Chapter 1
Section A Medical Terminology
1.Introduction
How many medical words are there in a medium-sized medical? The answer is around 100,000, which is only a conservative estimate. Moreover, like the jargon in all forward-moving fields, the number is expanding so constantly and quickly that it defies any memorization! There are tools, however, that can aid in learning and remembering medical terms and even help in marking informed guesses as to the meaning of unfamiliar words. Furthermore, their number are limited, about 400 to 500 or so (the most active ones),but the conbination derived from them are enormous. So, to learn how to use these tools is much more efficient and meaningful than to try to memorize every medical term.
Most medical terms are based on Greek and Latin words, which are consisten and uniform throughout many differiend areas. The tools you are going to learn to use are these Greek and Latin parts of words, which are called the root, prefix ,suffix, combining vowels and combining forms.
- The root is the foundation of the word and all medical terms have one or more roots.
- The prefix is the begainning of the word. Not all medical terms contain prefix, but the prefix have an important influence on meaning.
- The suffix is the ending of the word and all medical terms have a suffix.
- The combining vowel is the vowel that links the root to another root.
- The combining form is the combination of the root and combining vowel.
Section B Human Body
In this passage you will learn:
- Classification of organ systems
- Structure and function of each organ system
- Associated medical terms
1. To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, hematology, psychology ect.
2. Anatomists find it useful to divide human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nevers system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are discribed in this article.
3.The skeletal system is made of bones, joins berween bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and provide the points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes--long, short, cube-shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long
bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow,where blood cells are made.
4. A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull.Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane--as with the hinge joint of the elbow--or movement around a single axis--as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ballshaped end of one bone fits into a socker at the end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints.
5. Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together.It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult.
6.The muscular system allows the body to move, and its contractions produce heat, which helps maintain a constant body tempreture. Striated muscles can be constiously controlled.The ends of these muscles are attached to different bones by connective tissue bands so that when the muscle contracts, one bone moves in relation to the other. This makes it possible to move the whole body,as when walking, or to move just one part of the body, as when bending a finger.
7.Contractions of the heart and smooth muscles are not under conscious control. Smooth muscles are found in the walls of the organs such as the stomach and the intestines and serve to move the contents of these organs through the body.
8.The circulatory system. All parts of the body must have nourishment and oxygen in order to function and grow, and their waste products must be removed before they accumulate and poison the body. The circulatary system distributes needed materials and removes unneeded ones. It is made up of the heart, blood vessels,and blood,which together make up the cardiovascular system.The blood is also part of the body's defense system.It has antibodies and white blood cells that protect the body against foreign invaders.
9.The heart is a muscle that is divited into two nearly identical halves: one half receives boold from the lungs and sends it to the rest of the body, the other half sends blood that has traveled through the body back to the lungs.When the heart muscles contracts,the blood is forced out into arteries and enters small capillaries. Blood returns to the heart through veins.
10.Also functioning in circulation is the lymphtic system.Some of the fluid that surrounds cells does not reenter the blood vessels directly.This fluid, called lymph, returns to the heart by way of another system of channels--the lymph vessels.Lymph nodes along these vessels filter the fluid before it reenters the blood.The spleen is a large lymphatic organ that filters the blood.
11.The respiratory system takes in oxygen from the air and expels carbon dioxide and water vapor.Air enters the nose and mouth and travels through the larynx,and trachea.The trachea divedes to enter each of the teo lungs and then divides more than 20 times to form a very large number of small air spaces. Oxygen from the air enter the blood through capillaries in the walls of these air spaces,and the blood releases carbon dioxide into the air spaces to be exheled.
12.The digestive system consists of a tube extending from the mouth to the anus.In it, food and fluids are taking in,moved through the body,and broken down into small molecules that are obsorbed into the circulatory system.This breakdown, known as digestion,is both a mechanical and a chemical process.
13.Food enters through the mouth, where chewing and saliva start to break it up and make it easier to swallow.Next the food travels down through the esophagus to the stomach.Contraction of
the stomach's muscular wall continue to break down the food mechanically,and chemical digestion continues when acid and enzymes are secreted into the stomach cavity.
14.The liquified food gradually passed into the small intestine.In the first part of the small intestine,called the duodenum,enzymes from the pancreas are added. These enzymes complete the chemical breakdown of the food.The digestion of fat is added by bile,which is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder.The small intestine of an adult is about 21 feet(6.4 meters) long.Most of its length is devoted to avsorbing the nutrients released during these digestive activities.
15.The liquid remainder of the food enters the large intestine,or colon,which is about 12 feet(3.7 meter) long.It is more than twice as wide as the small intestine.In the large intestine most of the fluid is absorbed, and the relatively dry residues are expelled.
16.The urinary system maintains normal levels of water and of certain small molecules such as sodium and potassium in the body. It does this by passing blood through the kidneys, two efficient filtering organs that get rid of any excess of various molecules and conserve those molecules that are in short supply.
17.The fluid that leaves the kidneys,known as urine,travles through a tube called the ureter to the bladder.The bladder holds the urine until it is voided from the body through another tube, the urethra.
18.The endocrine system. The two system that control body activities are the endocrine system and the nervous system.The former exerts its control by means of chemical messengers called hormones. Hormones are produced by a variety of endocrine glands, which release the hormones directly into the blood stream.
