Petroleum Technology, Volume 1-2

2019，28（3）福建分析测试Fujian Analysis &Testing土壤中总石油烃测定——3种前处理方法的对比段旭，李慧慧，杨柳晨，田凯（国土资源部西安矿产资源监督检测中心，陕西西安710054）收稿日期：2019-1-8基金项目：全国土壤污染详查贵州福建等10省质量监控样制备及质量监督检查（121201105000168509）项目资助。

作者简介：段旭（1991—），女，汉族，陕西西安人，助理工程师，主要从事化学分析方面的研究。

E-mail ：han10260@摘要：文章通过设计试验，分别采用振荡提取法，超声波提取法和快速溶剂萃取法对土壤中总石油烃进行前处理。

通过提取率试验，结果表明，快速溶剂萃取法的提取效率最高。

通过对快速溶剂萃取-气相色谱法测定土壤中总石油烃进一步实验条件优化，得出丙酮：二氯甲烷为1：1（体积比）时，对土壤中总石油烃的提取效率优于丙酮：二氯甲烷为1：1（体积比）时，并且采用丙酮：正己烷为1：1（体积比）溶液浸提时循环萃取两次即可达到最大提取效率。

关键词：土壤石油烃；振荡提取；超声波提取；快速溶剂萃取中图分类号：O657.71文献标识码：A文章编号：1009-8143（2019）03-0047-04Doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-8143.2019.03.10Three pretreatment methods of determination of total petroleum hydrocarbon in soilDuan Xu ，Li Hui-hui ，Yang Liu-chen ，Tian Kai（Xi ’an Testing and Quality Supervision Center for Geological and Mineral Products ，The Ministry of Land and Resource ，Xi ’an ，Shaanxi 710054，China ）Abstract:In this paper ，the total petroleum hydrocarbon in soil was pretreated by oscillating extraction ，ultrasonic extraction and rapid solvent extraction respectively.The results of extraction rate test showed that the extraction efficiency of rapid sol⁃vent extraction was the highest.By optimizing the experimental conditions of accelerated solvent extraction-gas chromatog⁃raphy for determination of total petroleum hydrocarbon in soil ，it was concluded that acetone ：n-hexane of 1：1（volume ），total petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil of the extraction efficiency is better than that of acetone ，methylene chloride of 1：1（volume ），and using acetone ：n-hexane of 1：1（volume ）in solution leaching cycle extraction twice can achieve maximum extraction efficiency.Key words ：Soil petroleum hydrocarbon ；Oscillation extraction ；Ultrasonic extraction ；Rapid solvent extraction石油烃是石油的主要成分，包括10～40个碳原子的烷烃、烯烃和多环芳烃等组分。

石油化工专业英语1. IntroductionThe petroleum industry plays a crucial role in the global economy, providing energy and raw materials for various industries. As a result, it is essential for professionals in the petroleum industry to have a solid understanding of English terminology and concepts specific to this field. In this document, we will explore key terms and phrases related to petroleum and chemical engineering in English.2. Crude Oil2.1 DefinitionCrude oil, also known as petroleum, is a naturally occurring liquid found beneath the Earth’s surface. It is composed of various hydrocarbon compounds and is the primary raw material for the production of fuels and other petroleum-based products.2.2 Extraction and RefiningCrude oil is extracted from underground reservoirs through drilling wells. The refining process involves separating the crude oil into various components, such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel, through a series of distillation and chemical processes.3. Petrochemicals3.1 DefinitionPetrochemicals are chemical compounds derived from crude oil or natural gas. They are the building blocks for a wide range of products, including plastics, synthetic fibers, rubber, detergents, and fertilizers.3.2 Types of PetrochemicalsThere are several types of petrochemicals, including ethylene, propylene, benzene, toluene, and xylene. Each of these compounds has specific applications in different industries.4. Chemical Engineering4.1 DefinitionChemical engineering is a branch of engineering that applies scientific principles to design, develop, and optimize processes for the production of chemicals and other products. It involves various aspects, such as process design, plant operation, and research and development.4.2 Unit OperationsChemical engineering encompasses various unit operations, including distillation, filtration, reaction, and crystallization. These operations are crucial in separating and transforming raw materials into desired products.5. Environmental Considerations5.1 Pollution ControlThe petroleum and chemical industries have a significant impact on the environment. Therefore, it is essential to implement pollution control measures to mitigate the negative effects. These measures include wastewater treatment, air pollution control, and waste management.5.2 Sustainable PracticesWith increasing environmental concerns, the petroleum and chemical industries are adopting sustainable practices. This includes reducing greenhouse gas emissions, exploring renewable energy sources, and implementing recycling programs.6. ConclusionProfessionals in the petroleum and chemical industries need to have a solid grasp of English terminology and concepts to effectively communicate and understand the technical aspects of their work. This document provides an overview of key terms and phrases related to petroleum and chemical engineering, helping professionals in these fields enhance their English language skills and contribute to the industry’s success.Note: The content provided in this document is for informational purposes only and should not be considered as professional advice.。

挥发性有机物（VOCs ）是参与大气光化学反应的有机化合物。

VOCs 造成的温室效应导致海平面显著上升，会淹没海岸线分布的低洼地区和海岛，从而造成严重的经济损失。

全球变暖会改变全球雨量分布，导致农作物品质下降，使农业经济遭受严重影响。

此外，也会致使海洋生物多样性减少，危害人类生存。

国际能源署（IEA）报告指出：2020年，全球石油和天然气企业向大气中排放的甲烷为7000×104t （相当于21×108t CO 2当量），相当于欧盟能源CO 2总排放量。

由此可见，甲烷的逸散排放可能会削弱天然气的低碳效果。

如果VOCs 逸散浓度过高，就会取代空气中的氧气，造成缺氧环境，危害人身健康甚至危害生命。

油气田生产过程中，仍有许多环节需要人员操作，因此保障工作人员的身体健康实属必要。

从国家和地方生态环境主管部门密集出台挥发性有机物综合治理方案和日益严格的执法形势可以看出，“十四五”期间，挥发性有机物综合治理将是大气污染防治的重中之重[1-3]。

为促进陆上石油天然气开采工业的技术进步和固定顶储油罐VOCs 回收治理技术及前景分析李必怡（大庆油田设计院有限公司）摘要：固定顶储油罐是油田站场中存储原油的重要设施，因其受到自身及外界因素的影响存在一定的呼吸损耗，挥发性有机物（VOCs）无组织排放到大气中，不仅造成了能源的浪费，也给人类生存和社会环境造成了严重影响。

采用大罐抽气装置可以很好地解决这一难题，通过HYSYS 软件模拟工况，确定固定顶储油罐的蒸发损耗量，并优化生产运行，研发油田地面工程集输系统密闭流程，以减少油气挥发；保障了油田的安全生产，同时可以创造较高的经济价值。

VOCs 回收治理对油田可持续发展和绿色环保具有重要意义。

关键词：固定顶储油罐；VOCs；治理方案；大罐抽气装置；呼吸损耗DOI :10.3969/j.issn.2095-1493.2023.07.019Treatment technology and prospect analysis of VOCs recovery in fixed-roof storage tank LI BiyiDaqing Oilfield Design Institute Co ．，Ltd ．Abstract：The fixed-roof storage tank is an important facility for storing crude oil in oilfield station ．Due to the respiratory loss caused by internal and external factors，the volatile organic compounds (VOCs)are discharged into the atmosphere without organizationIt，which not only causes a waste of energy，but has a serious impact on human survival and social development．However，adopting the large tank extraction device can be a good solution to this challenge.By simulating the working condi-tion with HYSYS software，the evaporation loss of fixed-roof storage tank can be determined，and the production operation can be optimized to realize the closed process of gathering and transportation system of oilfield surface engineering and reduce the oil and gas volatilization loss．Additionally，it can not only ensure the safe production of oilfields，but create higher economic value．Even more to the point，the recovery treatment of VOCs is of great significance to the harmonious，green and sustain-able development of oilfield ．Keywords：fixed-roof storage tank；VOCs；treatment scheme；large tank extraction device；breath-ing loss作者简介：李必怡，工程师，硕士，2014毕业于东北石油大学（油气储运工程专业），从事油气集输设计工作，186****6662，****************，黑龙江省大庆市大庆油田设计院油气集输室，163712。

DOI ：10.3969/j.issn.1001-2206.2023.04.004聚-表二元驱药剂对采出液处理工艺影响界限研究乔明中油辽河工程有限公司，辽宁盘锦124010摘要：辽河油田逐步开展了多区块、多轮次二元驱开发先导试验，随着聚合物和表面活性剂溶液的注入，采出液中聚合物和表面活性剂含量逐步提升，油、水、固三相分离难度加大，因此需要对现有原油脱水及污水处理工艺进行评价，确定二元驱采出液对原油脱水及污水处理系统的影响界限。

经过室内试验评价，现有的原油脱水系统通过调整破乳剂的加药量，可以适应聚合物质量浓度小于75mg/L 的采出液脱水，现有的污水处理系统通过调整絮凝剂、混凝剂加药量，无法实现二元驱污水达标处理，需要对现有污水处理系统进行改造，以适应二元驱污水处理需求。

关键词：二元驱；原油脱水；污水处理；聚合物；表面活性剂Study on the influence range of polymer-surfactant binary drive agents on the treatment process of produced fluidQIAO MingChina Liaohe Petroleum Engineering Co.,Ltd.,Panjin 124010,ChinaAbstract：Liaohe Oilfield has gradually carried out multi-block and multi-round binary drive development pilot tests.With the injection of polymer and surfactant solution,the concentration of polymer and surfactant in the produced fluid gradually increases,which makes the separation of oil,water,and solid phases more difficult.Therefore,it is necessary to evaluate the existing crude oil dehydration and wastewater treatment processes and determine the influence range of the produced fluid by binary drive on the crude oil dehydration and wastewater treatment systems.After the indoor test,the existing crude oil dehydration system can adapt to the dehydration of produced fluid with a polymer content of less than 75mg/L by adjusting the dosage of emulsion breakers,and the existing wastewater treatment system fails to achieve the standard treatment of binary drive wastewater by adjusting the dosage of flocculants and coagulants.Therefore,the existing wastewater treatment system needs to be modified to adapt to the demand of binary drive wastewater treatment.Keywords：binary drive;crude oil dehydration;wastewater treatment;polymer;surfactants1工程概况聚合物-表面活性剂二元驱（下文简称二元驱）技术是一种充分发挥聚合物黏度，提高波及体积和利用表活剂降低界面张力协同作用来提高原油采收率的三次采油方法[1]。

