第一节名词语法
一、名词主要考点：
1．特殊名词的单复数
2．与名词相关的主谓一致关系
二、关于特殊名词的具体考点如下：
1．容易误用为复数的不可数名词：（这些名词一般不能用作复数，谓语动词用单数）
2．复数形式的名词用于单数概念，其谓语动词用单数。（这些名词一般为表示学科或疾病的名词）
3．特殊复数形式的名词：（注意其拼写与读音）
4. 单复数相同的名词: (谓语动词视具体情况而定)
5．单数形式表示复数意义或总是用于复数的名词：（谓语动词用复数）
6．既可用作单数又可用作复数但意义不同的名词
air 空气airs 风度，架势
arm 手臂arms 武器
art 艺术arts 文科；人文科学authority 权利；权威authorities 官方；当局
brain 大脑brains 智力
chain 链(条) chains 镣铐
compliment 恭维；称赞compliments 问候；致意
condition 状况，状态conditions 条件；环境，形势congratulation 祝贺congratulations 祝贺词
content 内容；容量；满足contents 目录
convenience 便利，方便conveniences 便利设备
custom 习俗customs 海关
damage 损害；毁坏damages 赔偿费
finding 发现，发现物findings 调查(研究)结果
force 力；力量；势力forces 兵力；军队
glass 玻璃glasses 眼镜
height 高；高度heights 高地／处
humanity 人类；人性humanities 人文科学
import 进口；输入imports 进口商品；要旨，含义interest 兴趣；关心；利息interests 利益；利害
instruction 指导；指示instructions 用法说明(书)；操作指南lesson 功课；课lessons 课程；教训
liability 责任；义务liabilities 债务
manner 举止；方式manners 礼貌，风度；规矩，风俗mass 大量；团，块masses 群众；质量
measure 尺寸，大小measures 措施，办法
minute 分钟minutes 会议记录
necessity observation pain
paper
poll proceeding provision quarter
rail respect
ruin saving slack specification spirit
sport 必要／必然性；需要
观察；监视
疼痛
纸
民意测验
行动；进行
供应；准备；规定
四分之一
栏杆，围栏
尊敬，尊重
毁灭，崩溃
储蓄
淡季，萧条
详述
精神，气概
运动
necessities
observations
pains
papers
polls
proceedings
provisions
quarters
rails
respects
ruins
savings
slacks
specifications
spirits
sports
必需品
观察资料或报告；言论
努力，辛劳
文件
政治选举，大选
会议录；学报
给养，口粮
方向；地区；住处
铁路；轨道
敬意，问候
废墟，遗迹
储蓄金，存款
便裤，运动裤
规格，说明书，规范
情绪，心情；酒精，烈
酒, 运动会
teaching
term
thing
time
ton
sand transaction water
wood communication light
virtue
work 教学、
学期，期限
东西，物
时间
吨
沙子
处理；交易，事物
水
木头
通讯；交流
光
美德
工作；职业；产品
teachings
terms
things
times
tons
sands
transactions
waters
woods
communications
1ights
virtues
works
教导，学说
条件，条款；术语
用品；事态，情况
时代
大量，许多
沙滩
会报，学报
水域，河道
树林
交通工具，通讯系统
灯
优点
著作；工厂，工场
三、主谓一致关系
英语中，主语和谓语在数、性和格上应该保持一致，但在实际应用中很容易被忽视，尤其是主语和谓语之间出现插入语，故考试中经常考到主谓一致。除了以上特殊名词谓语有特殊要求外，现将主谓一致的考点归纳如下：
1．复数原则：两个或者两个以上的名词由and连接作主语时；主语由both … and …连接时，谓语动词用复数。
Baseball and swimming are usually summer sports.
Both bread and butter are sold in that grocery. 那个杂货店既卖面包，也卖黄油。
2．就近原则：由either … or … ; neither … nor …; not only…but also…; …or …；there be …等引导的主语，谓语动词的单复数取决于最靠近动词的名词的单复数。
Not only the students but also their teacher is invited to attend the party.
3．就远原则：主语，＋as well as +另一个主语，谓语动词的单复数取决于第一个主语的名词的单复数。
My mother, as well as my two brothers, has a key to the office.
我母亲，还有我的两个哥哥都有一把办公室的钥匙。
同例：with…; together with…; along with…; including…; in addition to…; besides …; except…; as much as…;
accompanied by …; rather than…等等
4．表示时间、距离、价值、量度的复数名词作主语时谓语动词用单数。
One hundred dollars is a large sum for the poor .
Twenty days have passed since I met her last time.
自从我上次见到她到现在已经过去二十天。（twenty days 这里不作整体看待，故谓语动词用复数。）
5．and连接两个名词表示一个概念做主语时，谓语用单数; 若表示的是多个不同的概念时，谓语动词用复数。
War and peace is a constant theme in literature.
战争与和平是文学中永恒的主题。(War and peace是一对概念，看作一个主题)
同例：ham and eggs n.火腿蛋steam and bread
law and order bread and butter
apple pie and ice cream folk and knife
wheel and axle 轮轴needle and thread
love and hate egg and rice 蛋炒饭
The writer and translator is delivering a speech in our university tonight. (指同一个人)
The writer and the translator are delivering a speech in our university tonight. （指两个人）
A black and a white dog are playing in the yard. (指两只狗)
A black and white dog is playing in the yard. ( 指一只狗)
6．动词不定式、动名词、名词性从句做主语时+单数谓语
Early to bed and early to rise makes one healthy, wealthy and wise.
( 指“早睡早起”一件事)
To work hard is necessary
What I said and did is of no concern to you.
Reading three classical novels and making some social investigations are assignments for the students during the holiday. ( 注意：指不同性质的两件事，谓语用复数)
7．many a, more than one + 单数可数名词，尽管表示复数意义，谓语仍用单数。
Many a student has made such a mistake.
More than one stranger agrees with me.
[注意]
在“more + 复数名词+ than one”结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
More persons than one have been involved. 卷入其中的远不止一人。
8．由every …and every …; each … and each…; no … and no…; many a …and many a …等连接的并列主语，谓语动词用单数。
Every man and every woman working here is getting along well with me.
No difficulty and no hardship has discouraged him.
9. 由all of, most of, half of , a lot of, part of 等加名词构成的主语，谓语动词的数取决于该名词的单复
数。
All of us are going to see the game.
All of his time was spent on gambling
Three-fourths of the people are illiterate.
同例：plenty of…, one fourth of…, none of…, some of …, majority of …, …percent of …, the rest of …, reminder of ….
10. a number of ( a total of , an average of ) +复数名词，谓语动词用复数。
the number of ( the total of, the average of ) + 复数名词，谓语动词用单数。
A total of ten thousand dollars were donated last month.
The total of dollars donated last month was 100,000 dollars.
同例：a / the variety of；a / the group of
11. 定语从句的谓语动词注意与先行词保持一致，但注意the only one of…的用法。
One of those men likes to drive fast.
One of those men who like to drive fast is her son.
He is the only one of those men who likes to drive fast.
12. 由some，any, no，every 构成的复合词如somebody, nothing, nobody, anything, everybody等代词作主语，谓
语动词用单数；由each, every one, no one, either, neither, another, the other作主语时，谓语动词用单数；由either, neither, each, every修饰名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：
More than one example is necessary to make the students understand this rule clearly.
Neither is satisfactory.
Is either of the singers reading now?
13. the + adj / v-ed 表示一类人时, 用复数谓语动词; 表示抽象概念时, 谓语动词用单数
The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.
病人得到了医治，失踪的也找回来了。
同例：the poor / dumb / innocent / guilty / unemployed / aged / oppressed / exploited…
We can do the difficult first. The impossible takes a little longer.
我们先从难题开始，不会的可能花的时间长一些。
The best is yet to come. 好戏还在后头.
14. a pair of + 由两部分物体构成的名词（如：shoes, scissors, glasses, jeans, pants, trousers）作主语时，谓语动
词用单数
My new pair of pants is being altered. 我的一条短裤正在修改。
15.当主语被one ( a ) and a half 修饰时，谓语动词用数。
One and a half apples is left on the plate.