19.A major gland is the pituitary, which is located under the brain in the moddle of the head.It produces at least eight hormones, which affect growth, kidney function, and development of the sex organs.Because some of the pituitary's hormones stimulate other glands to produce their own hormones,the pituitary is called the master gland.
20.Another gland, the thyroid is located between the collar bones.Its hormone controls the rate of the body's metabolism.The sex organs(ovaries and tests)
make the sex cells and also make hormones that control certain characteristics of the males and females. Located on the top of each kidney is the adrenal gland,which produces cortisone and adrenaline.The pancreas produce not only digestive enzymes but also insulin and glucagon, which control the body's use of the sugar and starches.
21.The nervous system--the brain, the spinal cord, and the nerves--also controls body activities.The lower parts of the brain control basic functions such as breathing and heart rate as well as body temperature ,hunger,and thirst.Above these regions are the centers for sight, sound, touch, smell, and taste, and the regoins that direct voluntory muscular activities of the arms and legs.Performed here are the higher functions of integrating and processing information.
22.The brain receives and sends information by means of nerves, many of which lie partly in the spinal cord.The spinal cord is protected by the spinal column.Nerves enter aand leave the spinal cord at each level of the body,traveling to and from the arms, legs, and trunk.These nerves bring information from the various sence organs.The information is processed by the brain, and the messages are carried back to muscles and glands throughout the body.
23.The reproductive system is constructed differently for males and females. The male reproductive system is responsible for producing , transporting and maintaining viable sperm(the male sex cell).It also produces the male sex hormone, testosterone, which regulates the
development of a bread, pubic hair, a deep voice and other bodily characteristics of the adult male.
24.The female productive system is responsible for producing and transporting ova(the female sex cells) eliminating ova from the body when they are not fertilized by sperm, and nourishing a newborn child.The female reproductive system also produces the female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone, which regulate the development of breasts and other bodily characteristics of the mature female.
25.The skin is complete layer that protects the inner structures of the body, and it is the largest of the body's organs.It keeps out finger substances and provents excessive water evaporation.The nerves in the skin provide tactile information.The skon also helps keep the body's temperature close to 98.6℉(about 37℃): heat is conserved by reducing blood flow through the skin or is expended by increasing blood flow and by evaporation of sweat from the skin.Hair and nails are accessory structures of the skin.
第一章
医学术语A部分
1.Introduction
有多少医学词是在一个中等大小的体检吗?答案是大约10万,这只是保守的估计。此外,像行话在所有forward-moving领域,以便不断扩大,数量迅速,它足以抵御任何记忆!有一些工具,然而,能帮助学生学习和记忆,甚至帮助医学术语在标识通知猜测至于意思我不熟悉的单词。此外,它们的数量是有限的,大约400到500左右(最活跃的),但结合来源于他们是巨大的。所以,要想学会如何使用这些工具是更加有效率和有意义,比试图记住每一位医学术语。
