种产品中都有绝对优势；从比较优势来看，两国不存在相对技术差异。所以，两国没有进行国际贸易的动机。 3．如果一国在某一商品上具有绝对优势，那么也必具有比较优势吗？ 答案提示：不一定，比较优势的确定原则是两优取最优，两劣取最劣。
一、单项选择题 1.从国际经济资源流动的难度看，最容易流动的要素是（A） A.商品 B.资本 C.人员 D.技术 2.在比较利益模型中，两种参与贸易商品的国际比价（C） A.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之上 B.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之下 C.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之间 D.与贸易前的任何一个国家的国内比价相同 3.比较利益理论认为国际贸易的驱动力是（A） A.劳动生产率的差异 B.技术水平的差异 C.产品品质的差异 D.价格的差异 4.在绝对技术差异理论与相对技术差异理论中，机会成本是（D） A.递增 B.递减 C.先递增后递减 D.不变 5.不能解释产业内贸易现象的理论有（B） A.重叠需求理论 B.要素比例理论 C.规模经济理论 D.垄断竞争理论 6.能反映规模经济理论本意的是（B） A.规模报酬递减 B.规模报酬递增 C.规模报酬不变 D.规模成本递增 7.不改变贸易结构，只改变贸易规模的增长方式有（C） A.偏向进口的生产要素增长 B.偏向出口的生产要素增长 C.生产要素等比例增长 D.悲惨的增长 8.最佳关税水平应等于（B） A.零进口关税 B.零进口关税与禁止性关税之间的水平
C.禁止性关税 D.禁止性关税以上 9.世界贸易组织秘书处设在（B） A.日内瓦 B.纽约 C.布鲁塞尔 D.乌拉圭 10.在国际卡特尔订价中，当产品的需求弹性越小，卡特尔订价水平就（B） A.越低 B.越高 C.不变 D.不确定 11.下述哪一种不属于投机性外汇交易（D） A.双边套汇 B.多边套汇 C.套利 D.套期保值 12.下述几种货币中，哪一种是实行联合浮动的货币（D） A.英镑 B.日元 C.美元 D.人民币 13.下述哪一种属于国际收支的事后项目（D） A.进出口 B.利息收支 C.直接投资 D.特别提款权变动 14.在分析货币贬值对贸易收支的影响时，小国所面临的供给弹性是（D） A.零 B.小于需求弹性 C.大于需求弹性 D.无穷大 15.发展中国家主要采取的汇率制度是（C） A.固定汇率制 B.浮动汇率制 C.钉住汇率制 D.联合浮动制 16.在1997年东南亚金融危机中，最早出现金融动荡的国家是（B） A.印度尼西业 B.泰国 C.日本 D.韩国 17.劳动力在各国间的流动通常会使劳动力流出国（D） A.财政总收入增加，公共设施利用率提高 B.财政总收入增加，公共设施利用率下降 C.财政总收入减少，公共设施利用率提高 D.财政总收入减少，公共设施利用率下降 18.产业内贸易更容易发生于（C） A.富国与穷国之间 B.类似的高手入国家之间
Chapter 3 1．Home has 1200 units of labor available. It can produce two goods, apples and bananas. The unit labor requirement in apple production is 3, while in banana production it is 2. a ． b ．What is the opportunity cost of apples in terms of bananas? 5.1=Lb La a a c ．In the absence of trade, what would the price of apples in terms of bananas be? In the absence of trade, since labor is the only factor of production and supply decisions are determined by the attempts of individuals to maximize their earnings in a competitive economy, only when Lb La b a /a a /P P =will both goods be produced. So 1.5 /P P b a = 2．Home is as described in problem 1. There is now also another country, Foreign, with a labor force of 800. Foreign’s unit labor requirement in apple production is 5, while in banana production it is 1. a ． b ．
一、国际经济学的含义 第一章绪论 第一节国际经济学的产生与发展 研究开放条件下的生产、交换行为以及价格、货币和宏观政策。由国际贸易经济学和国际货币经济学组成。（研究世界范围内商品、服务和资本的生产、分配和消费活动的学科） 二、国际经济学的产生 1、家政学：家庭是经济行为的基本单位，追求在收入既定情况下的福利最大化。 家政学――家庭―――收入既定福利最大 2、微观经济学：微观经济学以企业为经济活动中心，研究企业在资源既定的条件下获得最大的利润，消费者在收入既定的条件下获得最大的效用。 微观经济学着重探讨生产什么、为谁生产、如何生产。 3、宏观经济学：研究国民经济，对一个国家的经济总量（如经济增长、就业等）进行分析。宏观经济的目标包括经济增长、充分就业、稳定物价和国际收支平衡。 4、国际经济学 随着历史的发展，国家间的经济往来日益频繁，彼此经济关系日益紧密，国家于是成为国际经济往来和活动的主体，出现了各种国际经济往来的形式，国际经济因而产生。为了探讨国际经济关系的内在联系，就有必要产生独立的经济学分支学科，即国际经济学。 国际经济学是西方经济学的一般理论在国际经济中的延伸和应用，是西方经济学的分支 学科。 国际经济学的两大特征 （1）国际交易不同于国内交易。国际交易中普遍存在对贸易和要素流动的自然的和人为的阻碍。如，劳动力和资本在国家间的流动性远远低于其在一国之内自由流动的程度；关税和非关税壁垒在一国之内一般是不存在的；各国使用不同的货币，使得国际交易远比国内交易复杂得多。 （2）国际经济关系发生在各个独立的经济实体之间。各国政府制定政策考虑的往往是本国的福利和稳定，而非全世界的福利和稳定，因此往往导致在一国看来是最佳的选择，而在世界范围内看并非最佳；此外，经济间的连锁机制使得一国的经济政策，如财政政策和货币政策，不仅会影响着本国的资源配置，同时还会影响他国的资源配置。 三、国际经济学的发展 1、国际贸易理论的发展 （1）古典贸易理论：斯密的绝对优势理论、李嘉图的比较优势理论 （2）新古典贸易理论：国际贸易理论的标准模型、H-O 模型 （3）当代贸易理论：打破了已往的“规模收益不变和完全竞争”的基本假设，研究重点由国家间的差异转向市场结构和厂商行为方面，着重研究不完全竞争市场下国际贸易的新特点以及贸易政策。 2、国际金融理论的发展 （1）金本位制下的“价格－铸币流动机制” （2）布雷顿森林体系下的国际收支收入调节机制 （3）浮动汇率下的国际收支货币分析方法 （4）开放经济动态变化的跨时分析方法
