Unit one Stumbling block in intercultural communication 1 在这个国际舞台发生重大变化的时刻，探讨为什么尝试交流的结果却令人失望的原因是必要的，这些原因实际上是跨文化交流中的绊脚石。 It’s appropriate at this time of major changes in the international scene to take a look at some of the disappointing results of attempts at communication. They are actually stumbling block in international communication. 7 本国居民可能会被灌输有这种期望：既然外国人穿着合适，并且能说一些本国话，那么他或她也有同样的非语言的准则、想法和感觉。 The native inhabitants are likely to be lulled into the expectation that ,since the foreign person is dressed appropriately and speak some of the language,he or she will also have similar nonverbal codes ,thoughts and feelings. 8 更糟糕的问题是死死抱住新语言中一个词汇或短语的一种意义，而不顾隐含义和语境。 A worse language problem is the tenacity with which someone will cling to just one meaning of a word or phrase in the new language, regardless of connotation or context. 11 先入为主和程式化思维的现象
武汉大学 2017年攻读博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题 （满分值100分） 科目名称：英语科目代码：1101 注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答案纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。 Part I Reading Comprehension (2’×20 = 40 points) Directions:In this part of the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One Mr Gordon is right that the second industrial revolution involved never-to-be-repeated changes. But that does not mean that driverless cars count for nothing. Messrs Erixon and Weigel are also right to worry about the West’s dismal recent record in producing new companies. But many old firms are not run by bureaucrats and have reinvented themselves many times over: General Electric must be on at least its ninth life. And the impact of giant new firms born in the past 20 years such as Uber, Google and Facebook should not be underestimated: they have all the Schumpeterian characteristics the authors admire. On the pessimists’ side the strongest argument relies not on closely watching corporate and investor behavior but rather on macro-level statistics on productivity. The figures from recent years are truly dismal. Karim Foda, of the Brookings Institution, calculates that labor productivity in the rich world is growing at its slowest rate since 1950. Total factor productivity (which tries to measure innovation) has grown at just 0.1% in advanced economies since 2004, well below its historical average. Optimists have two retorts. The first is that there must be something wrong with the