• 14 •轻金属2020年第12期氧化铝生产过程中金属镓回收现状及展望崔保河(沈阳铝镁设计研究院有限公司，辽宁沈阳110001)摘要:金属镓是战略性金属，氧化铝企业副产品，氧化铝行业提供了全球90%产量。

作为氧化铝生产大国，我国粗镓产量非常大，约占世界80%以上。

最近十年，国际上金属镓的供应和价格变动剧烈，为我国氧化铝企业科学决策造成了极大困扰。

本文对金属镓行业现状进行分析，并对金属镓后期市场进行了初步预测。

关键词：氧化铝;镓;预测中图分类号：TF843.1 文献标识码：A文章编号：1002-1752(2020)12-0014-03DOI：10.13662/j. cnki. qjs. 2020. 12. 004Current situation and prospect of gallium recovery in alumina productionCui Baohe^Shenyang Aluminum and Magnesium Engineering and Research Institute Co；Ltd.,Shenyang 110001, China) Abstract ： Gallium is a strategic metal and by - product of alumina enterprises. Alumina industry provides 90% of global output. As a big alumina produc­er ,the output of crude gallium in China is very large, accounting for more than 80% of the world. In the last decade, the supply and price of gaUium in the world have changed dramatically, which has caused great trouble for the scientific decision - making of alumina enterprises in China. In this paper , the current situation of metal gallium industry is analyzed , and the market of metal gallium in the later stage is preliminarily predicted.Key words ： alumina ； gallium ； predicted1综述镓在地壳中的含量为0.0015%。

一、术语配对1-1 Please choose the best words or phrases with given Chinese words or phrases .1) Associated gas 伴生气2) Oil flow rate油流量3) Intermittent gas lift间隙气举4) Rod pump螺杆泵5) Nodding donkey驴头6) Dynagraph card示功图7) Primary water原生水8) Gathering lines集输管线9) Pressure buildup test 回压试井10) Well network井网11) Formation damage油层伤害12) Electrical submersible pump电潜泵13) Pressure drawdown test压力降试井14) Production rate产量15) Drainage area泄油面积16) Hydrocarbon-in-place地质储量17) Vertical well test垂向试井18) Shut-in time关井时间19) Simulation in Reservoir Engneering油藏数值模拟20) Petroleum Engineering Design Project石油工程设计项目1-2 Please choose the best words or phrases with given Chinese words or phrases .1) bore hole TV logging井下电视测井2) core slug岩心塞3) Klinkenberg effect 克林肯伯格效应4) drilling platform 钻井平台5) drilling mud 钻井液6) well workover修井7) well capacity油井产能8) gas/oil level 油气界面9) natural gas liquid 凝析油10) gravitational drainage 重力排驱11) drainage area 泄油面积12) phase behavior相态特征13) hydraulic bottom-hole pump井下水力泵14) recovery process 采油方法，开采方法15) material balance equation物质平衡方程16) tubing pressure 油管压力17) water table 地下水面、潜水面18) the gas deviation factor 气体的偏差系数19) rotary drilling 旋转钻井20) tank battery 集油罐组1-3 Please choose the best words or phrases with given Chinese words or phrases .1) pulse test脉冲试井2) hydrostatic gradient 静液压梯度3) virgin pressure原始压力4) static bottom hole pressure井底静压力5) shut-in pressure关井压力6) correlation charts 对比图7) Hoisting System提升系统8) sectional area 截面积9) Drilling time lo钻时测井10) analytic solution 分析解11)mud logging 泥浆录井12)ctive water drive活跃水驱13 )hermal capacity热容量14)wetting characteristics润湿特征15) Formation volume factor地下体积系数16) Well performance 油井动态17) pore throat孔隙喉道18) oil deposit油藏19) the natural radioactivity放射性20) drill string(pipe ) 钻杆1-4 Please choose the best words or phrases with given Chinese words or phrases .1) drilling rig钻机2) well bownout井喷3) well treatment油井作业4) emulsion breaking破乳5) polymer flooding聚合物驱6) Specific gravity比重7) zero-dimensional model零维模型8) wellbore coning井底水锥进9) steam stimulation蒸气吞吐，蒸气刺激10) baffle plate 隔板，挡板11) well stimulation油井增产措施12) The Catheads锚头13) workover operation修井作业14) hoisting system提升系统15) microbial EOR微生物提高采收率方法16) well completion完井17) Christmas tree采油树18) the spontaneous potential自然电位19) Log interpretation测井解释20) The solution gas-oil ratio溶解气油比1-5 Please choose the best words or phrases with given Chinese words or phrases .1) artificial water drive注水驱动(人工注水) 2) core hole岩心夹持器3) sonic logging声波测井4) porous media多孔介质5) Oil-water contact油水界面6) drilling mud钻井泥浆7) Well off 关井8) well logging 录井9) Well completion完井10) thermal cracking 热裂解11) natural flow （油气井）自喷12) Engine system动力系统13) pressure buildup test压力恢复试井14) microbial EOR微生物提高采收率方法15) bottom hole pressure井底压力16) surface tension(force) 表面张力17) centrifuge method离心法18) directional drilling定向钻井19) oolitic porosity鲕状孔隙20) well stimulation油井增产1-6 Please choose the best words or phrases with given Chinese words or phrases .1) truck-mounted rig车载式钻机2) well cementation固井3)well fluid 产液量 4) production logging survey生产测井5) reservoir simulator油藏模拟器6) miscible flooding混相驱7) water influx水侵量8) pressure buildup test压力恢复试井9) directional drilling定向钻井10) miscible flooding 混相驱11) Pascal second帕斯卡秒12) drill collar钻铤13) waterflooding 水驱14) production well生产井15) specific gravity相对密度16) source bed生油岩17) hydrocarbon mixture烃类混合物18) oil reservoir油藏19) clued oil 原油20) dry gas干气1-7 Please choose the best words or phrases with given Chinese words or phrases .1) drilling mud 钻井液2) rotating system旋转系统3) well site 井场4) offshore drilling海洋钻井5) sweet gas 不含硫天然气6) intermittent gas lift 间歇式气举7) skin damage表皮污染8) shut-in time 关井时间9) multiple well tests多井干扰试井 10) The producing gas-oil ratio产出油气比11) pressure drawdown test压力降落试井12) production rate产量13) gas-cap drive 最终采收率14) secondary recovery气顶驱动15) ultimate recovery二次采油16) potentiometric model等势模型17) source and sink源和汇18) Radioactivity logs放射性测井19) well off 关井20) associated gas 伴生气1-8 Please choose the best words or phrases with given Chinese words or phrases .1) wireline logging电缆测井2) molecular mean free path分子平均自由程3) offshore drilling海上钻井4) wetting phase saturation相对饱和度5) cable tool drilling顿钻6) well performance油井动态7) well sandup井下堵砂8) well spacing布井9) well head 井口10) oil/water emulsion 油水乳化液11) oil flow rate原油的流量12) sour gas 酸性天然气13) pressure drawdown test压力降落试井14) dew-point pressure露点压力15) transient pressure不稳定压力16) irreducible water saturation束缚水饱和度17) nodding donkey驴头18) hydrocarbon-in-place 石油地质储量19) formation volume factors地层体积系数20) gas cap气顶1-9 Please choose the best words or phrases with given Chinese words or phrases .1)Sour gas酸性天然气2)Specific gravity相对密度3)Formation volume factor地下体积系数4)Secondary recovery二次采油5)Well testing试井 6)Bubble point pressure泡点压力7)Pascal Second帕斯卡.秒8)Bottom-hole井底9)Waterflooding水驱10)Oil-water contact 油水界面11)Bore hole TV logging井下成相测井12)Irreducible water saturation束缚水饱和度13)Relative permeability相对渗透率14)Drilling mud钻井泥浆15)Mud circulating system泥浆循环系统16)Engine system动力系统17)Nodding donkey驴头18)Well network井网19)Well completion完井20)Well off 关井1-10 Please choose the best words or phrases with given Chinese words or phrases .1) drilling site钻井井场2) well servicing井维修3) well start up开井4) well bone井眼，井筒5) hydrogen sulphide硫化氢6) high-volume well高产井7) rod pump杆式泵8）wet gas湿气9) gas oil ratio气油比10) enhanced recovery强化采油，提高采收率11) interwell transmissibility井间传导率12) interference test干扰试井13) lightweight separator轻便分离器14) surfactant flooding表面活性剂驱15) interfacial tension界面张力16) steam injection注蒸气17) depositional environment沉积环境 18) black-oil model黑油模型19) resistance to flow流动阻力20) Bubble point pressure 泡点压力1-11 Please choose the best words or phrases with given Chinese words or phrases .1) well cuttings钻屑，岩屑2) well killing压井3) well to well井内4) drill stem test中途试井5) directional drilling 定向钻井 6) hydrostatic pressure gradient静水压力梯度7) spad in 开钻8) gravity drainage pool重力驱动油藏9) surface pressure地面压力、井口压力10) casing pressure套管压力11) Electric logs电子测井12) The Drawworks绞车13) well off 关井14) mud log 泥浆录井15) active water drive活跃水驱16) thermal capacity热容量17) wetting characteristics润湿特征18) the interval transit time声音传导时间19) bottom-hole井底工具20) bulk volume 总体积1-12 Please choose the best words or phrases with given Chinese words or phrases .1) mud circulating system泥浆循环系统2) well cleanout洗井3) prime mover 原动机，马达4) vertical well test垂向试井5) drawdown analysis压降分析6) wet combustion湿式燃烧7) directional drilling定向钻井8) Drilling mud钻井泥浆9) dissolved-gas drive溶解气驱10) drill bit钻头11) well logging录井12) pressure gradient 压力梯度13) heavy oil重油14) filter cake泥饼15) reservoir rock储集岩16) flowing pressure流动压力17) free gas cap游离气顶18) original pressure原始压力19) reservoir drive油藏驱动20) pay zone产油气带、生产层1-13 Please choose the best words or phrases with given Chinese words or phrases .1) The solution gas-oil ratio溶解气油比2) engine system动力系统3) well completion完井4) formation damage 地层污染5) radioactive tracer survey放射性示踪剂试井6) electrical submersible pump电动潜油泵7) well serving井维修8) water-in-oil 油包水乳状液9) water cut含水率，含水量10) fatty acid脂肪酸11) in situ combustion层内燃烧12) Specific gravity 相对密度13) compositional model 组织模型14) oil-in-place(OIP) 原油储量15) Formation volume factor地下体积系数16) Well performance油井动态17) pore throat孔隙喉道18) oil deposit油藏19) the natural radioactivity放射性20) drill string(pipe ) 钻杆二、术语解释2-1 The following are special terms with their definitions choose the expression to fill in the blanks at the end of each deification.1)Rock chips produced in well drilling , which are used to trace subsurface hydrocarbons in mud logging.2)Well completed without casing in a sandstone formation that gives no indication of caving in .3)Thin , runny mixture of water and other substances such as clay.4)Any mechanism other than natural reservoir pressure of sufficient force to make oil flow to the surface.5)Group of storage tanks located on a lease.6)Device placed between well head and lease tank battery to separate crude oil from natural gas and water.7)Pump mounted in the well rather than on the surface.8)A secondary recovery method in which water is pumping down an injection well into the reservoir in order to force oil through the reservoir and into a production well.9)More than one well completed from the same hole.10)The application of physics, chemistry and other technologies to the search of petroleum.11)The third attempt at production after all the oil has been obtained that is possible by primary and secondary means.12)If the gas-oil solution is so great no bubbles can form, once the pressure is relieved bubbles do form and as they expand their pressure drives the oil up.13)The pressure at which the liquid first begins to vaporize is termed the14)For gases, it is defined as the ratio of the density of the gas at a given temperature and pressure to the density of air at the same temperature and pressur.15)A group of Middle Eastern ,south American and African states with large petroleum reserves who have joined together to control production and pricing.答案：1) cuttings 2)bare foot3) drilling mud 4) Artificial lifts5)tank battery 6) Thermal cracking7) Submersible pump 8) water flooding9) multiple completion 10) Explotation11) tertiary recovery 12)Solution gas drive13) bubble-point pressure 14) the relative density15) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries2-2 The following are special terms with their definitions choose the expression to fill in the blanks at the end of each deification.1) A mixture of liquid molecules formed of carbon and hydrogen and found in pores of underground rocks.2) The application of physics,chemistry and other technologies to the search of petroleum.3) A mixture of liquid, solid or gas molecules formed primarily by hydrogen and carbon atoms.4) Gas trapped above the oil in a reservoir.5) The next attempt at production after all that is economically feasible has been recovered by pumping for example,water injection,gas injection.6) Gas dissolved in solution with the oil in a reservoir.7) The factor of a reservoir which determines how hard or easy it is for oil to flow though the formation.8) The capacity of a rock to hold liquids and gas in the pores.9) Unit of measurement of permeability;named after its originator Henry Darcy.10) The lowering of various types of measuring instruments into a well and gathering and recording data on porosity,permeability,types of fluids,fluid content .11) Viscous fluids circulated in the well to cool the bit, remove rock chips, and control subsurface.12) A common drilling bit with three rotating cones.13) Array of valves,pipes,and fittings placed at top of a free-flowing well.14) Finishing a well,getting a newly-drilled well ready for production.15) Any mechanism other than natural reservoir pressure of sufficient force to make oil flow to the surface. 答案：1) hydrocarbons 2)exploration 3) crude oil4)gas cap 5) secondary recovery 6) solution gas7) permeability 8) porosity 9) Darcy10)logging 11) drilling mud 12) rotary drilling13) Christmas tree 14) completion 15) artificial lifts2-3 The following are special terms with their definitions choose the expression to fill in the blanks at the end of each deification.1) Pumping the cement slurry down the well and back up between the casing and the borehole.2)When excessive well pressure runs wild and blows the string and tools out of the hole.3)Inducing gas into the reservoir to force the oil out .4)Lines from lease tank batteries to the crude trunkline running to the refinery.5)An attempt at production after all that is economically feasible has been recovered by pumping.6)Using crude oil from the reservoir pumped back into the well under pressure to force more crud to surface.7)the ratio of the volumetric gas production rate to the volumetric oil production rate, both at surface condition。

