新托福IBT听力场景词汇 对话场景 选课 学科 major 主修minor 副修 science理科, arts文科, engineering 工科 Mathematics 数学 physics 物理 chemistry 化学 biology 生物学 geography 地理学 electronics 电子学 computer science 计算机科学astronomy 天文学 electronics engineering 电子工程学 botany 植物学 psychology 心理学 zoology 动物学 architecture 建筑学oceanography 海洋学 ecology 生态学 medical science 医学archaeology 考古学 history 历史学 linguistics 语言学 pedagogies 教育学，教学法anthropology 人类学 economics 经济学 statistics 统计学 accounting 会计学 philosophy 哲学 类型 required、compulsory course 必修课 selective/optional course选修课elective course 选修课 lecture 讲座 seminar 高级研讨性课colloquium n.报告课
tutorial 个人辅导课程 workshop 专题课程 级别 Introductory 入门级elementary, fundamental 初级Intermediate, secondary 中级Advanced 高级 Prerequisite 先修课程 上课： Attend class 上课 Miss class 缺课 Skip class逃课 Syllabus 教学大纲 Required textbook 要求的课本Attendance 出勤 Grading system 打分体系 Class participation 课堂参与 杂 semester/term 学期quarter小学期 course guideline 课程纲要major 主修 minor 副修 exemption 免修 syllabus 教学大纲 Professor’s sig nature 教授的签字（用于注册课程） Course cap课程容量（可以招收的学生数）, openings （可供注册的名额）Take选（课）, drop 退（课）Late registration晚注册Deregistration 注销 教师称号 professor 教授 lecturer = instructor 讲师teaching assistant = TA 助教research assistant = RA 助研counselor, adviser 咨询者，顾问president 大学校长 teacher/faculty 教师 student's advisor 学生顾问physicist 物理学家
托福听力功能题及态度题 功能题 在新托福听力中, function功能题占大约15%的比重。那么考生要学会识别function 功能题并把握其解题技巧。 首先我们看看功能题的典型提问方式： What is the purpose of the lecture? What does the professor imply when she says this? Why does the professor say this? What can be inferred from the student’s response? 其次我们学习下功能题的解题技巧 解答这类题目，考生需要注意重听的某句话在重听的小层次中所起到的作用。单独看这句话，可能考生无法判定它的功能。那么放在语境中，考生才能更好地把握其功能。 而在托福听力中常见的功能的分类有解释，总结，建议，鼓励，强调，纠正错误等。此外考生可以根据这些常见的功能分类，分析可能出现的考点，利用听力过程中的笔记把握重点内容。在记笔记的过程中注意把握语气、语调的升降。这些都是功能题常出现的考点。有重点地把握这些能够更好地把握功能题，并提升功能题的正确率。 态度题 在P类问题(Pragmatic Understanding Questions)中，态度题所占的比重相对较少。但是不可忽视其重要性。下面我们来看看托福听力中态度题的一些情况。 态度题的典型提问方式： What is the professor’s opinion of …? What can be inferred about the student when he says this?
托福听力分类词汇汇总
植物学 botany植物学botanical / botanic植物学的horticulture 园艺学aquatic plant 水生植物parasite plant 寄生植物root 根canopy树冠层/顶棚foliage / leaf 叶 leaflet 小叶rosette（叶的）丛生 stem 茎stalk 杆leafstalk叶柄shoot / sprout 嫩芽/抽枝 flower花bud 花蕾petal花 瓣peel / skin 果皮 shell（硬）果 壳 husk（干）果 壳/（玉米苞叶 trunk树干 bark树皮 branch树枝 bough大或者 粗的树枝 twig小树枝 jungle丛林 lawn草 meadow草地/ 牧场prairie大 草原mosses苔 藓shrub / bush灌木 cluster一簇 （灌木） fern蕨类植物 horsetails木 贼类植物 club mosses石 松类植物herb 草 photosynthesi s光合作用 chlorophyll 叶绿素 symbiosis共 生 symbiotic 共生 的 wither / shrivel / fade 凋谢blossom 花pollen花粉
pollinate传授花粉petal花瓣nectar花蜜tissue 组织organ器官system 系统seeds种子everlasting永久的crossbreed杂交 root pressure 根压 bore腔/肠cohesion-tensi on凝聚压力column花柱necrosis坏死barren 贫瘠的；不生育的futile无用的carbohydrate (starch)碳水 化合物（淀粉） glucose葡萄 糖starch淀粉 fat 脂肪 protein蛋白 质 vitamin 维他 命 malnourished 营养不良的 nutrition 营养 perennial 多年 一生的 annual一年一 生的 verdant 嫩绿 的，翠绿的 evergreen常 青树 conifer tree针 叶树 larch 落叶松 pine松树 spruce云杉 juniper 刺 柏；杜松 sequoia红杉 elm榆树 walnut核桃树 redwood红木 树 plum blossom 梅花 orchid兰花 chrysanthemu m 菊花 water lily荷花 /莲花 rhododendron 杜鹃花 carnation康 乃馨 jasmine茉莉