16.当主语由a series of…, a portion of …, a species of …, a kind of …, a sequence of …, a chain of…, a piece
of …加名词(单数或复数)构成时，谓语用单数。
A series of lectures on psychology is said to be given by Mr. Li.
A large portion of her poems was published after her death.
第二节动词语法
一、动词时态、语态
汉语的时态大多是通过副词来表达的，而英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有9种，而且重点测试完成时态。要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词（do, be, have ）和时间状语这两个核心问题。
1、一般现在时
主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等时间状语；表示客观规律和永恒真理等。
H e usually goes to work at 7 o’cloc k every morning.
She has a brother who lives in New York.
The earth goes around the sun.
Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.
考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：
I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.
考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：
时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 条件：if, unless, provided.
If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.
考点三：在make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter ＋宾语从句，从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
So long as he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment.
只要他努力工作，我不介意他什么时候做完试验。
考点四：在the more… the more … (越……越……) 句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从句通常用一般现在时。
The harder you study, the better results you will get.
2、现在进行时
表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动：或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually，again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。
We are having English class.
The house is being built these days.
The little boy is always making trouble.
考点一：在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。
Look out when you are crossing the street.
Don't wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning.
考点二：表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。
Marry is leaving on Friday.
3、现在完成时
表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语：
考点一：for + 时间段；since + 时间点
They have lived in Beijing for five years.
They have lived in Beijing since 1995.
I have learned English for ten years.
考点二：常见的不确定的时间状语：lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days, Has it stopped raining yet ?
考点三：在表示“最近几世纪/ 年/ 月以来……”时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。
in the past few years/months/weeks/days；over the past few years; during the last three months; for the last few centuries, through centuries; throughout history 等
考点四：表示“第几次做某事，”或在“It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名词＋that”后面跟现在完成时。
This is my first time that I have visited China.
This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.
That is the only book that he has written.
4．一般过去时
表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; when, 注意：
考点一：used to + do，表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。to为不定式，后接动词原形。
be/become/get used to + doing，表示习惯于
He used to smoke a lot.
He has got used to getting up early.
考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时。
He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise
5. 过去进行时
表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。
The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.
He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help.
What were you doing at nine last night?
The radio was being repaired when you called me.
6. 过去完成时
表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用( before, after, by, up till )
There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000.
By the end of last term we had finished the book.
They finished earlier than we had expected.
考点一：用于hardly/scarcely...when; no sooner ...than 句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。
I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.
I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.
No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang. （注意主谓倒装）
考点二：表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。
That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.
It was 3 years since we had parted。
考点三：动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan 用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。
I had hoped that I could do the job.
I had intended to see you but I was too busy.
7. 一般将来时
表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示将来的时间状语连用，其表现形式多达5种。
Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008.
考点一：一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中：
We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.
（主句用一般将来时，从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。）
考点二：某些表示短暂性动作的动词如arrive, come, go, leave, start等，用现在进行时形式表示将来。
I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.
考点三：“祈使句+ and/or + 句子”，这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。
Use your head and you will find a way.
考点四：“am (is, are) going to + 动词原形”，表示打算要做的事或可能要发生的事。
“am (is, are) about to + 动词原形”表示按照预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。
“am (is, are) to + 动词原形”表示必须、必然或计划将要做的事。
They are to be married in this May.
8、将来进行时
表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。
I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow.明天这会我正在写作业。
The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport.
9、将来完成时
表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。
考点一：常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。如：by the end of this yea r, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time…, before或when等引导的副词从句。
By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.
By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.
By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.
考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。
The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school.
10. 动词的语态
一般用于强调受者，做题时谓语动词不再有名词或宾语。动词的语态一般不单独考，而是和时态、语气和非谓语动词一起考，只是需要注意以下考点。
考点一：不能用于被动语态的动词和词组
come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out, appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeed
It took place before liberation.
考点二：下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义, 而且常与well, quite, easily, badly等副词连用。
lock ( 锁) ; wash ( 洗); sell ( 卖); read ( 读); wear ( 穿); blame (责备)；ride (乘坐)；write ( 写)；
Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。
The car rides smoothly. 这车走起来很稳。
The case locks easily. 这箱子很好锁。
The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。
考点三：一些常用经典被动句型：
It is said…, It is reported…, It is widely believed…， It is expected…, It is estimated…,
这些句子一般翻译为“据说……”，“人们认为……”，
而“以前人们认为……”则应该说：It was believed…, It was thought…
二、动词的语气
语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度；尽管英语中有陈述语气（indicative mood）、
祈使语气（imperative mood）、虚拟语气(subjunctive mood)，但是MBA联考中考的最多的是虚拟语气。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达：
a. 非真实的情景，不可能发生的事，即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况，或说话人主
观愿望。
b. 与客观事实相反地情景，即强制性虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、劝告这一类的意思上，表示强烈的要
求做到、必须做到这样的含义。
虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的，其特点是主从句时态的不一致，而且一般有明显得标志。具体考点如下：
考点一：if 句型（共有三种句型）
1.与现在的事实相反：
从句用一般过去时，主句的谓语用would (could, might) ＋动词原形
If I were Bill Gates, I would not work so hard every day.
2.与过去的事实相反：
从句用过去完成时，主句的谓语用would (could, might) ＋现在完成时
If I had gone to America when I graduated from middle school, I would have got my PhD degree.
3.与将来的事实相反：
从句用should (were to，did) + 动词原形，主句的谓语用would (could, might) ＋动词原形
If it should/were to snow tomorrow, I would go skiing.
4. 虚拟语气条件句中if的省略，此时主谓要倒装。
Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exam.
5. 条件句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致，（例如：条件句动作发生在过去，主句的动作发生在现在）
谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。
If you had taken the medicine yesterday, you would feel much better now.
If I were you, I wouldn’t have missed the film last night.
考点二：wish 句型表达“但愿…，要是…多好”的语气
wish后宾语从句用虚拟语气，其谓语部分有时态变化：表示对现在情况珠虚拟时，动词用一般过去时（如did）；对过去的情况进行虚拟时，动词用“过去完成时（如had done）或情态动词的过去时+ 动词的现在完成时（如could have done）”形式；表示情况的虚拟时，用“情态动词的过去时形式+ 动词原形（如might do）。”
I wish I had been to the concert last night.
I wish he would forgive me.
I wish I would remember all the English words in a week.
同例：在as if /as though引导的状语从句中和以if only引起的感叹句中，谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。例：
He talked as if he had known Tom for a long time.
He talks as if he were the boss. 他说起话来就像他是老板。
If only I were free now. （注意：if only…后面可以不加主句）
考点三：在强制性语气的宾语从句中，即表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词+ that + (should) +
动词原形，其中should 经常被省略。这类动词包括：
suggest, propose, recommend, demand, order, command, desire, require, insist, advise, decree (发布命令；下令), determine, prefer, stipulate, move（动议，规定），direct（命令），maintain（坚持），decide，ask
I suggest that you (should) not be late again next time.
I prefer that you ( should ) not do that. 我认为你还是别干那件事的好。
注意一：以上动词转化为名词（如：suggestion, proposal, demand, order, command, advice, desire, requirement, request, agreement, determination, preference , resolution, indication 等）后接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句要求用虚拟语气，其谓语部分用“（should）+ 动词原形”(should可省略)。
We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off.
His demand is that all of us (should) be present at the meeting.
注意二：以上这类动词中有时候有的动词的宾语从句不用虚拟语气，必须根据句子的意思来判断。
What he said suggested（表明）that he did not agree with us.
考点三：It is/was + 形容词/ 过去分词+ that + (should) + 动词原形，这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性。即某人对某事的反应。
important, natural, desirable, possible, astonishing, advisable（可取的, 明智的）, anxious, appropriate, compulsory （义务的；强制的；强迫的）, crucial (至关紧要的), eager, essential, fitting, imperative(命令的, 强制的, 必要的), improper, natural, necessary, obligatory (义不容辞的, 必须的), preferable, proper, urgent, vital, willing shocked, requested
It was essential that the application forms be sent back before the deadline.
