Controversies) Challenges in Information Extraction from Text for Knowledge Management
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科学研究英文作文范文Title: The Impact of Scientific Research on Society.Scientific research has always played a pivotal role in shaping our world. From the discovery of fire to the advancement of technology, it has constantly pushed the boundaries of knowledge and transformed our understanding of the universe. In this essay, we will explore the profound impact of scientific research on society, discussing its role in various fields such as medicine, technology, and environmental science.Firstly, scientific research has revolutionized medicine, saving millions of lives and improving thequality of life for billions. The development ofantibiotics has transformed the treatment of infectious diseases, while vaccines have eradicated many deadly epidemics. The Human Genome Project, a groundbreaking scientific initiative, has led to a deeper understanding of genetic diseases and the potential for personalizedmedicine.Moreover, scientific research has led to incredible advancements in technology, revolutionizing the way we live and work. The invention of the internet has connected people across the globe, facilitating communication and collaboration. The development of smartphones and other electronic devices has made information accessible at our fingertips. Advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning are transforming industries such as healthcare, finance, and transportation, leading to increasedefficiency and innovation.Additionally, scientific research is crucial in addressing environmental challenges. Climate change is one of the most pressing issues of our time, and scientific research is providing insights into its causes andpotential solutions. The study of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, is leading to a more sustainable energy future. Research into conservation and restoration of ecosystems is helping to protectbiodiversity and mitigate the impact of human activities onthe planet.However, scientific research is not without its challenges and controversies. The ethical implications of scientific advancements, such as genetic engineering and artificial intelligence, raise concerns about the potential misuse of technology. The cost and accessibility of scientific research can also be barriers to its widespread impact. Despite these challenges, the benefits ofscientific research far outweigh the risks, and it remains a crucial driver of progress and innovation.In conclusion, scientific research is an indispensable part of our society. It has transformed medicine, technology, and environmental science, leading toincredible advancements that have improved our lives and shaped our world. As we face new challenges in the future, it is crucial that we continue to invest in scientific research and foster a culture of curiosity and exploration. By doing so, we can harness the power of science to create a better, more sustainable world for future generations.。
明星是否是年轻人的榜样英语作文全文共6篇示例,供读者参考篇1Are Celebrities Good Role Models for Young People?Celebrities are everywhere these days! You see them on TV, in movies, on social media, and even on the covers of magazines at the grocery store checkout. Some celebrities are famous for their acting or singing talents, while others are known for playing sports, creating funny videos online, or just for being famous. But the question is, are these celebrities good role models for kids like me?First, let's talk about what a role model is. A role model is someone you look up to and try to be like. They set an example through their behavior, achievements, or way of life. Good role models can inspire you to work hard, be a good person, and achieve your dreams. My role models include my parents, teachers, and maybe a famous scientist or historical figure who accomplished incredible things.Now let's look at some of the reasons why celebrities could be good role models:Some celebrities use their fame for good causes like raising money for charities or bringing attention to important issues. For example, singers might hold benefit concerts to raise funds after natural disasters. I think it's really cool when rich and famous people use their platforms to help others.Certain celebrities have overcome major obstacles or challenges in their lives which can motivate and encourage kids who are going through tough times themselves. Hearing about a celebrity who worked really hard from a young age to achieve their dreams can inspire you to never give up on your own goals.Many celebrities are incredibly talented at what they do, whether it's acting, singing, playing sports, or other skills. Seeing someone be amazing at something they're passionate about can spark that same passion and drive in you to get really good at your own hobbies and interests.However, there are also some big reasons why celebrities might not make the best role models:The lifestyles of many celebrities seem pretty wild and outrageous compared to normal people. They attend crazy parties, date different people constantly, and sometimes get in trouble with the law for doing drugs, drinking irresponsibly, or other bad behavior. As an adult, maybe that lifestyle seems funand glamorous, but it's definitely not something a kid should try to imitate!A lot of