大多数医学术语是基于希腊语和拉丁语的话,这是在很多differiend和均匀的涵意和地区。这些工具你要学会使用这些是希腊和拉丁单词的一部分,这被称为根,前缀、后缀,结合元音、组合形式。
-根的基础是词,所有的医学术语有一个或者更多的根源。
begainning——这个前缀的词。并不是所有的医学术语包含前缀,但这个前缀意义上有重要影响。
-后缀是这个结局的词,所有医学术语都有一个后缀。
元音是——结合元音连接在根到另一个根。
结合形式——相结合的根,结合元音。
B部分人体
在这段文章里你会学到:
--器官系统的分类
—各器官的结构与功能的系统
-关联的医学术语
1。了解人类的身体中,它是必要的,以了解其各个部分组合在一起,它们如何作用。这项研究的人体结构被称为解剖结构;研究人体的功能被称为生理学。其他一些研究人体胚胎学包括
生物学、细胞学、、组织学类型、血液学、心理学等相关信息。
2。解剖学家发现它很有用,除人体分成十系统,也就是说,这是骨骼系统,肌肉系统、循环系统、呼吸系统、消化系统、泌尿系统、内分泌系统、玩系统,生殖系统和皮肤。的主要部分每一个这样的系统中的新课题。
3。骨骼系统是由骨头,骨头和软骨加入打造。它的功能是提供支持和保护的软组织和身体的器官,并提供点的连线为肌肉,移动身体。有206块骨头,在人类骨骼。他们有各种形状——长、短的,方形、扁、和不规则的。许多长骨有室内空间,是充满骨髓,那里的血细胞。
4。关节骨头被连接在一起的地方。连接可以很近,没有运动是有可能的,这种事情在头骨。其他种类的关节运动:要么在一个平面上来回——就像在手肘铰链关节周围——或者一个单轴运动——就像在枢轴联合,允许头旋转。一个广泛的运动是可能的ballshaped结束时socker 一骨,装在一骨末契合插座尽头的另一骨,就象在肩部和臀部关节。
5。摘要软骨是一种更灵活的材料相比,骨头。它作为一个缓冲层保护,在骨头走到一起。它也连接根儿肋骨胸骨,并提供一个基础结构的鼻子和外部的耳朵。一个婴儿在骨架是由软骨骨正逐渐取代婴儿成长成一个成年人。
6。肌肉系统让身体移动,和它的收缩产生热量,有利于帮助保持恒定体温。constiously条纹的肌肉可以控制的。这些肌肉的两端被放在不同的骨骼由结缔组织乐队,当电流通过肌肉收缩的关系,一骨,移动到另一个位置。这就使得它能够移动整个身体,即,走路时也不能移动只是身体的一个部位,当弯曲手指。
7。心脏的收缩和光滑的肌肉并没有受到有意识的控制。肌肉中都发现了光滑的墙壁的器官如你的胃和小肠和服务内容的移动这些器官通过身体。
8。循环系统。身体上的各个部分必须具有营养和氧气才能功能和生长,他们的排泄物产品,必须拆除之前他们积累和对身体有害的。circulatary所需的材料并移除系统分布的无辜者的人。它是由心脏、血管、和血,共同组成了心血管系统。血是之一部分,人体的防御系统。它有抗体和白细胞的保护身体对外国侵略者。
9。心脏是肌肉divited成两半:有半数的人近乎相同接收从肺boold并把它送到身体的其他部分,而另一半则大幅迈出送血液通过身体背部至肺部。当心脏肌肉的合同,血是被迫离开小动脉和进入到毛细血管。返回到心脏的血液通过静脉。
10。在循环功能的同时lymphtic系统。一些流体周围的细胞不再次进入血管直接。这种液体,叫做淋巴,返回到心脏的另一个系统——在淋巴管的渠道。沿着这些血管淋巴结过滤液体之前就进入准备队列等待下一次的血。脾脏淋巴器官是一种大型过滤血液。
11分。呼吸系统接收氧气从空气中,排放二氧化碳和水蒸气。空气进入鼻子和嘴,并贯穿了喉、和气管。divedes进入气管的每个张栋梁的肺,然后分超过20次,形成了大量的小空间。将氧气从空气进入血液通过毛细血管里的这些空气的空间,以及血液释放二氧化碳排放到大气exheled空间不合理。
12。消化系统由一根管扩大从口腔到肛门。在这篇文章中,食物和饮料都是走在移动,通过身体的,被分解成小的分子obsorbed进入循环系统。该故障,如我们所知的消化,既是一个机械和化学过程。
13岁。食物进入的地方通过口腔咀嚼和唾液,开始打破它,使它容易下咽。接下来的食物传播的向下通过食管胃。胃是肌肉收缩的墙继续分解食品机械和化工,当酸和酶消化仍然被分泌到胃腔。
14。食品逐渐进入了液化的小肠的方法。在第一个部分小肠,叫做胰腺十二指肠、酶是由补充道。这些酶完成化学分解食物。中添加脂肪消化的由胆小,它是由在肝脏和储存在胆囊。小肠内的一个成年人是大约21英尺(6.4米)长。其大部分的长度是致力于avsorbing养分的释放在这些消化活动。
15。液体剩下的食物进入大肠,或结肠,这大约是12英尺(3.7米)长。它是宽两倍多的小肠。在大肠大部分的流体被吸收,和相对干燥的残留而被开除。
16岁。对泌尿系统维持正常水平的水和一定的小分子如钠和钾对身体造成的影响。为达到这一目的,通过血液通过肾脏、两种有效过滤器官,摆脱任何多余的各种分子和保存这些分子,供应不足。
17日。叶子的流体,肾脏,如我们所知的尿液,travles通过一根管子被称为输尿管膀胱。膀胱持有,直到它变得无效的尿液排出体外,需要通过另一管、尿道。
18岁。内分泌系统。这两个系统,控制人体活动内分泌系统和神经系统。这位前发挥其控制的方式叫做荷尔蒙的化学信使。荷尔蒙所产生多种内分泌腺体,并释放出了激素直接进入血液循环的速率。
19岁。是一个主要的腺垂体,座落在脑部moddle的头部。它产生至少8人死亡荷尔蒙,从而影响生长、肾功能、和发展的性器官。因为有些垂体激素刺激其他腺体的产生自身激素,垂体叫做掌控腺体。
20。另一个腺体、甲状腺位于之间的衣领的骨头。它的速度激素控制身体的新陈代谢。关于性的器官(卵巢及测试)
使性细胞,也令的荷尔蒙分泌,控制的一些特征,男性和女性。位于上方的每一个肾,其产生的肾上腺素和肾上腺素可体松。胰腺的产生不仅消化酶而且胰岛素和胰高糖素,它控制身体的使用糖和淀粉。
21岁。神经系统——大脑、脊髓和神经控制身体活动——也。较低的部分大脑控制基本功能,如呼吸和心跳速率以及体温、饥饿、口渴。以上这些地区是中心的视觉、声音、触觉、嗅觉和味觉,regoins直接voluntory肌肉活动的手臂和腿。这里有更高的功能进行的整合和处理信息。
22个。大脑接收和发送信息通过神经,其中许多部分脊髓中撒谎。脊髓脊柱下放是受保护的。神经进入20离开脊髓各级身体、旅游和从手臂、腿的树干。这些神经带来了信息来自各种感觉器官。这些信息是经由大脑处理,这些信息被带到遍布全身的肌肉和腺体。
23日。不同的生殖系统构造为男性和女性。男性生殖系统负责生产、运输和维护可行的精子(男性生殖细胞),还生产雄性激素,睾酮,从而调节开发的一种面包,阴毛,低沉的声音和其它身体特征的成年男性。
24岁。女性的生产系统负责生产和运输卵(雌性生殖细胞)从身体排除卵子的受精作用,当他们不是由精子、营养的新生孩子吧。女性生殖系统也产生雌性激素,调节雌激素与孕激素,它的发展和其它身体特征的乳房的成熟女性。
25。完整的皮肤是层保护的内部结构体,并是最大的人体器官。它以防止手指物质和provents 多余水份蒸发。在皮肤上的神经提供触觉信息。这也有助于保持skon体温接近37℃(大约华氏98.6℉):通过减少热量守恒的皮肤或血液流动通过消耗增加血流量和蒸发的汗水从皮肤。头发和指甲是附属结构的皮肤。