It is requested that a vote be taken. 有人提请投票表决。
It is necessary that we all should do our best to protect environment around us.
注意：表示不可思议、滑稽、不可想象、令人吃惊这样的形容词如amazing, strange, odd, ridiculous, surprising, unthinkable，incredible等后的that从句中should一般不省略，而且翻译为“竟然”, 表示说话人的惊异、懊悔、失望等情感。
It is surprising that they should pass the time like that.
It is incredible that Jane should have finished her paper so soon.
考点四：在would rather…, would sooner …, h ad rather…, would just as soon…,would prefer…意为“宁可，但愿”。从句用虚拟语气，若表示现在或将来的事情，谓语用过去时；若表示过去的动作，用过去完成时。
I would rather that you painted the room green.
I’d just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.
考点五：It’s (about/high/ good ) time that…，表示“该是。。。的时候了”, 含有“晚一点”的意思, 表示建议现在应该做什么事，从句一般用一般过去时。
I t’s time you went to bed.
It’s high time that we took action.
考点六：在lest that …, for fear that…, in case that …引导的表示消极意义的目的主语从句中常用虚拟语气，表示“唯恐，以免”，从句用should +动词原形。
He put his coat over the child for fear (lest )that he should catch cold.
He emphasized it again and again lest she (should) forget.
Take a hat with you in case the sun is very hot （注意：该句陈述某一事实）
考点七：含蓄虚拟条件句
含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现由if引导的条件句，而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如：without, but for, otherwise，or, but that, given, provided, supposing, were it not for等等。
Without your help, we couldn’t have finished the work on time.
But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last night.
I wouldn't have succeeded without your help.
We did n’t know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.
三非谓语动词
所谓非谓语动词，是指不能作谓语的动词，也不受主语人称和数的限制，但非谓语动词具有动词的某些特征，不仅可以接宾语，而且还有时态护和语态的变化。此外它可以做主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语、状语和同位语。非谓语动词不仅是语法学习的重点和难点，也是每年必考的语法知识。具体表现形式有三种：1. 动词不定式to + V ; 2. 动名词V-ing; 3. 过去分词V-ed 。三者的核心含义和区别如下：动词不定式to + V 一般用来表示目的或结果，或者某个具体的动作。
动名词V-ing 一般用来表示动作的主动概念和进行意义。
过去分词V-ed 一般用来表示动作的被动概念和完成意义。
关于动词不定式的考点如下：
考点一：直接接动词不定式做宾语的动词。
He pledged never to come back until he had made great success.
I hesitate to spend so much money on clothes. 我对花那么多钱买衣服犹豫不决。
考点二：在以下情况下常使用不带（或省略）to的动词不定式：
1. 感官动词后面：feel, listen, hear, look at, notice, see, watch, observe, perceive
I saw a man enter the shop.
2. 个别表示使役意义的动词，如：have, let, make，
The teacher has us write a composition every week.
3. 一些情态动词，had better, would rather…than…，would sooner…than…，rather than,
may well do，may as well do (还是…好了)，can not but…，can not help but…等句型，
Rather than wait anyone, I decided to go home by taxi.
We might as well put up here for tonight.
4. 在do (did, does, done) nothing (anything, everything )but (except) do 句型中。
I can do nothing but follow your advice.
如果but或except之前没有do，help, 其后的to 不能省略。
There is no choice but to wait and see.
5. 由all, what 引导的主语从句或者主语被only, first, one, least 或形容词最高级修饰时，而且从句中含有
do时，其表语如果是动词不定式，则往往省去to。
What I have to do is take a rest.
The only thing I could do was do it myself.
6. 由并列连词and，except, but, than, or 连接两个以上的具有相同意义或功能的不定式时，第二个动词不
定式不带to。
I’d like to stay with you, help you and learn from you.
She told us to stay at home and wait till she came back.
注意：但是如果两个不定式表示对照或对比时，则不能省略to.
To try and fail is better than not to try at all. 尝试而失败也比不尝试好。
He hasn’t decided weather to quit or to stay. 他还没有决定是去还是留。
To be or not to be, that is a question. 是生存还是死亡，这是一个问题。
考点三：有些动词后一般跟带“疑问词+ 动词不定式”作宾语，如：consider, discover, discuss, explain, guess, know, inquire, observe, show, teach, understand, wonder等。
I wonder who to invite. 我不知请谁。
Ask my brother where to put the car. 问一下我哥车停在哪儿。
关于动名词的考点如下：
Forbid smoking on trains. 火车上禁止吸烟
We have to postpone sending our answer to the request.
我们不得不暂缓寄出对申请书的答复。
注意：上述动词中allow, advise, forbid, permit, recommend 在有人作宾语时，则后接不定式作宾语补足语。如：Allow somebody to do something.
I recommended going by subway. 我建议坐地铁去。
The doctor recommended me to take a few days’ rest. 医生劝我休息几天。
考点二：下列短语中to 为介词，后面只能接动名词或名词。
No woman could succeed to the throne. 妇女不能继承王位。
I am looking forward to seeing you again. 我盼着再见到你。
考点三：在demand, deserve, need, require, want, worth 等词后面接动名词形式表示被动的意思，即用主动
形式表示被动意义。如果接不定式，必须用不定式的被动形式。
My socks want mending / to be mended.
This grammatical rule deserves mentioning.
That novel is well worth reading.
考点四：在下列it 作形式主语或形式宾语的句型中，用动名词作逻辑主语或逻辑宾语。
It is no use（no good, no point, no sense, a waste of time等名词）+ doing sth.
It is good ( nice, interesting, useless等形容词) + doing sth.;
There is no point ( use, sense, good等名词) + doing sth.
It’s no use crying over spilt milk. (后悔没有用)
It’s simply a waste of time and money seeing that movie.
There is no point in my going out to date someone.现在让我出去和别人拍托没有用。
I find it no good advising him to go with us.我发现建议他和我们一起去美什么好处。
考点五：在“have difficulty ( trouble, problem, pleasure, a difficult time )(in) doing sth. 结构中，后接动名词；
但注意take the trouble to do sth. , have no time to do sth. 后接不定式.
The teachers have had some problems deciding when they should return the final papers to the students.
I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.
考点六：下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词，但表示的意义不同。不定式一般表示事情尚未发生；而动名词则表示事情已经发生于这些动词之前。这些动词有：
remember to do sth. 记得将要去做某事
remember doing sth. 记得已经做过某事
Please remember to take the medicine. （还没吃）
I remember taking the medicine. （已经吃过）
forget to do sth. 忘记了该做的事情
forget doing sth. 忘记了已经做过了的事情
I forgot to mail the letter. ( 没有发信)
I forgot mailing the letter. ( 忘记曾经发过信)
stop to do sth. 停止手中的事去做另一件事
stop doing sth. 停止正在做的事情
We stopped to have a rest.
I really must stop smoking.
go on to do sth. 继续做另一件事情
go on doing sth. 继续作正在做的事
try to do sth. 努力，试图去做某事
try doing sth. 尝试，试验性做某事
The president welcomed the new students and then went on to explain the college regulations.
Peter went on sleeping despite the noise outside.
mean to do sth. 打算做某事
mean doing sth. 意味着做某事
I don’t mean to be rude, but could you stop smoking?
Jumping from job to job means losing some benefit.
regret to do sth. 对某事感到遗憾
regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事
I regret to tell you that you failed the test.
I regret lending him so much money. He never paid me back.
非谓语动词的其他考点
考点一：独立主格结构
分词的独立结构可放在句首或句尾，常常在句中作状语，可以表示时间、原因、条件，方式或伴随情况。分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语是句子的主语。如果分词短语有自己的逻辑主语（一般为名词），它便是分词的独立结构。该分词与其逻辑主语有着逻辑上的主谓关系，常常用逗号与主句隔开。如果逻辑主语与分词的关系是主谓关系，就用现在分词；如果是动宾关系就用过去分词。至于分词的时态则要看主句的谓语动词的时态，如果主句的谓语是一般现在时，分词结构一般用过去时；如果主句的谓语是一般过去时，分词结构则用过去完成时。即having done 或having been done.