celebrities seem to care way too much about their looks, designer clothes, and other materialistic things. They give the impression that you need to be wealthy, beautiful, and famous to be important. But we all know that's not true at all - kindness, inner qualities, and doing good in the world matter way more than money and status.Celebrities often gain fame at a very young age before they've had much life experience. Just because someone is a great singer, it doesn't mean they are equipped to be a role model for how to be a good person. Some young celebrities end up getting bad reputations for their immature words and actions.Overall, I think the reality is that celebrities can sometimes be good role models, but only to a certain extent. They can motivate and inspire us with their talents, accomplishments, and generosity. But they are still human and many celebrities don't always make the best choices or live in a way that is good for kids to try to imitate completely.The most important role models are the people closest to us - our families, teachers, community leaders and historical figureswho demonstrated true integrity, hard work and kindness. While celebrities can be fun to admire and be fans of, we have to be wise in realizing they are not perfect. We can appreciate their talents while looking to other role models to guide our character and values.At the end of the day, I'd way rather try to be like my parents or teachers than a famous celebrity. Those are the people who really know me, care about me, and can set an example of how to live a good life. I'll leave the paparazzi and wild parties to the celebrities!篇2Are Celebrities Good Role Models?A role model is someone you look up to and try to be like. They set an example for how to behave and what to value in life.A lot of young people today idolize famous celebrities - movie stars, pop singers, athletes, and other big names in entertainment and sports. But are these famous people really good role models for kids and teens? I'm not so sure.On the one hand, some celebrities do seem to have qualities we should admire. Many work extremely hard and show determination to reach the top of their fields through years ofpractice and effort. People like Serena Williams, Tom Brady, Meryl Streep, and Taylor Swift didn't just get lucky - they devoted themselves to tennis, football, acting and singing with incredible discipline from a young age. Their success reminds us that with passion and perseverance, we can achieve great things too.Some celebrities also use their fame for good causes, raising money for charity or speaking out about important issues. For example, Malala Yousafzai has campaigned tirelessly for girls' education despite facing threats for doing so. Leonardo DiCaprio has been a leading voice calling for action on climate change. When idols we look up to stand up for worthy principles, it can inspire young people to care about making the world better too.However, the celebrity life is not all positive. All too often, we see famous people get into trouble with the law, take drugs, have personal scandals, or set poor examples with rude, arrogant, entitled or narcissistic behavior. It seems like every week, another celebrity is in the news for a DUI, a bar fight, or an offensive social media post.Furthermore, the way celebrities become famous and maintain that fame is often problematic. Many actors and musicians rely heavily on their looks and project an unrealisticimage of luxury and excessive wealth. Some become fixated on their appearance, getting endless plastic surgeries to hang onto their fleeting youth and beauty. This can promote unhealthy attitudes about body image and materialism among their admirers. Reality stars, influencers and models are some of the worst offenders here.With paparazzi and gossip sites hounding them, celebrities frequently go to extremes to protect their privacy or grab more attention. They lash out at fans and photographers, seek recreationally drugs and alcohol to cope with stress, or generate fake feuds and controversies. All of this contributes to lifestyles that are pretty toxic to emulate.So while celebrities can sometimes serve as inspirations in limited ways, I don't think young people should treat them as overall role models to be idolized. It's fine to be a fan and be entertained by movies, music and sports. But we have to remember that famous people are just human beings with flaws like everyone else. A lot of them make poor choices that we shouldn't imitate.Instead of celebrities, I think we're better off looking up to people we know in real life who demonstrate good values consistently - our parents, teachers, community leaders, or peerswith integrity. These are the people we should aspire to be like as we grow up.Or better yet, we should strive to become role models ourselves by developing our own strong characters. We can be role models of kindness by volunteering and being kind to others. We can be role models of wisdom and knowledge by studying hard in school. We can be role models of responsibility at home by doing our chores without being asked. We can be role models of perseverance on our sports teams by never giving up.If we all worked on bettering ourselves and being good examples for those around us, we wouldn't need to idolize celebrities so much in the first place. At the end of the day, the person we should all want to be a role model for is our own best self. Then we can go on to achieve our dreams and make a positive impact, with or without fame and fortune.