Chapter 7 International Factor Movements Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following differs in its essential analytical framework? (a) International trade in goods (b) International conflict resolution (c) International trade in services (d) International trade in factors of production (e) International borrowing and lending Answer: B 2. The slope of the production function measures (a) the physical increase in output as country grows. (b) the dollar-value increase in output as a country grows. (c) the increase in number of workers as immigration proceeds. (d) the marginal product of labor. (e) the marginal product of capital. Answer: D 3. International free labor mobility will under all circumstances (a) increase total world output. (b) improve the economic welfare of everyone. (c) improve the economic welfare of workers everywhere. (d) improve the economic welfare of landlords (or capital owners) everywhere. (e) None of the above. Answer: E 4. If the world attained a perfect Heckscher-Ohlin model equilibrium with trade, then (a) workers in the labor abundant country would migrate to the capital abundant country. (b) workers in the labor abundant country would wish to migrate to the capital abundant country. (c) workers in the labor abundant country would have no desire to migrate to the capital abundant country. (d) workers in the capital abundant country would wish to migrate to the labor abundant country. (e) workers in the capital abundant country would migrate to the labor abundant country. Answer: C
这是我在网上找的，大多数题目都有，朋友们可以参考一下！有一点不确定的是G—L指数，大家再上网查看看，是乘100还是乘1？希望可以给你们帮助，预祝大家顺利通过！ 第二章古典国际贸易理论 在古典贸易模型中，假设A国有120名劳动力，B国有50名劳动力，如果生产棉花的话，A国的人均产量是2吨，B国也是2吨；要是生产大米的话，A国的人均产量是10吨，B国则是16吨。画出两国的生产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势？哪一国拥有生产大米的比较优势？ 思路：B国由于每人能生产16吨大米，而A国每人仅生产10吨大米，所以B国具有生产大米的绝对优势。 从两国生产可能性曲线看出A国生产大米的机会成本为0.2，而B国为0.125，所以B国生产大米的机会成本或相对成本低于A国，B国生产大米具有比较优势。 1.下表列出了加拿大和中国生产1单位计算机和1单位小麦所需的劳动时间。 假定生产计算机和小麦都只用劳动，加拿大的总劳动为600小时，中国总劳动为800小时。 （1）计算不发生贸易时各国生产计算机的机会成本。 （2）哪个国家具有生产计算机的比较优势？哪个国家具有生产小麦的比较优势？ （3）如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换22单位的小麦，加拿大参与贸易可以从每单位的进口中节省多少劳动时间？中国可以从每单位进口中节省多少劳动时间？如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，加拿大和中国分别可以从进口每单位的货物中节省多少劳动时间？ （4）在自由贸易的情况下，各国应生产什么产品，数量是多少？整个世界的福利水平是提高还是降低了？试用图分析。（以效用水平来衡量福利水平）思路： （1）中国生产计算机的机会成本为100/4=25，加拿大为60/3=20
Chapter 6 Economies of Scale, Imperfect Competition, and International Trade Multiple Choice Questions 1. External economies of scale arise when the cost per unit (a) rises as the industry grows larger. (b) falls as the industry grows larger rises as the average firm grows larger. (c) falls as the average firm grows larger. (d) remains constant. (e) None of the above. Answer: B 2. Internal economies of scale arise when the cost per unit (a) rises as the industry grows larger. (b) falls as the industry grows larger. (c) rises as the average firm grows larger. (d) falls as the average