分词的独立结构前也可以有with，without或there。with本身没有词义，there实际上是引导词，being后面的名词才是分词的逻辑主语。
Weather permitting, we’ll be going fishing tomorrow.
The students having finished reading the text, the teacher went on to ask them some questions.
All the money having been spent, we started looking for work.
With her hair beautifully done，the customer left the hair-dresser’s happily.
With night coming on, they went home. 天晚了，他们回家了。
He left home, without a single word said. 没说一句话，他就离开了家。
There being nothing to do, we played games. 没什么可做的，我们于是玩游戏。
考点二：非谓语动词三种表示被动的结构。（语法常考题）
to be done 不定式的被动态表示将来的动作
being done 用来表示动作的正在（被）进行或者表示原因、条件等
done (having been done) 表示动作的被动关系或过去完成状态。
Are you going to attend the meeting to be held nest meeting？
The question being discussed is very important.
Did you attend the press conference held in Beijing last week?
All flights having been cancelled, they had to take the train.
考点三：分词的短语的固定表达方式，一般不受主语一致的限制。如：
according to …(根据), judging from…（从……判断）, talking of …（谈到）,
owing to …（由于）, taking everything into consideration …（全盘考虑）,
allowing for…(考虑到…), leaving … on one side …(抛开……不谈)，
generally speaking (总的说来)，frankly speaking ( 坦率地说), roughly speaking ( 粗略地说), honestly speaking ( 老实说), strictly speaking ( 严格地说), theoretically speaking ( 从理论上说)，
第三节复合句
复合句是由主句＋从句构成，它是英语学习中比较复杂的句子结构。一般来说，英语中一个句子只能有一个谓语，如果出现两个谓语，那么其中一个谓语只能是以从句的形式或并列句或非谓语动词的形式出现。所谓从句是指从属于主句的句子，由从属连词连接。从句的种类有很多，但根据其性质和作用可以分为：名词性从句，形容词性从句（即定语从句），副词性从句（即状语从句）三大类。
一、名词性从句：即从句在整个句中起名词作用，分别可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，所以这类从句包
括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
考点一：主语从句：主要考查主语从句的引导词；主句的谓语动词，一般用单数。如：
1. That the earth goes around the sun is well-known to everybody.
( = It is well-known to everybody that the earth goes around the sun. )
2. Whether he will come to the meeting is up to his boss. （此时不能用if ）
3. Who will come to the dinner remains a question.
4. What you have said is convincing.
5. How the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids puzzled people for centuries.
6. Why the murderer came back to the scene of crime is a psychological problem.
同时，需要注意主语从句的一些常见句型。如：
It is reported that…
It must be pointed out that …
It is likely that …
It is a good thing that…
It happens that …
考点二：宾语从句：主要考查宾语从句的引导词和引导词的省略以及从句的语序。如：
1 He believed that walking under a ladder brings bad luck.
2. We can learn what we do not know from TV programs.
3. Tell me which of the books is the right one.
4. Your success will depend on how you present yourself.
5. I wonder if/whether you can help me.
考点三：表语从句：be动词或者系动词后面跟主语补足语。
1.The assumption is that things will improve.
2. China is not what it used to be.
3. The doctor’s dilemm a is whether he should tell a lie to the patient.
考点三：同位语从句：名词性从句考查的重点。
同位语从句的特点是由一个抽象名词+that从句构成，引导词一般是that, 而且that在从句中不充当任何成分。这些抽象名词有：news, idea, fact, doubt, evidence, promise, rumor, hope, truth, belief, message等，同位语从句是对抽象名词进行说明解释。
1. The news that our football team at last defeated Korea made the fans wild with joy.
The news that made the fans wild with joy was from the radio.（比较－定语从句）
2. There is much evidence that the crime rate in this city is on the rise.
3. Einstein came to the conclusion that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light. 爱因斯坦得出
的结论是宇宙中最大速度是光速。
二、形容词性从句（即定语从句）：复合句考查的重点
定语从句主要用来修饰它前面的先行词（名词或代词）的从句，所以又称形容词从句。根据与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。定语从句主要考查引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词；介词＋引导词以及非限制性定语从句。具体考点如下：
考点一：引导定语从句的引导词有关系代词（who, whom, which, that, whose）和关系副词(as, when, where, why)等。但是当下列情况出现时，引导词有特殊要求。
1.当先行词是all, everything, nothing, something, little, much时；当先行词被all, no, some, any, every, a few,
a little, much, only, very修饰时；当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，定语从句的引导词用that。
例：
All that you want are here.
There is no person that doesn’t make mistakes.没有人不犯错误。
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
2. “The same ...as”, “such...as”中的as 可以指人或物。例：
Such furniture as is very popular is expensive.
We have successfully done the same experiment as you did.
3.why引导表示原因的定语从句，其先行词一般是reason。当主句主语是reason时，
作主句表语的成分不能有because和because of 。其结构一般为the reason why…is that…或者 the reason that … is that…如：
He did not tell us the reason why he was late again.
The reason why （that）he didn't come is that he was ill.
4.当定语从句为there be 句型时，关系代词只能用that.
This is the fastest train that there is to Beijing.
5.当主句是以which 或who 开头的特殊疑问句时，关系代词只能用that.
Who is the girl that is talking with Mr.Brown.
6.如果出现两个或两个以上的先行词，并同时兼指人和物时，关系代词用that.
We are talking about the people and countries that we have visited
考点二：在“介词+which/whom”的结构中，介词的选择取决于三种情况：
1.定语从句中谓语动词或表语的搭配；
This is the college in which I am studying.
He is the man about whom we are talking.
2.先行词与介词的习惯搭配；
当先行词表示“领域、方面”时，如：aspect, respect, area, field等就用in which；
当先行词表示“价格、利率、速度”时，如：rate, price, speed 等就用at which；
当先行词表示“程度”时，如：degree, extent等就用to which；
当先行词表示“根据、依据、基础”时，如：grounds, foundation, basis等就用on which；
The speed at which the machine operates is shown on the meter.
It is useful to be able to predict the extent to which a price change will affect supply and demand.
仪表上显示出这台机器的运转的速度。
3.当定语从句为最高级时只能用of which; 否则用其他介词
I have five dictionaries of which Longman Dictionary is the best.
I have five dictionaries among which Longman Dictionary is published in UK
注意：不可拆分的动词短语介词不能提前，如put up with；有的短语可能有不同的介词搭配，此时需要根据上下文来确定。如：be familiar with / to ; compare with / to .
考点三：当先行词为表示时间的名词（如：time, day, year, week, month, occasion）或地点的名词（如：place, room, city, country）时，一般用关系副词 when 和 where. 分别相当于in which, at which, on which。但是当这些表示时间或地点的名词作从句的宾语时，则要用关系代词that 或which.
I can't forget the days when(in which) I lived with you.
Can you tell me the day when(on which)the first satellite was sent into space?
China is the only country where(in which ) wild pandas can be found.
I’ll neve r forget the village where I spent my childhood.
I will never forget the days that (which) I spent in Beijing University.
(本句days 作spend 的宾语，故用关系代词that / which )
I have never been to Beijing, but it’s the place that I most want to visit.
( 本句place 作visit 的宾语。)
考点四：非限定性定语从句不能用that引导, 一般用引导词which/as或who（指人），非限定性定语从句既可以修饰主句的部分内容，也可修饰主句的全部内容。as引导的非限定性定语从句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，但which或who引导的非限定性定语从句不能放在主句句首。
As we all know, the moon is a satellite of the earth.
The large area is covered with thick snow, which affects people's life greatly.
His speech, which bored us to death, was over at last.
Her sister, who lived in another city, was coming to visit her.
三、状语从句
状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多，但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。现分别列举如下:
1．时间状语从句
常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until
特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately, directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when
I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.
While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.
The children ran away from the orchard(果园) the moment they saw the guard.
No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.
Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.
2．地点状语从句
常用引导词：where
特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere
Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.