篇3Are Celebrities Good Role Models for Kids?A lot of kids my age really look up to celebrities. We see them on TV, in movies, hear their music, and follow them on social media. Celebrities seem to have really exciting andglamorous lives. But are they really good people to try to be like? I've been thinking about this a lot lately.On one hand, being a celebrity looks like it would be a lot of fun. They get to act in cool movies and TV shows, perform awesome songs in front of huge crowds, and wear beautiful designer clothes on the red carpet. They make a ton of money too - way more than normal people make at their jobs. And they get treated like royalty wherever they go, with fancy hotels, limousines, personal assistants, and adoring fans waiting to get their autograph. What kid wouldn't want a lifestyle like that?Some celebrities also do really great things with their fame and money. They start charities to help people in need, speak out about important causes, and inspire fans to be kinder and work hard to achieve their dreams. Entertainers like that can be amazing role models. I really look up to celebrities who use their platform and popularity for good.However, there are a lot of celebrities who maybe aren't such great role models either. Some get in trouble for doing illegal things like taking drugs, drinking too much, getting into fights, etc. Others say or do mean and disrespectful things, or set a bad example when it comes to things like working hard in school, treating others with kindness, or having good values. Afew have even gone to jail for serious crimes! Those are definitely not the kind of people I'd want to try to be like.Another problem is that we often only see the side of celebrities that they want us to see - the money, glamour, and fame. But being a mega celebrity probably isn't as easy and fun as it looks. They have to deal with tons of stress from things like grueling work schedules, lack of privacy, and constant public scrutiny. Some celebrities struggle with loneliness, anxiety, depression and other mental health issues that they try to hide. The incredible pressure and exposure of being world-famous could definitely take a toll on a person and maybe cause them to act in ways that aren't so role model-worthy.So in my opinion, I don't think celebrities automatically make great role models just because they're rich, famous, and look like they're living the dream. Their actions, values, and character are what really matter. We should look up to and try to be like celebrities who work hard, stay humble, use their popularity for good causes, and set a positive example through how they treat others and live their lives. But many famous people don't live up to those standards, no matter how talented or successful they may be.The best role models are probably regular people who may not be rich or famous, but live with integrity, kindness, and strong moral character every day. I'm lucky to have great role models in my own life like my parents, teachers, friends' families, and other people in my community. They inspire me through their commitment to doing the right thing, helping others, being a good friend, working hard, and making the world a little bit better. While there's nothing wrong with being entertained by celebrities, they're not a replacement for real role models.At the end of the day, we should be careful about idealizing celebrities too much or trying to emulate everything about them. Yes, they may be talented and live an exciting lifestyle that looks fun and glamorous. But it's important to look at how they conduct themselves as human beings too. The celebrities who are good role models are the ones using their fame and influence to set an example we'd be proud to follow.篇4Are Celebrities Good Role Models?A lot of kids my age really look up to celebrities. We see them on TV, in movies, on social media, and everywhere. Celebrities are famous, rich, talented, and beautiful. What's notto love about them? Maybe we even want to be just like them when we grow up. But are celebrities actually good role models for kids? I've been thinking about this a lot lately.On one hand, I can see why celebrities might make good role models. They are successful in their careers as actors, musicians, athletes and more. That means they must work really hard and have a lot of dedication. Wouldn't it be good for kids to learn those qualities from celebrities? A lot of celebrities also use their fame to support charities and good causes. That seems like the kind of thing a role model should do - help others and give back. Some celebrities even overcome challenges like disabilities, poverty or bullying before making it big. Their stories can inspire kids who face their own struggles.However, there are some big problems with looking up to celebrities too much. For one thing, a lot of them don't always make the best choices. We hear stories all the time about celebrities getting in trouble for things like doing drugs, drinking too much, or even breaking the law. Is that really the kind of behavior kids should try to copy? Even if it's just silly stuff like celebrities feuding with each other on social media, that's