第一章医学英语词汇 医学领域涉及的科学和专业广泛，不仅包括基础医学和临床医学的诸多学科，还涉及化学和物理两大基础学科领域，甚至社会科学领域中的诸多学科和专业。因此，医学英语词汇数量庞大，其词汇量高达数十万。同时，由于医学专业的历史渊源，医学英语词汇大多含有希腊语和拉丁语成分，一些医学英语单词显得古怪而陌生，单词结构长而复杂。但就其构词法上基本遵循普通英语单词的构词规律，也往往由前缀、词根、后缀组成，虽然具有其自身的特点，也是可以找到规律的。因此，医学英语词汇构词法，理解与掌握单词尤其是组合词构成的基本知识，牢记必要的基本词素，就能找到掌握医学英语词汇的捷径。 第一节医学英语词汇的结构 一、医学词素 一般认为，词是语言中可独立使用表达意思的最小单位。但是，从结构方面来看时，词并不是最小的语言单位，许多单词可以细分为更小的，同时也是具有意义的单位.这些最小的有意义的单位就是词素。 医学词素（morpheme）是医学语词的组成部分，是医学英语中语音和语义的最小结合体。一个医学语词可以由一个词素构成，也可以由两个或两个以上的词素构成。从语义方面来看，医学词素有两种类型。一种医学词素含有明确的词汇意义，表达单词的主要意义，这类词素称为词根。例如，orth(o)－（正常的）、plasma（血浆）、reticul(o)-（网状）等。其中，plasma可以单独使用，这类词根称为自由词根。另外两个不能单独使用，是黏着词根，这类词根必须与其他词素结合使用。还有一类医学词素是词缀。词缀也有两种，一种屈折词缀只有语法意义而没有词汇的意义（如表示名词复数-s）；另一咱派生词缀有一定的词汇意义，但只表达单词的次要意义。 二、医学词根 医学词根（root）是医学语词的基本形式，承载着医学语词的核心意义。一般认为，词根是同根词共有的、可以辨认的部分，也就是说，词根可以在不同的单词里出现，但它的基本形式和含义相同。例如，erythroblast（成红细胞）、erythrocatalysis（红细胞溶解）、erythroclasis（红细胞破碎）和erythrocytopenia（红细胞减少）都有一个共同的词根“erythr(o)-”（红的）。这一词根在不同的语词里出现，但形式没有什么变化，含义也相同。
Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一，有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动，是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大辐度的运动（如肩关节、髋关节）即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来，也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生长、
----------------------- Page 1----------------------- a 前缀无 ab 前缀从...离开acantho 词根棘，刺acetabulo 词根髋臼 acouo 词根听觉 acro 词根顶，肢 acromio 词根肩峰 ad 前缀向...靠近，到...上adeno 词根腺 adipo 词根脂肪的 adreno 词根肾上腺 aero 词根气 agglutino 词根凝集 agra 后缀严重的疼痛 albo 前缀白 algesi 词根痛觉的感受 algia 后缀痛 alveolo 词根肺泡 alveolo 词根牙槽 amnio 词根羊膜 amphi 前缀两侧
ampullo 词根壶腹 amylo 词根淀粉 an 前缀无 ana 前缀向上，重回到andro 词根雄aneurysmo 词根异常扩大angino 词根阻塞 ankylo 词根弯曲 ano 词根肛门 ante 前缀在前 anti 前缀抗 aorto 词根主动脉 apico 词根顶 apo 前缀离去，从appendico 词根阑尾appendo 词根阑尾 aquo 词根水 arterio 词根动脉 arteriolo 词根小动脉 arthro 词根关节 articulo 词根关节 ase 后缀酶
----------------------- Page 2----------------------- astro 词根星 atelo 词根不完全的，有缺陷的athero 词根脂肪堆积 atrio 词根腔 audio 词根听觉 auro 词根耳 auro 词根金 auto 前缀自 axio 词根轴 balano 词根龟头 bary 前缀重、压 baso 词根碱 bi 前缀双，倍 bili 词根胆汁 blast 后缀母细胞 blenno 词根粘液 blepharo 词根睑 brachy 词根短 bronchio 词根支气管 bronchiolo 词根细支气管 broncho 词根支气管
常用骨科医学专业英语词汇 骨科ORTHOPEDICS 1、概论INTRODUCTION *fracture n.骨折 pathological fracture 病理骨折 fatigue fracture 疲劳骨折 *open fracture 开放骨折 close fracture 闭合骨折 *comminuted fracture粉碎性骨折 compressed fracture 压缩骨折 shock n.休克 *deformity n.畸形 tenderness n.压痛 swelling n.肿胀 ecchymosis n.瘀斑 obstacle n.功能障碍 *bonefascial compartment syndrome 骨筋膜室综合征infection n.感染 spinal cord injury 脊髓损伤 surrounding nerve 周围神经 *fat embolism 脂肪栓塞 bedsore n.褥疮
arthroclisis n.关节僵硬 ischemic necrosis 缺血性坏死 ischemic contraction 缺血性挛缩 *traumatic arthritis 创伤性关节炎 hematoma n.血肿 *callus n.骨痂 heal n.愈合 *synovitis n.滑膜炎 *ligament n.韧带 *tendon n.肌腱 * pyogenic osteomyelitis 化脓性骨髓炎 *reduction n.复位 *bone traction 骨牵引 *osteoporosis n.骨质疏松 2、上肢骨折FRACTURE OF UPPER EXTREMITIES clavicle n.锁骨 *humerus n.肱骨 *rotation n.旋转 supracondyle n.髁上 blister n.水疱 pulsate n.搏动 thrombus n.血栓
13级本科?英语应用基础?考试题 一、Translate the following words into Chinese 1.营养 2.蛋白质 3.淀粉 4.维生素 5.开处方 6.硝酸盐 7.青霉素 8.口渴 9.糖尿病 10.新陈代谢 11.呕吐 12.病毒 13.腹胀 14.肥胖 15.儿科 16.垂体 17.压力 18.关节炎 19.溃疡