CONVERSATION 1.课程相关事务场景 intro / basic course introductory intermediate (level) course higher course sign up for … register get enrolled in ?Discussion讨论n, presentation个人陈述n, topic话题，主题n, lecture演讲（n.）good choice好的选择, slide幻灯片n, library图书馆n, collection收集n, check支票n, librarian 图书馆管理员n Report报告n, office hour 教授答疑 ?时间, submit 上交v, on disk在磁盘上, hard copy硬皮书, soft copy软皮书, computer电脑n, print打印v, computer lab电脑实验室 ?Project工程，计划n, tons of很多（a ton of ,tons of), cover 覆盖, re-write重写v, research data研究数据, information 信息n, input投入n,输入v, presentation个人陈述n, complete完整的adj, 完成vt semester seminar
?Term paper学期报告, grade分数，成绩n, complicated复杂的adj, terrible mistake严重的（糟糕的）错误, edited version编辑过的版本, submit上交n, overtired过度劳累adj, stressed有压力的adj, rushing（急急忙忙的）against the clock争分夺秒, mark标记，分数n, draft起草vt，草图n, print打印vt（printer打印机n）, final paper期末论文, maintaining average保持平均水平, application申请n, drop 扔掉, re-take重上, due到期的adj, extension延期n, discuss 讨论vt, check back查阅记录, re-reading评价, submission 上交n ?Information信息n, exam schedule考试规划表, term术语，学期n, date日期, book预定vt，书n, ?apartment公寓department部门，院系; appointment 预约?departure离开depart 离开, invigilator监考人n, ?sign up for a course选择选修课程 ?（required必须的/compulsory 被强制的course必修课）（selective/elective/optional course选修课）（register注册）, sheet纸张=paper（a sheet of 张，表量词）, ?bulletin board公告栏, faculty lounge教师休息室, square正方形，广场n, draft起草，草图, dean系主任=department chair(person), review评估, draw up起草=draft=first version, ?Manual手工（manufacture制造)，consult咨询, register 注册 Physiology 生理学100, sophomore大学二年级生, second year course第二年课程, first year student新生, transfer转变, begin my first lecture开始我的第一堂课, introduce介绍，引进, complete完整的，完成, approach方法n，接近vt, laws of physics and chemistry法律的物理和化学, process of life生命的过程, vital force机体，生命力, philosophical approach哲
从Task3开始后面的托福口语题目都被称为综合口语，综合口语“故名思意”就是在题目中除了有说的部分，同时还会兼有阅读或者听力的内容，那么这类题目应该如何去解答呢?小站教育编辑在这里为大家带来了托福综合口语Task3的常考场景介绍，希望对大家托福口语提分有帮助。 像托福独立口语的常考话题一样，在综合口语Task3中也有高频场景、中频场景和低频场景的分类。至于这些怎么分类，我们平时练习的时候相信大家都用过TPO，那么这里就为大家总结一下TPO当中各个常考场景的出现位置，希望大家在备考时可以参考一下。 高频场景 话题： 基础建设Infrastructure Projects 解释： 学校的一些常见设施发生变化，诸如学校计划购置雕塑、计划在餐厅播放音乐、维修宿舍、建新的体育馆等，因此给出通知或是布告。或是学生提出倡议要求改变学校的基础设施。对话就阅读中的这些相关问题展开讨论。 TPO中出现： TPO1, TPO19，TPO15, TPO17, TPO8，TPO10，TPO11，TPO12，TPO13, TPO20, TPO24, TPO28, TPO29, TPO30, TPO32，TPO33 中频场景 话题1： 教学活动Teaching Activities 解释：
对话就阅读中提到的教学方面的情况：如教室调整、上课时间调整、教师改变、选修课改变、师生见面会调整等通知或是倡议展开讨论。 TPO中出现： TPO6, TPO7, TPO26, TPO34, TPO4, TPO9, TPO14, Extra1 话题2： 后勤服务Logistics Service 解释： 对话就阅读中提到的诸如校车、餐饮、音像资料借阅等变化的通知或是倡议展开讨论。 TPO中出现： TPO5, TPO16, TPO2, TPO3, TPO27, TPO31 低频场景 话题： 课外活动Spare Time Activity 解释： 对话就阅读中提到的诸如校园合唱团计划参加校外歌咏比赛、学校计划让学生代替行政工作人员带领中学生参观大学校园、校园报纸编辑部决定取消国际新闻报道版面、学校决定举行两场开学典礼等这些变化或通知展开讨论。 TPO中出现： TPO18, TPO21, TPO22, TPO23, TPO25 以上就是小站教育编辑为大家整理的托福综合口语Task3的常考场景介绍，大家在备考时可以重点为注意一下，特别是高频场景在考试中出现的频率会更高一些。最后，小编预祝大家托福考试能取得理想的成绩。
老托福听力93篇(45-46)-So, why did what is now 45 So, why did what is now called "modern dance" begin in the United States? To begin to answer this question, I'll need to backtrack a little bit and talk about classical ballet. By the late 1800's, ballet had lost a lot of its popularity. Most of the ballet dancers who performed in the United States were brought over from Europe. They performed using the rigid techniques that had been passed down through the centuries. Audiences and dancers in the United States were eager for their own, "contemporary" dance form. And, so, around 1900, dancers created one. So, how was this "modern" dance so different