目录总类。

41.油气地质勘探总论。

72. 含油气盆地构造学。

73. 含油气盆地沉积学。

114. 油气性质。

145. 油气成因。

156. 油气储集层。

217.油气运移。

228.油气聚集。

259.油气地质勘探。

2710.油气地球化学勘探。

2911.地震地层学。

2912.遥感地质。

3213.实验室分析。

3314.油气资源评价。

3415.地质年代。

16补充17岩性，岩石学总类油气地质勘探petroleum and gas geology and exploration石油地球物理petroleum geophysics地球物理测井geophysical well logging石油工程petroleum engineering钻井工程drilling engineering油气田开发与开采oil-gas field development and exploitation石油炼制petroleum processing石油化工petrochemical processing海洋石油技术offshore oil technique油气集输与储运工程oil and gas gathering-transportation and storage engineering 石油钻采机械与设备petroleum drilling and production equipment油田化学oilfield chemistry油气藏hydrocarbon reservoir油藏oil reservoir气藏gas reservoir商业油气藏(又称工业油气藏)commercial hydrocarbon reservoir油气田oil-gas field油田oil field气田gas field大油气田large oil-gas field特大油气田(又称巨型油气田)giant oil-gas field岩石物性physical properties of rock岩石物理学petrophysics野外方法field method野外装备field equipment石油petroleum天然石油natural oil人造石油artificial oil原油crude oil原油性质oil property石蜡基原油paraffin-base crude [oil]环烷基原油(又称沥青基原油)naphthene- base crude [oil]中间基原油(又称混合基原油)intermediate- base crude [oil]芳香基原油aromatic- base crude [oil]含硫原油sulfur-bearing crude,sour crude拔头原油topped crude重质原油heavy crude [oil]含蜡原油waxy crude [oil]合成原油synthetic crude凝析油condensate,condensed oil原油分析crude oil analysis,crude assay原油评价crude oil evaluation石油颜色oil colour石油密度oil densityAPI度API degree波美度Baumé degree沥青bitumen, asphalt沥青质asphaltene胶质gum熔点melting point倾点pour point凝点freezing point闪点flash point燃点fire point浊点cloud point液化天然气liquified natural gas,LNG天然气natural gas湿气wet gas干气dry gas酸气sour gas净气(又称甜气)sweet gas伴生气associated gas天然气绝对湿度absolute humidity of natural gas 天然气相对湿度relative humidity of natural gas 天然气密度natural gas density天然气溶解度natural gas solubility天然气发热量calorific capacity of natural gas天然气（燃烧）热值heating value of natural gas 凝析气condensate gas烃hydrocarbon轻烃light hydrocarbon烷烃paraffin hydrocarbon, alkane烯烃olefin,alkene环烷烃naphthenic hydrocarbon芳香烃aromatic hydrocarbon,arene含氧化合物oxygen compound含氮化合物nitrogen compound含硫化合物sulfur compound天然气液natural gas liquid,NGL液化石油气liquified petroleum gas,LPG临界点critical point临界状态critical state临界体积critical volume临界温度critical temperature临界压力critical pressure临界凝析温度cri condentherm临界凝析压力cricondenbar露点dew point露点曲线dew point curve烃露点hydrocarbon dew point平衡露点equilibrium dew point泡点bubble point泡点曲线bubble point curve油气系统相图phase diagram of oil-gas system逆蒸发retrograde evaporation反凝析retrograde condensation饱和蒸气压saturated vapor pressure湍流turbulent flow层流laminar flow牛顿流体Newtonian fluid非牛顿流体non-Newtonian fluid塑性流体plastic fluid假塑性流体pseudoplastic fluid幂率流体power law fluid剪切率shear rate屈服值yield value动力粘度dynamic viscoisity绝对粘度absolute viscosity相对粘度relative viscosity视密度observent density双电层(又称偶电层)electrostatic double layer水合作用(又称水化作用)hydration生物降解(作用)biodegradation1.油气地质勘探总论石油天然气地质学geology of oil and gas石油地质学petroleum geology天然气地质学geology of natural gas石油地球化学petroleum geochemistry储层地质学reservoir geology油气田地质学geology of oil and gas field油气田水文地质学hydrogeology of oil and gas field 应用地球物理学applied geophysics油气田勘探exploration of oil and gas地质勘探geological exploration地球物理勘探geophysical exploration地球化学勘探geochemical exploration海上油气勘探offshore petroleum exploration地热勘探geothermal exploration数学地质(学)mathematical geology遥感地质remote-sensing geology实验室分析laboratory analysis油气资源预测assessment of petroleum resources 2. 含油气盆地构造学构造地质学structural geology大地构造学geotectonics板块构造学plate tectonics地球动力学geodynamics地质力学geomechanics构造structure构造作用tectonism地壳运动crustal movement水平运动horizontal movement垂直运动vertical movemen造山运动orogeny造陆运动epeirogeny构造模式structural model构造样式(又称构造风格)structural style 构造类型tectonic type构造格架tectonic framework应力型式stress pattern压(缩)应力compressive stress张应力tensile stress剪应力shear stress挤压作用compression拉张作用extension压扭作用(又称压剪)transpression张扭作用(又称张剪)transtension左旋sinistral rotation,left lateral右旋dextral rotation,right lateral地幔隆起mantal bulge地幔柱mantal plume结晶基地crytalline basement沉积盖层sedimentary cover构造旋回tectonic cycle构造单元tectonic unit地槽geosyncline地台(曾用名陆台)platform克拉通craton准地槽parageosyncline准地台paraplatform地盾shield地块massif地向斜geosyncline地背斜geoanticline台向斜platform syneclise台背斜platform anticlise隆起uplift坳陷（二级构造单元）depression凸起swell,convex凹陷（三级构造单元）sag,concave长垣placanticline褶皱fold斜坡slope阶地terrace构造鼻strctural nose穹窿dome滚动背斜rollover anticline牵引皱褶drag fold披覆褶皱(又称披盖褶皱)drape fold底辟构造(又称刺穿构造)diapiric structure盐丘salt dome刺穿盐丘salt diapir盐构造作用halokinesis断层fault断层生长指数fault growth index同生断层contemporaneous fault,synsedimentary fault,growth fault 正断层normal fault逆断层reverse fault冲断层thrust上冲断层(逆掩断层)overthrust下冲断层underthrust上冲席overthrust sheet走滑断层strike-slip fault转换断层transform fault倾向滑动断层dip-slip fault地堑graben地垒horst半地堑(又称箕状凹陷)half-graben推覆体nappe整合conformity不整合unconformity假整合disconformity块断作用block faulting重力滑动作用gravitational sliding地裂运动taphrogeny板块运动plate movementA型俯冲A-subductionB型俯冲B-subduction俯冲subduction仰冲obduction板块边界plate boundary离散边界divergent boundary会聚边界convergent boundary转换边界trnsform boundary大陆边缘continental margin活动大陆边缘active continental margin被动大陆边缘passive continental margin大陆漂移continental drift板块碰撞plate collision大陆增生continental accretion沟弧盆系trench-arc-basin system弧前盆地fore-arc basin弧后盆地back-arc basin,retroarc basin弧间盆地interarc basin边缘海盆地marginal sea basin坳拉槽盆地aulacogen斜坡盆地slope basin大陆边缘断陷盆地continent-marginal faulted basin 大陆边缘三角洲盆地continental-marginal delta basin 裂谷盆地rift basin内克拉通盆地intracratonic basin周缘前陆盆地peripheral foreland basin弧后前陆盆地retroarc foreland basin破裂前陆盆地broken foreland basin山前坳陷盆地piedmont depression basin复合型盆地composite basin山间盆地intermontaine basin残留大洋盆地remnant ocean basin原始大洋裂谷盆地protoceanic rift basin新生大洋盆地nascent ocean basin深海平原盆地dep-sea plain basin扭张盆地transtensional basin扭压盆地transpressional basin拉分盆地pull-apart basin洋壳型盆地ocean-crust type basin过渡壳型盆地transition-crust type basin陆壳型盆地continental-crust basin多旋回盆地polycyclic basin块断盆地block fault basin地堑盆地graben basin含油气大区petroliferous province含油气盆地petroliferous basin含油气区petroliferous region油气聚集带petroleum accumulation zone盆地分析basin analysis盆地数值模拟basin numerical simulation3. 含油气盆地沉积学沉积学sedimentology沉积物sediment沉积岩sedimentary rock沉积作用sedimentation,deposition沉积分异作用sedimentary differentiation沉积旋回sedimentary cycle,depositional-cycle同生作用syngenesis成岩作用diagenesis成岩阶段diagenetic stage后生作用(又称晚期成岩作用)epigenesist,catagenesis变生作用(曾用名深变作用)metagenesis碎屑岩clastic rock,detrital rock砂岩sandstone粉砂岩siltstone砾岩conglomerate角砾岩breccia火山碎屑岩pyroclastic rock,volcanoclastic rock碳酸盐岩carbonate rock石灰岩limestone白云岩dolomite,dolostone泥灰岩marl粘土岩claystone泥质岩argillite泥岩mudstone页岩shale蒸发岩evaporite盐岩salt rock可燃有机岩caustobiolith沉积中心depocenter沉降中心subsiding center岩相古地理lithofacies palaeogeography沉积环境sedimentary enviroment沉积体系sedimentary system,depositional system沉积相sedimentary facies岩相lithofacies生物相biofacies地球化学相geochemical facies相标志facies marker相模式facies model相分析facies analysis山麓洪积相piedmont pluvial facies碎屑流沉积debris flow deposit泥石流沉积mud-debris flow deposit冲积扇相alluvial fan facies河流相fluvial facies辩状河沉积braided stream deposit曲流河沉积meandering stream deposit网状河沉积anastomosed stream deposit河床滞留沉积channel-lag deposit凸岸坝沉积(又称“点砂坝沉积”、“边滩沉积”)poit bar deposit 心滩沉积mid-channel bar deposit天然堤沉积natural levee deposit决口扇沉积crevasse-splay deposit废弃河道沉积abandoned channel deposit牛轭湖沉积oxbow lake deposit河漫滩沉积(又称洪泛平原沉积)flood-plain deposit 侧向加积lateral accretion垂向加积vertical accretion湖泊相lacustrine facies盐湖相salt-lake facies冰川相glacial facies沙漠相desert facies风成沉积eolian deposit海相marine facies深海相abyssal facies半深海相bathyal facies浅海相neritic facies浅海陆架相neritic shelf facies滨海相littoral facies陆相nonmarine facies,continental facies海岸沙丘coastal dune内陆沙丘interior dune沙漠沙丘desert dune正常浪基面(又称正常浪底)normal wave base风暴浪基面(又称风暴浪底)storm wave base过渡相transition facies三角洲相delta facies扇三角洲相fan-delta facies三角洲平原delta plain,deltaic plain三角洲前缘delta front,deltaic front前三角洲prodelta建设性三角洲constructive delta破坏性三角洲destructive delta河口沙坝river mouth bar远沙坝distal bar指状沙坝finger bar三角洲前缘席状砂delta front sheet sand分流间湾沉积interdistributary bay deposit河口湾沉积estuary deposit澙湖相(又称泻湖相)lagoon facies蒸发岩相evaporite facies潮滩(又称潮坪)tidal flat潮汐通道tidal channel潮汐三角洲todal delta潮上带supratidal zone潮间带intertidal zone潮下带subtidal zone塞卜哈环境Sabkha enviroment浅滩(又称沙洲)shoal海滩beach湖滩beach岸堤bank障壁岛barrier island浊流turbidity current浊积岩turbidite浊积岩相turbidite facies湖底扇sublacustrine fan海底扇submarine fan鲍马序列Bouma sequence碳酸盐台地carbonate platform局限海restricted sea广海(又称开阔海)open sea陆表海epicontinental sea,epeiric sea陆缘海pericontinental sea边缘海margin sea盆地相basin facies深海平原abyssal plain广海陆架相open sea shelf facies台地前缘斜坡相platform foreslope facies生物丘相biohermal facies生物礁相organic reef facies台地边缘浅滩相shoal facies of platform margin 4. 