20.瘤 二、Reading comprehension Tea drinking was common in China for nearly one thousand years before anyone in Europe had ever heard about tea. People in Britain were much slower in finding out what tea was like, mainly because tea was very expensive. It could not be bought in shops and even those people who could afford to have it sent from Holland did so only because it was a fashionable curiosity. Some of them were not sure how to use it. They thought it was a vegetable and tried cooking the leaves. Then they served them mixed with butter and salt. They soon discovered their mistake but many people used to spread the used tea leaves on bread and give them to their children as sandwiches. Tea remained scarce and very expensive in England until the ships of the East India Company began to bring it direct from China early in the seventeenth century. During the next few years so much tea came into the country that the price fell and many people could afford to buy it. At the same time people on the Continent were becoming more and more fond of tea. Until then tea had been drunk without milk
老师给的医学英语词根，对不起老师了~~ 2010-07-22 21:54:44来自: spect(士不可以不弘毅，任重而道远！) 1．人体主要器官前缀 名称通用名前（后）缀常用形容词示例 心heart cardiao- cardial cardium/carditis/cardiology 脑brain encepholo- cerebral cerebrum/encephalitis/encephalology 肺lung pulmo- pulmonary pulmontiis/pulmonectomy/pulmonology 肝liver hepato- hepatic hepatitis/hepatobiliary/hepatology 胃stomach gastro- gastric gastritis/gastrointestinal/gastrology 胆gallbladder chole- biliary holecystitis/cholinergic/cholecystectomy 肠intestine entero- intestinal enteritis/enterectomy/enterology 脾spleen splen- splenic splenitis/splenectomy/splenology 胰pancreas pancreato- pancreatic pancreatitis/pancreatectomy 肾kidney nephro- renal/nephric nephritis/nephropathy/nephrology 2．与人体系统、器官有关的前（后）缀 名称通用名前（后）缀示例 血blood hemo-/hemato hematology/hemoglobin/hematoma 血管vessel vaso- vasopressor/cardiovasology/verebrovascular 静脉vein veno- venography/intravenous/venoconstriction 动脉artery arterio- arteriology/arteriole/arteriosclerosis 肌muscle myo- mycology/myositis/myocarditis 髓marrow myel-/myelo- myelocyte/myelitis/myeloma 神经nerve neur-/neyro- neurology/neuritis/neuron 细胞cell cyto-/-cyte cytology/cytoma/leukocyte 尿urine uro-/ur- urology/urosurgery/urogenital 体body somato-/some somatology/somatopsychic/chromosome 3．与数字有关的前缀 数字前缀示例 一（单）mono-/uni- monomer/monoclone/carbon monoxide/unidirectional
cardiovascular diseases; 脑垂体的功能the function of pituitary; 泌尿道urinary tract; 分子molecule; 动脉artery; 内分泌学endocrinology; 呼吸困难dyspnea; 唾液saliva; 组织学histology; 血液循环blood circulation; 血液学hematology; 生理学physiology; 解剖学anatomy; 女性生殖系统femal reproductive system; 神经细胞nerve cell; 免疫学immunology; 消化不良dyspepsia; 随意肌voluntary muscle; 胚胎学embryology; 心理学psychology; 细胞学cytology; 原生质protoplasm; 细胞膜cell membrane; 细胞核nucleus; 细胞质(浆)cytoplasm; 脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleic acid; 能半渗透的semipermeable; 分子生物学molecular biology; 碳水化合物carbohydrate; 有区别性的differentially; 使…完整intact; 根据according to; 遗传特性hereditary trait; 渗滤diffusion; 转换transaction; 蓝图blueprint; 染色体chromosome; 色素pigment; 排出废液excrete waste fluid; 散开disperse; 脉冲信号impulse; 核糖核酸ribonucleic acid; 损害正常功能impair the normal function; 污染环境pollute environment; 功能失调malfunction; 致病因子causative agents; 易受侵害的人群vulnerable groups; 局部化的感染localized infection; 花柳病venereal disease; 抗原与抗体antigen&antibody; 肌电图electromyogram; 