2015年10月31日雅思阅读真题回忆

2015年SAT阅读真题question 11-12 are based on the following passagesome critics believe that the frequent use of repetition in native American ceremonial texts was a result of their oral nature and helped make the works easy to remember. native American scholar paula gunn allen argues that this factor must be peripheral, however, because people in societies without writing traditionally have had more finely developed memories than do people who use writing. native American children learned early to remember complicated instructions and long stories by heart. for a person who couldn't run to a bookshelf to look up information, reliance on memory became very important in everyday life. such a highly developed everyday memory is not likely to fail on ceremonial occasions.1. the primary purpose of the passage is to(a) refute a claim(b) describe a process(c) analyze a discovery(d) advocate a practice(e) reveal a problem2. in context, what does the final sentence suggest about native american ceremonial texts?(a) understanding them requires a highly developed memory.(b) their inclusion of complicated and detailed material is traditional.(c) they are not always oral in nature, nor are they always repetitive.(d) they are important in the everyday lives of many native americans.(e) their use of repetition cannot be explained as an aid to memorization.(1)题答案：a简析：这道题目要求你说出这篇短文的目的，那就不是只看一两句话就可以解决问题的了，这是一道主旨性题目，需要我们从宏观上做全面的把握。

2021 年10月雅思真题回忆及解析世上的事，只要肯用心去学，没有一件是太晚的。

你只要记住你的今天比昨天进步了一点，那么你离你的梦想也就更近了一步。

无忧考网搜集整理了2021 年10月雅思真题回忆及解析，希望对大家有所帮助。

2021 年10月举行了4场考试，考试时间为10月8日、10月10日、10月24日、10月31日。

以下内容仅供参考。

10月8日雅思口语真题回忆：一、Part1：major专业;stay alone独处;sports运动;Part2：successful small company，你知道的一个成功小公司;Part3：开公司需要什么;为什么关系重要;现在和以前比开公司容易吗?二、Part1：work or study、 food、festivalPart2：和朋友之间产生歧义如何解决Part3：如果对待孩子之间大家父母和孩子会争吵的原因如何沟通是否简单为何不愿意沟通三、Part1：专业和交通工具，旅行，Part2：a photograph in you family，Part3：艺术和摄影四、Part1：主要关于newspaper和news;Part2：an educational television program; part3，根据Part2：问的好多问题，怎样是一个好的educational program,是否需要请celebrity 做客等等五、Part1：from, major, the last book you like,Part2：the family member who you spend most time with，Part3：the different help between family and friends，父母在照顾baby时的不同作用，中国人一般几代人住在一起住在一起一般会有什么优点和缺点为什么六、Part1：是hometown,问得家乡是哪里，你的家乡适不适合小孩成长，然后讨论了很久关于swimming的话题，没问运动，只问了swimming。

雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心张晓予考试日期 2015年1月31日Reading Passage 1Title Tattoo on Tikopia (V101030 P1)Question types 是非无判断题 YES/NO/NOT GIVEN 4题图表填空题Diagram Completion 5题表格填空题Table Completion 4题文章内容回顾本文研究的是毛利人的传统纹身，先介绍背景（定义、历史），科学家喜欢研究这种纹身，然后介绍纹身的制作工艺，最后说了纹身的含义。

相关英文原文阅读There’re still debates about the origins of Polynesian culture (debate details can be found by searching “Polynesian Culture” in wikipedia), but one thing we can ensure is that Polynesia is not a single tribe but a complex one. Polynesians which includes Marquesans, Samoans, Niueans, Tongans, Cook Islanders, Hawaiians, Tahitians, and Māori, are genetically linked to indigenous peoples of parts of Southeast Asia. It’s a sub-region of Oceania, comprising of a large grouping of over 1 ,000 islands scattered over the central and southern Pacific Ocean, within a triangle that has New Zealand, Hawaii and Easter Island as its corners. The two pictures below clearly show this triangle:People who live in these islands are regarded as Polynesians for their similar traits in language, customs, society and culture. Some people’s question about the differences between Polynesian and Samoan, Marquesans, Tongans or Tahitian tattoos (e.g.) can be answered here: They are just a branch of Polynesian Tattoos and each branch has its own subtle features. However few people know or realize the differences among them today.The first visited Polynesian islands were the Marquesas Islands, which is found by European explorers, the Spanish navigator, Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira, in 1595. But the European navigators showed little interest due to the lack of valuable resources.Captain James Cook was the first navigator trying to explore the whole Polynesia Triangle. The naturalist aboard “the HMS Endeavour” (Captain Cook’s ship), Joseph Banks, first mentioned the word “tattoo” (Also called “Tatau” by Samoan and “Tatu” by Tahitian) in his journal: “I shall now mention the way they mark themselves indelibly, each of them is so marked by their humor ordisposition”.In 1771, when James Cook first returned to Tahiti and New Zealand from his first Voyage, the word “tattoo” appeared in Europe. He narrated a behavior of Polynesian in his voyage, which is called “tattaw”. He also brought a Tahitian named Ma’i to Europe and since then tattoo started to become rapidly famous because of the tattoos of Ma’i. Another saying is that the Polynesian tattoos were fond of by European sailors and spread extremely fast in Europe because they were with the tattoos emblazoned on their bodies when back home after voyages.The tradition of Polynesian tattooing existed from 2000 years ago. In 18th century this operation was strictly banned by the Old Testament. In early 1980′s, tattooing started to get a renaissance. Since then many lost arts were retrieved by Polynesians. But due to the difficulty in sterilizing the traditional tools, the Ministry of Health banned tattooing in French Polynesia in 1986.Although many years passed, tools and techniques of Polynesian tattooing have changed little. For a strictly traditional design, the skill gets handed from father to son, or master to disciple. Each tattoo artist, or tufuga, learned the craft over many years of serving as his master’s apprentice. They vertically passed their knowledge and rarely spread it widely because of its sacred nature.Tattoo was a way delivering information of its owner. It’s also a traditional method to fetch spiritual power, protection and strength. The Polynesians use this as a sign of character, position and levels in a hierarchy. Polynesian peoples believe that a person’s mana, their spiritual power or life force, is displayed through their tattoo. Almost every Polynesian got a tattoo in ancient times.Tattoo masters are the most crucial people because they bear the meaning of symbols and motifs in memory and know how to combine them to create a meaningful work of art to each person. For example, sea creatures are very common Polynesian symbols, like mantas, sharks, bonitos and sea urchins. Each of them has a meaning related to its inner nature and embodies the meaning by tattooing it on to the body. Polynesian tattoo masters can express varieties of meanings by combining different Polynesian symbols and motifs together.Polynesian tattoo style can vary from island to island. It depends onthe degree of evolution of various traditions from the original common tattoo designs, like Lapita, which is a former Pacific archeological culture. Ancient original styles mainly consist of some simple patterns, like straight lines, repeating on the body. These geometrical styles can be found in Hawaiian and Samoan tattoo traditions, or in tattoos from Fiji, Palau, Tonga, etc. Because the age is too far from nowadays, the meanings of these patterns are almost lost, or debatable. The most used styles nowadays, which instead consist of rounded patterns, are from Marquesas Island.题型难度分析旧题，历史文化类题材，简单。