油气性质石油荧光性oil fluorescence石油旋光性oil rotary polarization石油灰分oilash钒-镍比vanadium to nickel ratio,V/Ni游离气free gas溶解气dissolved gas沼气marsh gas泥火山气mud volcano gas惰性气inert gas固体沥青solid bitumen基尔沥青kir高氮沥青algarite地沥青maltha石沥青asphalt硬沥青gilsonite脆沥青grahamite焦性沥青impsonite次石墨graphitoid,schungite地沥青化作用asphaltization碳青质(又称卡宾)carbene高碳青质carboid总烃total hydrocarbon岩屑气cutting gas吸附烃adsorbed hydrocarbon溶解烃dissolved hydrocarbon游离沥青free bitumen束缚沥青fixed bitumen抽提沥青extractable bitumen氯仿沥青chloform bitumen酒精-苯沥青alcohol-benzene bitumen甲醇-丙酮-苯抽提物(简称MAB抽提物)methanol-acetone-benzene extract 分散沥青dispersed bitumen荧光沥青fluorescent bitumen5. 油气成因无机成因论inorganic origin theory碳化物论carbide theory宇宙论universal theory岩浆论magmatic theory(石油)高温成因论pyrogenetic theory蛇纹石化生油论serpontinization theory有机成因论organic origin theory动物论animal theory植物论plant theory动植物混合论animal-plant theory干酪根降解论kerogen degragation theory分散有机质dispersed organic matter前身物precursor腐泥质sapropelic substance腐泥化作用saprofication腐殖质humic substance腐殖酸humic acid腐殖化作用humification干酪根(曾用名油母质、油母)kerogen腐泥型干酪根(又称Ⅰ型干酪根)sapropel-type kerogen, Ⅰ-type kerogen 混合型干酪根(又称Ⅱ型干酪根)mixed-type kerogen, Ⅱ-type kerogen腐殖型干酪根(又称Ⅲ型干酪根)humic-type kerogen, Ⅲ-type kerogen显微组分(曾用名煤素质)maceral壳质组(又称稳定组)exinite,liptinite孢子体sporinite角质体cutinite藻类体alginite树脂体resinite镜质体vitrinite结构镜质体telinite无结构镜质体collinite惰质体inertinite微粒体micrinite菌类体sclerotinite丝质体fusinite半丝质体semifusinite无定形amorphous草质herbaceous木质woody煤质coaly还原环境reducing environment铁还原系数reduced coefficient oh ferrite还原硫reduced sulfur自生矿物authigenic mineral黄铁矿pyrite菱铁矿siderite赤铁矿hematite有机质演化organic matter evolution有机质成岩作用organic matter diagenesis有机质后生作用(曾用名有机质退化作用)organic matter catagenesis 有机质变生作用organic matter metagenesis有机质变质作用organic matter metamorphism生物化学降解作用biochemical degragation碳化作用carbonization生物化学生气阶段biochemical gas-genous stage热催化生油气阶段thermo-catalytic oil-gas-geneous stage热裂解生凝析气阶段thermo-cracking condensate-geneous stage深部高温生气阶段deep pyrometric gas-geneous stage未成熟期immature phase成熟期mature phase过熟期postmature phase生油门限threshold of oil generation液态窗(又称主要生油期)liquid window死亡线death line海相生油marine origin陆相生油nonmarine origin二次生油secondary generation of oil烃源岩(曾用名生油气岩)source bed油源岩(曾用名生油层)oil source bed气源层(曾用名生气层)gas source bed油源层系(曾用名生油层系)oil source bed有效烃源层effective source bed潜在烃源层potential source bed油页岩oil shale生油指标source rock index有机质丰度organic matter abundance有机碳organic carbon耗氧量oxygen consumption成熟作用maturation有机质成熟度organic matter maturity有机变质程度level of organic metamorphism,LOM时间-温度指数time-temperature index,TTI镜质组反射率(符号Ro) vitrinite reflectance定碳比carbon ratio孢粉颜色指数sporopollen color index热变指数thermal alteration index,TAI牙形石色变指数conodont alteration index,CAI碳优势指数carbon preference index,CPI奇偶优势odd-even predominance,OEP正环烃成熟指数normal paraffin maturity index,NPMI环烷烃指数naphthene index,NI芳香烃结构分布指数aromatic structural index,ASI自由基浓度number of free radical电子自旋共振信号electron spin resonance signal,ESR signal 顺磁磁化率paramagnetic susceptibility自旋密度spin density转化率transformation ratio,hydrocarbon-generating ratio沥青系数bitumen coefficient生油率oil-generating ratio生气率gas-generating ratio生油量oil-generating quantity生油潜量potential oil-generating quantity氢碳原子比hydrogen to carbon atomic ratio,H/C氧碳原子比oxygen to carbon ratio,O/C源岩评价仪Rock-Eval氢指数hydrogen index,HI氧指数oxygen index,OI油源对比oil and resource rock correlation气源对比gas and resource rock correlation地球化学化石geochemical fossil指纹化合物fingerprint compound生物标志[化合]物biomarker,biological marker生物构型biological configuration地质构型geological configuration立体异沟化stereoisomerism立体异构体stereoisomer,stereomer甾类steroid甾烷sterane降甾烷norsterane胆甾烷cholestane谷甾烷sitstane豆甾烷stigmastane粪甾烷coprostane麦角甾烷ergostane正常甾烷(规则甾烷)regular sterane重排甾烷rearranged sterane孕甾烷pregnane萜类(又称萜族化合物)terpenoid萜烷terpane三环萜烷tricyclic terpane四环萜烷tetracyclic terpane五环三萜烷pentacyclic triterpane藿烷hopane降藿烷norhopane羽扇烷lupane莫烷moretane降莫烷normoretaneλ蜡烷gammacerane奥利烷oleanane乌散烷ulsane松香烷abietane杜松烷cadinane雪松烷cedarane补身烷drimane海松烷pimarane罗汉松烷podocarpane角鲨烷squalane甾烷—藿烷比steraneto hopane ratio倍半萜sesquiterpene二萜diterpene三萜triterpene多萜polyterpene胡萝卜烷carotane类胡萝卜素carotenoid类异戊二烯isoprenoid类异戊二烯烃isoprenoid hydrocarbon殖烷phytane姥鲛烷pristane姥值比pristane to phytane ratio,Pr/Ph降姥鲛烷norpristane法呢烷farnesane卟啉porphyrin天然气成因类型genetic types of natural gas无机成因气inorganic genetic gas, abiogenetic gas 火山气valcanic gas深源气deep source gas幔源气mantle source gas岩浆岩气magmatic rock gas变质岩气metamorphic rock gas宇宙气universal gas无机盐类分解气decomposition gas of inorganic salt 有机成因气organic genetic gas腐泥型天然气sapropel-type natural gas腐殖型天然气humic-type natural gas腐殖煤型天然气humolith-type natural gas生物气biogenic gas,bacterial gas油型气petroliferous gas煤型气coaliferous gas煤成气coal-genetic gas煤系气coal-measure gas煤层气coal seam gas腐泥型裂解气sapropel-type cracking gas腐殖型裂解气humic-type cracking gas非常规气unconventional gas地热气geothermal gas饱气带aeration zone异丁烷—正丁烷比isobutane to normal butane ratio 正庚烷normal heptane甲基环己烷methylcyclohexane二甲基环戊烷dimethyl cyclopentane庚烷值heptane value甲烷系数methane coefficient干燥系数drying coefficient碳同位素carbon isotope氢同位素hydrogen isotope氧同位素oxygen isotope氦同位素比率helium isotope ratio氩同位素比率argon isotope ratio6. 油气储集层储集岩reservoir rock储集层reservoir bed含油层oil-bearing horizon含油层系oil-bearing sequence碎屑岩类储集层clastic reservoir碳酸盐岩类储集层carbonate reservoir结晶岩类储集层crystalline reservoir泥质岩类储集层argillaceous reservoir孔隙型储集层porous-type reservoir裂隙型储集层fractured reservoir储层连续性reservoir continuity储层非均质性reservoir heterogeneity胶结作用cementation胶结类型cementation type基底胶结basal cement孔隙胶结porous cement接触胶结contact cement杂乱胶结chaotic cement溶解作用dissolution压溶作用pressolution交代作用replacement，metasomatism白云石化作用dolomitization去白云石化作用dedolomitization储集空间reservoir space原生孔隙primary pore次生孔隙secondary pore粒间孔隙inter granular pore粒内孔隙intragranular pore生物骨架孔隙bio skeleton pore生物钻孔孔隙bio boring pore鸟眼孔隙bird’s-eye pore晶间孔隙intercrystalline pore溶孔dissolved pore粒内溶孔intragranular dissolved pore粒间溶孔intergranular dissolved pore印模孔隙(曾用名溶模孔隙)moldic pore溶洞dissolved carvern溶缝dissolved fracture裂缝fracture,fissure构造裂缝structural fracture成岩裂缝diagenetic fracture压溶裂缝pressolutional fracture缝合线stylolite储层性质reservoir property超毛细管空隙super-capillary interstice毛细管空隙capillary interstice微毛细管空隙micro-capillary interstice孔隙度porosity总孔隙度(又称绝对孔隙度)total porosity有效孔隙度effective porosity裂缝密度fracture density裂缝系数fracture coefficient裂缝强度指数fracture intensity index,FII渗透率permeability达西定律Darcy law孔隙pore喉道throat盖层caprock夹层intercalated bed隔层barrier bed,impervious bed压汞资料intrusive mercury data排替压力displacement pressure突破压力breakthrough pressure突破时间breakthrough time生储盖组合source-reservoir-caprock assemblage,SRCA旋回式生储盖组合cyclic SRCA侧变式生储盖组合lateral changed SRCA同生式生储盖组合(又称自生自储式生储盖组合)syngenetic SRCA 7.油气运移初始运移initial migration层内运移internal migration排驱作用expulsion初次运移primary migration二次运移secondary migration侧向运移lateral migration垂向运移vertical migration区域运移regional migration局部运移local migration同期运移synchronous migration后期运移postchronous migration运移方向migration direction运移通道migration pathway运移距离migration distance运移时期migration period输导层carrier bed水相water phase烃相hydrocarbon phase固相solid phase油珠oil droplet连续油相oil-continuous phase气泡gas bubble气相gas phase排烃临界值(又称油气临界释放因子)expulsion threshold value of hydrocarbon,critical release factor of oil and gas 排烃效率expulsion efficient of hydrocarbon有效排烃厚度effective thickness of expulsion hydrocarbon压实[作用]compaction初期压实阶段initial compaction stage稳定压实阶段steady compaction stage突变压实阶段saltatory compaction stage紧密压实阶段close compaction stage欠压实页岩undercompaction shale水热增压作用aquathermal pressuring渗析作用(曾用名渗透作用)osmosis粘土脱水作用clay dehydration结晶水crystalline water层间水interlayer water吸附水adsorbed water结构水textural water甲烷增生作用methane accreting, methane generating地层压力formation pressure上覆岩层压力overburden pressure岩石压力rock pressure孔隙流体压力(又称孔隙压力)pore fluid pressure地静压力geostatic pressure静水压力hydrostatic pressure动水压力(又称水动力)hydrodynamic pressure折算压力reduced pressure总水头(又称水势)total head承压水头pressure head,confined head高程水头elevation head压力系数pressure coefficient供水区recharge area承压区confined area泄水区discharge area含水层aquifer不透水层aquifuge自流水artesian water承压水confined water土壤水soil water潜水phreatic water测压面piezometric surface测势面potentiometric surface静液面static liquid level动液面dynamic liquid level潜水面phreatic water table水力梯度hydraulic gradient势分析potential analysis气势分忻gas potential analysis油势分析oil potential analysis水势分析(又称总水斗分析)water potential analysis 等势面isopotential surface等压面iaopressure surface构造作用力tectonic force浮力buoyancy扩散diffusion异常高压(又称高压)abnormal pressure,overpressure 异常低压subnormal pressure,subpressure地压geopressure地热geotherm,terrestrial heat地热田geothermal field, terrestrial heat field岩石热导率thermal conductivity of rock大地热流值terrestrial heat flow value地热梯度(又称地温梯度)geothermal gradient地热增温级geothermal degree8.