多发性硬化multiple sclerosis; 心电图electrocardiograph; 疾病的后遗症sequelea of disease; 光纤技术fiber optic technology; 造血系统hematopoietic system; 致命的疾病fatal disease; 体液body fluid; 无副作用的治疗hazard-free treatment; 无侵犯的实验检查non-invasive laboratory test; 核磁共振nuclear magnetic resonance; 葡萄糖耐糖实验the glucose-tolerance test; 乐观的预后optimistic prognosis; 超声波检测法ultrasonography; 病史medical history; 随访活动follow-up visit; 营养不良nutritional deficiency; 使细节显著highlight detail; 脑电图electroencephalogram; 缺血的组织blood-starved tissue; 肌纤维muscle fiber; 随意肌voluntary muscle; 消化道alimentary canal; 肌腹fleshy belly of muscle; 横纹肌striated muscle; 肌肉痉挛cramps of muscle; 肌肉收缩muscle contraction; 肌肉附着点attachment of the muscle; 肌肉放松relaxation of muscle; 动脉出血arterial hemorrhage; 止端insertion;起端origion;供血blood supply; 屈肌flexor; 蛋白分子protein molecule; 纤维结缔组织fibrous connective tissue; 伸肌extensor; 意志力willpower; 横切面transverse section; 起搏器pacemaker; 肌萎缩muscle atrophy; 重症肌无力myasthenia gravis; 弥散性局部缺血diffuse ischemia; 常染色体隐性autosomal recessive; 全身性感染systemic infection; 受累的肌肉muscle involved; 显著相关性significant correlation; 神经末梢nerve terminal; 自体免疫反应autoimmune reaction; 神经支配innervation; 肌营养不良muscular dystrophy; 慢性营养不良chronic mulnutrition; 先天性肌病congenital myopathy; 预期寿命life expectancy; 免疫紊乱immunologic derangemant; 发病高峰年龄the peak age of onset; 胸腺肿瘤thymoma; 呼吸肌受累the involvement of respiratory muscle; 感染性肌炎inflammatory myositic; 去神经支配denervation; 矿物质吸收mineral absorption; 机械应力mechanical stress; 骨基质有机部分the organic parts of bone matrix; 青春期早熟premature puberty; 蛋白溶解酶protein-digesting enzyme; 破骨细胞osteoclast; 松质骨spongy bone; 骨折fracture; 不规则骨irregular bone;
医学专业英语 I. Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D (40points) 1. Which of the following suffixes does not mean “pertaining to”? A. -ic B. -al C. -ar D. -our 2. Which of the following combining forms means cell? A. -cyte B. cyt/o C. cel/o D. both a and b 3. Which of the following forms means tissue? A. erythr/o B. immun/o C.hist/o D. vascul/o 4. A- means ______. A. up B. down C. apart D. without 5. The suffix -itis means _______ . A. infammation B.inflammation C.inflammazed D. instrument 6. The combining form of radi/o means _________. A. radar B. x-ray C. radio D. both B and C 7. The instrument for viewing is –scope whereas the instrument for cutti ng is_____. A. –scopy B. –tome C. –meter D. –graph 8. Which of the following forms refers to “surgical incision of ?” A. –tomy B. -stomy C. –tome D. –ectomy 9. A record of electric wave occurring in the brain is called _______. A. electroencephogram B. electromyogram C. electrocardiogram D. ele ctroencephalogram 10. Stethalgia means the pain of chest, which can also be expressed in ____. A. stethodynia B. thoracalgia C. thoracodynia D. all of the above 11. Which of the following forms means fungus? A. my/o B. myel/o C. myc/o D. none of the above 12. The combining form meaning “the skin”is _______. A. dem/o B. derm/o C. dermat/o D. both B and C 13. Which of the following combining forms means blood vessels ? A. vascul/o B. angi/o C. chromat/o D. Both A and B 14. The term meaning “pertaining to secretion”is _______ . A. crinogenic B. endocrine C. crinologic D. endocardial 15. The disease of having too many white blood cells is referred to as _______.
