The industrialization process of women of childbearing age youth occupational environment on reproductive health effects in the epidemiology
Technical report of first stage
1) Introduction
According to WHO’s prediction, in the 21 Century, infertility will be the second only to tumors and cardiovascular disease in the first three major diseases.The average incidence rate around the world is 7% ~ 46%. Despite differences in different regions, the present acceptable incidence in research field is 8% ~ 15%. In China, the incidence rate of infertility is relatively low before 1970s, but it begun to rise from early 1980s. Entering the 21st century, it shows clear ascendant trend, reaching as high as 8%-10% and even more than 15% in some regions.
The decline of reproductive capacity has become an important problem facing the rapid development of economic construction currently. It is proved by medical reports that infertility patients is increasing, and the number in urban areas is higher than that in rural areas. In highly-industrialized and densely-populated cities, the number of infertility is the highest. According to a large number of documents, the most influential acquired factor lies in the environment that we live by.The higher the region is industrialized, the higher the patients of infertility are. Environment, particularly the production environment, affects people's reproductive capacity. At present, over 100 chemicals
which mankind has a close contact with have been proved to have such effect. Nowadays, mankind activities, professional production activities in particular, can not continue without these chemical materials. These materials in human body, mainly plays an estrogenic effect (estrogen), directly affecting men and women's reproductive capacity.Other physical and chemical factors in workplaces effecting reproductive capacity should also be concerned now. But a comprehensive research on occupational factors is rare.
Occupational analysis shows that the exposed occupational environment is an important trigger of infertility. Nowadays, with our economy developing rapidly, traditional industry changing continually, and n ew industries emerging, new occupational hygienic problem is becoming salient. The incidence rate of infertility is increasing in China. Apart from the currently- known related factors, the other factors like whether the emerging occupational environment will pose threat to the reproductive capacity of human beings have not aroused people’s attention. People in the child-bearing age are the main labor resource, and the physical factors in many occupational environments will pose threat to people’s reproductive capacity in different degrees. The problem of the reproductive capacity exerts influence not only in healthy condition and the stability of a whole family, but also in the next generation, even in our nation’s great rejuvenation. We need economic
development as well as employment rate, but what we need desperately is the healthy life of our generation and our next generation. How can we avoid the influences on our reproductive capacity by occupational environments, and how can we evaluate the potential danger posed by these emerging occupational environments and the dangerous factors resulting in infertility as soon as possible. These questions should be the focus that needs our attention in today’s world, and there is a long way ahead. It is a meaningful and urgent work to pay much attention to reproductive health from the perspective of epidemiology.
2) Work in the first stage
(1)Complete bibliographic search, and consult 600 pieces of literature.
From December 2010, we hyperlinked CNKI, WanFang database, Sinomed, PUBMED etc. from library of Capital Medical University. More than 600 pieces of literature can be found by the key words such as “infertility”.
（2）Write a summary of these literature having 3000 letters.
We have summarized these literature, finishing a report called “A current situation of infertility”which has about 3000 letters. We in our report elaborated the occupation distribution of the infertility patients by doing a separate research between women and men, and also influence by the main occupation factors. In addition, we discussed initially the
reasons causing infertility and gave a simple analysis about these reasons.
(3) Finish a questionnaire. Appendix 1
Through a comprehensive summary about infertility, we have a further understanding about the research and have finalized important questions in our questionnaire.
A. The gender of the questioned person
B.The occupation of questioned people. As for the specific
occupational classifications, we adopt the 2010 sixth national
population census occupational classification standards.
Occupation can be classified into 3 categories, that are large,
medium and small. There are 8 large occupations, 65 medium,
and 410 small occupations. Our research is target at the 7th, 8th,
9th large occupation.
Instruction: (1) As for the personnel who at the same time is engaged in more than one occupation, the one spending longer working time is his or her occupation. If the time cannot be determined, the one earning more money is his or her occupation. As for the personnel who at the same time is engaged in more than one occupation at he same workplace, the one possessing a higher tech is his or her occupation. (2) As for apprentice, they should be classified according to their work types and study fields. (3) The personnel who is engaged in technical occupation
as well as in administration should be classified according to his administrative occupation. (4) The personnel who is engaged in communist party as well as in administration should be classified according to his main occupation.
C.Work kinds of the questioned person: according to the
description of work types, we have to research the work types of
questioned people as assistance. In our research form, we need a
detailed record of work nature, work time, and work types of
questioned people. As for researchers, we need our researchers to
analyze and research the occupation contacts of questioned
people.
D.Work nature of questioned people: sedentary or the opposite
E.Work time of questioned people: the working hours of day and
night and the total working days in one week
F.Work types: brain work, manual work, brain-based work, or
physical-based work.
G.The condition of marriage and fertility of the surveyed people.
According to the latest diagnostic criteria of infertility, the
couple who have normal sexual life without conceptive measures
cannot bear child should be counted as infertility. According to
the criteria, we can conclude the related resulted result from
some projects in our questionnaire.
H. Other projects in the questionnaire. Other projects are mainly for
physiology and reproductive heath of both men and women. As
an assisted project, the content bears no clear relation with our
investigation conclusion, but it can be used in our next stage to
analyze the potential causes leading to infertility.