油气聚集圈闭trap有效圈闭effective trap隐蔽圈闭subtle trap成岩圈闭diagenetic trap水动力圈闭hydrodynamic trap压力封闭pressure seal重力分异gravitational differentiation差异聚集differential accumulation背斜理论anticline theory集油面积collecting area储油构造(又称含油构造)oil-bearing structure储气构造gas-bearing structure原生油气藏primary hydrocarbon reservoir次生油气藏secondary hydrocarbon reservoir构造油气藏structural hydrocarbon reservoir背斜油气藏anticlinal hydrocarbon reservoir挤压背斜油气藏squeezed anticline hydrocarbon reservoir长垣背斜油气藏placanticline anticline hydrocarbon reservoir底辟背斜油气藏diapir anticline hydrocarbon reservoir滚动背斜油气藏rollover anticline hydrocarbon reservoir披盖背斜油气藏drape anticline hydrocarbon reservoir向斜油气藏synclinal hydrocarbon reservoir断层遮挡油气藏fault-screened hydrocarbon reservoir断块油气藏fault block hydrocarbon reservoir裂缝油气藏fractured hydrocarbon reservoir盐丘遮挡油气藏salt diapir hydrocarbon reservoir泥火山遮挡油气藏mud volcano screened hydrocarbon reservoir岩浆柱遮挡油气藏magmatic plug hydrocarbon reservoir地层油气藏stratigraphic hydrocarbon reservoir地层超覆油气藏stratigraphic onlap hydrocarbon reservoir地层不整合油气藏stratigraphic unconformity hydrocarbon reservoir潜山油气藏buried hill hydrocarbon reservoir基岩油气藏basement hydrocarbon reservoir生物礁块油气藏reef hydrocarbon reservoir,bioherm hydrocarbon reservoir 岩性油气藏lithologic hydrocarbon reservoir岩性尖灭油气藏lithologic pinchout hydrocarbon reservoir岩性透镜体油气藏lithologic lenticular hydrocarbon reservoir古河道油气藏palaeochannel hydrocarbon reservoir古海岸沙洲油气藏palaeooffshore bar hydrocarbon reservoir带状油气藏banded hydrocarbon reservoir层状油气藏stratified stratified hydrocarbon reservoir块状油气藏massive hydrocarbon reservoir不规则状油气藏irregular hydrocarbon reservoir喀斯持油气藏karst hydrocarbon reservoir沥青塞封闭油藏asphalt-sealed oil reservoir饱和油气藏saturated hydrocarbon reservoir凝析气藏condensate gas reservoir背料油气藏参数parameter of anticlinal reservoir圈闭容积trap volume闭合面积closure area闭合度closure溢山点spill point油气藏高度height of hydrocarbon pool, height of hydrocarbon reservoir油柱高度oil column height气柱高度gas column height气顶gas cap边水edge water底水bottom water有效厚度net-pay thickness含油面积oil-bearing area含气面积gas-bearing area纯油带面积area of inner-boundary of oil zone油水过渡带面积area of transitional zone from oil to water含油边界oil boundary含气边界gas boundary含水边界water boundary油水界面water-oil boundary油气界面oil-gas boundary油藏描述reservoir description油藏评价reservoir evaluation,pool evaluation9.油气地质勘探区域勘探regional exploration工业勘探industrial exploration预探priliminary prospecting详探detailed prospecting地质测量geological survey构造地质测量structural geological survey地质剖面geological section构造剖面structural section区域综合大剖面regional comprehensive section,regional composite cross section 区域地层对比regional stratigraphic correlation岩性对比lithological correlation古生物对比palaeontological correlation沉积旋回对比sedimentary cycle correlation重砂矿物对比placer mineral correlation元素对比element correlation古地磁对比paleomagnetic correlation露头outcrop油气显示indication of oil and gas, oil and gas show油气苗oil and gas seepage油苗oil seepage气苗gas seepage沥青苗asphalt seepage沥青湖pitch lake沥青丘pitch mound沥青脉bituminous vein沥青砂(曾用名重油砂、焦油砂)tar sand油砂oil sand泥火山mud volcano地质模型geological model地质模拟geological modelling地下地质subsurface geology取心井coring hole参数井(曾用名基准井)parameter well探井prospecting well,exploratory well预探井(曾用名野猫井)preliminary prospecting well,wildcat发现井discovery well详探井detailed prospecting well探边井delineation well,extension well评价井assessment well,appraisal well,evaluation well开发井development well生产井producing well,producer注水井water injection well, injector注气井gas injection well布井系统well pattern单井设计well design井身结构casing programme固井cementing试井well testing试油testing for oil试采production testing标准层marker bed, key bed, datum bed目的层target stratum地质录井geological logging岩心灵并core logging岩屑录并cutting logging岩屑滞后时间lag time of cutting钻时录井drilling-time logging钻速录井drilling rate logging泥浆录井mud logging荧光录井fluorescent logging井斜平面图drill-hole inclination plan地层对比stratigraphic correlation含油级别oil-bearing grade完井方案completion programme圈闭发现率trap discovery ratio商业油气流commercial oil and gas flow油藏驱动机理(又称油层驱动机理)reservoir drive mechanism 单井产量well production rate年产量annual output, annual yield圈闭勘探成功率trap exploration success ratio储量增长率reserves increase ratio勘探效率exploration efficiency勘探成本exploration cost探井成本cost of prospecting well10.油气地球化学勘探△碳法delta-carbon methodK—V指纹法K-V fingerprint technique吸附烃法absorbed hydrocarbon method气体测量gas survey沥青测量bitumen survey水化学测量hydrochemical survey水文地球化学测量hydrogeochemical survey细菌勘探bacteria prospecting土壤盐测量soil salt suevey地殖物法geobotanical method放射性测量radioactive survey氧化还原电位法oxidation-reduction potential method 11.地震地层学区域地震地层学regional seismic stratigraphy储层地震地层学reservoir seismic stratigraphy层序地层学sequence stratigraphy成因层序地层学genetic sequence stratigraphy年代地层学chronostratigraphy生物地层学biostratigraphy磁性地层学magnetostratigraphy地震岩性学seismic lithology横向预测lateral prediction确定性储层模拟deterministic reservoir modeling随机性储层模拟stochastic reservoir modeling地质统计储层模拟geostatiscal reservoir modeling人机[交互]联作解释interactive interpretation反射终端(又称反射终止)reflection termination整一concordance不整一uncorncordance上超onlap退覆offlap顶超toplap浅水顶超shallow-water toplap深水顶超deep-water toplap湖岸上超coastal onlap深水上超deep-water onlap下超downlap底超baselap削截(曾用名削蚀)truncation视削截(曾用名视削蚀)apparent truncation沉积间断hiatus超层序supersequence层序sequence亚层序subsequence最大洪水界面maximum flooding surface缓慢沉积剖面(又称饥饿剖面)condensed section高水位期highstand period低水伦期lowstand period体系域system tract低水位体系域low system tract,LST海进体系域transgressive system tract,TST高水位体系城high system tract,HST陆架边缘体系域shelf margin system tract,SMST盆底扇basin floor fan斜坡扇slope fan滑塌块体slump block滑塌扇slump fan楔状前积体wedge-prograding complex地震层序seismic sequence地震相seismic facies反射结构reflection configuration前积反射结构progradational reflection configurations形前积结构sigmoid progradation configuration斜交前积结构oblique progradation configuration叠瓦状前积结构shingled progradation configuration帚状前积结构brush progradation configuration杂乱前积结构chaotic progradation configuration前积—退积结构progradation-retrogradation configuration 非前积反射结构nonprogradational reflection configuration 平行结构parallel configuration亚平行结构subparrallel configuration乱岗状结构hummocky configuration波状结构wave configuration扭曲形结构contorted configuration断开结构disrupted configuration发散结构divergent configuration杂乱结构chaotic configuration无反射结构reflection-free configuration反射外形reflection external form席状相sheet facies席状披盖相sheet drape facies楔状相wedged facies丘状相mounded facies滩状相bank facies透镜状相lens facies滑塌相slump facies火山丘相valcanic mound facies充填相filled facies反射连续性reflection continuity振幅amplitude频率frequence极性polarity岩性指数lithologic index砂岩百分含量sandstone percent content偏砂相sand-prone facies偏泥相shale-prone facies地震相单元seismic facies unit地震相分析seismic facies analysis地震相图seismic facies map测井相log facies岩心相core facies钻井—地震相剖面图drill-seismicfacies section沉积环境图depositional environment map成因地层单位genetic stratigraphic unit年代地层单位chrono stratigraphic unit岩电地层单位litho-electric stratigraphic unit等时性isochronism穿时性diachronism远景地区prospect分辨率resolution保持振幅处理preserved amplitude processing地震模型seismic model反演模拟inverse modeling相位phase零相位zero phase薄层thin bed调谐厚度tuning thickness反射强度reflection strength相对速度relative velocity绝对速度absolute velocity油气检测hydrocarbon detection声阻抗差acoustic impedance difference振幅随炮检距变化amplitude versus offset,AVO12.遥感地质地理遥感geographical remote sensing航空遥感aerial remote sensing地球资源技术卫星earth resources technology satellite,ERTS地质卫星geologic satellite海洋卫星Seasat陆地卫星Landsat高级地球资源观测系统Advanced Earth Resources Observation System,AEROS 红外摄影infrared photograph多谱段扫描系统multispectral scanner system多谱段图象multispectral image黑白图象monochrome彩色合成图象color-composite image,color imagery波谱分析spectral analysis地面分辨率ground resolution灰度gray scale几何校正geometric correction波段比值图象band ratio image高分辨率图象high resolution image目标自动识别automatic target recognition地图投影转换map projection transformation矢量化vectorization光栅—矢量转换raster-to vector conversion视觉三色原理trichromatic theory of vision目视判读visual interpretation动态图象分析dynamic image analysis直接解释标志mark of direct interpretation。