2015年1月10日雅思写作真题The leaders directors of organizations are often older people. But some people say that young people can also be a leader. What do you think?2015年1月17日雅思写作真题Some people think that the amount of noise people make have to be controlled strictly, others say that people are free to make as much noise as they wish. Discuss both view and give your opinion.2015年1月29日雅思写作真题Currently, some scientists or travelers like to travel to remote natural environment such as south pole, do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.?2015年1月31日雅思写作真题Some people argue that too much attention and too many resources are given to protection wild animals and birds. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2015年2月7 日雅思写作真题Many museums and historical sites are mainly visited by tourists, not local people. Why? What can be done to attract local people?2015年2 月12 日雅思写作真题Some people think that the age limit for driving should be increased in order to make driving safer. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2015年2月14日雅思写作真题The use of mobile phone is as antisocial as smoking. Smoking is banned in certain places so mobile should be banned like smoking.To what extend do agree or disagree?2015年2月28日雅思写作真题Some students take one year off between finishing school and going to university, in order to travel or to work. Do you think advantages outweigh disadvantages?2015年3月12日雅思写作真题some people think that it is more important to plant more trees in open area which in towns and cities than build more housing. To what extend do agree or disagree?2015年3月14日雅思写作真题Some working parents believe childcare centers can provide best care for their children, others believe that family members like grandparents can do a better job. Discuss both sides and give your opinion?2015年3 月21 日雅思写作真题Some people believe famous people's support towards international aids organizations draws the attentions to problems. Others think celebrities make the problems less important. Discuss both sides and give your opinion? 2015年3月28 日雅思写作真题Some people say that communication by using computers and phones will have side effects on young people's writing and reading skills. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2015年4月11 日雅思写作真题Older people who need employment have to compete with younger people. What problems will be caused? And what are the solutions?2015年4月18日雅思写作真题Some people think only best students should be rewarded, others think we should reward students who make progress.2015年4月25 日雅思写作真题Young people who commit serious crimes, such as a rubbery or a violent attack should be punished in the same as adults. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2015年4 月30日雅思写作真题how important it is for individuals and countries to think about the future，rather than focusing on the present? 2015年5 月9 日雅思写作真题Development of technology cause environmental problems. Some people think people should choose a simplerof life. Others think that we should use technology tosolve these problems. Discuss both views and give your 2015年5 月16日雅思写作真题To improve the quality of education, people think that we should encourage our students to evaluate and criticise their teachers. Others believe that it will result in a loss of respect and discipline in the classroom. Discuss both and give your own opinion.2015年5 月21 日雅思写作真题In some countries around the world men and women are having children late in life. What are the reasons for this development? What are the effects on society and family life?2015年5月30 日雅思写作真题Some people think that it is more important to plant more trees in open area which in towns and cities than build housing. To what extend do agree or disagree?2015年6月6 日雅思写作真题Some people think only best students should be rewarded; others think we should reward students who show improvement. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.2015年6月13 日雅思写作真题Because of traffic and housing problems in the cities，the government encourages business to move to the rural Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?2015年6月18 日雅思写作真题Some people believe famous people's support towards international aids organizations draws the attentions to problems. Others think celebrities make the problems less important. Discuss both sides and give your opinion? 2015年6月27 日雅思写作真题Many?people?nowadays?don't?feel?safe?either?at?home?or?out.What?are?the?reasons?And?what?can?we?do?to?solve?this?problem?2015年7月4日雅思写作真题It?has?been?suggested?that?all?young?adults?should?be?required?toundertake?a?period?of?unpaid?work?helping?the?people?in?the?community.Would?the?drawbacks?be?greater?than?benefits?to?the?community?and?theyoung?adults?themselves?2015年7月11日雅思写作真题Some people think that advertising discourages us from being different individuals, as all people want to do the and look the same. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2015年7月23日雅思写作真题Some people say government should give the health care the first priorites ，some others believe there are more important priorities to spend the tax payers' money. Discuss.2015年7月25日雅思写作真题As well as making money, businesses should also have social responsibilities. Do you agree or disagree?2015年8月1日雅思写作真题The natural resources such as oil, forests and fresh water are being consumed at an alarming rate. What problems does it cause? How can we solve these problems?2015年8月8日雅思写作真题Some people who have been in prison become good citizens later. Some people think that they are the best people to talk to school students about the danger of committing a crime. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2015年8月13日雅思写作真题International travel sometimes lead people have some prejudices rather than broad minds，why? How to improve the understanding of countries they visit?2015年8月29日雅思写作真题Some people regard the increasing business and cultural contact between countries as a positive development. Others, however, feel these leading to loss of national identities. Discuss both views and give your opinion.2015年9月3日雅思写作真题之雅思大作文TASK2?Many people are afraid to leave their homes because of their fear of crimes. Some people believe that more actions should be taken to prevent crime, but others feel that little can be done. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.2015年9月12日雅思写作真题之雅思大作文TASK2?Students in school or university learn more from classes of teachers than other resources (eg Internet or TV), do you agree or disagree?2015年9月19日雅思写作真题之雅思大作文TASK2?Some people think everyone should be a vegetarian, because we do not need to eat meat to have a healthy diet. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2015年9月26日雅思写作真题之雅思大作文TASK2?In some countries there is not enough recycling of waste materials (eg. Paper, glass and cans.) What are the reasons and solutions?2015年10月8日雅思写作真题之雅思大作文TASK2?In some countries, secondary school aims to provide a general education across a range of subjects. In others, children focus on a narrow range of subjects related to a particular career. Which do you think is appropriate in today’s world?2015年10月10日雅思写作真题之雅思大作文TASK2?Some people think governments should focus on reducing environmental pollution and housing problems to help people prevent illness and disease. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2015年10月24日雅思写作真题之雅思大作文TASK2?Some people say that playing computer games is bad for children in every aspect. Others say that playing computer games can have positive effects on the way children develop. Discuss both views and give your opinion. 2015年10月24日雅思写作真题之雅思大作文TASK2?Some people say that playing computer games is bad for children in every aspect. Others say that playing computer games can have positive effects on the way children develop. Discuss both views and give your opinion. 2015年10月31日雅思写作真题之雅思大作文TASK2?Some people think people working in creative arts should be financially supported by government. Others think they should find financial support from other resources. Discuss both sides and give your opinion.2015年11月7日雅思写作真题之雅思大作文TASK2?A 卷：School leavers g travelling or work before theygo directly to university. Are there more advantages or disadvantages on their study?B 卷：For school children, their teachers have more influence on their intelligence and social development than parents. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2015年11月14日雅思写作真题之雅思大作文TASK2题目A：The best way to teach children to cooperate is through team sports at school. To what extent do you agreeor disagree?话题：教育题型：观点类题目B：Consumption of the world’s resources (such as oil, fresh water, etc.) is increasing at a dangerous rate. What are the causes of this increased consumption? What can people do to reduce it?话题：能源题型：报告类2015年11月19日雅思写作真题之雅思大作文TASK2A卷The government should spend money in promoting sport and art in school, rather than sponsoring professional sports and art events in communities. To what extent do you agree or disagree?B卷Nowadays, more and more jobs and tasks are done by machines which involve hard physical work. Does these effects of this trend outweigh the negative effects?2015年11月21日雅思写作真题之雅思大作文TASK2A卷：In some countries, the role of a mother differs in some ways from the role of a father. Why do you think these differences exist? How might parental roles develop in the future?B卷：Nowadays, most people learn academic study in university, but others think we should encourage to learn vocational skills more, do you agree or disagree?2015年12月3日雅思写作真题之雅思大作文TASK2?Interview is the basic form of selecting procedure for most large companies. Some people think it is unreliable. There are some other better methods. Do you agree or disagree?2015年12月5日雅思写作真题之雅思大作文TASK2?People are surrounded by many kinds of advertising which can influence their life. Does the positive effect of this trend outweigh negative effects?2015年12月12日雅思写作真题之雅思大作文TASK2?Some people think reading stories in book is better than watching TV or playing computer games for children. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2015年12月19日雅思写作真题之雅思大作文TASK2?Some people think that cultural traditions will be destroyed when they are used as money-making machines aims at tourists, other people believe that it is the only way to save such conditions in the world today. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion.。

2015年雅思大作文真题2015.1.10The leadersor directors of organizations are often older people. But some people say that young people can also be a leader. What do you think?2015.1.17Some people think that the amount of noise people make have to be controlled strictly, others say that people are free to make as much as they wish. Discuss both sides and give your opinion.2015.1.29Nowadays both scientists and tourists can go to remote natural environments such as the south pole. Do you think the advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages?2015.1.31Some people argue that too much attention and too many resources are given to the protection of wild animals and birds. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2015.2.7Many museums and historical sites are mainly visited by tourists, not local people. Why? What can be done to attract local people?2015.2.12Some people think the best way to improve road safety is to increase the minimum legal age for driving cars and motorcycles. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2015.2.28Some students take one year off between finish school and going to university, in order to travel or to work. Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?Sample Answer:An increasing number of students choose to spend one year travelling or working before going to university after they graduate from high schools. Although students can benefit a lot from the experiences in a gap year, its drawbacks cannot be ignored.On prominent advantage of experiencing a gap year is that it helps students to accumulate working experience and have a clear perspective of career development. High schools emphasise academic development, which often makes students perplexed whenthey decide to choose a major in university. If an opportunity can be provided for them to participate in social activities, they will probably be more certain about their choice of major and work. In addition, working or traveling contributes to broadening students’ horizons and enriching their life. They need to live independently and communicate with people from different cultural backgrounds, which is of great value to both their life and work in the future.Despite these advantages, this view still cannot be supported by some parents and teachers. It is worried that students will devote too much to work and travel, and will probably give up their academic development. University is a place where students can acquire knowledge and skills. If they give up a bachelor degree, not only will the academic development be delayed, but also their career development will be negatively influenced. This is because with only a high-school degree, students are less likely to stand out in the employment market. Some graduates with low degrees have to undertake some jobs demanding long time and offering low income.To sum up, taking a gap year before starting university life provides students good opportunities to know more about themselves and the real world. However, if they are indulged in travel or work and abandon their academic task, they might feel regretful soon.2015.3.12Some people think it is important to plant more trees in open areas in towns and cities than build more housing. To what extent do you agree or disagree?主体段第一段：绿色植物光合作用不但能吸收二氧化碳而且能释放氧气。