(4) Finish the handbook of implementing projects
According the analysis of this research, the target of the research is the related exposed factors affecting infertility. We explore the danger posed by key occupational environments on reproductive capacity, particularly on infertility. We also do a research on the occupation distribution and potential influence of occupational environment of infertility patients. We set up a information platform which analyzes the influence of occupational environment on reproductive health. We can put forward some possible preventative measures.
Our handbook of implementing projects is very specific, because it includes the object of the research, research contents, methods, detailed procedures, and the administration and evaluation system of projects.
(5)Finish the handbook of researchers, and train dozens of researchers.
In the handbook of researchers, we target the labor forces working in newly-industrialized environment and other workers in related environment as our research object.
The research can be divided into the following steps.
Firstly, distribute the questionnaire into surveyed regions. The principle: under the principle of random sample, we position our surveyed people in pearl river delta and around Beijing area which posses many new industries.
Secondly, distribute the questionnaire into surveyed units. The principle: under the principle of random sample, we should select different factories and different occupational personnel in the same factory as our target.
Thirdly, distribute the questionnaires to the person under investigation. The operation principle: under the principle of random sampling, strictly selecting the samples under investigation through questionnaires: people who are married, and plan to have children, but do not use contraception.
Specific operation in the process of investigation:
(1) The preparation before filling the questionnaire
Before asking the respondent to fill the questionnaire, the investigator should first make clear his intention, and lay stress on the point that this investigation is conducted in an anonymous way. The
investigator should also make clear that the survey data are produced by the computer, and the privacy of the respondent can be strictly guaranteed, so that the respondent would not have worries. There is no right or wrong answers, the questionnaire only need the respondent to tell his or her real opinion. With the agreement of the respondent, the respondent tick the option of being fully formed by himself, and the investigator get the informed-consent agreement. Then the investigator needs to explain the relative issues and meaning of the options.
A. while filling the questionnaire, the respondent should fill the questionnaire carefully.
B. unless otherwise stated, the respondent should answer the required questions as much as possible.
C. When answering the choice questions, the provided choices may mot fully express the intention of the investigator. In this case, the question can have specific explanation.
D. Pay attention to the logical relation of successive questions.
(2) Operation after filling the questionnaire
After the respondent fills the questionnaire, the investigator should timely check each question whether it meets the relative requirement, and take the following measures correspondently.
A. complete the missing questions, especially the first part, about basic personal information.
B. Correct the answer when more than one options are chosen, make sure that the number of chosen option meets the requirement.
The investigator should express thanks to the respondent after completing the survey.
(3) post processing work in spot of investigation.
A. The investigator needs to number the collected questionnaires.
B. Each investigator hands over the collected questionnaires to the project leader.
6. The experts meeting was held, and manual book and questionnaire were assessed and revised.
The experts meeting of this subject was held on the January 11, 2011. Participants included bureau chief Zheng from The Occupational Disease Dispensary, Zhang Xing, chief of subject section, Li Jian, president of Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Ma Le, director of urology department, Yang Chi, and You Yang.
Considering the sensibility of the questions related to infertility and the privacy of reproductive health of men and women, this expert meeting redressed some questions related to direction in the questionnaire, avoided some sensitive questions, and suggested to acquire the information and elements related to infertility though questionnaire of indirect questions. It also further emphasized the
experiment measures, and gave concrete instruction to the detailed issues during the investigating process.
7. Pre- experiment of the completion of the investigation
We conducted an research of epidemiology on the productive health and Fertility factors of the people of childbearing age in the factories and enterprises in Beijing, Shenzhen and Dongwan. Following is the preliminary investigation report:
During this research, we conducted a research on the productive health condition of 2235 workers in 8 enterprises, including 1289 males, which accounts for 57.67% of the total number; and 946 females, accounting for 44.30%. After being examined and assessed by the investigator, among the 2235 collected questionnaires, there are 990 valid questionnaires, accounting for 44.30%; and 1245 null questionnaires, accounting for 65.70%.
Among the 1245 null questionnaires, there are 733 questionnaires done by males, accounting for 58.88%; and 512 done by females, accounting for 41.12%. As to the reasons of null questionnaires, 330 respondents refused to be surveyed after reading the informed agreement in the questionnaire, accounting for 26.51% of all the null questionnaires. Other reasons, such as ?°illogical answer?±, ?°most questions missing?±, accounts for 74.49%. As to the distribution of reasons and genders, 25 men refused to be investigated, accounting for
2.01% of all the null questionnaires, while other reasons of null reasons are 708, accounting for 56.87%. 382 women refused to be investigated, accounting for 30.68%, while other reasons of null reasons are 130, accounting for 10.44%. The data above shows that among the null questionnaires, most women refused to take the investigation because of privacy, while the majority of the men were unwilling to give exact answer out of other reasons.
Among 990 valid questionnaires, there are 541 questionnaires of male, accounting for 54.65% of all the valid questionnaires. There are 449 valid questionnaires done by women, accounting for 45.35% of all the valid questionnaires.