Designation:D240–09Standard Test Method forHeat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter1This standard is issued under thefixed designation D240;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(´)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.Scope*1.1This test method covers the determination of the heat of combustion of liquid hydrocarbon fuels ranging in volatility from that of light distillates to that of residual fuels.1.2Under normal conditions,this test method is directly applicable to such fuels as gasolines,kerosines,Nos.1and2 fuel oil,Nos.1-D and2-D diesel fuel and Nos.0-GT,1-GT, and2-GT gas turbine fuels.1.3This test method is not as repeatable and not as reproducible as Test Method D4809.1.4The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.The values in parentheses are for information only.1.5This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific hazard statements,see Sections7and9and A1.10and Annex A3.2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:2D129Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(Gen-eral Bomb Method)D1018Test Method for Hydrogen In Petroleum Fractions D1266Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)D2622Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry D3120Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in LightLiquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-lometryD3701Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Low Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Reso-nance SpectrometryD4294Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD4809Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter(Precision Method)D5453Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons,Spark Ignition Engine Fuel,Diesel Engine Fuel,and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence E1Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers E200Practice for Preparation,Standardization,and Stor-age of Standard and Reagent Solutions for Chemical Analysis3.Terminology3.1Definitions:3.1.1gross heat of combustion,Qg(MJ/kg)—the quantity of energy released when a unit mass of fuel is burned in a constant volume enclosure,with the products being gaseous,other than water that is condensed to the liquid state.3.1.1.1Discussion—The fuel can be either liquid or solid, and contain only the elements carbon,hydrogen,nitrogen,and sulfur.The products of combustion,in oxygen,are gaseous carbon dioxide,nitrogen oxides,sulfur dioxide,and liquid water.In this procedure,25°C is the initial temperature of the fuel and the oxygen,and thefinal temperature of the products of combustion.3.1.2net heat of combustion,Qn(MJ/kg)—the quantity of energy released when a unit mass of fuel is burned at constant pressure,with all of the products,including water,being gaseous.3.1.2.1Discussion—The fuel can be either liquid or solid, and contain only the elements carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,and sulfur.The products of combustion,in oxygen,1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.05on Properties of Fuels,Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.Current edition approved July1,2009.Published September2009.Originallyapproved st previous edition approved in2007as D240–02(2007).2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at service@.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard. Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.are carbon dioxide,nitrogen oxides,sulfur dioxide,and water, all in the gaseous state.In this procedure,the combustion takes place at a constant pressure of0.1012MPa(1atm),and25°C is the initial temperature of the fuel and the oxygen,and the final temperature of the products of combustion.3.1.3The following relationships may be used for convert-ing to other units(conversion factor is exact only for Btu): 1cal(International Table calorie)=4.1868J1Btu(British thermal unit)=1055.06J and refer to as factor not exact1cal(I.T.)/g=0.0041868MJ/kg1Btu/lb=0.002326MJ/kg3.2Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1energy equivalent—(effective heat capacity or water equivalent)of the calorimeter is the energy required to raise the temperature1°expressed as MJ/°C.1MJ/kg51000J/g(1) In SI,the unit of heat of combustion has the dimension J/kg, but for practical use a multiple is more convenient.The MJ/kg is customarily used for the representation of heats of combus-tion of petroleum fuels.N OTE1—The energy unit of measurement employed in this test method is the joule with the heat of combustion reported in megajoules per kilogram.3.3Symbols:3.3.1The net heat of combustion is represented by the symbol Q n and is related to the gross heat of combustion by the following equation:Q n~net,25°C!5Q g~gross,25°C!20.21223H(2) where:Q n(net,25°C)=net heat of combustion at constantpressure,MJ/kg,Q g(gross,25°C)=gross heat of combustion at constantvolume,MJ/kg,andH=mass%of hydrogen in the sample.3 4.Summary of Test Method4.1Heat of combustion is determined in this test method by burning a weighed sample in an oxygen bomb calorimeter under controlled conditions.The heat of combustion is com-puted from temperature observations before,during,and after combustion,with proper allowance for thermochemical and heat transfer corrections.Either isothermal or adiabatic calo-rimeter jackets can be used.4.1.1Temperatures can be measured in degrees Celsius. 4.1.1.1Temperatures can be recorded in either degrees Fahrenheit or ohms or other units when using electric e the same units in all calculations,including standardization.4.1.2Time is expressed in calculations in minutes and decimal fractions thereof.It may be measured in minutes and seconds.4.1.3Masses are measured in grams and no buoyancy corrections are applied.5.Significance and Use5.1The heat of combustion is a measure of the energy available from a fuel.A knowledge of this value is essential when considering the thermal efficiency of equipment for producing either power or heat.5.2The heat of combustion as determined by this test method is designated as one of the chemical and physical requirements of both commercial and military turbine fuels and aviation gasolines.5.3The mass heat of combustion,the heat of combustion per unit mass of fuel,is a critical property of fuels intended for use in weight-limited craft such as airplanes,surface effect vehicles,and hydrofoils.The range of such craft between refueling is a direct function of the heat of combustion and density of the fuel.6.Apparatus6.1Test Room,Bomb,Calorimeter,Jacket,Thermometers, and Accessories,as described in Annex A1.7.Reagents7.1Benzoic Acid,Standard4—Benzoic acid powder must be compressed into a tablet or pellet before weighing.Benzoic acid pellets for which the heat of combustion has been determined by comparison with the National Bureau of Stan-dards sample are obtainable commercially for those laborato-ries not equipped to pellet benzoic acid.7.2Gelatin Capsules.7.3Methyl Orange or Methyl Red Indicator.7.4Mineral Oil.7.5Oxygen—Commerical oxygen produced from liquid air can be used without purification.If purification is necessary, see A1.11(Warning—Oxygen vigorously accelerates combus-tion.See A3.2.).7.6Pressure-Sensitive Tape—Cellophane tape38mm(11⁄2 in.)wide,free of chlorine and sulfur.7.7Alkali,Standard Solution:7.7.1Sodium Hydroxide Solution(0.0866mol/L)—Dissolve3.5g of sodium hydroxide(NaOH)in water and dilute to1L.Standardize with potassium acid phthalate and adjust to0.0866mol/L as described in Practice E200 (Warning—Corrosive.Can cause severe burns or blindness. Evolution of heat produces a violent reaction or eruption upon too rapid mixture with water.See Annex A3.1.)7.7.2Sodium Carbonate Solution(0.03625mol/L)—Dissolve 3.84g of Na2CO3in water and dilute to1L. Standardize with potassium acid phthalate and adjust to 0.03625mol/L as described in Practice E200.7.82,2,4-Trimethylpentane(iso octane),Standard5—(Warning—Extremelyflammable.Harmful if inhaled.Vapors may causeflashfire.See Annex A3.3.)3Supporting data(derivation of equations)have beenfiled at ASTM Interna-tional Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D02-1346.4Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST),100 Bureau Dr.,Stop1070,Gaithersburg,MD20899-1070, as standard sample No.39.5Obtainable from the National Institute of Standards Technology as standard sample No.217b. --`,,,``,`,`,,`,,,`,,,,`,,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---8.Standardization8.1Determine the Energy Equivalent of the Calorimeter —Average not less than six tests using standard benzoic acid.6These tests should be spaced over a period of not less than three e not less than 0.9g nor more than 1.1g of standard benzoic acid (C 6H 6COOH).Make each determination according to the procedure described in Section 9and compute the corrected temperature rise,t ,as described in 10.1or 10.2.Determine the corrections for nitric acid (HNO 3)and firing wire as described in 10.3and substitute in the following equation:W 5~Q 3g 1e 11e 2!/t(3)where:W =energy equivalent of calorimeter,MJ/°C,Q =heat of combustion of standard benzoic acid,MJ/g,calculated from the certified value,g =weight of standard benzoic acid sample,g,t =corrected temperature rise,as calculated in 10.1or10.2,°C,e 1=correction for heat of formation of nitric acid,MJ,ande 2=correction for heat of combustion of firing wire,MJ.8.1.1Repeat the standardization tests after changing any part of the calorimeter and occasionally as a check on both calorimeter and operating technique.8.2Checking the Calorimeter for Use with Volatile Fuels —Use 2,2,4-trimethylpentane to determine whether the results obtained agree with the certified value (47.788MJ/kg,weight in air)within the repeatability of the test method.If results do not come within this range,the technique of handling the sample may have to be changed (Annex A1.8).If this is not possible or does not correct the error,run a series of tests using 2,2,4-trimethylpentane to establish the energy equivalent for use with volatile fuels.8.3Heat of Combustion of Pressure-Sensitive Tape or Gelatin/Mineral Oil —Determine the heat of combustion of either the pressure-sensitive tape or 0.5g gelatin capsule/mineral oil in accordance with Section 9using about 1.2g of tape or 0.5g gelatin capsule/mineral oil and omitting the sample.Make at least three determinations and calculate the heat of combustion as follows:Q pst 5~D t 3W 2e 1!