figures. One possibility is that they fail to count the huge consumer surplus given away free of charge on the internet. But this is unconvincing. The official figures may well be understating the impact of the internet revolution, just as they downplayed the impact of electricity and cars in the past, but they are not understating it enough to explain the recent decline in productivity growth. Another, second line of argument that the productivity revolution has only just begun is more persuasive. Over the past decade many IT companies may have focused on things that were more “fun than fundamental” in Paul Krugman’s phrase.But Silicon Valley’s best companies are certainly focusing on things that change the material world.
Keys to Paper A (1---65 题每题一分，客观题共65分) 1-10 B D A C B C C D A B 11-20 A B D A C A D C B D 21-30 B D C A B D C A C B 31-45 D A D A B D C A C B C D C A B 46-55 A D C A B A C C D D 56-65 A C D B D A B C C D Part IV 汉译英（评分给正分，每小题都需打分，精确到0.5分） 1. China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and other uses. (2分) 2. An investigation indicates that non-smoking women living in a smoking family environment for 40 years or still longer will have double risk of developing lung cancer. （2分） 3. In our times, anyone who wants to play an important role in a society as he wishes must receive necessary education. With the development of science, more courses are offered in primary schools and middle schools. Compared with the education in the past, modern education places more stress on practicality. (3 分) 英译汉（评分给正分，每小题都需打分，精确到0.5分） 4. 程式化思维是人们交流的绊脚石，因为它有碍于人们对事物的客观观察。客观观察指人 们敏感地搜寻线索，引导自己的想象更接近他人的现实。（2分） 5. 当经济学家最初探讨经济发展的原因时，他们发现：人们一直认为无法解释的剩余因素是人力资本。人力资本，即人口的技能，是造成各国生产力差距以及地位不平等的一个重要因素。（3分） 6. 下文从解决妇女贫困问题的角度出发，探讨两性平等、减轻贫困和环境的可持续性诸目的之间的协同作用，涉及能源短缺、水资源缺乏、健康、气候变化、自然灾害，以及授予妇女在农业、林业、生态多元化管理领域中的权力使之创造可持续的生存方式等问题。（3分） Part V Summary （20分） 评分标准：主要看考生是否了解概要写作的方法以及能否用恰当的语言来表达。概要一定要客观简洁地表达原文的主要内容，不需要评论，不能照抄原文。具体给分标准为：（1）内容和形式都达标，仅有一二处小错：18-19分。（2）内容缺少一到三点，形式错误不过三处：16-17分。（3）内容欠缺较多，形式错误有五六处：14-15分。（4）内容欠缺较多，形式错误有十来处：12-13分。 Science and Humanity The twentieth century has made greater change to the world, which was brought by the progress in science, than any previous century. Unfortunately, not all these changes did good to the human society. Some of them have done serious damage to mankind and have been even predicted to destroy the whole world someday if out of control. In fact, mankind is not biologically programmed for violent behaviors like war. People are faced with a dilemma in which we would like to see science develop freely, but cannot afford the result of that. It is a