Among the 541 valid questionnaires of men, 93 people’s wife had pregnant experience for 149 times after they had the current job. Men whose wife had pregnant experience account for 17.19%. 98 men’s wife had the experience of birth giving for 99 times, accounting for 18.30% of the valid questionnaires. There are 66 men whose wife had both the experience of pregnancy and birth giving, accounting for 12.12% of the valid questionnaires of men. Through these data it is can be ensured that 125 people do not have the problem of infertility, accounting for 23.11% of the valid questionnaires of men. 31 respondents are planning to have children, accounting for 5.95% of the valid questionnaires of men. There are 3 respondents who have had plan to have children for more than 12
months, without using contraception. According to the diagnostic criteria of infertility by WHO, these 3 respondents are considered to be infertile. The infertile males account for 2.34%, which account for 0.55% of all the valid questionnaires of men. Among the 3 male respondents that could be diagnosed as infertile, two are workers in telecommunication industry and pharmacy industry; the other one is a common company staff doing clerical work. Among these 3 respondents, there is one person whose wife had pregnant experience before he had the current job, and another one has children now. Therefore, these two respondents are considered to be Secondary infertility, and one to be primary infertility.
Among the 449 valid questionnaires of women, 104 respondents had been pregnant after they had current job, with the total number as 130 times. Female respondents who had pregnant experience account for 23.16%. 85 female respondents had birth giving experience after they had the current job, for 89 times. Female respondents who had birth giving experience account for 18.93% of all the valid questionnaires of women. 79 female respondents had both experience of pregnancy and birth giving after they had current job, accounting for 17.59% of the valid questionnaires of females. Through the data above, it can be sure that 110 female respondents are not infertile, accounting for 24.50% of the valid questionnaires of the females. 29 female respondents have birth
plan in short term, accounting for 6.46% of the valid questionnaires of female respondents. There are 8 female respondents who have had birth plan for 12 months, but without using contraception. According to the diagnostic criteria of WHO, these 8 female respondents can be diagnosed as infertile. Among the 8 female respondents that could be diagnosed as infertile, two are workers in telecommunication industry and pharmacy industry; the other one is a common company staff doing clerical work. Among these 3 respondents, there is one person who had pregnant experience before having the current job, and another one has children now. Therefore, these two respondents are considered to be secondary infertility, and one to be primary infertility.