Wherever you go, you should work hard.
3．原因状语从句
常用引导词：because, since, as, since
特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, inasmuch as, insomuch as
My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.
Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conferen ce.
The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.
Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.
4．目的状语从句
常用引导词：so that, in order that
特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that
The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.
The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.
5．结果状语从句
常用引导词：so … that, so… that, such … that,
特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,
He got up so early that he caught the first bus.
It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it.
To such an degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night.
6．条件状语从句
常用引导词：if, unless,
特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that We’ll start our project if the president agrees.
You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.
Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.
7．让步状语从句
常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though
特殊引导词：as（用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装），while ( 一般用在句首)，no matter …, in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever
Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.
尽管我很尊敬他，我却不同意他的建议。
The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.
No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.
He won’t list en whatever you may say.
8．比较状语从句
常用引导词：as（同级比较）, than（不同程度的比较）
特殊引导词：the more … the more … ; just as …, so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as B
She is as bad-tempered as her mother.
The house is three times as big as ours.
The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.
Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。
9．方式状语从句
常用引导词：as, as if, how
特殊引导词：the way
When in Rome, do as the Roman do.
She behaved as if she were the boss.
Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.
第四节比较结构
英语中比较结构使用于形容词和副词，因为只有形容词和副词具有原级、比较级和最高级。考试中主要测试比较结构和特殊用法。
考点一：原级比较一般用as … as ; not as … as ; the same … as ;
特殊结构A is to B what / as X is Y ; A+倍数或几分之几as + adj. / adv. + as +B.
The work is not as difficult as you think.
Air is to us as water is to fish. 我们与空气的关系就像鱼和水的关系。
This book is twice as thick as that one.
考点二：比较级常用结构A ＋比较级＋than + B
特殊结构：the more … the more (越……越……)；more and more （越来越）
This question is less difficult than that that question. (比较对象为彼此独立的人或事物)
Iron is more useful than any other metal. (比较对象具有所属关系, 含有最高级含义)
The city is becoming more and more beautiful.
考点三：以拉丁文-ior结尾的含有比较意义的形容词后接to 而不是than. 这些词是：
superior, inferior , senior , junior , major , minor, anterior, prior（在。。。之前）,
posterior (在。。。之后)
He is three years senior to me.
This type of computer is superior to that type.
考点四：最高级用于三者以上的事物之间的比较，所以比较的范围自然是少不了。一般表示地方用介词in; 表示所属关系和人物比较用介词of. ( 即the +最高级＋in /of …)
The Yangtze River is the longest river in China, but it is the third longest river in the world.
The youngest member of the family is most successful.
Of all forms of energy, electricity is most widely used.
考点五：在more … than 结构中，than 有时可看作关系代词，相当于than what…
There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than exists in the
public mind today. (Than = than what…)
人们不应该像今天这样担心害怕患上癌症。
There are more wonders in heaven and earth than are dreamt of. ( than=than what…)
天地间的奇迹比人们所梦想的要多得多。
The medicine is more effective than is expected.
考点五：英语中有一小部分表示绝对意义的形容词没有比较级和最高级。如：
dead, deaf, empty, total, whole, perfect, complete, right, wrong, equal, daily false, absolute, alone, round, pregnant, square, supreme, unique, straight, eternal, unanimous, final
考点六：几组由“more than ；more … than”和“no / not ＋比较级”构成的惯用句式及其含义。
more than 其含义为: “不仅是，非常，十分”等，用法和意义较多。
英语语法讲义 以下是为大家整理的英语语法讲义的相关范文，本文关键词为英语,语法,讲义,学习,资料,欢迎,下载,英语,语法,讲义,，您可以从右上方搜索框检索更多相关文章，如果您觉得有用，请继续关注我们并推荐给您的好友，您可以在综合文库中查看更多范文。 学习好资料欢迎下载 英语语法讲义 前言 第一章英语的时态
第一节一般现在时的用法第二节一般过去时第三节一般将来时：第四节现在完成时第五节过去完成时第六节将来完成时第七节现在进行时第八节过去进行时第九节将来进行时 第二章动词 第一节系动词第二节助动词 第三节短语动词（动词短语）：起动词作用的短语第四节非谓语动词（动词短语） 第三章独立主格第四章虚拟语气第五章感叹句第六章从句 第一节名词性从句 名词性从句一：引导名词从句的连接词名词性从句二：名词性that-从句名词性从句三：名词性wh-从句 名词性从句四：if/whether引导的名词性从句 第二节定语从句 定语从句一：关系代词引导的定语从句定语从句二：关系副词引导的定语从句 定语从句三：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句定语从句四：介词&关系词 定语从句五：as,which非限定性定语从句定语从句六：关系代词that的用法 第三节状语从句 状语从句一：地点状语从句状语从句二：方式状语从句状语从句三：原因状语从句状语从句四：目的状语从句状语从句五：结果状语
从句状语从句六：条件状语从句状语从句七：让步状语从句第七章形容词和副词 第一节形容词：第二节副词 第八章主谓一致结束语 学习好资料欢迎下载 前言 首先，我们简要讨论一下要不要学习英语语法的问题。 中国目前现阶段主张英语语法可以不学的人往往这样说：“我们中国人，如果智力正常，从小就会说汉语，能遣词造句，没见过哪个小孩先学语法再学话的。再说，英语讲得多了，有了语感，语法还不是水到渠成的事。” 本人个人认为这种实践出真知的说法具有一定的科学正确性，不可完全否认。但我仍主张学一点英语语法理论。 语法，实际上就是给你语言整体上的语感（规则），学习语法的目的，不仅仅是要获得解释语言现象的鱼，更重要的是要让你知道如何用语感去钓语言深层的鱼。 就目前而言，我认为通过学习英语语法，求得对英语的整体感觉非常重要。以前初高中我们只是学习一些语言点，语言现象，最高级
高考英语语法突破四大篇：专题4 数词 框架结构图 基数词的构成及作用 1.常用基数词表 2.基数词构成歌诀 1至12逐个记，13至19 teen结尾。 20至90整十位，ty结尾是后缀。 要是表示“几十几”，连字符十位连个位。 若要表示“几百几”，hundred之后and立。 若要用于复合形容词，连字符相连不加-s。