2000～2001学年第二学期《 高等数学 》期末考试试题（180学时） 专业班级 学号_______________ 姓名 一、 已知一个二阶常系数线性齐次微分方程有相等的实根a ，试写出此微分方程及通解。 （8分） 二、 设幂级数∑∞=?0 )1(n n n x a 在x =3处发散，在x =1处收敛，试求出此幂级数的收敛半径。（8分） 三、 求曲面323 =+xz y x 在点（1，1，1）处的切平面方程和法线方程 。（10分） 四、 设)(,0x f x >为连续可微函数，且2)1(=f ，对0>x 的任一闭曲线L，有0)(43=+∫L dy x xf ydx x ，求)(x f 。 （10分） 五、 设曲线L （起点为A ，终点为B ）在极坐标下的方程为36(,2sin πθπθ≤≤= r ，其中θ=6π 对应起点A ，3 π θ=对应终点B ，试计算∫+?L xdy ydx 。（10分） 六、 设空间闭区域Ω由曲面222y x a z ??=与平面0=z 围成，其中0>a ，Σ为Ω的 表面外侧，且假定Ω的体积V 已知，计算： ∫∫Σ=+?.)1(2222dxdy xyz z dzdx z xy dydz yz x 。（10分） 七、 函数),(y x z z =由0),(=z y y x F 所确定，F 具有连续的一阶偏导数，求dz 。 （12分） 八、 计算∫∫∫Ω +,)(22dxdydz y x 其中Ω是由平面z =2与曲面2222z y x =+所围成的闭区域。（12分） 九、 已知级数 ∑∞=1n n U 的部分和arctgn S n =，试写出该级数，并求其和，且判断级数∑∞=1n n tgU 的敛散性。（12分） 十、 设)(x f 连续，证明∫∫∫??=?A A D dt t A t f dxdy y x f |)|)(()(，其中A 为正常数。D ：2||,2||A y A x ≤≤ 。（8分）
第三章统计表与统计图 1. 根据数据集03，按“性别”和“教育程度”计算相应的平均工资。用标准的统计表表现用Excel操作所得出的结果。 问：（1）男性的平均工资为______________；女性的平均工资为_____________。 （2）平均工资最低的是哪类人？_____________ 最高的是哪类人？ ________________ 2. 根据数据集03，按“教育程度”和“性别”计算2007年考核时各个档次的人数。用标准的统计表表现按“教育程度”和“性别”分类的2007年考核为“优”的人数。 3. 根据王小毛、吴燕燕和朱青新三人的一年的销售记录，汇总出各种产品的销售量。问： （1）一月份A产品的销售总量是_________，其原始资料是： （2）八月份F产品的销售总量是_________，其原始资料是： （3）十一月份F产品的销售总量是_________，其原始资料是： 4. 根据数据集01中C列的“国内生产总值”指标，绘制1952-2006年GDP的趋势图。根据Excel作出的图形，手绘出该趋势图的大概形状。 5. 仿照例题3.3，根据数据集01中的相关资料，编制1953、1963、1973、1983和1993年的饼图，比较这六年产业结构的变化状态，并根据这六年的资料绘制三维百分比堆积柱形图。根据Excel作出的图形，手绘出1953年的饼图和六年的三维百分比堆积柱形图的大概形状。 第四章数据的描述性分析 1．一个车间200名工人某日生产零件的分组资料如下： 零件分组（个）工人数（人） 40－50 50－60 60－70 70－80 80－90 20 40 80 50 10
Intercultural Communication In recent years, it is widely acknowledged that interculturalcommunication has been becoming an increasingly common phenomenon. From my point of view, a number of factors could account for this trend. First and foremost, the development of transportation.Now jet planes fly everywhere. It used to take months to travel from Shanghai to Los Angeles, but now it takes only 12 hours. It is now much easier for people to move from one country to another. People of different countries and races get together much oftener than before. What’s more, the advancementof communication means. Nowadays people get in touch with each other in various