?a-[无，缺] ▲anemia[贫血] ▲ atonia[无张力] ▲ asymptomatic[无症状的] ▲ amenorrhea[闭经] ?ab-[分离] ▲ abduct [外展] ▲ abscision[切除] ?acou (acu)-[听觉] ▲ acumeter [听力计] ▲ acouophone[助听器] ?acro-[肢端] ▲ acromegaly[肢端肥大症] ▲ acromastitis[乳头炎] ?ad (af, an)-[邻近，向上] ▲ adrenal [肾上腺] ▲ adaxial[近轴的] ▲ annexa[附件] ?-ad[……侧] ▲ ventrad[向腹侧] ▲ cephalad[向头侧] ?adeno-[腺] ▲ adenocyte[腺细胞] ▲ adenoidism[腺体病] ?adipo-[脂肪] ▲ adiposis[肥胖症] ▲ adiponecrosis[脂肪坏死] ?adreno-[肾上腺] ▲adrenocorticoid[肾上腺皮质激素] ▲ adrenalin[肾上腺素] ▲ adrenal[肾上腺] ?-aemia(emia)[血症] ▲ bacteremia[菌血症] ▲ leukemia[白血病] ?-albi (albino)-[白色] ▲ albumin[白蛋白] ▲ albinism[白化病] ?-algesia[痛觉] ▲hypoalgesia[痛觉减退] ?-algia[痛] ▲arthralgia[关节痛] ▲cephalgia[头痛] ▲neuralgia[神经痛] ?alkali-[碱] ▲alkalosis[碱中毒] ?alveo-[牙槽，小沟] ▲alveolitis[牙槽炎] ▲alveobronchiolitis[支气管肺泡 炎] ?ambi-[复，双] ▲ ambiopia[复视] ▲ ambivert[双重性格] ?ambly-[弱] ▲amblyopia[弱视] ▲amblyaphia[触觉迟钝] ?amylo-[淀粉] ▲amyloidosis[淀粉酶] ▲amylase[淀粉酶] ?angio-[血管] ▲angiography[血管造影术] ▲angioedema[血管性水肿] ▲angeitis[脉管炎] ▲angiofibroma[血管纤维瘤] ?ante-[前] ▲antenatal[出生前的] ▲anteflexion[前屈] ?antero-[前] ▲anterolateral[前侧壁] ▲anteroventral[前腹侧] ?anti-[抗，反] ▲antibiotics[抗生素] ▲antihypertensives[降压药] ▲anticoagulant[抗凝剂] ?rarchno-[蛛网膜] ▲arachnoiditis[蛛网膜炎] ?archo-[肛门，直肠] ▲archorrhagia[肛门出血] ▲archosyrinx[直肠灌注器] ?arterio-[动脉] ▲arteriospasm[动脉痉挛] ▲arteriosclerosis[动脉硬化] ?arthro-[关节] ▲arthrocentesis[关节穿刺] ▲arthrotomy[关节切开术] ▲arthritis[关节炎] ?-ase[酶] ▲oxidase[氧化酶] ▲proteinase[蛋白酶] ?-asthenia[无力] ▲myasthenia[肌无力] ▲neurasthenia[神经衰弱] ?audio(audito)-[听力] ▲audiology[听觉学] ▲audiometer[听力计] ?auto-[自己] ▲autoimmune[自身免疫] ▲auto hemotherapy[自体血疗法] ?bacilli-[杆菌] ▲bacillosis[杆菌病] ▲bacilluria[杆菌尿]医学全 在.线提供 ?bacterio-[细菌] ▲bacteriology[细菌学] ▲bactericide[杀菌剂] ?baro-[压力] ▲barometer [压力计] ▲baroreceptor[压力感受器] ?bary-[迟钝] ▲barylalia[言语不清] ▲baryacusia[听觉迟钝] ?bi-[双] ▲bicuspid[二尖瓣]] ▲bilateral[两侧的] ?bili-[胆汁] ▲bilirubin[胆红素] ?bio-[生命] ▲biology[生物学] ▲biopsy[活检] ?-blast[母细胞] ▲spermatoblast[精子细胞] ▲melanoblast[成黑色素细胞] ▲osteoblast[成骨细胞] ?brachy-[短] ▲brachypnea[气短] ▲brachydactylia[短指畸形] ?brady-[迟缓] ▲bradycardia[心动过缓] ▲bradypsychia[精神不振] ?broncho-[支气管] ▲bronchoscopy[支气管镜检查] ▲bronchiostenosis[支气管痉挛]
这里汇聚了中西医学行业的大部分英语词汇和详细解说，如果要查询相关词汇，你可以点此word 文档工具栏的“编辑”，找到“查找”，然后点开输入你要查询的词汇就可以查询了。 西医篇： 1、医院部门及科室名称 2、医务人员名称 3、诊断和治疗常用词汇 4、常见疾病名称 5、常见手术名称 6、常用药物名称 7、常用护理术语 8、常用临床医学术语 9、医疗器材 10、医学英语快速记忆－后缀 11、主要人体系统名称 12、医院类型名称 13、医学词汇 14、医学常用字首与字根 1.医院部门及科室名称 out-patient department 门诊部 In-patient department 住院部 Nursing department 护理部 Admission office 住院处 Discharge office 出院处 Registration office 挂号处 Reception room, waiting room 侯诊室 Consultation room 诊察室 Isolation room 隔离室 Delivery room 分娩室 Emergency room 急诊室 Ward 病房室 Department of internal medicine 内科 Department of surgery 外科 Department of pediatrics 儿科 Department of obstetrics and gynecology 妇科 Department of neurology 神经科 Department of ophtalmology 眼科 E.N.T.department 耳鼻喉科 Department of stomatology 口腔科 Department of urology 泌尿科 Department of orthopedic 骨科 Department of traumatology 创伤科 Department of endocrinology 内分泌科
Human Diseases The brief survey of the human body in Chapter One has given us a glimpse into two different studies that are considered the fundamentals of medical sciences, namely anatomy and physiology. However, the picture is not complete without considering pathology, the science that deals with the structural and functional changes produced by the disease. In fact, the modern approach to the study of disorder emphasizes the close relationship of the pathological and physiological aspects and the need to understand the fundamentals of each in treating any body diseases. 第一章中，通过对人体的概论，即解剖学与生理学，我们对两种被认为是医学基础的不同学科有了一个大致的印象。然而如果我们不考虑病理学，这门涉及由疾病带来的结构和功能变化的学科，上述的人体概论就不是完整的。