not a great example. We should be learning to be kind and get along, not fight.Another issue is that the lives of celebrities are very different from regular people's lives. They have tons of money, personal assistants, fancy houses, and endless pampering. But most people, including kids, don't get to live that way at all. It would be hard for a regular kid to relate to that super glamorous lifestyle. Celebrities also often have personal trainers, chefs, and other people to help them look perfect all the time. For normal kids just trying to get through school, it's not realistic or healthy to expect to look like a celebrity.Some celebrities also promote ideas that I don't think are good for kids, even if they don't mean to. A lot of celebrities are very focused on their looks and body image in an unhealthy way. Female celebrities especially are praised for being extremely thin, even unnaturally so. Hearing that types of "perfection" celebrated could really mess with a kid's self-esteem if they don't meet those unrealistic beauty standards. Some celebrities even get surgeries like Botox when they're still really young, which sends the wrong message.I also worry that some kids might start to care more about becoming famous and rich than about more important things like education, helping others, and being a good person. Don't get me wrong, there's nothing wrong with having big dreams!But viewing celebrities as the ultimate goal could lead some kids down the wrong path.So in the end, I think celebrities can make OK role models sometimes, as long as kids also have other, better role models to look up to at the same time. Teachers, parents, community leaders, and everyday heroes can be great role models too. They show qualities like kindness, hard work, helping others and being a good person in a way that is honest and relatable for kids. Maybe kids could view celebrities more as inspirations for things like pursuing hobbies and creative talents, without putting celebrities on too high of a pedestal.Ultimately, I believe that while celebrities can set positive examples in some ways, kids should be careful about idolizing them too much. We should appreciate celebrities for their talents and the joy they bring through entertainment. But we have to remember that their lives are very different from ours, and that being a good person is more important than being rich and famous. Having a healthy mix of role models, including people we can interact with in the real world, is probably the best way to go.篇5Are Celebrities Role Models for Young People?Hello everyone! Today, I want to talk about whether celebrities are good role models for young people like us. We see famous stars on TV, in movies, and on social media. They seem so cool and successful, but are they really the best examples for us to follow? Let's find out!First of all, it's important to remember that celebrities are just regular people like us, but with a lot of fame and money. They might have talents in acting, singing, or sports, but that doesn't mean they are perfect or always make the right choices. Sometimes they make mistakes, just like we do. So, it's not fair to expect them to be our role models all the time.Secondly, many celebrities lead very different lives from us. They have personal trainers, stylists, and lots of money to buy fancy things. They might not have to worry about the same things we do, like homework, chores, or saving money. It's not realistic for us to compare ourselves to them or try to be like them. We should focus on being the best version of ourselves instead.Moreover, some celebrities might not always set a good example. They might do things that are not appropriate or healthy, and that's not something we should imitate. Justbecause someone is famous doesn't mean they always make good choices. It's important for us to learn from positive role models in our everyday lives, such as our parents, teachers, or community leaders.However, there are some celebrities who do inspire us in positive ways. They use their fame to make a difference in the world by supporting charities, speaking out against injustice, or promoting important causes. These celebrities can motivate us to be kind, compassionate, and to help others. We can learn from their actions and try to make a positive impact in our own lives.In conclusion, celebrities can be both good and bad role models for young people. It's important for us to be aware of their actions and remember that they are just regular people with flaws. Instead of idolizing them, we should focus on being the best version of ourselves and learn from positive role models around us. Remember, we have the power to become great role models for others too!I hope you enjoyed reading my essay. Stay positive and always strive to be the best version of yourself!