3) Problems and correction methods discovered in the first stage:
1. From the previous trials, we have drew a conclusion that our survey. methods were correct,but the base number of people that we need to investigate was relatively large. The enormous access amount was our biggest difficulty. If we want to get 10,000 data volum, the overall number of people needed to be investigated will reach 300,000. There are many professions and projets to be investigated, so only large sample data will be convincing.
2.The enterprises to be investigated do not have intense labour force, nor do they have high requirements for majors or educational background. After investigation, it was found that the structure of
employees' common age in the enterprises were relatively young. Most of the employees were single or newly got married who did not plan to reproduce. Because the personnel mobility was so big, pure questionnarie may not be able to finish a sample size of 3000 people. Therefore, we considered to add methods of telephone interview, short message survey and web survey.
4)Conclusion and outlook
1. The prelimiliry estimated number of questionaires of this survey is 300000.
2. The successful completion of work in this stage is the good foundation for the work in the next stage. However, it is undeniable that questionnaire survey requires cooperation from all aspects, which is the greatest problem in this stage.
3. The environment of New Industry has large technology density, but small and dispersed population density. Moreover, with the continuously improvement of population quality, people have increased awareness of the importance of privacy protection. Therefore, the epidemiological survey is an effort and time consuming work, and required understanding and cooperation from all aspects. For this reason, we apply for more time in order to expand the number of samples.
4. For the work in the next stage, emphasis will be laid on the specific work of the questionnaire survey, the confirmation of high risk
profession and cooperation with relevant organization. We will further strengthen the supervision of the work, so that we can timely accomplish this survey with high quality.
Annex 1 Operational manual
Annex 2