注意：(1)hundred，thousand，million，billion等词前有基数词或several时，须用单数；与of连用时，用复数，但其前面不能再加数词。如： six hundred people hundreds of people (2)dozen前有具体数词修饰时，用单数，of可省略；当dozen后面接these，those，them，us等词时，须先接of，再接这些词，但dozen仍不加-s；dozens of中的of不可省。score 用法和dozen相当，但of一般不省略。 several dozen pencils dozens of students three dozen of these eggs two dozen of them two score of eggs scores of books 3.基数词的位置 常位于another，all之后，such，more之前，可置于last，next，other之前或之后。another two days all the ten books one more apple two such pens his last two days/his two last days 4.基数词的句法功能 (1)主语 Three will be enough. (2)宾语 The city has a population of three million. (3)表语 The population of this city is nearly two million. (4)同位语 They two went to the cinema. (5)定语 The river is about eight miles long. 序数词的构成及作用 1.常用序数词表
英语语法学习 摘要：这篇论文主要描述传统英语语法学习。这篇论文同时也强调学习语法对提高英语水平的重要性。该论文列举一些相关的语法学习的例子来阐述如何学习英语语法。文章结尾处，提出一些如何学习英语语法的建议。 关键词：英语语法从句连词 一、导言 英语是世界第一语言（埃利斯，2011），由于其实用性和高度的认可度，世界各地的人都在学习英语。英语首先重视的是说、读、写。确实，语言学习重视的是实践，但是，句法学是从组织规则和语言实践的规则中总结出来的。理解句法学可以减少语言使用的盲目性，提高正确使用语言的能力。请不要忽视句法学习的i地位，尤其是其对阅读和写作的作用。它不仅可以使我们正确的理解句子结构，抓住句子的要点，还能帮助我们写出复杂、漂亮的长句。 我们学习英语语法的目的就是运用语言。我认为语言学习就像是一个支柱。当我们无法行走或遇到困难时，会想到它。普通人不会也不应该总是想着简单的运用句法学。当我们想将自己的英语能力上升到更高的层次时，我们必须借助这个方式。 二、主体 1. 对传统英语语法学习的分析 许多人提到对于英语学习者来说，面临的一个难题就是英语语法
的学习。（菲利普唐宁街安吉拉L,2006）语法之所以很难不仅仅因为该系统庞大、复杂、记忆量大，也源于学习者不知道该如何开始语法学习。语法书中大多数这样的系统都被有秩序的编纂成名词、冠词、代词以及动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词、动词(词组)、动词时态和非谓语动词。情态动词和语气词、复杂句、省略句、反意疑问句、交流英语等等。 该陈述将对句法学习者产生一定影响，但对基础差的学习者将会造成一定的困难。词汇学是任何一种语言的基本单位，英语也不例外。每个人在日常的谈话、工作、读书、读报、写作中，根据惯例都会用到具体的单词或词组。但当前的语法书侧重点主要在词汇而非句子，其侧重于单词间的互相使用，而不是如何恰当的运用单词以造句。 此外，传统的教授语法的方法是老师仔细地解释，学生安静的听。这是对理论的运用而非实践教学法。教师和学生习惯了多项选择的测试模式以巩固对语言知识的学习，同时，这似乎也是教师和学生之间默认的一种理解方式。 然而，这种方式的语法教学并不是最好的训练方法。首先，能记住语法知识并不能保证正确使用语言。语言教学并不是我教你，也不是我教你听。我们不能像学习游泳、踢足球那样，用听的方式学习语言，学习一门语言必须投入大量的工作。该方法可以引导学生掌握语言知识，而不是养成使用语言的能力。 其次，学生主观上并不能反映这一过程，教师依然是课堂的主导者。学生的活力和兴趣并没有被吸引，他们身心的一些特质都没有被
初二英语语法总结 1) leave的用法 1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如： When did you leave Shanghai? 你什么时候离开上海的？ 2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如： Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London. 下周五，爱丽斯要去伦敦了。 3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如： Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing? 你为什么要离开上海去北京？ 2) 情态动词should“应该”学会使用 should作为情态动词用，常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等，有“竟会”的意思，例如：How should I know? 我怎么知道？ Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚？ should有时表示应当做或发生的事，例如： We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。 我们在使用时要注意以下几点： 1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如： You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。 2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如： You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服，你最好去看医生。 3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如： We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。 She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。 3) What...? 与 Which...? 1. what 与 which 都是疑问代词，都可以指人或事物，但是what仅用来询问职业。如：What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的？ 该句相当于： What does your father do?
前言 第一章英语的时态 第一节一般现在时的用法 第二节一般过去时 第三节一般将来时： 第四节现在完成时 第五节过去完成时 第六节将来完成时 第七节现在进行时 第八节过去进行时 第九节将来进行时 第二章动词 第一节系动词 第二节助动词 第三节短语动词（动词短语）：起动词作用的短语第四节非谓语动词（动词短语） 第三章独立主格 第四章虚拟语气 第五章感叹句 第六章从句 第一节名词性从句 名词性从句一：引导名词从句的连接词 名词性从句二：名词性that- 从句 名词性从句三：名词性wh- 从句 名词性从句四：if/whether引导的名词性从句第二节定语从句 定语从句一：关系代词引导的定语从句 定语从句二：关系副词引导的定语从句 定语从句三：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 定语从句四：介词&关系词 定语从句五：as, which 非限定性定语从句 定语从句六：关系代词that 的用法 第三节状语从句 状语从句一：地点状语从句 状语从句二：方式状语从句 状语从句三：原因状语从句 状语从句四：目的状语从句 状语从句五：结果状语从句 状语从句六：条件状语从句 状语从句七：让步状语从句 第七章形容词和副词 第一节形容词： 第二节副词 第八章主谓一致 结束语
前言 首先，我们简要讨论一下要不要学习英语语法的问题。 中国目前现阶段主张英语语法可以不学的人往往这样说：“我们中国人，如果智力正常，从小就会说汉语，能遣词造句，没见过哪个小孩先学语法再学话的。再说，英语讲得多了，有了语感，语法还不是水到渠成的事。” 本人个人认为这种实践出真知的说法具有一定的科学正确性，不可完全否认。但我仍主张学一点英语语法理论。 语法，实际上就是给你语言整体上的语感（规则），学习语法的目的，不仅仅是要获得解释语言现象的鱼，更重要的是要让你知道如何用语感去钓语言深层的鱼。 就目前而言，我认为通过学习英语语法，求得对英语的整体感觉非常重要。以前初高中我们只是学习一些语言点，语言现象，最高级的也只是学习了一些独立成块的构词造句，而从没有在空中俯瞰英语语法的脉络和走向，从而造成了盲人摸象，重复记忆，使学生在各个细微的语法现象间迷了路！ 英语语法书很多，学习英语语法的方法也不少。但是学好一样东西，根本没有绝对好的方法。如果号称包治百病的医生，要么是庸医，要么是骗子。事实上，每个人可以根据自己的实际情况，在不断尝试中摸索出适合自己的方法。 归根结底，语言就是规律和例外的组合！！如果两三年内你能把所有的语言规范和所见的语言特例都积累下来，你就是语法精通者！ 第一讲英语的时态 在这里我先声明一点，有许多同学都要问，也有许多老师问我，时态是基于动词用来表达英语里的基本时间逻辑概念的高级语法，时态的基础-动词你都没有讲，更别说构成英语句子的名词，形容词，代词，副词了，你讲什么时态？怎么讲？岂不是无米之炊？ 在这里大家先明确一点，就是在座的各位都已经不是英语的初级学者，而现阶段存在主要问题不是什么细节问题，而是有没有一个良好的，过硬的基础框架问题！ 英语语法里的时态，是随口就说，动笔就有的东西，如果这种基础都不过硬，不管你掌握了多么高深的词汇，多么华丽的句式，都会因为把漂亮的砖瓦错误地放置在了没有根基的建筑结构上，最终都会变成一堆废料！ 这就好像盖一栋楼，没有哪个人会说我们先要漂亮的砖瓦，在要稳固百年的混凝土结构！因为都知道，结构不牢固，砖瓦会塌下来砸人！而结构牢固，添置漂亮的砖瓦只是时间和积累的问题！ 明白了这层关系以后，我们就正式开始我们的语法课程：英语时态。 在开始讲解之前，我想先问大家一个问题：英语一共有几种时态？ 英语一共有16种时态：（见表）
五四语法十二特殊句型 语法考点剖析 考点一 there be句型 主要用来表达“某处有某物、某人或某事”，there无实际意义。be动词的单复数形式由最靠近它的名词或代词的单复数形式决定，也可以根据具体要求有多种时态变化。 There is a small village at the foot of the mountain.山脚下有一个小村庄。 There is an apple and two bananas on the table.桌子上有一个苹果和两个香蕉。 There is going to be a wonderful concert this weekend.本周末将有一场精彩的音乐会。 ★There be句型不能与实义动词have连用，其一般将来时结构为there is/are going to be或there will be。 单项选择 1．(2018·吉林中考改编)Let's save pandas! There only about 2，000 pandas living in the forests now. A．am B．is C．are D．be 2．(2018·吉林长春中考)Nowadays, there more heroes in China. We admire them a lot. A．is B．are C．was D．were 考点二感叹句 1．What ＋ a/an ＋adj.＋可数名词单数＋主语＋谓语！ 2．What ＋adj.＋可数名词复数＋主语＋谓语！ 3．What ＋adj.＋不可数名词＋主语＋谓语！ 4．How＋adj./adv.＋主语＋谓语！ (一)单项选择 1．(2018·湖北随州中考)— sweet the flowers smell in spring! —Yes, many tourists come to enjoy them every day.