ways, through internet, telephone, mobile phone and so on. These efficient means sharply promote intercultural communication to a large extent. Besides, the ongoingof economicglobalization.Since economic globalization lead to the production and market globalization, more and more multinational corporations now operate in quite a few countries. Theiremployees are of different ethnic groups and from different countries. Last but not the list, the increasing of https://www.doczj.com/doc/28725163.html,lions of people now move across national borders every year. Therefore, all these causes contribute to the fact that intercultural communication is now a daily occurrence. Its importance now is being recognized by a growing number of people.
博士研究生英语教学 一．教学目的及目标 以感受语言，认识语言，应用语言为主导，以提高学生的实际应用能力为目标。在反思语言习得的过程中，探索一种全新的教学模式（源于且高于单一语言层面的教学，即基于语篇层面的文本结构，在语篇层面上对文本进行三位一体的诠释，了解英美族人的思维方式），增强论文和学术研究中的批判性思维的意识，培养批判性思维的习惯（通过洞察力达到更深层次的知识和理解），强化创造性技能（区别于侧重于以听力和阅读为主导的接受性技能），即提高学生交际和写作的能力，使之符合清晰性、准确性、精确性、相关性、深度、广度、逻辑和意义的评价标准（限于课时，故侧重于理念教学，本源教学，形态教学，方法论教学，从认识论的角度培养学生的解构能力）。 二．教学理念 从传统的侧重于语言层面的教学观念转移到以思维层面为主导，兼顾语言层面的全新的教学观念，即了解英美族人怎么想、怎么组织思想、怎么表达的思维层面，从而实现正确的交际目的（怎么用），完善学习的对象（学以致用），而不只停留在单一的体现语法与词汇的语句即语言层面。语言是表达思想的物质载体, 是逻辑思维的工具, 是思维过程的再现；而思维对世界的反映是借助于语言来实现的。 三．教学定位
以思维模式为切入点（显著区别于本科生，即通过纯粹的联想或死记硬背以及练习来完成的低阶段的学习；硕士生，即大量的知识积累却缺乏知识自身的相关逻辑；以及其他兄弟院校的英语教学，具有武汉大学特色的博士研究生英语教学），提高学生的综合分析能力，倡导英语学习的方法论，以期突破英语学习的瓶颈问题。知其然更力求知其所以然，强化实践过程中的批判性思维能力（分析性、逻辑性、系统化）。 四．教学手段/方法 以三位一体（角度的界定，文献的摘录，功能的区分）的训练方法完成对文本的解构，运用批判性思维的分析能力，以期了解英美族人的思维方式即what to write，组织布局即how to write和结构功能即why to write。如下所示： 五．教学内容及计划 在一学期的课堂教学实践中，重点比较，解析不同文章（分别为不同风格的书籍、评论及演讲的体裁，以及兼顾文理学科的有关计算机、经济与哲学的不同题材），通过异同点的比较，
经济与管理学院 Economics and Management School of Wuhan University 2008级工商管理专业本科《管理学》期末考试试题（A卷参考答案） 一、名词解释（共4小题，每题4分，共16分） 1、管理：社会组织中，为了实现预期的目标，以人为中心进行的协调活动。 2、激励：激发人的行为动机的心理过程。 3、计划：对未来行动的安排。它包括明确组织的目标、考核的指标，实现目标的手段选择、战略制定以及进度安排 等。 4、控制：监视各项活动以保证它们按计划进行，并纠正各种偏差的过程。 二、判断题（共6小题，每题3分，共18分。判断正确1分，对自己判断进行正确的解释2分。注意：不管判断是否， 都必须对自己判断的结论进行解释。） 1、由于西蒙认为，决策的标准是满意，因此，在决策工作中就不存在决策的优劣与好坏之分了。 错！决策的满意是西蒙教授根据决策主客观条件的有限性所作出的结论，但这并不意味着，人们在决策中就没有优劣和好坏的标准。 2、在控制环节中，由于前馈控制可以对工作中可能出现的偏差进行预测和估计，因此能够有效地防范工作中可能出 现的各类问题，而被管理人员认为是最为有效的控制方法。 错！前馈控制由于以对工作中可能出现的偏差进行预测和估计，因此能够有效地防范工作中可能出现的各类问题，具有控制的有效性，但任何事情的在运行过程中可能出现的情况并不能完全在事先作出预测与判断，所以三种控制方法都有其独自的有效性，互相补充才能正真实现有效的控制。 3、美国心理学家库尔特?勒温把人的行为描述为：B=f(P?E)这样的函数式。这表明：人的行为往往是其个性特点和经 济目标追求的函数。 错！勒温所描述的的函数式中，E是指environment，环境，而不是economic。 