科学技术发展报告 一、2006年科技发展情况 2006年，贵阳市以邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想和科学发展观为指导，认真贯彻落实全国、全省、全市科学技术大会精神，结合建设大贵阳、构建和谐社会、建设社会主义新农村工作，开拓创新，真抓实干，不断深化科技工作改革，大力推进自主创新，建设创新型城市，圆满完成了年初确定的各项目标任务，达到了建设创新型城市开好头、起好步的要求。并在促进科技与经济的结合、科学技术的普及与推广、开展学术交流等方面取得显著成绩。 （一）科教兴市工作 2006年6月份召开的全市科学技术大会,确立了建设创新型城市的宏伟目标。在会上，出台了《关于实施科技规划、建设创新型城市、促进率先在全省实现经济社会发展历史性跨越的决定》，发布了《贵阳市“十一五”科学和技术发展规划（2006—2010年）》，下发了《实施贵阳市“十一五”科学与技术发展规划（2006—2010年）的若干配套政策》。大会明确提出建设创新型城市的目标，确立了“合作创新、重点转化、率先突破、引领跨越”的工作总方针，形成了贵阳市“十一五”科技发展“1810科技行动”，即建设具有贵阳特色的区域科技创新体系，建设八大科技基础条件平台，实施资源与环境保护、高新技术产业化、循环经济、先进制造业、社会发展、社会主义新农村、金筑英才、现代服务业、科技发展战略研究、科学技术普及等十大科技工程，并从科技投入、税收激励、金融支持、政府采购、科技成果转化等方面制定了促进科技创新的具体政策措施。大会的胜利召开，标志着自主创新已从科技发展的一般战略上升为城市发展的主导战略，成为贵阳市科技发展史上的一个新的里程碑。 科普工作向纵深推进。一是认真贯彻落实《全民科学素质行动计划纲要》、科普法和科普条例，启动了“贵阳林城”专题科普馆、“三小工程”科普教育基地、国防教育科普基地等一批科普基础设施建设。二是积极推动贵阳科普信息网、推进电子科普画廊建设，完善市科普信息网站硬件和软件。成功举办中国西部制造业发展战略高层论坛暨第5届e工程及数字企业国际学术会议、南方城市科技计划暨创新型城市建设研讨会、“第六届全国（贵阳）科技教育创新作品展评会”、“航天航空技术”的报告会等。组织开展了“全国科普日”、“全国科技活动周”系列活动，开展“第二十五届青少年科技活动月”、贵阳市青少年科技创新大赛等丰富多彩的青少年科技教育活动，参加第二十一届全国青少年创新大赛，获优秀科技竞赛项目二等奖三名、三等奖三名，科学幻想绘画二等奖二名。组织参加2006年度全国青少年航海模型锦标赛，获得ECO-ST级冠军。三是加强了学会组织建设，促进学会管理规范化，提升学术活动的质量和水平。四是依托“农业技术专家咨询团”开展“急约即到”服务，积极促进科技与经济结合。实施“金桥工程”项目，通过“以点带面、榜样示范”的方式，培育新型农民，为基层服务。组织农业技术专家编印了《贵州地区茄子优质高产栽培技术》和《贵州地区辣椒优质高产栽培技术》两种实用技术小册子，五种关于消防、花卉盆栽、禽流感防治、老年病预防、糖尿病预防的科普小册子。完成了《黄金梨栽培管理技术》、《杨梅栽培管理技术》、《樱桃栽培管理技术》、《肉牛饲养管理技术》、《肉兔的规模化饲养管理技术》5个农村远程教育课件的开发。 加快培养科技教育专业人才。贵阳学院继续教育学院开设了学制三年的科学技术教育专业，开展外语、计算机等实用技术培训，认真做好对外交流，对外派遣研修生工作，推荐赴美国、香港等国家（地区）学习交流、考察培训，培养复合型人才。 （二）科技项目组织与实施 2006年共安排科技三项费7500万元，比上年增长21 %。实施市级科技项目243个（软课题除外），年新
当代科学技术发展的特点和趋势以及对未来的影响 摘要：正当今世界,科学技术发展异常迅猛,学科交叉融合加快,重大创新不断涌现,技术更新和成果转化的周期日益缩短。科学技术不仅成为推动全球产业结构升级和调整的根本动力,也成为引领社会发展的先导力量和国际竞争的核心要素。总体来看,当前世界科技发展呈现出以下基本特征和新趋势。 关键词：双刃剑高度分化国际竞争管理体制信息技术产业结构升级 引言 当今时代，科技发展突飞猛进，极大的推动了社会的进步，改变了人类生活的面貌。尤其是第二次世界大战以来，科学技术的发展更是日新月异，不少学者称之为"第三次技术革命"，以表明其划时代的意义或用"知识爆炸"来形容现代科技发展的高速度。随着科学技术的不断发展以及与人类社会的紧密结合，人们也开始思考关于科技发展的哲学命题：例如科学技术的本质问题、科技与自然的关系问题、科技与社会的关系问题、科技与人的自身关系问题等等。同时，科学技术本身也呈现出了超越以往时代的特点。 正文 一. 关于科学技术
科学是关于自然、社会和思维的知识体系。科学的任务是揭示事物发展的客观规律，探求客观真理；而技术则泛指根据生产实践经验和自然科学原理而发展成的各种工艺操作方法与技能。在现代，随着科学技术化和技术科学化的趋势日益加强，科学和技术作为两个既有本质区别又有内在联系的概念已成为一个有机的整体。 科技就其本质而言，是人类的一种有目的的活动。科学技术自从产生以来，已经给人类带来了数不清的实际利益。它既是利用自然的资源为人类服务，也是以人为主体进行改造自然的活动；科技作为一种社会历史现象，也与社会有着双向依赖关系；人类发展科学技术的初衷在于使科学技术造福人类，使人获得更大的自由与解放，从而使人获得全面发展，在当代科技更是与人类自身的发展建立了密不可分的关系。 然而，科学技术是一把双刃剑。由于科学技术本身存在某种非人性化的因素，加上人类自身对科技的不合理使用，导致技术的异化。在这种状态下，技术不再是为人服务的工具，对于人自身而言，技术反倒成为统治自己的异己力量，造成了人类社会的灾难，带来科学技术的负面效应，即科学技术的进步带给人类的并不尽是鲜花和满意的微笑，还有困惑和苦恼。 在当代，科学技术与自然，社会和人类自身的联系更加紧密；围绕着这些关系，科学技术的发展呈现出了鲜明的时代特点。 二．科学与技术的关系： 在当代科学技术的发展，主要在于揭示事物本质的规律，总的来说具有以下的特点： 首先，随着工程的系统化，工程项目规模越来越庞大，结构愈来愈精巧；因此科学与工程、技术的关系日益紧密，在工程技术中的比重越来越大；离开