/1000a(4)where:Q pst =heat of combustion of the pressure-sensitive tape ormineral oil,MJ/kg,D t =corrected temperature rise,as calculated in accor-dance with 10.1or 10.2,°C,W =energy equivalent of the calorimeter,MJ/°C,e 1=correction for the heat of formation of HNO 3,MJ,anda =mass of the pressure-sensitive tape or gelatincapsule/mineral oil,g.Average the determinations,and redetermine the heat of combustion of the tape or gelatin capsule/mineral oil whenever a new roll or batch is started.9.Procedure9.1Weight of Sample —Control the weight of sample (in-cluding any auxiliary fuel)so that the temperature rise pro-duced by its combustion will be equal to that of 0.9to 1.1g of benzoic acid (Note 2).Weigh the sample to the nearest 0.1mg.N OTE 2—If the approximate heat of combustion of the sample is known,the required weight can be estimated as follows:g 526.454/Q s(5)where:g =mass of sample,g,and Q s =MJ/kg.Some fuels contain water and particulate matter (ash)that will degrade calorimetric values.If the heat of combustion is required on a clean fuel,filter the sample to remove free water and insoluble ash before testing.9.1.1For highly volatile fluids,reduce loss with use of tape or gelatin capsule mineral oil.N OTE 3—Acceptable procedures for handling volatile liquids include those described in the reports referenced at the end of this test method.References (1-6)describe glass sample holders:(7)describes a metal sample holder:(8)describes a gelatin sample holder.9.1.2Tape —Place a piece of pressure-sensitive tape across the top of the cup,trim around the edge with a razor blade,and seal tightly.Place 3by 12-mm strip of tape creased in the middle and sealed by one edge in the center of the tape disk to give a flap arrangement.Weigh the cup and tape.Remove from the balance with forceps.Fill a hypodermic syringe with the sample.The volume of sample can be estimated as follows:V 5~W 30.00032!/~Q 3D !(6)where:V =volume of sample to be used,mL,W =energy equivalent of calorimeter,J/°C,Q =approximate heat of combustion of the sample,MJ/kg,andD =density,kg/m 3,of the sample.9.1.2.1Add the sample to the cup by inserting the tip of the needle through the tape disk at a point so that the flap of tape will cover the puncture upon removal of the needle.Seal down the flap by pressing lightly with a metal spatula.Reweigh the cup with the tape and sample.Take care throughout the weighing and filling operation to avoid contacting the tape or cup with bare fingers.Place the cup in the curved electrode and arrange the fuse wire so that the central portion of the loop presses down on the center of the tape disk.9.1.3Gelatin/Mineral Oil —Weigh the cup and gelatin cap-sule.The capsule should only be handled with forceps.Add the sample to the capsule.Reweigh the cup with capsule and sample.If poor combustion is expected with the capsule,add several drops of mineral oil on the capsule and reweigh the cup and contents.Place the cup in the curved electrode and arrange the fuse wire so that the central portion of the loop contacts the capsule and oil.6Jessup,R.S.,“Precise Measurement of Heat of Combustion with a Bomb Calorimeter,”NBS Monograph 7,ernment PrintingOffice.9.2Water in Bomb—Add1.0mL of water to the bomb froma pipet.9.3Oxygen—With the test sample and fuse in place,slowly charge the bomb with oxygen to3.0-MPa(30-atm)gauge pressure at room temperature(9.3.1).Do not purge the bomb to remove entrapped air(Warning—Be careful not to overcharge the bomb.If,by accident,the oxygen introduced into the bomb should exceed4.0MPa,do not proceed with the combustion. An explosion might occur with possible violent rupture of the bomb.Detach thefilling connection and exhaust the bomb in the usual manner.Discard the sample,unless it has lost no weight,as shown by reweighing.).9.3.1Lower or higher initial oxygen pressures can be used within the range from2.5to3.5MPa,provided the same pressure is used for all tests,including standardization.9.4Calorimeter Water—Adjust the calorimeter water tem-perature before weighing as follows:Isothermal jacket method 1.6to2.0°C below jacket temperature Adiabatic jacket method 1.0to1.4°C below room temperatureThis initial adjustment will ensure afinal temperature slightly above that of the jacket for calorimeters having an energy equivalent of approximately10.2kJ/°C.Some opera-tors prefer a lower initial temperature so that thefinal tempera-ture is slightly below that of the jacket.This procedure is acceptable,provided it is used in all tests,including standard-ization.9.4.1Use the same amount(60.5g)of distilled or deion-ized water in the calorimeter vessel for each test.The amount of water(2000g is usual)can be most satisfactorily determined by weighing the calorimeter vessel and water together on a balance.The water can be measured volumetrically if it is measured always at the same temperature.9.5Observations,Isothermal Jacket Method—Assemble the calorimeter in the jacket and start the stirrer.Allow5min for attainment of equilibrium,then record the calorimeter temperatures(Note4)at1-min intervals for5min.Fire the charge at the start of the sixth minute and record the time and temperature,t a.Add to this temperature60%of the expected temperature rise,and record the time at which the60%point is reached(Note5).After the rapid rise period(about4to5 min),record temperatures at1-min intervals on the minute until the difference between successive readings has been constant for5min.N OTE4—Use a magnifier and estimate all readings(except those during the rapid rise period)to the nearest0.002°C when using ASTM Bomb Calorimeter Thermometer56C.Estimate Beckmann thermometer read-ings to the nearest0.001°C and25-V resistance thermometer readings to the nearest0.0001V.Tap liquid thermometers with a pencil just before reading to avoid errors caused by the liquid sticking to the walls of the capillary.N OTE5—When the approximate expected rise is unknown,the time at which the temperature reaches60%of the total can be determined by recording temperatures at45,60,75,90,and105s afterfiring and interpolating.9.6Observations,Adiabatic Jacket Method(Note6)—Assemble the calorimeter in the jacket and start the stirrers. Adjust the jacket temperature to be equal to or slightly lower than the calorimeter,and run for5min to obtain equilibrium. Adjust the jacket temperature to match the calorimeter within 60.01°C and hold for3min.Record the initial temperature andfire the charge.Adjust the jacket temperature to match that of the calorimeter during the period of rise,keeping the two temperatures as nearly equal as possible during the rapid rise, and adjusting to within60.01°C when approaching thefinal equilibrium temperature.Take calorimeter readings at1-min intervals until the same temperature is observed in three successive readings.Record this as thefinal temperature.Time intervals are not recorded as they are not critical in the adiabatic method.N OTE6—These instructions supersede the instructions given in9.5 when using jackets equipped for adiabatic temperature control.9.7Analysis of Bomb Contents—Remove the bomb and release the pressure at a uniform rate such that the operation will require not less than1min.Examine the bomb interior for evidence of incomplete combustion.Discard the test if un-burned sample or sooty deposits are found.9.7.1Wash the interior of the bomb,including the elec-trodes and sample holder,with afine jet of water and quantitatively collect the washings in a e a minimum of wash water,preferably less than350mL.Titrate the washings with standard alkali solution,using methyl orange or methyl red indicator.9.7.2Remove and measure the combined pieces of un-burnedfiring wire,and subtract from the original length. Record the difference as wire consumed.9.7.3Determine the sulfur content of the sample if it exceeds0.1%.Determine sulfur by analyzing the bomb washings remaining after the acid titration,using the procedure described in Test Methods D129,D1266,D2622,D3120, D4294,or D5453.10.Calculation10.1Temperature Rise in Isothermal Jacket Calorimeter—Using data obtained as prescribed in9.5,compute the tempera-ture rise,t,in an isothermal jacket calorimeter as follows:t5t c2t a–r1~b2a!2r2~c2b!