The leaders or directors of organizations are often older people. But some people say t hat young people can also be a leader. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 2015.1.17Some people think that the amount of noise people make should be controlled strictly, while other say that people are free to make as much noise as they wish. Discuss both views and give your opinion.2015.1.29It is possible for scientists and tourists to travel to remote natural environments, such as South Pole. Do you think the advantages of this development outweigh the disadva ntages?2015.1.31Some people argue that too much attention and too many resources are given to the pr otection of wild animals and birds. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 2015.2.7Many museums and historical sites are mainly visited by tourists, not local people. Why? What can be done to attract local people?2015.2.12Some people think that the age limit for driving should be increased in order to make driving safer. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2015.2.14The use of mobile phone is as antisocial as smoking. Smoking is banned in certain places so mobile should be banned like smoking. To what extend do agree or disagree?2015.2.28Some students take one year off between finishing school and going to university, in order to travel or to work. Do you think advantages outweigh disadvantages? 2015.3.12Some people think that it is more important to plant more trees in open area in towns and cities than build more housing. To what extend do agree or disagree?2015.3.14Some working parents believe childcare centers can provide best care for children, while others think family members like grandparents can do it better. Discuss both views and give your opinion.2015.3.21Some people believ e famous people’s support towards international aid organizations draws the attention to problems, while others think celebrities make the problems less important. Discuss both views and give your opinions.2015.3.28Some people think that using mobile phones and computers has a negative effect on young people's reading and writing skills. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 2015.4.11Older people who need employment have to compete with younger people. What problems will be caused? And what are the solutions?Some people think that only the best students should be rewarded. Others, however, think that it is more important to reward students who show improvements. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.2015.4.25Some people believe that young people who commit serious crimes should be punished in the same way as adults. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 2015.4.30In some countries, more and more adults choose to continue to live with their parents after they graduate and have found jobs. Do the advantages of this trend outweigh its disadvantages?2015.5.9Developments in science and technology have caused environmental problems. Some people think that a simpler way of life will protect the environment, while others believe that science and technology can solve environmental problems. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.2015.5.16Some people believe that in order to improve educational quality, we should encourage students to make comments or even criticism on their teachers, but others think it will lead to the loss of respect and discipline in the classroom. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.2015.5.21In some countries around the world men and women are having children late in life. What are the reasons for this development? What are the effects on society and family life?2015.5.30Many countries believe that international tourism has harmful effects. Why do they think so? What can be done to change their views?2015.6.6Some people prefer to provide help or support directly to the local community, while others think we should donate aid to national or international charitable organizations. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.2015.6.13Because of traffic and housing problems in the cities，the government encourages business to move to the rural area. Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?2015.6.18In many countries, a high proportion of criminal acts are committed by teenagers. What are the reasons and what do you suggest to solve this problem？2015.6.27Nowadays, many people do not feel safe either when they are at home or go out. What are the reasons and what can be done to solve this problem?2015.7.4It is suggested that young adults should undertake a period of unpaid work in thecommunity. Does it bring more benefits or drawbacks to the community and young people?2015.7.11Some people think that advertising discourages us from being different individuals, as all people want to do the same and look the same. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2015.7.23Some people say the government should give priority to the health care, while others believe that tax payers' money should be spent on more important things. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.2015.7.25As well as making money, businesses should have other social responsibilities. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2015.8.1The natural resources such as oil, forests and water are being consumed at an alarming rate. What problems does it cause and how can we solve these problems? 2015.8.8Some people who have been in prison become good citizens later, some people think that they are the best people to talk to school students the danger of committing a crime,do you agree or disagree?2015.8.13International travel make people prejudiced more than board-mind, why? How to imp rove the understanding of countries they visit?2015.8.29Some people think the increasing business and cultural contact between countries is a positive development, while others believe this will lead to the loss of national identities. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.2015.9.3Some people believe more actions can be taken to prevent crimes, while others think that little can be done. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.2015.9.12Students in school or university can learn more from classes and teachers than from other sources (e.g. the Internet or TV）. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 2015.9.19Some people think everyone should be a vegetarian and they do not need to eat meat to stay healthy. To what extent do you agree or disagree？2015.9.26In many countries, there is not enough recycling of waste materials (e.g. paper, glass, cans).What are the reasons and solutions?2015.10.8In some countries, secondary schools aim to provide a general education across a range of subjects. In others, children focus on a narrow range of subjects related to a particular career. which is appropriate in today’s world.Some people think governments should focus on reducing environmental pollution and housing problems to help people prevent illness and disease. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2015.10.24Some people say that playing computer games is bad for children in every way. Others say that playing computer games can have positive effects on the way children develop. Discuss both views and give your opinion.2015.10.31Some people think that creative artists should be financially supported by the government;others think that these artists should look for other sources of support. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.2015.11.7ASchool leavers go travelling or work before they go directly to university. Are there more advantages or disadvantage on their study?2015.11.7BFor schoolchildren, their teachers have more influence on their intelligence and social development than their parents. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2015.11.14AThe best way to teach children to cooperate with others is through team sports at school. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2015.11.14BConsumption of the world’s resources(such as oil, fresh water,etc.) is increasing at a dangerous rate. What are the causes of this increased consumption? What can people do reduce it?2015.11.19The government should spend money in promoting sport and art in school, rather than sponsoring professional sports and art events in communities. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2015.11.21AIn some countries, the role of a mother differs in some ways from the role of a father. Why do you think the differences exist? How might parental roles develop in the future?2015.11.21BNowadays, most people concentrate on academic subjects in university, but some experts suggest that we should encourage students to learn vocational skills. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2015.12.3Interviews form the basic selecting procedure for most large companies. However some people think interviews is not a reliable means of choosing who to employ and there are some other better methods of selection. To what extent do you agree or disagree?People are surrounded by many kinds of advertising which can influence their life. Does the positive effect of this trend outweigh negative effect?2015.12.12Reading story books is better for children than watching television or playing comput er games. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2015.12.19Some people think that cultural traditions will be destroyed as they are used as money -making attractions, while others think it is the only way so save them. Discuss both views and give your opinion.。

雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心王婧考试日期 2015年2月7日Reading Passage 1Title History of Sahara（历史类）(V120616 P1)Question types TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN Short answer questions Summary文章内容回顾A. On October 13,2,000, a small team of palaeontologists led by Paul Sereno of the University of Chicago clambered out of three battered Land Rovers, filled their water bottles, and scattered on foot across the toffee-colored sands of the Tenere desert in northern Niger. The Tenere, on the southern flank of the Sahara, easily ranks among the most desolate landscapes on Earth. The Tuareg, turbaned nomads who for centuries have ruled this barren realm, refer to it as a “desert within a desert”a California-size ocean of sand and rock, where a single massive dune might stretch a hundred miles, and the combination of 120-degree heat and inexorable winds can wick the water from a human body in less than a day. The harsh conditions, combined with intermittent conflict between the Tuareg and the Niger government, have kept the region largely unexplored.B. Mike Hettwer, a photographer accompanying the team, headed off by himself toward a trio of small dunes. He crested the first slope and stared in amazement. The dunes were spilling over with bones. He took a few shots with his digital camera and hurried back to the Land Rovers. ‘I found some bones:' Hettwer said, when the team had regrouped. "But they're not dinosaurs. They're human."C. In the spring of 2005 Sereno contacted Elena Garcea, an archaeologist at the University of Cassino, in Italy, inviting her to accompany him on a return to the site. Garcea had spent three decades working digs along the Nile in Sudan and in the mountains of the Libyan Desert, and was well acquainted with the ancient peoples of the Sahara. But she had never heard of Paul Sereno. His claim to have found so many skeletons in one place seemed farfetched, given that no other Neolithic cemetery contained more than a dozen or so. Some archaeologists would later be skeptical; one sniped that he was just a “moonlighting paleontologist." But Garcea was too intrigued to dismiss him as an interloper. She agreedto join him.D. Garcea explained that the Kiffian were a fishing-based culture and lived during the earliest wet period, between 8,000 and 10,000 years ago. She held a Kiffian sherd next to a Tenerian one. “What is so amazing is that the people who made these two pots lived more than a thousand years apart.E. Over the next three weeks, Sereno and Garcea-- along with five American excavators, five Tuareg guides, and five soldiers from Niger's army, sent to protect the camp from bandits-- made a detailed map of the site, which they dubbed Gobero, after the Tuareg name for the area. They exhumed eight burials and collected scores of artifacts from both cultures. In a dry lake bed adjacent to t he dunes, they found dozens of fishhooks and harpoons carved from animal bone. Apparently the Kiffian fishermen weren't just going after small fry: Scattered near the dunes were the remains of Nile perch, a beast of a fish that can weigh nearly 300 pounds, as well as crocodile and hippo bones.F. Sereno flew home with the most important skeletons and artifacts and immediately began planning for the next field season. In the meantime, he carefully removed one tooth from each of four skulls and sent them to a lab for radiocarbon dating. The results pegged the age of the tightly bundled burials at roughly 9,000 years old, the heart of the Kiffian era. The smaller “sleeping” skeletons turned out to be about 6,000 years old, well within the Tenerian period. At least now the scientists knew who was who.G. In the fall of 2006 they returned to Gobero, accompanied by a larger dig crew and six additional scientists. Garcea hoped to excavate some 80 burials, and the team began digging. As the skeletons began to emerge from the dunes, each presented a fresh riddle, especially the Tenerian. A male skeleton had been buried with a finger in his mouth.H. Even at the site, Arizona State University bioarchaeologist Chris Stojanowski could begin to piece together some clues. Judging by the bones, the Kiffian appeared to be a peaceful, hardworking people. “The lack of head and forearm injuries suggests they weren't doing much fighting,” he told me. “And these guys were strong.” He pointed to a long, narrow ridge running along a femur. “That’s the muscle attachment,” he said. “This individual had huge leg muscles, which means he was eating a lot of protein and had a strenuouslifestyle-- both consistent with a fishing way of life.” For contrast, he showed me the femur of a Tenerian male. The ridge was barely perceptible. “This guy had a much less strenuous lifestyle,” he said, “which you might expect of a herder."I. Stojanowski's assessment that the Tenerian were herders fits the prevailing view among scholars of life in the Sahara 6,000 years ago, when drier conditions favored herding over hunting. But if the Tenerian were herders, Sereno pointed out, where were the herds? Among the hundreds of animal bones that had turned up at the site, none belonged to goats or sheep, and only three came from a cow species. “It’s not unusual for a herding culture not to slaughter their cattle, particularly in a cemetery，M Garcea responded, noting that even modem pastoralists, such as Niger’s Wodaabe, are loath to butcher even one animal in their herd. Perhaps, Sereno reasoned, the Tenerian at Gobero were a transitional group that had not fully adopted herding and still relied heavily on hunting and fishing.J. Back in Arizona, Stojanowski continues to analyze the Gobero bones for clues to the Green Saharans’ health and diet. Other scientists are trying to derive DNA from the teeth, which could reveal the genetic origins of the Kiffian and Tenerian — and possibly link them to descendants living today. Sereno and Garcea estimate a hundred burials remain to be excavated. But as the harsh Tenere winds continue to erode the dunes, time is running out. “Every archaeological site has a life cycle，” Garcea said. “It begins when people begin to use the place, followed by disuse, then nature takes over, and finally it is gone. Gobero is at the end of its life.”两个考古学家找骨头，然后研究两种人（K和T）的历史。

Passage 1 ： 题⽬：Seed Hunting 内容：濒危种⼦ 题型：填空概括题4+判断题6+多选题2 题号：旧题 ⽂章参考： Seed Hunting With quarter of the world's plants set to vanish within the next 50 years, Alexander reports on the scientists working against the clock the preserve the Earth's botanical heritage. They travel the four comers of the globe, scouringjungles，forests and savannas. But they‘re not looking for ancient artefacts，lost treasure or undiscovered tombs. Just pods. It may lack the romantic allure of archaeology, or the whiff of danger that accompanies going after big game, but seed hunting is an increasingly serious business. Some seek seeds for profit hunters in the employ of biotechnologyfirms，pharmaceutical companies and private corporations on the lookout for species that will yield the drugs or crops of the future. Others collect to conserve, working to halt the sad slide into extinction facing so many plant species. Among the pioneers of this botanical treasure hunt was John Trade scant, an English royal gardener who brought back plants and seeds from his journeys abroad in the early 1600s. Later， the English botanist Sir Joseph Banks-who was the first director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew and travelled with Captain James Cook on his voyages near the end of the 18th century—was so driven to expand his collections that he sent botanists around the world at his own expense. Those heady days of exploration and discovery may be over, but they have been replaced by a pressing need to preserve our natural history for the future. This modem mission drives hunters such as Dr Michiel van Slageren，a good-natured Dutchman who often sports a wide-brimmed hat in the field⼀he could easily be mistaken for the cinematic hero Indiana Jones. He and three other seed hunters work at the Millennium Seed Bank，an 80 million [pounds sterling] international conservation project that aims to protect the world's most endangered wild plant species. The group's headquarters are in a modem glass-and-concrete structure on a 200-hectare Estate at Wakehurst Place in the West Sussex countryside. Within its underground vaults are 260 million dried seeds from 122 countries, all stored at -20 Celsius to survive for centuries. Among the 5，100 species represented are virtually all of Britain's 1,400 native seed-bearing plants, the most complete such collection of any country‘s flora. Overseen by the Royal botanic gardens, the Millennium Seed Bank is the world's largest wild-plant depository. It aims to collect 24,000 species by 2010. The reason is simple: thanks to humanity’s efforts，an estimated 25 percent of the world's plants are on the verge of extinction and may vanish within 50 years. We're currently responsible for habitat destruction on an unprecedented scale，and during the past 400 years，plant species extinction rates have been about 70 times greater than those indicated by the geological record as being ‘normal’. Experts predict that during the next 50 years a further one billion hectares of wilderness will be converted to farmland in developing countries alone. The implications of this loss are enormous. Besides providing staple food crops，plants are a source of many machines and the principal supply of fuel and building materials in many parts of the world. They also protect soil and help regulate the climate. Yet，across the globe，plant species are being driven to extinction before their potential benefits are discovered. The world Conservation Union has listed 5,714 threatened species is sure to be much higher. In the UK alone, 300 wild plant species are classified as endangered. The Millennium Seed Bank aims to ensure that even if a plant becomes extinct in the wild，it won‘t be lost forever. Stored seeds can be used the help restore damaged or destroyed environment or in scientific research to find new benefits for society- in medicine, agriculture or local industry- that would otherwise be Seed banks are an insurance policy to protect the world’s plant heritage for the future, explains Dr Paul Smith，another Kew seed hunter. "Seed conservation techniques were originally developed by farmers，" he says. "Storage is the basis what we do，conserving seeds until you can use them-just as in farming." Smith says there's no reason why any plant species should become extinct，given today’s technology. But he admits that the biggest challenge is finding，naming and categorising all the world's plants. And someone has to gather these seeds before it’s too late. "There aren't a lot of people out there doing this，" he says." The key is to know the flora from a particular area, and that knowledge takes years to acquire." There are about 1,470 seed banks scattered around the globe，with a combined total of 5.4 million samples，of which perhaps two million are distinct non-duplicates. Most preserve genetic material for agriculture use in order to ensure cropdiversity; others aim to conserve wild species，although only 15 per cent of all banked plants are wild. Many seed banks are themselves under threat due to a lack of funds. Last year, Imperial College, London，examined crop collections from 151 countries and found that while the number of plant samples had increased in two thirds of the countries，budget had been cut in a quarter and remained static in another 35 per cent. The UN's Food and Agriculture Organization and the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research has since set up the Global Conservation Trust，which aims to raise US $260 million to protect seed banks in perpetuity. 题⽬参考： Question 14-19 TRUE/FALSE/ NOT GIVEN 14. The purpose of collecting seeds now is different from the past. True 15. The millennium seed bank is the earliest seed bank. Not given 16. One of major threats for plant species extinction is farmland expansion into wildness. True 17. The approach that scientists apply to store seeds is similar to that used by farmers. True 18. Technological development is the only hope to save plant species. False 19. The works of seed conservation are often limited by financial problems. True Question 20-24 Summary Some people collect seeds for the purpose of protecting certain species from 20 extinction; others collect seeds for their ability to produce 21 drugs，crops. They are called seed hunters. The 22 pioneers of them included both gardeners and botanists, such as 23 Sir Joseph Banks，who financially supported collectors out of his own pocket. The seeds collected are usually stored in seed banks，one of which is the famous millennium seed bank，where seeds are all stored in the 24 underground vaults at a low temperature. Question 25-26 Multiple choice Which TWO of the following are provided by plants to the human? AB A food B fuels C clothes D energy E commercial products (顺序可能有误，仅供参考) Passage 2 : 题⽬：Implication of False Belief Experiments 内容：错误信念实验 题型：段落信息配对题7+概括题7 参考⽂章：(⽂章为部分回忆贫选，仅供参考) Implication of False Belief Experiments A A considerable amount of research since the mid 1980s has been concerned with what has been termed children’s theory of mind. This involves children’s ability to understand that people can have different beliefs and representations of the world -a capacity that is shown by four years of age. Furthermore, this ability appears to be absent in children with autism. The ability to work out what another person is thinking is clearly an important aspect of both cognitive and social development. Furthermore, one important explanation for autism is that children suffering from this condition do not have a theory of mind (TOM). Consequently, the development of children’s TOM has attracted considerable attention. B Wimmer and Pemer devised a 'false belief task5 to address this question. They used some toys to act out the followingstory. Maxi left some chocolate in a blue cupboard before he went out. When he was away his mother moved the chocolate to a green cupboard. Children were asked to predict where Maxi will look for his chocolate when he returns. Most children under four years gave the incorrect answer，that Maxi will look in the green cupboard. Those over four years tended to give the correct answer, that Maxi will look in the blue cupboard. The incorrect answers indicated that the younger children did not understand that Maxi’s beliefs and representations no longer matched the actual state of the world, and they failed to appreciate that Maxi will act on the basis of his beliefs rather than the way that the world is actually organised. C A simpler version of the Maxi task was devised by Baron-Cohen to take account of criticisms that younger children may have been affected by the complexity and too much information of the story in the task described above. For example, the child is shown two dolls， Sally and Anne, who have a basket and a box，respectively. Sally also has a marble，which she places in her basket，and then leaves to take a walk. While she is out of the room，Anne takes the marble from the basket, eventually putting it in the box. Sally returns, and the child is then asked where Sally will look for the marble. The child passes the task if she answers that Sally will look in the basket，where she put the marble; the child fails the task if she answers that Sally will look in the box，where the child knows the marble is hidden，even though Sally cannot know, since she did not see it hidden there. In order to pass the task，the child must be able to understand that another’s mental representation of the situation is different from their own，and the child must be able to predict behavior based on that understanding. The results of research using false-belief tasks have been fairly consistent: most normally-developing children are unable to pass the tasks until around age four. D Leslie argues that，before 18 months，children treat the world in a literal way and rarely demonstrate pretence. He also argues that it is necessary for the cognitive system to distinguish between what is pretend and what is real. If children were not able to do this, they would not be able to distinguish between imagination and reality. Leslie suggested that this pretend play becomes possible because of the presence of a de-coupler that copies primary representations to secondary representations. For example, children，when pretending a banana is a telephone, would make a secondary representation of a banana. They would manipulate this representation and they would use their stored knowledge of 'telephone5 to build on this pretence. E There is also evidence that social processes play a part in the development of TOM. Meins and her colleagues have found that what they term mindmindedness in maternal speech to six-month old infants is related to both security of attachment and to TOM abilities. Mindmindedness involves speech that discusses infants5 feelings and explains their behaviour in terms of mental states (e. g. < you’re feeling hungry’).。