大学英语语法及练习 Last updated at 10:00 am on 25th December 2020
大学英语语法及练习 第一讲虚拟语气 I. 考点分析：分四级语法复习 虚拟语气是动词的特殊形式，用来表达说话人的意愿、建议、请求、意图、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况，以及在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。 虚拟语气是非常重要的语法考点。考查历届四级试题，我们发现与虚拟语气有关的考题每次至少2题，有时甚至3-4题。虚拟语气的考查要点有： 1. 虚拟语气的形式：分清虚拟时间和主从句的动词形式十分重要，因此我们把所有虚拟语气的不同类型列表归纳并进行对比，以便于同学们记忆掌握。
2. 要注意从句中第一/三人称的过去式was用were代替。 例如：If I were invited, I would come. If she were not ill, she could do a lot of things. 3. if条件句中如谓语动词是were, had, should, could时，可以省略if, 把它们前置。
例如： Had my father a lot of money, he would send me abroad. Could I do it, I would surely do it. Should the Black Death reappear, what should we do?（万一黑死病再次出现，我们该怎么办） 4. 错综时间的条件句是难点，如99年1月第60题: If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldn’t be smiling now.（从句用过去完成时，主句用现在进行时） 又如：If I were you, I would have gone to the film last night.(从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去)；If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟将来)； If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在) 5. 虚拟句的另一难点是省略if条件句的含蓄条件句，如： I would have written the paper before, but I have been ill.(=If I had not been ill, I would have written the paper before.); A true friend would have acted differently. (=A friend, if he had been true, would have acted differently.) 6. 注意介词短语 without, but for, in the absence等表示虚拟条件。
高中英语语法讲义——名词 名词的数 单数名词变复数名词的常用法则 （1）一般情况直接加-s, 如：books, trees. （2）以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾的加-es, 如：glasses, boxes, watches, brushes. （3）以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词把-y改为-i再加-es. 如：stories, countries. （4）以-o结尾的常在词尾加-s，但中学英语中下列名词要加-es, 它们是：黑人英雄 ．．中吃土豆 ．．、西． ．．．．在回声 红柿 ．．，即Negroes, heroes, echoes, potatoes, tomatoes. 下列以-o结尾的名词既可加-es, 也可加-s,它们是：zeros (zeroes)零, mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子, volcanos (volcanoes) 火山。 （5）以-f或-fe结尾的名词变为复数时一般直接加-s，但下列名词需把f或fe去掉，加-ves，它们是：为 了自己 ．．和一片树叶 ．．上，把狼．劈成了两半．，即：selves, lives, ．．．．站在架子 ．．手里拿着刀子 ．．和他的妻子 ．．活命．，小偷 thieves, wives, knives, loaves, leaves, shelves, wolves, halves. 但下列以-f结尾的名词既可变f为v后加-es，也可直接在f后加-s，它们是：handkerchiefs (handkerchieves)手帕，scarfs (scarves)围巾。 （6）合成名词变复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变为复数。如sons-in-law女婿；passers-by过路人；storytellers讲故事的人；housewives家庭主妇。（7）“man/ woman+ n.”变复数时，作定语的man/ woman和中心词都要变复数。 men teachers男老师women engineers女工程师 （8）不规则复数形式 ①变内部元音 foot-feet man-men woman-women tooth-teeth mouse-mice goose-geese gentleman-gentlemen ②单复数同形的名词 sheep deer spacecraft太空船 aircraft飞行器Chinese Japanese
P4 grammar focus 1、怎么了？我胃痛。下次你不应该吃这么多。 2、Ben怎么了？他伤到了自己。他背痛。他应该躺下休息。 3、你发烧吗？是的，我发烧。/不，我不发烧。/我不知道。 4、他牙痛吗？是的，他牙痛。他应该去看牙医，拍一张X光照片。 5、她应该怎么办？她应该量体温。 6、我应该在上面敷些药吗？是的，你应该。/ 不，你不应该。 P12 语法聚焦 1、我想帮助无家可归的人。 2、你可以请求医院让你去看望孩子们，让他们振作起来。 3、她自愿一去周去那里一次帮助孩子们学习阅读。 4、她决定尝试参加一个志愿者课外阅读项目。 5、马里奥认为，这可以帮助他得到未来梦想的工作。 6、我在制作-些标牌张贴在学校周围。 P20 语法聚焦 1、我可以和朋友们出去吃饭吗？当然可以，那应该是可以的。 3、我们可以看完电影后去买些喝的吗？不，你不能。你明天有一场篮球赛。 3、请你带着狗去散步好吗？好的，但我想先看个节目。 4、请你倒一下垃圾好吗？好的，当然可以。 P28 语法聚焦 1、你看起来很累。怎么了？昨晚我一直学习到半夜，因此睡眠不足。 2、我该怎么办？你为什么不忘掉它呢？虽然她错了，但这没什么大不了的。 3、他应该做些什么？他应该跟他的朋友谈一谈，以便他可以说他很抱歉。 4、也许你可以去他家。我想我可以，但我不想让他吃惊。 P36语法聚焦 1、昨天晚上八点你在干什么？我在洗操。 2、暴风雨来临时她在干什么？她在做作业。 3、暴风雨来临时他在干什么？暴风雨来临时，他在图书馆读书。 4、当雨开始下大时， Ben在干什么？开始卜雨时， Ben在帮妈妈做晚餐。 5、当琳达在睡觉时，Jenny在干什么？当Linda在睡觉时， Jenny在帮玛丽做作业。 P44语法聚焦 1、故事是怎样开始的？从前，有位老人…… 2、接下来发生了什么？这个人一说完，愚公就说他死后他的家人可以继续移山。
高考语法讲义 一．非谓语动词 一．不定式： 一）不定式的常考形式： 1)一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式:He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生 2)完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 二）不定式常考的考点： 1）不定式做定语----将要发生 2）不定式做状语----目的 3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. 三)不定式的省略 1)感官动词see,watch,observe,notice,look at,hear,listen to,smell,taste,feel +do表示动作的完整性，真实性； +doing表示动作的连续性，进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) I saw him working in the garden yesterday. 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good?It feels comfortable. 2)使役动词have bid make let等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to I‘d like to have John do it. I have my package weighed. Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. 3)help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如： want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan，offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do,cause sb to do,permit sb to do,enable sb to do force sb to do.be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do be ambitious to do.begin to do.start to do We agreed_______here，but so far she hasn't turned up yet．（NMET 1995） A．having met B．meeting C．to meet D．to have met（Key：C） 五)有的时候to后面要接-ing形式 accustom(oneself)to?be accustomed to?face up to?in addition to?look forward to?object to?be reduced to?resign oneself to?be resigned to?resort to?sink to?be used to?be alternative to?be close/closeness to?be dedication/dedicated to?be opposition/opposed to?be similarity/similar to. 三、need/want后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。 He needs(a lot of)encouraging. 二.动名词：具有动作性特征的名词 1)是名词seeing is believing 2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语starving troops is necessary. 一)动名词的形式: 一般形式：I don't like you smoking. 完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice.