firm grows larger. (e) None of the above. Answer: D 3. External economies of scale (a) may be associated with a perfectly competitive industry. (b) cannot be associated with a perfectly competitive industry. (c) tends to result in one huge monopoly. (d) tends to result in large profits for each firm. (e) None of the above. Answer: A 4. Internal economies of scale (a) may be associated with a perfectly competitive industry. (b) cannot be associated with a perfectly competitive industry. (c) are associated only with sophisticated products such as aircraft. (d) cannot form the basis for international trade. (e) None of the above. Answer: B
Chapter 2 World Trade—An Overview Multiple Choice Questions 1. What percent of all world production of goods and services is exported to other countries? (a) 10% (b) 25% (c) 50% (d) 100% (e) None of the above Answer: B 2.What percent of all world imports of goods and services were exported? (a) 10% (b) 25% (c) 50% (d) 100% (e) None of the above. Answer: D 3. What percent of all world consumption (private and public, including real investment) was imported? (a) 10% (b) 25% (c) 50% (d) 100% (e) None of the above. Answer: B 4. The gravity model, that states that size matters,predicts that the weight of the traded good will ________ related to its likelihood to be exported (a) be directly (b) be inversely (c) not be (d) All of the above (e) None of the above Answer: E
《国际经济学》课后习题参考答案 第一章练习与答案 1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？ 答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。 2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。 答案提示： 3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？试解释原因。 答案提示： 4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。 答案提示： 5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？ 答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。 6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。 答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。 7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？ 答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。 8．根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些？ 答案提示：小国。 9*．为什么说两个部门要素使用比例的不同会导致生产可能性边界曲线向外凸？ 答案提示： 第二章答案 1．根据下面两个表中的数据，确定（1）贸易前的相对价格；（2）比较优势型态。 表2 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入
国际经济学习题 第一章国际贸易理论的微观基础 二、名词解释 1.生产可能性曲线:也称生产可能性边界，生产可能性边界用来表示经济社会在 既定资源和技术条件下所能生产的各种商品最大数量的组合，反映了资源稀缺性与选择性的经济学特征。 2.机会成本:是为了得到某种东西而所要放弃的另一些东西的最大价值。 3.边际转换率：指企业在生产两种产品的情况下，每增加一个单位的这种产品，会使另 一种产品的产量减少多少。它就是产品转换曲线的斜率。由于边际收益递减规律在起作用，产品的边际转换率会随该产品的增加而递增。严格的定义是生产一单位某产品必须先减少另一产品的数量 4.社会无差异曲线：是表示社会福利水平一定时，社会成员之间的效用的不同搭配关系 的曲线。 5.生产者剩余：生产者剩余等于厂商生产一种产品的总利润加上补偿给要素所有者超 出和低于他们所要求的最小收益的数量。从几何的角度看，它等于价格曲线之下、供给曲线之上的区域。 6.消费者剩余：是指消费者为取得一种商品所愿意支付的价格与他取得该商品而支付的 实际价格之间的差额。 三、简答题 1.为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？ 答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。 2.说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。 答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。 3.如何理解狭义和广义的国际贸易，国际贸易理论的主要研究对象是什么？ 答案提示：从狭义上讲，国际贸易系指商品（或货物）的跨国流动；从广义上讲，国际贸易既包括商品贸易也包括要素贸易。在理论体系上，国际贸易理论主要是