2015年12月3日雅思阅读真题回忆今天小编给大家带来的主要内容是2015年12月3日雅思阅读真题回忆,本次考试终于回归正常，取消了AB卷。

三篇文章分别关于深海鱼类，美国电影发展及科技的弊端。

大家可以参考剑桥真题相似文章，以便更好地备考接下来的雅思阅读考试。

A卷：Passage1：题目：Deepseafish题型：填空题7+判断题6文章大意：一个德国科学家在埃及红海潜水想看看15m以下到底有没有红光(理论上是没有任何光线的)。

结果在海地20m的地方看见了红色的鱼。

即使取下红色滤光片用肉眼也可以看见。

在这个深度不可能有光线，所以猜想是荧光，但是没有设备验证，只能尽可能多地拍照片。

回德国之后证实了确实是荧光，50种鱼都有这种荧光，是皮下的细胞里的晶体里发出的，不是晶体本身，可能是晶体里的荧光蛋白，这个蛋白可能是细菌制造的。

鱼用这个红光来识别种群，标识位置，吓退敌人，掩盖自己，捕捉猎物。

参考文章(仅供参考，非原文)：Thefishofthedeep-seaareamongthestrangestandmostelusivecreatureson Earth.InthisdeepunknownliemanPunusualcreaturesthathavePettobestudi ed.SincemanPofthesefishliveinregionswherethereisnonaturalrelPsolelPo ntheirePesightforlocatingprePandmatesandavoidingpredators;deep-sea fishhaveevolvedappropriatelPtotheeGtremesub-photicregioninwhichthePlive.ManPoftheseorganismsareblindandrelPontheirothersenses,suchass ensitivitiestochangesinlocalpressureandsmell,tocatchtheirfoodandavoid beingcaught.Thosethataren’tblindhavelargeandsensitiveePesthatcanusebioluminescentlight.TheseeP escanbeasmuchas100timesmoresensitivetolightthanhumanePes.Also,to avoidpredation,manPspeciesaredarktoblendinwiththeirenvironment.ManPdeep-seafisharebioluminescent,witheGtremelPlargeePesadaptedt othedark.Bioluminescentorganismsarecapableofproducinglightbiologica llPthroughtheagitationofmoleculesofluciferin,whichthenproducephoton soflight.ThisprocessmustbedoneinthepresenceofoGPgen.Theseorganism sarecommoninthemesopelagicregionandbelow(200mandbelow).Moreth an50%ofdeep-seafishaswellassomespeciesofshrimpandsquidarecapable ofbioluminescence.About80%oftheseorganismshavephosphors–lightproducingglandularcellsthatcontainluminousbacteriaborderedbPda rkcolorings.Someofthesephosphorscontainlenses,muchlikethoseintheeP esofhumans,whichcanintensifPorlessentheemanationoflight.TheabilitPto producelightonlPrequires1%oftheorganism'senergPandhasmanPpurpos es:ItisusedtosearchforfoodandattractpreP,liketheanglerfish;claimterritor Pthroughpatrol;communicateandfindamate;anddistractortemporarilPbli ndpredatorstoescape.Also,inthemesopelagicwheresomelightstillpenetra tes,someorganismscamouflagethemselvesfrompredatorsbelowthembPill uminatingtheirbelliestomatchthecolorandintensitPoflightfromabovesoth atnoshadowiscast.Thistacticisknownascounterillumination.ThelifecPcleofdeep-seafishcanbeeGclusivelPdeepwateralthoughsomesp eciesareborninshallowerwaterandsinkuponmaturation.Regardlessofthed epthwhereeggsandlarvaereside,theParetPpicallPpelagic.Thisplanktonic–drifting–lifestPlerequiresneutralbuoPancP.Inordertomaintainthis,theeggsandlarv aeoftencontainoildropletsintheirplasma.Whentheseorganismsareintheirf ullPmaturedstatethePneedotheradaptationstomaintaintheirpositionsinth ewatercolumn.Ingeneral,water’sdensitPcausesupthrust–theaspectofbuoPancPthatmakesorganismsfloat.Tocounteractthis,theden sitPofanorganismmustbegreaterthanthatofthesurroundingwater.Mostan imaltissuesaredenserthanwater,sothePmustfindanequilibriumtomakethe mfloat.ManPorganismsdevelopswimbladders(gascavities)tostaPafloat,bu tbecauseofthehighpressureoftheirenvironment,deep-seafishesusuallPdo nothavethisorgan.InsteadthePeGhibitstructuressimilartohPdrofoilsinord ertoprovidehPdrodPnamiclift.Ithasalsobeenfoundthatthedeeperafishlive s,themorejellP-likeitsfleshandthemoreminimalitsbonestructure.ThePredu cetheirtissuedensitPthroughhighfatcontent,reductionofskeletalweight–accomplishedthroughreductionsofsize,thickness,andmineralcontent–andwateraccumulationmakesthemslowerandlessagilethansurfacefish.Question1-6判断题答案：1.TheeGpectedtoseedarkness在15米，正确2.F说他第一次怀疑F这种物质起作用是在德国，错误3.NGallthefish有redmarking的都是在redsea发现的4.FMfirst有fluorescence是在德国，错误5.T6.TQuestion7-13填空7communication8ePes9location鱼依靠这个F这个物质告诉同类他们的10enemies11相近的species出现了多样性1213seahorse(答案仅供参考)Passage2：题目：AmericanCinema题型：配对题11+选择题2文章大意：美国电影的发展史简介参考文章(仅供参考，非原文)：ThehistorPoffilmisanaccountofthehistoricaldevelopmentofthemediumkn ownvariouslPascinema,motionpictures,film,orthemovies.ThehistorPoffil mspansover100Pears,fromthelatterpartofthe19thcenturPtothepresentda P.MotionpicturesdevelopedgraduallPfromacarnivalnoveltPtooneofthemostimportanttoolsofcommunicationandentertainment,andmassmediant he20thcenturPandintothe21stcenturP.Mostfilmsbefore1930weresilent.M otionpicturefilmshavesubstantiallPaffectedarts,technologP,andpolitics.T hecinemawasinventedduringthe1890's,duringwhatisnowcalledtheindust rialrevolution.Itwasconsideredacheaper,simplerwaPtoprovideentertainm enttothemasses.Movieswouldbecomethemostpopularvisualartformofthe lateVictorianage.Itwassimplerbecauseofthefactthatbeforethecinemapeo plewouldhavetotravellongdistancestoseemajordioramasoramusementp arks.Withtheadventofthecinemathischanged.Duringthefirstdecadeofthec inema'seGistence,inventorsworkedtoimprovethemachinesformakingand showingfilms.Thecinemaisacomplicatedmedium,andbeforeitcouldbeinve nted,severaltechnologicalrequirementshadtobemet.Question15-22答案:15.v19.vii21.C文章了说在拍了一些shortfilm之后22.D其他公司imitateGriffith的innovation(答案可能有误，仅供参考)Passage3：题名：DarksideofTechnologicalBoom题型：配对题9+判断5文章大意：科技在现代生活中的各种弊端(答案待补充)以上是2015年12月3日雅思阅读真题回忆的全部内容，大家可以参考一下。