from classical ballet? Well, most notably, it wasn't carefully choreographed. Instead, the dance depended on the improvisation and free, personal expression of the dancers. Music and scenery were of little importance to the "modern" dance, and lightness of movement wasn't important either. In fact, modern dancers made no attempt at all to conceal the effort involved in a dance step. But even if improvisation appealed to audiences, many dance critics were less than enthusiastic about the performances. They questioned the artistic integrity of dancers who were not professionally trained and the artistic value of works that had no formal structure. Loie Fuller, after performing Fire Dance, was described as doing little more than turning "round and round like an eggbeater." Yet, the free, personal expression of the pioneer dancers is the basis of the "controlled freedom" of modern dance today. 【生词摘录】 1. backtrack: v. (由原路)返回，后退 2. ballet: n. [C]芭蕾舞 3. rigid: adj. 严格的 4. contemporary: adj. 当代的 5. choreograph: v. 设计舞蹈动作，精心编排 6. improvisation: n. 即席创作 7. scenery: n. 舞台布景 8. lightness: n. 轻盈，灵活 9. conceal: v. 隐藏 10. eggbeater: n. [C]打蛋器 11. pioneer: adj. 先驱，创始人 12. controlled freedom: 克制的自由 46 Today I want to discuss fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas. The term "fossil fuel" refers to the trapped remains of plants and animals in sedimentary rock. You see, living plants trap energy from the sun by the process of photosynthesis, and they store the energy in their chemical compounds. Most of that energy is released when the plant dies and decays. However, sometimes organic matter is buried before it decays completely. In this way some of the solar energy becomes trapped in rocks, hence the name fossil fuel. Although the amount of organic matter trapped in any one growing season is small, the accumulated remains from millions of years are considerable. Because the accumulation rate is so slow, millions of times slower than the rate at which we now dig up this organic matter and
托福听力词汇完整版
lecture 讲座 seminar 高级研讨性课 colloquium n.报告课 tutorial 个人辅导课程 workshop 专题课程 级别 Introductory 入门级 elementary, fundamental 初级Intermediate, secondary 中级Advanced 高级 Prerequisite 先修课程 上课： Attend class 上课 Miss class 缺课 Skip class逃课 Syllabus 教学大纲 Required textbook 要求的课本Attendance 出勤 Grading system 打分体系 Class participation 课堂参与 杂 semester/term 学期quarter小学期course guideline 课程纲要 major 主修 minor 副修 exemption 免修 syllabus 教学大纲 Professor’s signature 教授的签字（用于注册课程） Course cap课程容量（可以招收的学生数）, openings （可供注册的名额） Take选（课）, drop 退（课） Late registration晚注册Deregistration 注销 教师称号 professor 教授 lecturer = instructor 讲师 teaching assistant = TA 助教research assistant = RA 助研counselor, adviser 咨询者，顾问president 大学校长 teacher/faculty 教师student's advisor 学生顾问 physicist 物理学家 mathematician 数学家 chemist 化学家 historian 历史学家 statistician 统计学家 作业： assignment 作业 homework = coursework = schoolwork = studies 作业 lab report 实验报告 book report 读书报告 project 作业 presentation 发言 term paper 学期论文（research paper） thesis/essay/dissertation 论文 journal 学术期刊 social investigation 社会调查 survey 调查 questionnaire n.调查表, 问卷observation n.观察 interview vt.n.采访 collect data 收集数据 broad (论文等)内容宽泛 narrow down (论文等)缩小范围source （写论文的）参考资料critical thinking 评判性思维 lack your own ideas缺少自己的想法deadline n.最终期限 extension 延期 due date/time期限 outline n.大纲, 提纲(roadmap) bibliography n书目, 参考书目reference 参考 plagiarism n. 抄袭 revise v. 修改 rewrite v. 重写 final draft 完成稿 speech n.演讲 presentation 演讲，陈述 eye contact 目光接触 intonation 音调