专题3 介词 框架结构图 介词的句法功能 1.介词不能单独使用，但“介词＋宾语”构成的介词短语可在句中作状语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、主语补足语等。 2.介词后的宾语可以是名词、代词、动名词、疑问词＋不定式、wh-从句等。 介词的核心考点 介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。 1.介词搭配 (1)“动词＋介词”搭配：注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。 ①rob sb.of sth./cle ar the road of snow(表示“夺去，除去”意义的动词与of 连用) ②supply us with food/fill the glass with wine(表示“供给”意义的动词与with连用) ③make a desk of wood/make bread from flour/make the material into a coat(表示“制作，制造”意义的动词与of，from，into连用) ④“介词＋the＋部位”与动词的关系(＝动词＋sb.’s＋部位，可换用) strike him on the head(表示“击；拍；碰；摸”意义的动词与on连用) catch him by the arm(表示“抓；拉；拿；扯”意义的动词与by连用) hit the boy in the face(表示“肚；胸；眼；脸”等人体前部的器官名词与in连用) ⑤prevent(stop，keep) sb.from doing sth.(表示“阻止，禁止”意义的动词与from连用) ⑥persuade(advise，warn) sb.into doing sth.(表示“说服；建议；警告”意义的动词与
八年级下册英语语法知识点归纳总结 （2021最新版） 作者：______ 编写日期：2021年__月__日 【导语】要想取得好的学习成绩，必须要有良好的学习习惯。习惯是经过重复练习而巩固下来的稳重持久的条件反射和自然需要。建立良好的学习习惯，就会使自己学习感到有序而轻松。以下是小编为您整理的《八年级下册英语语法知识点归纳总结》，供大家查阅。 【篇一】 He said I was hard-working. 重点语法：宾语从句结构：主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语从句(主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语/表语) 例句：----Im good at English. He says. (改为加宾语从句的复合句)
----He says Im good at English. 注意：①主句是一般现在时态，宾语从句的时态不受其影响。例句：He says Im good at English now. He says I was good at mathematics when I was young. ②主句是过去时态，宾语从句也要用过去时态。例句：He said I was good at mathematics when I was young yesterday. He said I was good at English now yesterday. ③宾语从句是客观真理时永远用一般现在时态。例句：Our teacher says 24 hours make a day. Our teacher said the sun gives us so many energy yesterday. ④动词原形不能作主语，必须用其 -ing 形式。例句：She said helping others changed her life. 重点短语：direct speech 直接引语 reported speech = indirect speech 间接引语 first of all = at first 首先 pass on 传递 be supposed to do sth. 应该做某事 be good at = do well in 在某方面做得好 in good health 身体健康 get over 克服 open up 打开 care for = take care of = look after 照料;照顾 not any more = not any longer = no longer 不再 have a cold 感冒 end-of-year exam 年终考试 get nervous 变得紧张 forget to do sth. 忘记做某事(该事未做) forget doing sth. 忘记做某事(该事已做) its + adj. + [for sb.] + to do sth. 做某事[对某人来说](加形容词) context 上下文 Reading Strategy(阅读方法) First read for meaning， not for detail. (首先理解文段的大致意思，不在于文段的细节部分。) You can understand the meaning of a word you dont know from the context. (至于不懂的单词，
高中英语语法 一、英语词法 1、实词：是指有实在意义，能独立承担句子成分的词名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、动词 2、虚词：没有实在意义，不能独立承担句子成分 冠词、介词、连词、感叹词 二、英语句法 1、简单句 2、并列句 3、复合句 （1）名词性从句 ◆主语从句 ◆表语从句 ◆宾语从句 ◆同位语从句 （2）定语从句 ◆限定性定语从句 ◆非限定性定语从句 （3）状语从句 ◆时间状语从句 ◆条件状语从句 ◆地点状语从句 ◆原因状语从句 ◆方式状语从句 ◆结果状语从句 ◆目的状语从句 ◆比较状语从句 ◆让步状语从句 三、其他句型 倒装句 强调句 省略句 It 用法和There be 句型 动词时态 非谓语动词 虚拟语气 主谓一致原则 反意疑问句
第一讲：句子类型与句子成分 一、句子种类和类型 1、句子种类 陈述句；疑问句；祈使句；感叹句 2、句子类型 简单句:由一个主语加一个谓语构成. 并列句：两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子,叫做并列句,其基本结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。并列连词有：and, but, or, so, either…or.. neither...nor.. however not only…but also 等. 并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。Hurry up or you'll be late. He is rich while I’m poor. 复合句: 由主句和其他从句组成。 并列复合句：含有复合句的并列句. ★I asked a man who has a wife and three children who did the cooking in his house and he replied that whoever came home from work first did it. 二、句子成分 That girl is doing her homework now. 主语： 主语是句子陈述的对象，说明是谁或什么情况。表示句子说的是"什么人"、“什么事”、“什么东西”、“什么地方”等等。名词、代词、数词、动名词、To do不定式、一个句子都可以做主语。 All roads lead to Rome. How to do it well is an important question. 谓语 谓语是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明,指出“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”. 谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。一般由动词或动词短语承担，具有各种时态、语态及语气的变化。 I seldom go to the cinema. He has already left. We are students She fell ill last week 宾语 宾语，又称受词，是指一个动作（动词）的接受者。一般而言，及物动词后面最少要有一个宾语，而该宾语通常为直接宾语。名词、代词、数词、动名词、To do不定式、一个句子都可以做宾语，而to do不定式用于宾语补足语。 We study English at school. He enjoys listening to the music. 直接宾语：表示动作的承受者或结果，通常指物。 Lend me your dictionary.
专题2 非谓语动词 非谓语动词的形式及句法功能 非谓语动词的核心考点 1.非谓语动词作状语 (1)不定式作状语 ①表示目的 I stopped the car to take a short break as I was feeling tired. ②不定式作结果状语表示出乎意料的结果，动词不定式前常加only。 George returned after the war，only to be told that his wife had left him. (2)现在分词作状语
①一般式doing 表示动作和谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生，与句子的主语是主动关系。 The sun began to rise in the sky，bathing the mountain in golden light.(主动关系) ②完成式having done 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。 I got to the office earlier that day，having caught the 7：30 train from Paddington. ③被动式having been done 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，与句子的主语是被动关系。 Having been asked to work overtime that evening，I missed a wonderful film.(被动意义，非谓语动词的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前) (3)过去分词作状语 过去分词作状语时，与句子主语之间是被动关系。 Seen from the top of the mountain，the city is very beautiful.(被动关系) 2.非谓语动词作定语 (1)现在分词作定语 现在分词(短语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，表示该动作的主动和进行。 Laura was away in Paris for over a week.When she got home，there was a pile of mails waiting for her. (2)不定式作定语 不定式作定语表示未做的事情。 His first book to be published next month is based on a true story. 不定式作定语的特殊用法： ①下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance，right，courage，promise，time，opportunity，way，the first，the second，the last，the only等。 ②不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。 There is no one to look after her. ③不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。 She is now looking for a room to live in. (3)过去分词作定语 过去分词(短语)作定语与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有被动关系，表示该动作的被动或完成。You cannot accept an opinion offered to you unless it is based on facts. His first book published last month is based on a true story. 注意：表示心理状态的动词-ing形式，意为“令人……的”；动词-ed形式，意为“(人)
Ex 6E 1. 今天上午你干了多少活儿（work ）How much work have you done this morning? 2. 开凿隧道需要大量劳力。（labour ） To dig a tunnel will need a great amount of labour. 3. 他做了最少的工作。（work ） He' s done the least work. 4. 处理这一问题有几种方法。（methods ） There are several methods of approaching this problem. 5. 我不懂多少法语。 I know little French. 6. 少说空话（empty talk ）多干实事。（practical work ）There must be less empty talk but more practical work. 7. 有许多人出席招待会吗 Were there many people at the reception? 8. 我可以跟你谈几句话吗（words ） May I have a few words with you? 9. 今天参观展览会的人数比昨天少。
There were fewer people today at the exhibition than yesterday. 10. 哈利犯的错误最少 Harry made the fewest mistakes. 11. 你读的诗( poetry )和做的练习( exercises )都比我多。You' ve learnt more poetry and done more exercises than I have. 12. 杰克做的工作最多，犯的错误也最多。 Jack ' s dnoe the most work and made the most mistakes. 13. 他做了很多工作，也犯了汗多错误。 He' s done a lot of work and made a lot of mistakes. 14. 百万富翁有许多钱财(money) ，也有许多烦恼。 A millionaire has lots of money —and lots of worries. 15. 安娜因为没有足够的钱财而烦恼丛生。 Anna has enough worries because sh e hasn ' t got enough money. 16. 每隔几分钟电话铃就响一次。 The telephone rang every few minutes. 17. 在过去这几天的寒冷日子里，我们一直在坚持实验。 We have been persisting in making the experiment all these last few cold days.
高中英语语法权威解析 目录: 第01章名词性从句 第02章“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解 第03章高中英语语法中的省略现象 第04章主谓一致 第05章动词不定式 第06章倒装结构 第07章定语从句 第08章被动语态 第09章祈使句 第10章感叹句 第11章疑问句 第12章名词 第一章名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses）。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语
法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 一．主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如： a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。 b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型） d) It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型） 2. 用it 作形式主语的结构