Time to cool it1 REFRIGERATORS are the epitome of clunky technology： solid， reliable and justa little bit dull. They have not changed much over the past century， but then they have not needed to. They are based on a robust and effective idea--draw heat from the thing you want to cool by evaporating a liquid next to it， and then dump that heat by pumping the vapour elsewhere and condensing it. This method of pumping heat from one place to another served mankind well when refrigerators' main jobs were preserving food and， as air conditioners， cooling buildings. Today's high-tech world， however， demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.2 One set of candidates are known as paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change： attach electrodes to them and they generate a current. This effect is used in infra-red cameras. An array of tiny pieces of paraelectric material can sense the heat radiated by， for example， a person， and the pattern of the array's electrical outputs can then be used to construct an image. But until recently no one had bothered much with the inverse of this process. That inverse exists， however. Apply an appropriate current to a paraelectric material and it will cool down.3 Someone who is looking at this inverse effect is Alex Mischenko， of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film， he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications.4 As to what those applications might be， Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has， nevertheless， set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges and air conditioners. The real money， though， may be in cooling computers.5 Gadgets containing microprocessors have been getting hotter for a long time. One consequence of Moore's Law， which describes the doubling of the number of transistors on a chip every 18 months， is that the amount of heat produced doubles as well. In fact， it more than doubles， because besides increasing in number，the components are getting faster. Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor， so the faster the processor is， the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output. And the frequency has doubled a lot. The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company，Intel， in 1993， ran at 60m cycles a second. The Pentium 4--the last "single-core" desktop processor--clocked up 3.2 billion cycles a second.6 Disposing of this heat is a big obstruction to further miniaturisation and higher speeds. The innards of a desktop computer commonly hit 80℃. At 85℃， they stop working. Tweaking the processor's heat sinks (copper or aluminium boxes designed to radiate heat away) has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems that divided processing power between first two， and then four， subunits， in order to spread the thermal load， also seems to have the end of the road in sight.7 One way out of this may be a second curious physical phenomenon， the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials， this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics， a significant body of researchers is already working on it.8 The trick to a good thermoelectric material is a crystal structure in which electrons can flow freely， but the path of phonons--heat-carrying vibrations that are larger than electrons--is constantly interrupted. In practice， this trick is hard to pull off， and thermoelectric materials are thus less efficient than paraelectric ones (or， at least， than those examined by Dr Mischenko). Nevertheless， Rama Venkatasubramanian， of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina， claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃. Ali Shakouri， of the University of California， Santa Cruz， says his are even smaller--so small that they can go inside the chip.9 The last word in computer cooling， though， may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator. Last year Apple launched a personal computer that is cooled by liquid that is pumped through little channels in the processor， and thence to a radiator， where it gives up its heat to the atmosphere. To improve on this， IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place. In the future， therefore， a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers. The old， as it were， hand in hand with the new.Questions 1-5 Complete each of the following statements with the scientist or company name from the box below.Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.A. AppleB. IBMC. IntelD. Alex MischenkoE. Ali ShakouriF. Rama Venkatasubramanian1. ...and his research group use paraelectric film available from the market to produce cooling.2. ...sold microprocessors running at 60m cycles a second in 1993.3. ...says that he has made refrigerators which can cool the hotspots of computer chips by 10℃.4. ...claims to have made a refrigerator small enough to be built into a computer chip.5. ...attempts to produce better cooling in personal computers by stirring up liquid with tiny jets to make sure maximum heat exchange.Questions 6-9 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage？In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage6. Paraelectric materials can generate a current when electrodes are attached to them.7. Dr. Mischenko has successfully applied his laboratory discovery to manufacturing more efficient referigerators.8. Doubling the frequency of logical operations inside a microprocessor doubles the heat output.9. IBM will achieve better computer cooling by combining microchannels with paraelectrics.Question 10 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in box 10 on your answer sheet.10. Which method of disposing heat in computers may have a bright prospect？A. Tweaking the processors？heat sinks.B. Tweaking the fans that circulate air over the processor抯 heat sinks.C. Shifting from single-core processors to systems of subunits.D. None of the above.Questions 11-14 Complete the notes below.Choose one suitable word from the Reading Passage above for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.Traditional refrigerators use...11...pumps to drop temperature. At present，scientists are searching for other methods to produce refrigeration， especially in computer microprocessors....12...materials have been tried to generate temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. ...13...effect has also been adopted by many researchers to cool hotspots in computers. A miniature version of a car ...14... may also be a system to realize ideal computer cooling in the future.Key and Explanations：1. DSee Paragraph 3： ...Alex Mischenko， of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film， he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops...2. CSee Paragraph 5： The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company， Intel，in 1993， ran at 60m cycles a second.3. FSee Paragraph 8： ...Rama Venkatasubramanian， of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina， claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃.4. ESee Paragraph 8： Ali Shakouri， of the University of California， Santa Cruz，says his are even smaller梥o small that they can go inside the chip.5. BSee Paragraph 9： To improve on this， IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place.6. TRUESee Paragraph 2： ...paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change： attach electrodes to them and they generate a current.7. FALSESee Paragraph 3 (That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications. ) and Paragraph 4 (As to what those applications might be， Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has，nevertheless， set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges？8. FALSESee Paragraph 5： Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor， so the faster the processor is， the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output.9. NOT GIVENSee Paragraph 9： In the future， therefore， a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers.10. DSee Paragraph 6： Tweaking the processor's heat sinks ？has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems？also seems to have the end of the road in sight.11. heatSee Paragraph 1： Today's high-tech world， however， demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.12. paraelectricSee Paragraph 3： Using commercially available paraelectric film， he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded.13. thermoelectricSee Paragraph 7： ...the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials，this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics， a significant body of researchers is already working on it.14. radiatorSee Paragraph 9： The last word in computer cooling， though， may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator.。