4、管理工作需要解决的主要问题是：管理好组织的成员，使其听从和服从管理人员的指挥。 错！管理好组织的成员不错，但仅为“听从”和“服从”是不对的，这违背了管理的基本原则：双方共同的思想革命。 5、计划工作的目的就是使组织的发展能更好地适应环境的变化。 对！计划是为了更好的适应变化是计划制定的主要原则和思想。 6、由日籍美国人威廉?大内提出的“Z理论”是对人们人性的一种假设的理论。 错！大内提出的“Z理论”，是针对美国企业管理模式（A）与日本管理模式(J)的一种相互结合的模式。 三、简答题：（共4小题，每题6分，共24分） 1、泰罗往往被称为“科学管理之父”。试分析，泰罗科学管理思想的精髓是什么？ 答：该题可以在两个答案中选择一个作答：1、管理人员与被管理者双方在盈余管理上共同的思想革命；用科学管理代替经验管理！2、泰罗的四项管理原则：对个人的每个动作进行科学研究，取代老的单凭经验的办法；科学地挑选工人，
第一章 绪论 思考题： 1. 医药统计研究的过程是什么？ 2. 统计资料主要分为哪几种类型？ 3. 什么是总体；什么是样本。 4. 概率与常用概率分布 练习与思考 1.瓶中装有100片药片，其中有5片次品，从中任取10片，求： （1）10片全是正品的概率； （2）恰有2片次品的概率。 2.10把钥匙中有3把能打开锁，任取2把，求能打开锁的概率。 3.设A ，B ，C 是三个随机事件，试用A ，B ，C 表示下列事件： （1）A 不发生而B ，C 都发生； （2）A 不发生而B ，C 中至少有一个发生； （3）A ，B ，C 中至少有两个发生； （4）A ，B ，C 中恰有两个发生。 4.某药厂的针剂车间灌注一批注射液，需4道工序，已知由于割瓶时掉入玻璃屑而成废品的概率为0.5，由于安瓿洗涤不洁而造成废品的概率为0.2，由于灌药时污染而成废品的概率为0.1，由于封口不严而成废品的概率为0.8，试求产品合格的概率。 5.甲乙两个反应罐在1小时内需要工人照顾的概率分别为0.1和0.2。求在1小时内： （1）甲乙两罐都需要照顾的概率； （2）甲乙两罐都不需要照顾的概率； （3）一罐需要照顾而一罐不需要照顾的概率。 6.设()0.2, ()0.3, (/)0.3,P A P B P A B ===试求： （1）()P AB ； （2）(/)P B A ； （3）()P AB ； （4）()P A B +。 7.三个射手向一敌机射击，射中的概率分别为0.4,0.6,0.7。如果一人射中，敌机被击落的概率为0.2；二人射中，敌机被击落的概率为0.6；三人射中则必被击落。已知敌机被击中，求该机是三人击中的概率？ 8.已知X 的可能取值为0，±1，±2，且 }1|{|}2{,6.0}1|{|,3.0}0{,4.0}21{==≥=≤===<<-X P X P X P X P X P 试求：X 的概率分布？ 9.已知在8次独立试验中，事件A 至少发生一次的概率为0.57，试求在一次试验中事件A 发生的概率？ 10.当投掷五枚分币时，已知至少出现两个正面，问：正面数刚好是三个的条件概率？ 11.设X 服从泊松分布，且已知{}{}12P X P X ===，求{}4P X =。 12.设k 在[0，5]上服从均匀分布，求方程02442 =+++k kx x 有实根的概率？ 13.设随机变量X 的概率密度函数为
2015年武汉大学考博英语真题及详解 Part ⅠReading Comprehension (2×20=40分) Directions: In this part for the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.”That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. T o make up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who had committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract
武汉大学2009－2010年度上学期研究生公共课 《应用数理统计》期末考试试题 （每题25分，共计100分） （请将答案写在答题纸上） 1设X 服从),0(θ上的均匀分布，其密度函数为 ?????<<=其它0 01)(θθx x f n X X X ,,,21" 为样本， （1）求θ的矩估计量1?θ和最大似然估计量2 ?θ； （2）讨论1?θ、2?θ的无偏性，1?θ、2?θ是否为θ的无偏估计量？若不是，求使得i c ?i i c θ为θ的无偏估计量，； 1,2i =（3）讨论1?θ、2 ?θ的相合性； （4）比较11?c θ和22?c θ的有效性. 2. 假设某种产品来自甲、乙两个厂家，为考查产品性能的差异，现从甲乙两厂产品中分别抽取了8件和9件产品，测其性能指标X 得到两组数据，经对其作相应运算得 2110.190,0.006,x s == 2220.238,0.008x s == 假设测定结果服从正态分布()()2~,1,2i i X i μσ=， （1）．在显著性水平0.10α=下，能否认为2212σσ=？ （2）．求12μμ?的置信度为90%的置信区间，并从置信区间和假设检验的关系角度分析甲乙两厂生产产品的性能指标有无显著差异。 3.设是来自正态总体的样本, 总体均值n X X X ,,,21"),(2 σμN μ和方差未知，样本均值和方差分别记为2σ2211 11,(1n n i i i i )X X S X X n n ====?∑∑?