实际上，现代对疾病的研究方法强调了病理学与生理学方面的密切关系，强调了我们在治疗任何人体疾病方面需要了解病理学与生理学基础的重要性。 Then what is a disease? It may be defined as a condition that impairs the proper function of the body or of one of its parts. Every living thing, both plants and animals, can succumb to disease. People, for example, are often infected by tiny bacteria, but bacteria, in turn, can be infected by even more minute viruses. 那么什么是疾病呢？它可能被定义为正常的功能或是部分功能遭受损害时的一种状态。每一种生物、植物和动物，都会受制于疾病。例如，人类常常被微小的细菌所感染，但是，反过来说，细菌又能够被甚至更加微小的病毒所感染。 Hundreds of different diseases exist. Each has its own particular set of symptoms and signs, clues that enable a physician to diagnose the problem. A symptom is something a patient can detect, such as fever, bleeding, or pain. A sign is something a doctor can detect, such as a swollen blood vessel or an enlarged internal body organ. 许多种疾病存在于世。每一种都有其特定的症状、征兆和线索，医生能以此诊断疾病之所在。症状是病人自己就能觉察到的，比如，高烧、流血，或是疼痛。而征兆则是医生能够观察到的，比如，血管扩张或是体内器官肿大。 Diseases can be classified differently. For instance, an epidemic disease is one that strikes many persons in a community. When it strikes the same region year after year it is an endemic disease. An acute disease has a quick onset and runs a short course. An acute heart attack, for example, often hits without warning and can be quickly fatal. A chronic disease has a slow onset and runs a sometimes years-long course. The gradual onset and long course of rheumatic fever makes it a chronic ailment. Between the acute and chronic, another type is called subacute. 疾病可以划分为不同的种类，例如，流行病是一种在某一社区内侵袭许多人的疾病。当它年复一年地袭击同一社区，就成了一种地方病。急性病发作快，但病程短，举个例子来说，急性心脏病发作常常没有前兆，而且会很快致命。慢性病发作则慢，但病程有时会长达几年之久。风湿热正是由于发病慢、病程长而成为一种慢性失调病（慢性病）。而介于急性与慢性之间的另一种类型，就被称为亚急性。 Diseases can also be classified by their causative agents. For instance, an infectious, or communicable, disease is the one that can be passed between persons such as by means of
常用医学英语词根词缀 1．人体主要器官前缀 名称通用名前（后）缀常用形容词示例 心heart cardiao- cardial cardium / carditis / cardiology 脑brain encepholo- cerebral cerebrum / encephalitis / encephalology 肺lung pulmo- pulmonary pulmontiis / pulmonectomy / pulmonology 肝liver hepato- hepatic hepatitis / hepatobiliary / hepatology 胃stomach gastro- gastric gastritis / gastrointestinal / gastrology 胆gallbladder chole- biliary holecystitis / cholinergic / cholecystectomy 肠intestine entero- intestinal enteritis / enterectomy / enterology 脾spleen splen- splenic splenitis / splenectomy / splenology 胰pancreas pancreato- pancreatic pancreatitis / pancreatectomy 肾kidney nephro- renal/nephric nephritis / nephropathy / nephrology 2．与人体系统、器官有关的前（后）缀 名称通用名前（后）缀示例 血blood hemo-/hemato hematology/hemoglobin/hematoma 血管vessel vaso- vasopressor/cardiovasology/verebrovascular 静脉vein veno- venography/intravenous/venoconstriction 动脉artery arterio- arteriology/arteriole/arteriosclerosis 肌muscle myo- mycology/myositis/myocarditis 髓marrow myel-/myelo- myelocyte/myelitis/myeloma 神经nerve neur-/neyro- neurology/neuritis/neuron 细胞cell cyto-/-cyte cytology/cytoma/leukocyte 尿urine uro-/ur- urology/urosurgery/urogenital 体body somato-/some somatology/somatopsychic/chromosome 3．与数字有关的前缀 数字前缀示例 一（单）mono-/uni- monomer/monoclone/carbon monoxide/unidirectional 二bi-/di- bilateral/biphasiccarbon dioxide/dipeptide 三tri- trilateral/triphasic/trigeminal nerve 四tetra- tetramer/tetracycline/tetraplegia 五penta- pentagon/pentachromic/pentachloride 六hexa- hexachromic/benzene hexachloride(666)/hexacycliccompiund 七hepta- heptachromic/heptaploid/heptavalent 八octa- octahedral/octal system 九nona- nonapeptide/nonagon 十deca- decade/decagram/decaliter 注：十位数的表示一般为：个位数前缀+deca，如：hexadecanol（十六烷醇），tetradecapeptide gastrin（十四肽胃泌素），octadecanoic acid（十八烷酸）