老托福听力93篇(33-34)-Today I want to talk about 33 Today I want to talk about the Earth's last major climatic shift, at the end of the last ice age. But first, let's back up a moment and review what we know about climatic change in general. First, we defined "climate" as consistent patterns of weather over significant periods of time. In general, changes in climate occur when the energy balance of the Earth is disturbed. Solar energy enters the Earth's atmosphere as light and is radiated by the Earth's surface as heat. Land, water, and ice each affect this energy exchange differently. The system is so complex that, to date, our best computer models are only crude approximations and are not sophisticated enough to test hypotheses about the causes of climatic change. Of course, that doesn't keep us from speculating. For instance, volcanic activity is one mechanism that might affect climatic change. When large volcanoes erupt, they disperse tons of particles into the upper atmosphere, where the particles then reflect light. Since less light is entering the system of energy exchange, the result would be a cooling of the Earth's surface. Of course, this is just one possible mechanism of global climate change. In all probability, a complete explanation would involve several different mechanisms operating at the same time. 【生词摘录】 1. climatic: adj. connected with the weather in a particular area 气候的 2. ice age: one of the long periods of time, thousands of years ago, when ice covered many northern countries 冰川期，冰河时代 3. consistent: adj. always having the same beliefs, behavior, attitudes, quality etc(信仰、行为、态度、品质等)一贯的，一致的;始终如一的 4. disturb: v. to interrupt someone so that they cannot continue what they are doing by asking a question, making a noise etc 干扰，打扰;使中断 5. radiate: v. if something radiates light or heat, or if light or heat radiates from something, it is sent out in all directions 辐射(光或热);(向四面八方)发射 6. crude: adj. not developed to a high standard or made with great skill 粗制的 7. approximation: n. [C]a number, amount etc that is not exact, but is almost correct 概算，近似值 8. hypothesis: n. [C]plural hypotheses, an idea that is suggested as a possible way of explaining a situation, proving and idea etc, which has not yet been shown to be true 假设，假说 9. speculate: v. to think or talk about the possible causes or effects of something without knowing all the facts or details 猜测，推测 10. disperse: v. if something disperses or is dispersed, it spreads over a wide area(使)消散;(使)分散 11. cooling: n.[U]the process of becoming cooler; a falling temperature 冷却 34 I know you're anxious to get your permits and get started. But there're just a few things I'd like to mention that might help you avoid trouble during your stay. First of all, make sure you carry adequate water. You'll need it if you're hiking, especially in this heat. A good rule of thumb is to bring one gallon per person per day this time of year. Don't try to rely on the park's natural springs to supply all your water needs. And please, do not use soap in the springs. It's your responsibility to protect the park's natural features. For those of you staying beyond the weekend, make sure that you set up camp well away from dry creekbeds. We may get some heavy rainfall, and those creekbeds could quickly