（1） 求2211 (n i i X )μσ=?∑的分布； （2）若0μ=，求212212()() X X X X +?的分布； （3）方差的置信度为12σα?的置信区间的长度记为L ，求()E L ； （4）1n X + 的分布。 4.为进行病虫害预报, 考察一只红铃虫一代产卵量Y (单位：粒)与温度x （单位：）的关系, 得到资料如下： C 0x 18 20 24 26 30 32 35 Y 7 11 21 24 66 115 325 假设Y 与x 之间有关系 bx Y ae ε+=, . ),0(~2σεN 经计算：26.43x =，ln 3.612y =，，， 7215125i i x ==∑721(ln )102.43i i y ==∑7 1ln 718.64i i i x y ==∑（1）求Y 对x 的曲线回归方程； x b e a y ???=（2）求的无偏估计； 2σ2?σ （3）对回归方程的显著性进行检验（05.0=α）； （4）求当温度0x =33时,产卵量的点估计。 0Y 可能用到的数据： 0.02282z =，()()0.050.057,8 3.50,8,7 3.73F F ==，()0.0515 1.7531t =，，，，0.025(5) 2.5706t =0.05(5) 2.015t =0.025(7) 2.3646t =0.05(7) 1.8946t =，0.05(1,5) 6.61F =， 0.05(1,7) 5.59F =
2019武汉大学博士学位英语考试重点复习 一、段落分析 第一课的第三段： Our second major discovery was that the Information Marketplace will dramatically affect people and organizations on a wide scale. Besides its many uses in commerce, office work, and manufacturing, it will also improve health care, provide new ways to shop, enable professional and social encounters across the globe, and generally permeate the thousands of things we do in the course of our daily lives. It will help us pursue old and new pleasures, and it will encourage new art forms, which may be criticized but will move art forward, as new tools have always done. It will also improve education and training, first in specific and established ways and later through breakthroughs that are confidently awaited. Human organizatio ns from tiny companies to entire 第一课的第十二段： The wise eye will also see that the Information Marketplace is much influential than its parts—the interfaces, middleware and pipes that make up the three-story building on which we stand. Once they are integrated, they present a much greater power—the power to prevent an asthmatic from dying in a remote town in Alaska, to enable an unemployed bank loan officer to find and succeed at a new form of work, to allow a husband and wife to revel in the accomplishments of a distant daughter while also providing emotional and financial support. These powers are far greater than 第八课的第一段： Countless cultures around the world have disappeared, along with their mythologies. In Mesoamerica, dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute, as do an untold number of Incan
2008年武汉大学博士研究生入学英语试题 及详解
2008年武汉大学博士研究生入学英语试题及详解 Part I Reading Comprehension (40%, 1=2 points) Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. Questions 1 to 4 are based on the following passage: Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or "bids", for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called "knocking down" the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum. （definition）→ what The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin Autcio, meaning "increase". The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub hasta, meaning "under the spear", a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, goods were often sold "by the candle": a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.（history）→ how Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction-rooms as Christie's and Sotheby's in London and New York are world-famous. （goods/items）→ how An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. I f the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods
2010年选择题 21. We have a certain stereotypical ______ of a person from a culture and we interpret his/her behaviour according to this preconception, whether or not the reason for the behaviour is what we think it. A.connotation B. preconception C. recuperation D. ambiguity 22. Gap in educational investment across regions will ______ the national economic development as a whole. A. warrant B. ration C. thwart D. retard 23. Opening the labor market might risk some increase in inequality in wages at least in the short run, as the wages of skilled workers are ________. A. bid for B. bid on C. bid up D. bid to 24. The market will goods that yield social benefits in excess of private benefits and will consequently produce too few of these goods. A. undervalue B. devalue C. underweight D. value 25. You have taken a ______ hatred to Peter; and you are unreasonably angry with me because I won’t hate him. A. persevering B. perverse C. perfect D. previous 26. One of the conditions of ______ is that you must keep the land under cultivation. A. tenant B. terminal C. temperament D. tenure 27. Even the increase proposed will put pressure on Congress to hold down other spending or dip into funds for Social Security. A. marked B. commissioned C. earmarked D. commanded 28. Unfortunately, what the farmers had gained in the autumn harvest was ______by the heavy losses caused by a snowstorm in the winter. A. offset B. optimized C. subsidized D. unleashed 29. The Arabs, on the other hand, coming from a culture where much closer distance is the norm, may be feeling that the Americans are being _______. A. friendly B. warm C. standoffish D. selfish 30. Most little children want a dog or a cat, and they continually ______ their mothers and fathers until they get one. It is only when the sweet little thing has been brought home that the parents realize how much time and money must be spent on “Tom” or “B ill”.