篇6Are Celebrities Role Models for Young People?Hello everyone! Today, I want to talk about whether celebrities are good role models for young people like us. Celebrities are famous and have a lot of influence, but does that mean they are always good examples for us to follow? Let's find out!First of all, some celebrities are indeed positive role models. They use their fame and fortune to help others and make a difference in the world. For example, many celebrities donate money to charities, visit sick children in hospitals, and promote important causes like saving the environment. They inspire us to be kind and caring individuals.Moreover, some celebrities work very hard to achieve their dreams. They show us that with determination and perseverance, we can overcome obstacles and reach our goals. They teach us the value of hard work and encourage us to chase our dreams, no matter how big they may be.However, not all celebrities are good role models. Some of them make bad choices and set a negative example for young people. They might get involved in illegal activities, use drugs, or behave inappropriately. It's important for us to remember that just because someone is famous doesn't mean they are always making the right decisions.We should also be cautious about comparing ourselves to celebrities. They live a different life from us, and it's not fair to expect ourselves to be exactly like them. Celebrities often have personal trainers, stylists, and lots of money to help them look good. They may also face different pressures and temptations that we don't have to deal with. It's okay to admire their talent and success, but we should focus on being the best version of ourselves instead of trying to imitate them.Instead of relying solely on celebrities, we can look for role models in our everyday lives. Our parents, teachers, and community leaders can be great inspirations. They are the ones who support us, guide us, and teach us valuable lessons about life. They are there for us through thick and thin, and we can learn so much from their experiences and wisdom.In conclusion, celebrities can be both positive and negative role models for young people. While some of them use their fame for good and inspire us with their hard work and kindness, others make poor choices and set a bad example. It's important for us to be critical thinkers and not blindly follow everything celebrities do. We should also look for role models in our everyday lives and learn from the people who truly care about us.Remember, we have the power to be the best version of ourselves!I hope you enjoyed reading my essay! Thank you for listening, and remember to always stay true to yourself.。
wto安全例外英文条款WTO Security Exception ClauseIntroductionThe World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization that aims to promote and regulate global trade. The WTO provides a framework for member countries to negotiate and settle trade disputes, ensuring a fair and predictable trading system. However, in certain circumstances, member countries may need to invoke safety exceptions to safeguard their national security. This article will discuss the security exception clause in the WTO from an English perspective.Definition and ScopeThe security exception clause in the WTO is outlined in Article XXI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994. This clause provides a legal basis for member countries to deviate from their trade obligations under exceptional circumstances related to national security. The scope of this clause is broad, allowing member countries to take actions that would otherwise be considered a violation of WTO rules.Justification for Security ExceptionsNational security is a paramount concern for all nations. Countries often need to take measures to protect their sovereignty and ensure the welfare of their citizens. The security exception clause acknowledges the need for member countries to pursue their security interests, even if it involves restricting trade. By providing this flexibility, the WTO recognizes theimportance of striking a balance between trade liberalization and national security concerns.Interpretation of the ClauseThe interpretation of the security exception clause has been a subject of debate among legal scholars and policymakers. The WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) has not yet fully defined the precise scope and limitations of the clause. However, some guiding principles have emerged from past cases. For instance, the DSB has recognized that national security concerns should not be used as a disguise for trade protectionism. Member countries must provide legitimate justifications for invoking the security exception clause.Case StudiesSeveral cases have emerged where member countries have invoked the security exception clause. One notable case is the United States' imposition of tariffs on steel and aluminum imports in 2018, citing national security concerns. While some argued that these measures were protectionist in nature, the United States justified them by claiming that the domestic production of steel and aluminum was vital for national defense purposes. The case exemplifies the challenges in balancing trade obligations with national security interests.Challenges and ControversiesThe security exception clause has generated controversies due to its subjective nature and potential for abuse. Critics argue that the clause lacks clear guidelines and leaves room for arbitrary interpretation by membercountries. Some countries may exploit this ambiguity for protectionist purposes, undermining the principles of free trade. Balancing the need for national security with the maintenance of a fair and open trading system remains a complex challenge.ConclusionThe security exception clause in the WTO provides member countries with flexibility to safeguard their national security when it conflicts with trade obligations. While the clause acknowledges the importance of national security concerns, it also requires countries to justify their actions and avoid using protectionism under the guise of security measures. The interpretation and application of the clause continue to evolve through ongoing legal debates and case studies. As global dynamics and security challenges evolve, clear guidelines and a fair implementation of the security exception clause are crucial to maintaining a harmonious international trading system.。