当前世界科学技术发展现状及未来趋势 21世纪是科学技术全面发展和科学理性充分发展的世纪，世界科技革命开始向更高的阶段迈进，新的科技浪潮正迎着新世纪的曙光蓄势待发。新的科学发现和技术发明，特别是高技术的不断创新及其产业化，将对全球化的竞争和综合国力的提高、对世界的发展和人类文明的进步产生更加巨大而深刻的影响。社会产业结构、生产工具、劳动者素质等生产力要素和人们的生产方式、生活方式、思想观念都将发生新的革命性变化。 一、信息技术成为率先渗透到经济社会生活各领域的先导技术，世界正在进入以信息产业为主导的新经济时代 未来信息技术的发展方向将是信息密集程度的增加，集成电路制造技术的发展，费用的迅速下降。计算机与通讯的结合，互联网，移动电话与卫星网络的发展，对人类经济社会的进一步发展将产生极为巨大的影响。在信息储存方面，储存容量将稳定增长，集成技术将进一步发展。微机电系统技术对未来全球通讯系统的发展将可能有重大影响。 信息技术未来的主要发展趋势是网络化。互联网的发展与计算机的发展起着相辅相成的作用。网络化与计算机对未来的教育(远程教育)、经济(如电子商务)发展有着十分重要的作用。信息技术发展的另一趋势是计算机的广泛应用。将来的发展趋势是每一项设备或用具中都安装有计算机，这些计算机是互联的，因此可以设想一个人在外面可以控制他的家用设备。 随着以信息技术产业为代表的高技术产业的发展，高技术服务业的比重将大大增加，也将促进以物质生产、物质服务为主的经济发展模式向以信息生产、信息服务为主的经济发展模式的转变。 二、基因技术、蛋白质工程、空间利用、海洋开发以及新材料、新能源的发展将产生一系列重大创新成果 与生物学相关的技术将成为21世纪新的经济增长点。生物技术是有生命物质的工业应 用技术，用于制造食物、药品或其他产品。生物技术中包括了传统生物技术和现代生物技术，传统生物技术是人类应用发酵技术制造酱油，醋及酒等传统产品。而现代生物技术中的基因工程，或重组DNA(脱氧核糖核酸)技术，则可以广泛地用于药物及农业方面。人类基因组 序列工作框架图的绘就，直接引发了基因革命的新冲击波。基因革命在21世纪有望通过改 变物质生产方式而重塑全球经济。 在21世纪，绿色科技成为未来科技为社会服务的基本方向，也是人类走向可持续发展 道路的必然选择。绿色科技强调自然资源的合理开发，综合利用、保护和增值，强调发展清洁生产技术和无污染的绿色产品，提倡文明、科学的消费和生活方式。 国际能源技术发展的趋势将较少地依靠单一能源而更多地依靠多种能源。影响未来能源结构的最大不确定因素是温室气体(主要是二氧化碳，氧化氮，臭氧、甲烷)所造成的全球气温的升高。长期能源战略侧重于能源结构的调整。未来的能源结构将主要依靠二种不含碳的一次能源结构。能源技术发展方向的第二个方面是节能。节能技术的发展反映在各个领域，一是改进结构，比如在房屋建筑中使用绝缘材料以促进电力的有效利用，二是改进使用油及天然气的机器以提高燃料的使用效率。 纳米技术具有彻底改变物质生产方式的巨大潜能。它有可能在新世纪引发一场新的产业革命。同时，柔性生产正以全球规模兴起。柔性生产系统不仅具有硬件生产系统的特征，更主要的是具有软件组织系统的特征。 三、科学技术一体化以及自然科学与社会科学日益交融成为科技发展主流 科学技术发展具有交叉性、复杂性和多样性特征。学科间、门类间的交叉与融合是普遍现象；科学技术系统、人类社会系统、全球经济系统、生态系统、生命系统、脑与神经系统，地球系统等都是多元化、多层次、综合的复杂大系统；科学技术研究的对象，理论与方法、应用目标与转化形式等均呈现多样化特征。在21世纪，科学技术有能力逐渐攻克人类经济。社会发展中所面临的一系列极其复杂的难题。
现代科学技术的发展趋势
目录 摘要 (3) 1.20世纪科学技术的发展 (4) 1.1科学技术成为支撑、引领经济社会发展 的主导力量 (4) 1.2科学技术向应用转化速度不断加快，科 技成果产业化周期大大缩短 (4) 1.3科学的交叉融合和技术的集成，导致重 大的创新突破，孕育了新的科学和技术革命 (5) 1.4科技全球化深刻改变了科学研究的传统 组织结构和方式，使得科技资源在全球范围 内的融合和有效配置 (5) 2.世纪科学技术发展新趋势 (5) 2.1信息技术成为先导技术，世界正在进入 以信息产业为主导的新经济时代 (5) 2.2高新技术成为现代生产力中最活跃，最 重要的因素 (6) 2.3科学发展的综合化趋势 (6) 2.4科技交流的国际化 (7) 3．结束语 (8)
参考文献 (7) 现代科学技术的发展趋势 摘要：当今时代，科技发展突飞猛进，极大的推动了社会的进步，改变了人类生活的面貌。尤其是第二次世界大战以来，科学技术的发展更是日新月异，不少学者称之为"第三次技术革命"，以表明其划时代的意义或用"知识爆炸"来形容现代科技发展的高速度。随着科学技术的不断发展以及与人类社会的紧密结合，人们也开始思考关于科技发展的哲学命题：例如科学技术的本质问题、科技与自然的关系问题、科技与社会的关系问题、科技与人的自身关系问题等等。同时，科学技术本身也呈现出了超越以往时代的特点。
关键词：科学技术人类社会发展 1.20世纪科学技术的发展 20世纪是科学技术空前辉煌的世纪，人类创造了历史上最为巨大的科学成就和物质财富。这些成就深刻地改变了人类生产和生活的方式及质量，同时也深刻地改变了人类的思维观念和对世界的认识，改变并继续改变着世界的面貌，极大地推动了社会的发展。纵观20世纪中叶以来50多年间，科学技术发展大致经历了6次大变革。 表1 20世纪现代科技经历的6次变革 上表显示出了20世纪总体上世界科技发展的特点: 1.1科学技术成为支撑、引领经济社会发展的主导力量 量子理论促进了集成电路计算机的发展，奠定了信息产业的发展；相对论和原子核裂变原理形成了核技术和核能工业；分子生物学和遗传学成就发展了生物技术和生物产业。 1.2科学技术向应用转化速度不断加快，科技成果产业化周期大大缩短 19世纪贝尔发明电话，掀开了人类通讯史从此一个全新的篇章。但相比电
现代科学技术发展的特点和趋势摘要：本文对现代科学技术发展的特点和趋势进行了初步分析，科学技术正在呈现加速发展、社会化和各学科领域相互渗透的特点，以及高技术不断渗透、软件备受重视、技术与科学共鸣、军导时代走向终结等趋势，探讨现代科学技术的发展趋势,对于寻求科学技术发展的路径和机遇,从而推动科学技术和社会的发展具有重要意义。 关键字：科学技术;融合;特点;发展趋势