(7) where:t=corrected temperature rise,a=time offiring,b=time(to nearest0.1min)when the temperature rise reaches60%of total,c=time at beginning of period in which the rate of temperature change with time has become constant(after combustion),t a=temperature at time offiring,corrected for thermom-eter error(10.1.1),t c=temperature at time,c,corrected for thermometer error(10.1.1),r1=rate(temperature units per minute)at which tempera-ture was rising during5-min period beforefiring,and r2=rate(temperature units per minute)at which tempera-ture was rising during the5-min period after time c.Ifthe temperature is falling,r2is negative and thequantity−r2(c−b)is positive.10.1.1All liquid-in-glass thermometers shall be corrected for scale error,using data from the thermometercertificateprescribed in Annex A1,A1.5.1,or A1.5.2.Beckmann ther-mometers also require a setting correction and an emergent stem correction(Annex A2,A2.1.2).Solid-stem ASTM Ther-mometers56F and56C do not require emergent stem correc-tions if all tests,including standardization are performed within the same5.5°C interval.If operating temperatures exceed this limit,apply a differential emergent stem correction(Annex A2, A2.1.1)to the correct temperature rise,t,in all tests,including standardization.10.2Temperature Rise in Adiabatic Jacket Calorimeter—Using data obtained as prescribed in9.6,compute the tempera-ture rise,t,in an adiabatic jacket calorimeter as follows:t5t f–t a(8) where:t=corrected temperature rise,t a=temperature when charge wasfired,corrected for thermometer error(10.1.1),andt f=final equilibrium temperature,corrected for the ther-mometer error(10.1.1).10.3Thermochemical Corrections(Annex A2)—Compute the following for each test:e1=correction for heat of formation of nitric acid(HNO3), MJ=cm3of standard(0.0866N)NaOH solution usedin titration35/106,e2=correction for heat of formation of sulfuric acid (H2SO4).MJ=58.03percentage of sulfur insample3mass of sample/106,e3=correction for heat of combustion offiring wire,MJ, = 1.133millimetres of iron wire consumed/106,=0.963millimetres of Chromel C wire consumed/106, ande4=correction for heat of combustion of pressure-sensitive tape or gelatin capsule and mineral oil,MJ=mass oftape or capsule oil,g3heat of combustion of tape orcapsule/oil,MJ/kg/106.10.4Gross Heat of Combustion—Compute the gross heat of combustion by substituting in the following equation:Q g5~tW2e12e22e32e4!/1000g(9) where:Q g=gross heat of combustion,at constant vol-ume expressed as MJ/kg,t=corrected temperature rise(10.1or10.2),°C,W=energy equivalent of calorimeter,MJ/°C(8.1),e1,e2,e3,e4=corrections as prescribed in10.3,andg=weight of sample,g.N OTE7—The gross heat of combustion at constant pressure may be calculated as follows:Q gp5Q g10.006145H(10) where:Q gp=gross heat of combustion at constant pressure,MJ⁄kg, andH=hydrogen content,mass%.10.5Net Heat of Combustion:10.5.1If the percentage of hydrogen,H,in the sample is known,the net heat of combustion may be calculated as follows:Q n5Q g–0.21223H(11) where:Q n=net heat of combustion at constant pressure,MJ/kg, Q g=gross heat of combustion at constant volume,MJ/kg, andH=mass percent of hydrogen in the sample.When the percentage of hydrogen is not known,determine the hydrogen in accordance with Test Methods D1018or D3701.10.5.2If the percentage of hydrogen in aviation gasoline and turbine fuel samples is not known,the net heat of combustion may be calculated as follows:Q n510.0251~0.7195!Q g(12) where:Q n=net heat of combustion at constant pressure,MJ/kg, Q g=gross heat of combustion at constant volume,MJ/kg.N OTE8—Eq12is recommended only if the percentage of hydrogen isnot known.It is based on Eq11and an empirical relation between Qnand the percentage of hydrogen in aviation gasolines and turbine fuels, developed from data by Jessup and Cragos.711.Report11.1Net heat of combustion is the quantity required in practical applications.The net heat should be reported to the nearest0.005MJ/kg.N OTE9—Usually the gross heat of combustion is reported for fuel oils in preference to net heat of combustion to the nearest0.005MJ/kg.11.2To obtain the gross or net heat of combustion in cal(I.T.)/g or Btu/lb divide by the appropriate factor reporting to the nearest0.5cal/g or1Btu/lb.Q Btu/lb5~Q,MJ/kg!/0.002326(13)Q cal/g5~Q,MJ/kg!/0.0041868(14) 12.Precision and Bias812.1Precision—The precision of this test method as ob-tained by statistical examination of interlaboratory test results is as follows:12.1.1Repeatability—The difference between successive test results obtained by the same operator with the same apparatus under constant operating conditions on identical test material,would in the long run,in the normal and correct7Jessup,R.S.,and Cragos,C.S.,“Net Heat of Combustion of AN-F-28Aviation Gasolines,”Nat.Advisory Committee for Aeronautics,Technical Note No.996,June 1945,and Joseph A.Cogliano and Ralph S.Jessup,“Relation Between Net Heat of Combustion and Aniline-Gravity Product of Aircraft Fuels,”Nat.Institute of Standards Technology Report2348,March1953.8Supporting data have beenfiled at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-38.The summary of cooperative test data from which these repeatability and reproducibility values were calculated was published for information as Appendix XII to the1957Report of Committee D02on Petroleum Products and Lubricants.The summary of test data was also published from1958to1966,inclusive,as Appendix III to ASTM Test Method D240.operation of the test method,exceed the values shown in the following table only in one case in twenty.Repeatability0.13MJ/kg12.1.2Reproducibility—The difference between two single and independent results,obtained by different operators work-ing in different laboratories on identical test material,would in the long run,in the normal and correct operation of the test method,exceed the values shown in the following table only in one case in twenty.Reproducibility0.40MJ/kg12.2Bias—No general statement is made on bias for the standard since comparison with accepted reference materials (covering the range of values expected when the method is used)is not available.13.Keywords13.1bomb calorimeter methods;gross heat of combustion; heat of combustion;heating tests;net heat of combustionANNEXES(Mandatory Information)A1.APPARATUS FOR HEAT OF COMBUSTION TESTA1.1Test Room—The room in which the calorimeter is operated must be free from drafts and not subject to sudden temperature changes.The direct rays of the sun shall not strike the jacket or thermometers.Adequate facilities for lighting, heating,and ventilating shall be provided.Thermostatic control of room temperature and controlled relative humidity are desirable.A1.2Oxygen Bomb—The oxygen bomb is to have an internal volume of350650mL.All parts are to be constructed of materials which are not affected by the combustion process or products sufficiently to introduce measurable heat input or alteration of end products.If the bomb is lined with platinum or gold,all openings shall be sealed to prevent combustion products from reaching the base metal.The bomb must be designed so that all liquid combustion products can be com-pletely recovered by washing the inner surfaces.There must be no gas leakage during a test.The bomb must be capable of withstanding a hydrostatic pressure test to a gauge pressure of 3000psi(20MPa)at room temperature,without stressing any part beyond its elastic limit.(See Note3.)A1.3Calorimeter—The calorimeter(Note A1.1)vessel shall be made of metal(preferably copper or brass)with a tarnish-resistant coating,and with all outer surfaces highly polished.Its size shall be such that the bomb will be com-pletely immersed in water when the calorimeter is assembled. It shall have a device for stirring the water thoroughly and at a uniform rate,but with minimum heat input.Continuous stirring for10min shall not raise the calorimeter temperature more than0.01°C starting with identical temperatures in the calo-rimeter,room,and jacket.The immersed portion of the stirrer shall be coupled to the outside through a material of low heat conductivity.N OTE A1.1—As used in this test method,the term calorimeter desig-nates the bomb,the vessel with stirrer,and the water in which the bomb is immersed.A1.4Jacket—The calorimeter shall be completely enclosed within a stirred water jacket and supported so that its sides,top, and bottom are approximately10mm from the jacket wall.The jacket can be arranged so as to remain at substantially constant temperature,or with provision for rapidly adjusting the jacket temperature to equal that of the calorimeter for adiabatic operation.It must be constructed so that any water evaporating from the jacket will not condense on the calorimeter.9A1.4.1A double-walled jacket with a dead-air insulation space may be substituted for the constant-temperature water jacket if the calorimeter is operated in a constant-temperature (62°F)(61°C)room.The same ambient conditions must be maintained for all experiments,including standardization.A1.5Thermometers—Temperatures in the calorimeter and jacket shall be measured with the following thermometers or combinations thereof:A1.5.1Etched Stem,Liquid-in-Glass,ASTM Bomb Calo-rimeter Thermometer having a range from66to95°F or19to 35°C,18.9to25.1°C,or23.9to30.1°C,as specified,and conforming to the requirements for Thermometer56F,56C, 116C,or117C,respectively,as prescribed in Specification E1. Each of these thermometers shall have been tested for accuracy at intervals no larger than2.5°F or2.0°C over the entire graduated scale.Corrections shall be reported to0.005°F or 0.002°C,respectively,for each test point.A1.5.2Beckmann Differential Thermometer,range6°C reading upward as specified and conforming to the require-ments for Thermometer115C as prescribed in Specification E1.Each of these thermometers shall be tested for accuracy at intervals no larger than1°C over the entire graduated scale and corrections reported to0.001°C for each test point.A1.5.3Calorimetric Type Platinum Resistance Thermom-eter,25·V.A1.6Thermometer Accessories—A magnifier is required for reading liquid-in-glass thermometers to one tenth of the smallest scale division.This shall have a lens and holder 9The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time is Parr Instrument Co.,211Fifty-Third St.,Moline,IL61265.If you are aware of alternative suppliers,please provide this information to ASTM Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you mayattend. --`,,,``,`,`,,`,,,`,,,,`,,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---。