part 1. 天文类 1 astronomy 天文 astronomy 天文学 astronomical 天文的astronomical observatory 天文台astronomer 天文学家astrophysics 天文物理学astrology 占星学pseudoscience 伪科学 cosmos(universe) 宇宙cosmology 宇宙学 infinite 无限的 cosmic 宇宙的 cosmic radiation 宇宙辐射cosmic rays 宇宙射线 celestial 天的 celestial body (heavenly body) 天体celestial map (sky atlas) 天体图celestial sphere 天球 dwarf (dwarf star) 矮星 quasar 类星体，类星射电源constellation 星座 galaxy (Milky Way) 新河系 cluster 星团 solar system 太阳系 solar corona 日冕 solar eclipse 日食 solar radiation 太阳辐射 planet 行星 planetoid (asteroid) 小行星revolve 旋转，绕转twinkle 闪烁 naked eye 肉眼 Mercury 水星 Venus 金星 Earth 地球 Mars 火星 Jupiter 木星 Saturn 土星 Uranus 天王星 Neptune 海王星 Pluto 冥王星 orbit 轨道 spin 旋转 satellite 卫星 lunar 月球的 meteor 流星 meteor shower 流星雨meteoroid 流星体 meteorite 陨石
新托福IBT听力场景 入学： enrollment/register 登记,注册opening ceremony n开业典礼,仪式comme nceme nt ceremony 毕业典礼con vocation n正式会议（可指简单的毕业典礼）orie ntatio n meet ing 开学说明会staff n.全体职员 freshman （大学）一年级学生 sophomore （大学）二年级学生junior （大学）三年级学生senior （大学）四年级学生 tuition fee 费用 placeme nt test 开学测试 excellent出色的 average平均的，一般的below average低于平均水平的，差的结构及称谓： uni versity- preside nt 大学，校长 cha ncellor名誉校长 college 学院 scie nee/ arts school 理科/ 文科学院 un dergraduate 本科 postgraduate /graduate研究生 建筑物buildings: can tee n餐厅/cafeteria .自助餐厅 dining hall 食堂 adm ini strati on build ing 行政大楼wing/annex 配楼teach ing buildi ng 教学楼dormitory n.宿舍auditorium n.会堂,礼堂=lecture hall assembly n 集合 computer lab计算实验室，机房 选课 学科 major主修mi nor畐寸修 scie nee 理科,arts 文科,engin eeri ng 工科Mathematics 数学physics 物理chemistry 化学biology 生物学（micro-微marin-海洋）geography地理学electr onics 电子学 computer science 计算机科学astronomy 天文学electronics engineering 电子工程学botany 植物学psychology 心理学zoology 动物学architecture 建筑学oceanography 海洋学ecology 生态学medical science 医学archaeology 考古学history 历史学linguistic 语言
1 Community service is an important component of education here at our university. We encourage all students to volunteer for at least one community activity before they graduate. A new community program called "One On One" helps elementary students who've fallen behind. Y ou education majors might be especially interested in it because it offers the opportunity to do some teaching—that is, tutoring in math and English. Y ou'd have to volunteer two hours a week for one semester. Y ou can choose to help a child with math, English, or both. Half-hour lessons are fine, so you could do a half hour of each subject two days a week. Professor Dodge will act as a mentor to the tutors---he'll be available to help you with lesson plans or to offer suggestions for activities. He has office hours every Tuesday and Thursday afternoon. Y ou can sign up for the program with him and begin the tutoring next week. I'm sure you'll enjoy this community service and you'll gain valuable experience at the same time. It looks good on your resume, too, showing that you've had experience with children and that you care about your community. If you'd like to sign up, or if you have any questions, stop by Professor Dodge's office this week. 2 I hope you've all finished reading the assigned chapter on insurance so