1 引言 现代自然辞学在广度和深度上、在思维方式和研究方法上、在学科结构及与社会的关系等方面均出现质的飞跃，由此引发的第二次产业革命对人类社会产生深刻影响，跨越式地进入现代工业文明时代。本世纪中叶以来，数学、物理学、遗传学等自然科学在理论上相继取得重大突破，生物技术、微电子技术、计算机技术、核技术、航天技术和激光技术等新技术群相继问世并得到蓬勃发展。已经形成第三次科技革命的浪潮。现代科学与现代技术紧密相联，突飞猛进的发展正在导致全球政治、经济、社会的激烈变革。现代科学技术对社会进步的巨大推动作用，已显示出与以往任何历史时期不同的新的特点和新的发展趋势。科技正在作为增强综合国力的主导因素和标志，已直接影响和决定着一个国家在国际竞争中的地位和作用，未来综合国力的竞争，实质上已成为科技的竞争[1]。 2 现代科学技术呈现出的主要特点 现代科学与现代技术紧密相联，突飞猛进的发展正在导致全球政治、经济、社会的激烈变革。现代科学技术对社会进步的巨大推动作用，已显示出与以往任何历史时期不同的新的特点。 2.1加速性发展的特点 科学技术加速发展，呈现知识爆炸的现象。二十世纪的后三十年来，人类所取得的科技成果，比过去2000年的总和还要多。二十世纪中叶人类的科技知识每10年增加1倍，当代，每3-5年增加1倍。以此推算，人类在2020年所拥有的知识当中，有90％现在还没有创造出来。今天的大学生到毕业的时候，他所学的知识有60％到70％已经过时。 2.2科技应用于生产的周期大大缩短 在19世纪，电动机发明到应用共用了65年，电话用了56年，无线电用了35年，直空管用了31年，电磁波通信时隔26年；而到了20世纪，这种时间间隔大大缩短了，如雷达从发明到应用用了15年，喷气发动机用了14年，电视用了12年，尼龙用了11年，集成电路仅仅用了2年时间得到应用，而激光器仅仅用了1年。 2.3社会化的特点 科学技术的社会化主要表现在：其一，已从较分散的少数人活动转向社会化的集体活动，研究活动的规模和组织形式愈来愈大。从企业规模发展到国家规模，甚至国际规模。其二，科研条件和资金投入的社会化和国际化。其三，科技工作领导
当代科学技术发展的特点和趋势以及对未来的 影响 Document serial number【NL89WT-NY98YT-NC8CB-NNUUT-NUT108】
当代科学技术发展的特点和趋势以及对未来的影响 摘要：正当今世界,科学技术发展异常迅猛,学科交叉融合加快,重大创新不断涌现,技术更新和成果转化的周期日益缩短。科学技术不仅成为推动全球产业结构升级和调整的根本动力,也成为引领社会发展的先导力量和国际竞争的核心要素。总体来看,当前世界科技发展呈现出以下基本特征和新趋势。 关键词：双刃剑高度分化国际竞争管理体制信息技术产业结构升级 引言 当今时代，科技发展突飞猛进，极大的推动了社会的进步，改变了人类生活的面貌。尤其是第二次世界大战以来，科学技术的发展更是日新月异，不少学者称之为"第三次技术革命"，以表明其划时代的意义或用"知识爆炸"来形容现代科技发展的高速度。随着科学技术的不断发展以及与人类社会的紧密结合，人们也开始思考关于科技发展的哲学命题：例如科学技术的本质问题、科技与自然的关系问题、科技与社会的关系问题、科技与人的自身关系问题等等。同时，科学技术本身也呈现出了超越以往时代的特点。 正文 一. 关于科学技术
科学是关于自然、社会和思维的知识体系。科学的任务是揭示事物发展的客观规律，探求客观真理；而技术则泛指根据生产实践经验和自然科学原理而发展成的各种工艺操作方法与技能。在现代，随着科学技术化和技术科学化的趋势日益加强，科学和技术作为两个既有本质区别又有内在联系的概念已成为一个有机的整体。 科技就其本质而言，是人类的一种有目的的活动。科学技术自从产生以来，已经给人类带来了数不清的实际利益。它既是利用自然的资源为人类服务，也是以人为主体进行改造自然的活动；科技作为一种社会历史现象，也与社会有着双向依赖关系；人类发展科学技术的初衷在于使科学技术造福人类，使人获得更大的自由与解放，从而使人获得全面发展，在当代科技更是与人类自身的发展建立了密不可分的关系。 然而，科学技术是一把双刃剑。由于科学技术本身存在某种非人性化的因素，加上人类自身对科技的不合理使用，导致技术的异化。在这种状态下，技术不再是为人服务的工具，对于人自身而言，技术反倒成为统治自己的异己力量，造成了人类社会的灾难，带来科学技术的负面效应，即科学技术的进步带给人类的并不尽是鲜花和满意的微笑，还有困惑和苦恼。 在当代，科学技术与自然，社会和人类自身的联系更加紧密；围绕着这些关系，科学技术的发展呈现出了鲜明的时代特点。 二．科学与技术的关系： 在当代科学技术的发展，主要在于揭示事物本质的规律，总的来说具有以下的特点： 首先，随着工程的系统化，工程项目规模越来越庞大，结构愈来愈精巧；因此科学与工程、技术的关系日益紧密，在工程技术中的比重越来越大；离开
当代科学技术发展的特点和趋势以及对未来的影响
当代科学技术发展的特点和趋势以及对未来的影响 摘要：正当今世界,科学技术发展异常迅猛,学科交叉融合加快,重大创新不断涌现,技术更新和成果转化的周期日益缩短。科学技术不仅成为推动全球产业结构升级和调整的根本动力,也成为引领社会发展的先导力量和国际竞争的核心要素。总体来看,当前世界科技发展呈现出以下基本特征和新趋势。 关键词：双刃剑高度分化国际竞争管理体制信息技术产业结构升级 引言 当今时代，科技发展突飞猛进，极大的推动了社会的进步，改变了人类生活的面貌。尤其是第二次世界大战以来，科学技术的发展更是日新月异，不少学者称之为"第三次技术革命"，以表明其划时代的意义或用"知识爆炸"来形容现代科技发展的高速度。随着科学技术的不断发展以及与人类社会的紧密结合，人们也开始思考关于科技发展的哲学命题：例如科学技术的本质问题、科技与自然的关系问题、科技与社会的关系问题、科技与人的自身关系问题等等。同时，科学技术本身也呈现出了超越以往时代的特点。 正文 一. 关于科学技术
科学是关于自然、社会和思维的知识体系。科学的任务是揭示事物发展的客观规律，探求客观真理；而技术则泛指根据生产实践经验和自然科学原理而发展成的各种工艺操作方法与技能。在现代，随着科学技术化和技术科学化的趋势日益加强，科学和技术作为两个既有本质区别又有内在联系的概念已成为一个有机的整体。 科技就其本质而言，是人类的一种有目的的活动。科学技术自从产生以来，已经给人类带来了数不清的实际利益。它既是利用自然的资源为人类服务，也是以人为主体进行改造自然的活动；科技作为一种社会历史现象，也与社会有着双向依赖关系；人类发展科学技术的初衷在于使科学技术造福人类，使人获得更大的自由与解放，从而使人获得全面发展，在当代科技更是与人类自身的发展建立了密不可分的关系。 然而，科学技术是一把双刃剑。由于科学技术本身存在某种非人性化的因素，加上人类自身对科技的不合理使用，导致技术的异化。在这种状态下，技术不再是为人服务的工具，对于人自身而言，技术反倒成为统治自己的异己力量，造成了人类社会的灾难，带来科学技术的负面效应，即科学技术的进步带给人类的并不尽是鲜花和满意的微笑，还有困惑和苦恼。 在当代，科学技术与自然，社会和人类自身的联系更加紧密；围绕着这些关系，科学技术的发展呈现出了鲜明的时代特点。 二．科学与技术的关系： 在当代科学技术的发展，主要在于揭示事物本质的规律，总的来说具有以下的特点： 首先，随着工程的系统化，工程项目规模越来越庞大，结构愈来愈精巧；因此科学与工程、技术的关系日益紧密，在工程技术中的比重越来越大；离开