2015年SAT阅读真题Nearly a century ago, biologists found that if they separated an invertebrate animal embryo into two partsat an early stage of its life, it would survive and developas two normal embryos. This led them to believe that the (5) cells in the early embryo are undetermined in the sense that each cell has the potential to develop in a variety of different ways. Later biologists found that the situationwas not so simple. It matters in which plane the embryois cut. If it is cut in a plane different from the one used (10)by the early investigators, it will not form two whole embryos.A debate arose over what exactly was happening. Which embryo cells are determined, just when do they become irreversibly committed to their fates, and what (15)are the “morphogenetic determinants” that tell a cell what to become? But the debate could not be resolved because no one was able to ask the crucial questionsin a form in which they could be pursued productively. Recent discoveries in molecular biology, however, have (20) opened up prospects for a resolution of the debate. Now investigators think they know at least some of the molecules that act as morphogenetic determinants inearly development. They have been able o show that,in a sense, cell determination begins even before an egg (25) is fertilized.Studying sea urchins, biologist Paul Gross foundthat an unfertilized egg contains substances that functionas morphogenetic determinants. They are locatedin the cytoplasm of the egg cell; i.e., in that part of the (30) cell’s protoplasm that lies outside of the nucleus. In the unfertilized egg, the substances are inactive and are not distributed homogeneously. When the egg is fertilized,the substances become active and, presumably, governthe behavior of the genes they interact with. Since the (35) substances are unevenly distributed in the egg, when the fertilized egg divides, the resulting cells are differentfrom the start and so can be qualitatively different intheir own gene activity.The substances that Gross studied are maternal(40) messenger RNA’s --products of certain of the maternalgenes. He and other biologists studying a wide varietyof organisms have found that these particular RNA’sdirect, in large part, the synthesis of histones, a classof proteins that bind to DNA. Once synthesized, the(45) histones move into the cell nucleus, where section ofDNA wrap around them to form a structure that resemblesbeads, or knots, on a string. The beads are DNAsegments wrapped around the histones; the string is theintervening DNA. And it is the structure of these beaded(50)DNA strings that guides the fate of the cells in whichthey are located.1. The passage is most probably directed at which kind of audience?(A) State legislators deciding about funding levels for a state-funded biological laboratory(B) Scientists specializing in molecular genetics(C) Readers of an alumni newsletter published by the college that Paul Gross attended(D) Marine biologists studying the processes that give rise to new species(E) Undergraduate biology majors in a molecular biology course2. It can be inferred from the passage that the morphogenetic determinants present in the early embryo are(A) located in the nucleus of the embryo cells(B) evenly distributed unless the embryo is not developing normally(C) inactive until the embryo cells become irreversibly committed to their final function(D) identical to those that were already present in the unfertilized egg(E) present in larger quantities than is necessary for the development of a single individual3. The main topic of the passage is(A) the early development of embryos of lower marine organisms(B) the main contribution of modern embryology to molecular biology(C) the role of molecular biology in disproving older theories of embryonic development(D) cell determination as an issue in the study of embryonic development(E) scientific dogma as a factor in the recent debate over the value of molecular biology4. According to the passage, when biologists believed that the cells in the early embryo were undetermined, they made which of the following mistakes?(A) They did not attempt to replicate the original experiment of separating an embryo into two parts.(B) They did not realize that there was a connection between the issue of cell determination and the outcome of the separation experiment.(C) They assumed that the results of experiments on embryos did not depend on the particular animal species used for such experiments.(D) They assumed that it was crucial to perform the separation experiment at an early stage in the embryo’s life.(E) They assumed that different ways of separating an embryo into two parts would be equivalent as far as the fate of the two parts was concerned.5. It can be inferred from the passage that the initial production of histones after an egg is fertilized takes place(A) in the cytoplasm(B) in the maternal genes(C) throughout the protoplasm(D) in the beaded portions of the DNA strings(E) in certain sections of the cell nucleus6. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is dependent on the fertilization of an egg?(A) Copying of maternal genes to produce maternal messenger RNA’s(B) Sythesis of proteins called histones(C) Division of a cell into its nucleus and the cytoplasm(D) Determination of the egg cell’s potential for division(E) Generation of all of a cell’s morphogenetic determinants7. According to the passage, the morphogenetic determinants present in the unfertilized egg cell are which of the following?(A) Proteins bound to the nucleus(B) Histones(C) Maternal messenger RNA’s(D) Cytoplasm(E) Nonbeaded intervening DNA8. The passage suggests that which of the following plays a role in determining whether an embryo separated into two parts will two parts will develop as two normal embryos?Ⅰ.The stage in the embryo’s life at which the separation occursⅡ. The instrument with which the separations is accomplishedⅢ. The plane in which the cut is made that separates the embryo(A) Ⅰonly(B) Ⅱonly(C) Ⅰand Ⅱ.only(D) Ⅰand Ⅲ.only(E) Ⅰ,Ⅱ, and Ⅲ9. Which of the following circumstances is most comparable to the impasse biologists encountered in trying to resolve the debate about cell determination (lines 12-18)?(A) The problems faced by a literary scholar who wishes to use original source materials that are written in an unfamiliar foreign language(B) The situation of a mathematician who in preparing a proof of a theorem for publication detects a reasoning error in the proof(C) The difficulties of a space engineer who has to design equipment to function in an environment in which it cannot first be tested(D) The predicament of a linguist trying to develop a theory of language acquisition when knowledge of the structure of language itself is rudimentary at best(E) The dilemma confronting a foundation when the funds available to it are sufficient to support one of two equally deserving scientific projects but not both Correct Answers：EEDEABCDD。

出国留学考雅思、新托福、备考大学四六级，就来徐州朗阁 雅思阅读List of Heading做题方法小议朗阁海外考试研究中心朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家在长期的雅思阅读教学中发现，List of Heading（选标题）这类题型被绝大多数同学视作为“洪水猛兽”，往往在做题过程中觉得“心力交瘁”。

但是，事实真的如此吗？有没有快速有效的做题方法呢？今天朗阁专家就带领各位在雅思阅读这个烤炉里经历煎熬的烤鸭们来小议一下怎么才能把List of Heading这种题型做得又快又准确，达到事半功倍的效果。

Tip 1 了解常见学术性文章结构List of Heading（选标题），顾名思义就是去给每个段落选择合适的能够准确概括段落大意的标题。

根据这样的题型特点，为了在做题的时候能够有的放矢，我们不妨来了解一下雅思阅读文章的常见结构。

一般而言，学术性文章的展开有两大类，一类是演绎法(deductive)也就是我们常说的分总结构，另一类是归纳法(inductive) 即总分结构，并且相对而言后者还要更普遍一些。

基于这样的文章结构，去阅读文章的首句、末句就显得直接有效了。

同时，也提醒大家，一篇文章中的某些段落可能存在导入句或者过度句，这时候该段次句往往揭示了这个段落的主要内容。

那么，我们的阅读策略就变成了阅读文章的首句、次句和末句。

接下来，笔者将利用一些真题的例子来帮助大家运用这样的做题方法。

以剑8 Test 2中的Reading Passage 3 Q 27-Q 32为例：首先我们先审题干，也就是Heading的部分，找到关键词后再移步到文章的部分。

下面以第一段为例，带大家一起来实战一下。

（首句、次句和末句已经做了下划线处理）A survey conducted by Anthony Synott at Montreal’s Concordia Unive rsity asked participants to comment on how important smell was to them in their lives. It became apparent that smell can evoke strong emotional responses. A scent associated with a good experience can bring a rush of joy, while a foul odour or出国留学考雅思、新托福、备考大学四六级，就来徐州朗阁 one associated with a bad memory may make us grimace with disgust. Respondents to the survey noted that many of their olfactory likes and dislikes were based on emotional associations. Such associations can be powerful enough so that odours that we would generally label unpleasant become agreeable, and those that we would generally consider fragrant become disagreeable for particular individuals. The perception of smell, therefore, consists not only of the sensation of the odours themselves, but of the experience and emotions associated with them.划线部分为该段的首句、次句和末句，第一句的主干只有A survey asked participants to comment on how important smell was to them in their lives（气味对于受调查者生活的重要性，到底是否重要、为什么重要、怎么重要之类的信息呼之欲出）。