托福听力五大解题技巧 1、主旨题 一个段子的主旨往往出现在文章引言和开头处，而重复的最多往往一定是主旨!在听课堂演讲等学术性题目时，一定要首先把握文章最核心的主旨，主旨考题选项中过于细节的往往是错误选项; 2、功能/目的题 该题型类似于主旨题，对于任何一个长段子，首先务必要把握的是文章的主旨和结构，只有主旨确定了，才有可能去理解细节，做推断。 3、细节题 主旨题和细节题主要是考察考生对于基本信息的理解能力(basic comprehension)，除此之外ETS所要考察考生的另外两种能力分别是对于语用信息的理解(pragmatic understanding)和整合信息、对全文结构把握的能力(connecting information)。而基本信息的理解就占到50%的比重，可见主旨题和细节题的重要性。 对于细节题，大家不要走入误区，觉得所有的细节100%会考到，所以去关注每一个小的细节点，以至于舍本逐末，只见树木，不见森林。对于细节题，大家要把握两个原则：第一、ETS只会考察我们和主旨有关的重要细节。过于偏细节的实在没有听到，大可不必惋惜，影响后面的发挥;第二，牢牢把握住往往和考点向联系的重要信号词。比如说表示因果的accordingly, thus等词对应于细节题中常考察的因果题。而常见的和信号词相关的考点有逻辑时间顺序、举例、列举、相似或者对比、转折、强调、因果、总结、定义、建议、数字等。 4、态度/ 推断 对话中的态度题要注意通过语气、语调、重读来推测;而由于演讲中的内容相对学术和客观，所以演讲中的态度题要注意通过形容词和副词的褒贬色彩来确定说话者的主观意图。
新托福听力场景汇总之LECTURE篇 1.生物学 antibody抗体toxin毒素immunity免疫immunology免疫学vaccine疫苗fungus真菌bacteria细菌fermentation发酵inflection传染 / 感染microorganism / microbe微生物virus病毒disfection消毒sterilization灭菌biology生物学marine biology海洋生物学entomology昆虫学ornithology鸟类学microbiology微生物学genetics遗传学speciology物种学parasitology寄生虫学paleontology古生物学paleontologist古生物学家dinosaur恐龙die out / extinction灭绝mammal 哺乳动物carnivore食肉动物rodent啮齿类动物underwater水下的marine海洋的scuba 水下呼吸器diving潜水 / 跳水one-celled organism单细胞有机体tissue（动植物细胞的）组织protective camouflage保护色predator捕猎者oceanic海洋的snail蜗牛animal adaptation动物适应性survival of the fittest适者生存origin of species物种起源wild environment野生环境insecticide杀虫剂prenatal care产前护理habitat栖息地tentacle触须prey捕食navigate导航tiny receptor接收器nerve 神经/ specimen样品amphibian两栖类动物decline in the number数量减少gene基因genetic基因的，遗传的endangered species濒危动物survival活着的transition转变/过渡microbe 微生物yeast酵母（菌）bacteria 细菌single-cell单细胞reptile爬行类动物hatch孵化incubation 孵化nest巢offspring子孙chew up咀嚼unfertilized eggs未受精卵nutrient营养品nourishment营养品 / 食物feed喂养cannibalism同类相食respiration呼吸ingestion摄食digestion消化digestive enzyme消化酶cell细胞nucleus细胞核cytoplasm细胞质plasma lemma / cell membrane细胞膜cell wall细胞壁protein蛋白质amino acid核酸plankton浮游生物heredity遗传mutation of species物种变异chromosome染色体genetic engineering遗传工程solitary独居social群居bio-diversity生物多样性metamorphosis变态/变形mutation变种variation变异 2.动物学 zoology动物学Darwinism达尔文学说natural selection自然选择phylum门class纲order目suborder亚目family科genus属species 种invertebrate无脊椎动物vertebrate脊椎动物aquatic life水生动物reptile爬行动物amphibian/amphibious animal两栖动物protozoa原生动物rodent啮齿动物ruminant反刍动物parasitic animal寄生动物primate灵长动物plankton浮游生物mollusk 软体动物coelenterate腔肠动物（如水母、海蜇、珊瑚等）herbivore食草动物mammal哺乳动物homotherm恒温动物cold-blooded animal冷血动物poikilotherm变温动物scavenger食腐动物carnivorous食肉的herbivorous食草的omnivorous杂食的bird鸟类camouflage伪装hibernate冬眠；蛰伏regeneration再生predatory / carnivore食肉的predator捕食者prey捕食hordes/swarms （昆虫等）群flock（牛、羊等）群community动物的群落或人的部落population种群herd兽群hygiene卫生sanitation公共卫生；卫生设施monogamous一夫一妻的/一雌一雄的polygamous一夫多妻的/一雄多雌的polyandrous一妻多夫的/一雌多雄的nomadic游牧的；流浪的trapper诱捕动物者niche小生态环境vestige 退化的器官fertilize使受精metabolism新陈代谢breed（名词）品种；（动词）繁殖multiply / reproduce繁殖spawn（鱼、虾、蛙等）孵anatomy解剖学appetite食欲creature生物scales鳞feathers羽毛armor甲spinal cord脊椎digestive system消化系统excretory system排泄系统reproductive system生殖系统circulatory system循环系统respiratory system呼吸系统hormonal system内分泌系统digestive duct消化管esophagus食管stomach胃small intestine小肠large intestine大肠anus肛门digestive gland消化腺salivary gland 唾液腺liver肝gallbladder胆pancreas胰squirrel松鼠marten貂bat蝙蝠squeak（老鼠等）吱吱otter水獭antelope羚羊gorilla大猩猩chimpanzee黑猩猩baboon狒狒