一、湖泊应用基础研究及湖泊污染控制技术研究进展 （一）湖泊水污染监测控制技术研究进展 在监测技术方面，“十五”期间利用光谱法快速非接触测量水体中化学耗氧量和溶解有机碳的含量及浊度值，应用激光诱导荧光光谱法实现了对水体多组分有机物的在线遥测。成功开发了具有自主知识产权的我国首套水体污染激光诱导荧光非接触监测技术装备系统，填补了国内水体污染光学非接触测量技术的空白。 （2）湖泊污染控制技术研究进展 有效地控制面源和电源污染是湖泊富营养化治理的重要前提，解决湖泊富营养化问题设计自然科学工程技术、社会科学和管理科学，研究思路将整个流域环境一并考虑。污染治理最重要的是消减污染源的排放。控制是第一位，生态系统的修复是第二位。湖泊污染控制技术包括：①电源污染控制技术，实际上是污染物减排关键技术；②面源污染控制技术；③内源污染控制---湖泊环保疏浚技术；④湖泊生态恢复技术；⑤湖滨带生态修复技术以及湖泊流域环境管理技术与规划等。 2、湖泊科学的发展方向 （1）建立湖泊与流域科学学科体系 目前关于湖泊和流域的互相关注作用研究还不成体系，对整体认识湖泊和流域科学问题尚存在许多空白和薄弱环节。关于土壤、河流水动力和湖泊的研究还很脱节。今后加强资助不同物质输移界面过程的交叉研究，才能够对流域土壤---小河---大河---湖泊物质输移规律形成系统认识，身后湖泊环境效应与生物种群的研究。 （2）重视湖泊动力学、湖泊水文学、湖泊沉积学等学科分支 （1）国内现状 1.外源污染控制技术 （1）河流沿岸截污技术 （2）分散型生活污水处理技术 2. 内源污染控制技术 （1）污染底泥疏浚技术。污染底泥疏浚技术利用挖泥船将污染底泥疏挖并输送到堆场进行异地处置，改技术直接清除内源污染，减少了对河流水质的潜在影响，同事拓宽河道，增加水体容量，恢复淤积河道的原有功能。该技术见效快，是河流内源污染控制的有效手段。
科学技术的发展趋势 一、有代表性的观点 全国人口计生委主任张维庆认为，当代世界科技的发展趋势，主要呈现出六大特征： 第一，知识经济将引发经济社会发展格局的重大转变。科学技术知识和高新技术是知 识经济时代世界各国争夺的目标和关键的要素，在创新和应用的过程中，将不断发展和增 值，知识资源取代劳动力资源，将带动各种要素的流动和集聚。国家的核心竞争力越来越 表现为对智力资源和知识产权的培育、拥有和运用的能力。 第二，科学技术与经济社会的关系日益紧密。二十一世纪，世界科技活动将显现出更 多的社会功能，出现科技高度社会化、社会高度科技化的趋向，经济社会发展中重大科技 问题的解决已经远远超出了自然科学的范畴。综合运用自然科学、工程技术和社会科学的 手段，来促进经济社会与生态的和谐统一。 第三，学科交叉融合加载，新兴学科不断涌现。近几十年，一方面科学技术向超微观和 宏观两极方向发展，微观是纳米，宏观是大宇宙，两极方向发展。另一方面，科学技术揭示 出自然科学和社会科学深层次的根本的统一，现代科学技术的革命，其主导作用是高 科技集成创新，各种学科技术领域相互渗透、交叉和融合，科学与技术的相互作用和转化，研究的方法从定性阶段进入定量阶段，科技发展呈现出前所未有的群体突破的态势。科学 技术发展的跨学科性日益明显，学科边界更加模糊，科学、技术、生产之间的结合往往成 为新的增长点。未来重大创新越来越依赖于多种学科的融合。 第四，科学技术的竞争重心前移。基础研究的作用日益突出，科技发展的重点由技术 研究转向基础研究，由满足需求转向创造需求，由市场需求驱动转向社会发展驱动，不断 为科技进步开辟新的方向。科学理论的超前研究为技术进步开辟了各种可能的途径，科学 技术的每一次重大突破都将成为新技术革命的中心，引发社会生产力的要件和人类社会的 深刻变革。 第五，科技创新、转化和产业化的速度不断加快。创造性的科学工作将成为本世纪人 类的主要活动，科学技术、知识增长以及更新的速度不断加快，科研成果的商品化、产业 化的周期日益缩短，原始创新、集成创新和引进消化吸收再创新的能力已经成为国家科技 竞争的核心，成为决定国际产业分工梯队和全球经济格局的基础条件。 第六，科技全球化的趋势加快。世界科技呈现多元化的局面，科技活动正在由国家的规 模向国际的规模发展，主要体现在国际跨国公司。各国在市场、资源、要素等方面既互
现代科学技术发展的趋势 【摘要】进入二十一世纪,高科技的发展日新月异。在当代科技发展的重要前沿，对于高科技这个词,人们已经讲了很多年,似乎早已司空见惯,但是究竟什么是“高科技”,至今人们还没有给他下一个准确无误为世人所公认的定义,随着高科技的发展和科学走进人们的生活,人们对这一概念的理解在逐步加深，而本文将通过资料研究来阐述现代科学技术的发展趋势 。 【Abstract】Into the twenty-first century, the development of high technology with each passing day. In the forefront of contemporary science and technology development, the word of the high-tech, it has been talked about for many years, it seems that it is not uncommon, but what exactly is "high tech" today, people gave him an accurate universally accepted definition for the world With the development of high technology and science into people's lives, the people's understanding of the concept is gradually deepened, this paper through the Research of the development trend of modern science and technology. 【关键词】发展趋势；创新；新兴产业；技术科学化；新领域 【Keyword】Trends; innovation; emerging industries; technical and scientific; new areas