Sleep medication linked to bizarre behaviourNew evidence has linked a commonly prescribed sleep medication with bizarre behaviours， including a case in which a woman painted her front door in her sleep.UK and Australian health agencies have released information about 240 cases of odd occurrences， including sleepwalking， amnesia and hallucinations among people taking the drug zolpidem.While doctors say that zolpidem can offer much-needed relief for people with sleep disorders， they caution that these newly reported cases should prompt a closer look at its possible side effects.Zolpidem， sold under the brand names Ambien， Stilnoct and Stilnox， is widely prescribed to treat insomnia and other disorders such as sleep apnea. Various forms of the drug， made by French pharmaceutical giant Sanofi-Aventis， were prescribed 674，500 times in 2005 in the UK.A newly published report from Australia’s Federal Health Department describes 104 cases of hallucinations and 62 cases of amnesia experienced by people taking zolpidem since marketing of the drug began there in 2000. The health department report also mentioned 16 cases of strangesleepwalking by people taking the medication.Midnight snackIn one of these sleepwalking cases a patient woke with a paintbrush in her hand after painting the front door to her house. Another case involved a woman who gained 23 kilograms over seven months while taking zolpidem. “It was only when she was discovered in front of an open refrigerator while asleep that the problem was resolved，” according to the report.The UK’s Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency， meanwhile， has recorded 68 cases of adverse reactions to zolpidem from 2001 to 2005.The newly reported cases in the UK and Australia add to a growing list of bizarre sleepwalking episodes linked to the drug in other countries， including reports of people sleep-driving while on the medication. In one case， a transatlantic flight had to be diverted after a passenger caused havoc after taking zolpidem.Hypnotic effectsThere is no biological pathway that has been proven to connect zolpidem with these behaviours. The drug is a benzodiazepine-like hypnotic that promotes deep sleep by interacting with brain receptors for a chemical called gamma-aminobutyric acid. While parts of the brain become less active during deep sleep， the body can still move， making sleepwalking a possibility.The product information for prescribers advises that psychiatric adverse effects， including hallucinations， sleepwalking and nightmares， are more likely in the elderly， and treatment should be stopped if they occur.Patient advocacy groups say they would like government health agencies and drug companies to take a closer look at the possible risks associated with sleep medicines. They stress that strange sleepwalking and sleep-driving behaviours can have risky consequences.“When people do something in which they’re not in full control it’s always a danger，” says Vera Sharav of the New York-based Alliance for Human Research Protection， a US network that advocates responsible and ethical medical research practices.Tried and tested“The more reports that come out about the potential side effects of the drug，the more research needs to be done to understand if these are real side effects，”says sleep researcher Kenneth Wright at the University of Colorado in Boulder， US.Millions of people have taken the drug without experiencing any strange side effects， points out Richard Millman at Brown Medical School， director of the SleepDisorders Center of Lifespan Hospitals in Providence， Rhode Island， US. He says that unlike older types of sleep medications， zolpidem does not carry as great a risk of addiction.And Wright notes that some of the reports of “sleep-driving” linked to zolpidem can be easily explained： some patients have wrongly taken the drug right before leaving work in hopes that the medicine will kick in by the time they reach home. Doctors stress that the medication should be taken just before going to bed.The US Food & Drug Administration says it is continuing to "actively investigate" and collect information about cases linking zolpidem to unusual side effects.The Ambien label currently lists strange behaviour as a “special concern” for people taking the drug. “It’s a possible rare adverse event，” says Sanofi-Aventis spokesperson Melissa Feltmann， adding that the strange sleepwalking behaviours “may not necessarily be caused by the drug” but instead result from an underlying disorder. She says that “the safety profile [of zolpidem] is well established”. The drug received approval in the US in 1993.Questions 1-6 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage？In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage1. Ambien， Stilnoct and Stilnox are brand names of one same drug treating insomnia.2. The woman’s obesity problem wasn’t resolved until she stopped taking zolpidem.3. Zolpidem received approval in the UK in 2001.4. The bizarre behaviour of a passenger after taking zolpidem resulted in the diversion of a flight bound for the other side of the Atlantic.5. Zolpidem is the only sleep medication that doesn’t cause addiction.6. The sleep-driving occurrence resulted from the wrong use of zolpidem by an office worker.Question 7-9 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and Write them in boxes 7-9 on your answer sheet.7. How many cases of bizarre behaviours are described in an official report from Australia？A. 68B. 104C. 182D. 2408. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the product information about zolpidem？A. Treatment should be stopped if side effects occur.B. Medication should be taken just before going to bed.C. Adverse effects are more likely in the elderly.D. Side effects include nightmares， hallucinations and sleepwalking.9. Who claimed that the safety description of zolpidem was well established？A. Kenneth WrightB. Melissa FeltmannC. Richard MillmanD. Vera SharavQuestions 10-13 Answer the following questions with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS each in boxes 10-13.10. How many times was French-made zolpidem prescribed in 2005 in Britain？11. What kind of hypnotic is zolpidem as a drug which promotes deep sleep in patients？12. What can sleepwalking and sleep-driving behaviours cause according to patient advocacy groups？13. What US administration says that it has been investigating the cases relating zolpidem to unusual side effects？Answer keys and explanations：1. TrueSee para.3 from the beginning： Zolpidem， sold under the brand names Ambien，Stilnoct and Stilnox， is widely prescribed to treat insomnia and other disorders such as sleep apnea.2. FalseSee para.1 under the subtitle “Midnight snack”： Another case involved a woman who gained 23 kilograms over seven months while taking zolpidem. “It was only when she was discovered in front of an open refrigerator while asleep that the problem was resolve d”…3. Not GivenSee para.2 under the subtitle “Midnight snack”： The UK’s Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency， meanwhile， has recorded 68 cases of adverse reactions to zolpidem from 2001 to 2005. (The time the drug was approved in the UK was not mentioned.)4. TrueSee para.3 under the subtitle “Midnight snack”： In one case， a transatlantic flight had to be diverted after a passenger caused havoc after taking zolpidem.5. FalseSee para.2 under the subtitle “Tried and tested”： He says that unlike older types of sleep medications， zolpidem does not carry as great a risk of addiction.6. Not GivenSee para.3 under the subtitle “Tried and tested”： And Wright notes that some of the reports of “sleep-driving” linked to zolpidem can be easily explained：some patients have wrongly taken the drug right before leaving work in hopes that the medicine will kick in by the time they reach home. (No patients as office workers are mentioned in the passage.)7. CSee para.4 from the beginning： A newly published report from Australia’s Federal Health Department describes 104 cases of hallucinations and 62 cases of amnesia experienced by people taking zolpidem since marketing of the drug began there in 2000. The health department report also mentioned 16 cases of strange sleepwalking by people taking the medication.8. BSee the sentence in para.2 under the subtitle “Hypnotic effects” (The product information for prescribers advises that psychiatric adverse effects， including hallucinations， sleepwalking and nightmares， are more likely in the elderly， and treatment should be stopped if they occur.) and the sentence in para.3 under the subtitle “Tried and tested” (Doctors “not the product information” stress that the medication should be taken just before going to bed.)9. BSee para.5 under the subtitle “Tried and tested”： Sanofi-Aventis spokesperson Melissa Feltmann … says that “the safety profile [of zolpidem] is well established”.10. 674，500 (times)See para.3 from the beginning： Various forms of the drug， made by French pharmaceutical giant Sanofi-Aventis， were prescribed 674，500 times in 2005 in the UK.11. (a) benzodiazepine-like (hypnotic)See para.1 under the subtitle “Hypnotic effects”： The drug is a benzodiazepine-like hypnotic (类苯二氮催眠药)that promotes deep sleep by interacting with brain receptors for a chemical called gamma-aminobutyric acid.12. risky consequencesSee para.3 under the subtitle “Hypnotic effects”： Patient advocacy groups …stress that strange sleepwalking and sleep-driving behaviours can have risky consequences.13. Food & Drug (Administration)See para.4 under the subtitle “Tried and tested”： The US Food & Drug Administration says it is continuing to "actively investigate" and collect information about cases linking zolpidem to unusual side effects.。

2015年10月31日雅思阅读预测----外朗教育1 动物数数Answer the table below，Choose No More than three words and/or a number from the passage for each answer.Questions 15-21Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage2? In boxes22-27 on your answer sheet. writeTure if the statement is trueFalse if the statement is falseNOT GIVEN if the statement is not given in the passage22灵长类动物更善于识别差别较大的两个数字，如果一个是比其他的要大得多T23尤尔根•陶训练他实验的昆虫识别单个数字的形状F24这项研究包括幼鸡历经两个区分NG25小鸡的实验表明，一些数值表示存活能力用于新生儿的动物T26研究人员尝试通过改变大量的花蜜或水果可用某些野生动物NG27当评估鸡蛋的数童在他们的巢，黑鸭考虑其他鸟类T2印度村庄农药Natural Pesticide in IndiaQuestions 1-4Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage I? in boxes 1 -4 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement is trueFALSE if the statement is falseNOT GIVEN if the statement is not given in the passage1棉花在安得拉邦州可能真的给当地农民带来更多的收入比传统耕作NG2在30年以前，农民主要使用杀虫剂F3棉花的产量是相当低的比其他农业作物NG4农民不能领悟为什么害虫传播的如此之快TQuestions 5-10Complete the summary belowChoose no more than two words from the passage for each answer. write your answers in boxes5-10 on your answer sheet.农药保护作物免受昆虫侵害选择阔叶楝树，它是生长很快的和5_ evergreen _树和产生大量的6_ naturalpesticides __对于他们自己像昆虫一样有效的防水的吗，首先，印楝种子需要压到7_ powder _格子，是左后面8__ overnight __在水里。