中国的绿色成就英语作文标题,China's Green Achievements。
In recent years, China has made significant strides in promoting environmental sustainability and achieving green development. This has been a result of concerted efforts by the government, businesses, and individuals alike. Let's delve into some of China's remarkable green achievements.Firstly, China has been investing heavily in renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and hydroelectric power. The country has become a global leader in renewable energy production and consumption. With vast wind farms dottingits landscape and expansive solar panel installations,China has been able to significantly reduce its reliance on fossil fuels and curb greenhouse gas emissions.One notable example is the Three Gorges Dam, theworld's largest hydropower project, located on the Yangtze River. Despite controversies surrounding its environmentalimpact, the dam has played a crucial role in generating clean electricity and meeting China's growing energy demands.Furthermore, China has implemented ambitious environmental policies aimed at combating air and water pollution. The government has introduced stringent regulations on industrial emissions, enforced stricter fuel standards for vehicles, and invested in cleaner technologies. As a result, air quality in major cities has improved, and efforts to clean up polluted rivers and lakes have been intensified.In addition to government initiatives, Chinese companies have also been actively pursuing green practices. Many corporations have adopted eco-friendly manufacturing processes, reduced waste generation, and implemented energy-efficient measures. Moreover, sustainable development has increasingly become a priority for businesses, driven not only by regulatory compliance but also by consumer demand for environmentally responsible products and services.China's commitment to green development is also evident in its efforts to promote ecological conservation and biodiversity. The country has established numerous nature reserves and conservation areas to protect endangered species and preserve natural habitats. Projects such as the Giant Panda Conservation Program have garneredinternational acclaim for their success in safeguarding iconic species from extinction.Moreover, China has been at the forefront of global initiatives to address climate change. The country played a key role in the negotiation and ratification of the Paris Agreement, demonstrating its commitment to reducing carbon emissions and transitioning to a low-carbon economy. Through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative, China has been promoting green infrastructure projects and clean energy investment in partner countries, contributing to global efforts to mitigate climate change.Despite these achievements, China still faces challenges in its journey towards sustainability. Rapidurbanization, industrialization, and population growth continue to exert pressure on the environment. Addressing these challenges will require ongoing innovation, cooperation, and commitment from all sectors of society.In conclusion, China's green achievements underscore the country's determination to pursue sustainable development and build a greener future for generations to come. By embracing renewable energy, implementing environmental policies, fostering corporate responsibility, and promoting ecological conservation, China has emerged as a global leader in the fight against climate change and environmental degradation. However, the journey towards sustainability is ongoing, and it will require continued dedication and collaboration to overcome the challenges ahead.。
华为和苹果的对比英语作文Huawei and Apple are two of the most prominent technology companies in the world. Both have had a significant impact on the global smartphone market and have been at the forefront of innovation in the industry. However, the two companies have distinct histories, strategies, and approaches that set them apart. In this essay, we will explore the key differences between Huawei and Apple, examining their respective strengths, weaknesses, and overall impact on the technology landscape.Firstly, it is important to understand the origins and backgrounds of the two companies. Huawei was founded in 1987 in Shenzhen, China, by Ren Zhengfei, a former engineer in the People's Liberation Army. The company initially focused on manufacturing and selling telecommunications equipment, but gradually expanded into the consumer electronics market, particularly with the launch of its Mate and P-series smartphones. Huawei's rapid growth and success in the global smartphone market have been attributed to its strong focus on research and development, as well as its ability to adapt to local market conditions and customer preferences.In contrast, Apple was founded in 1976 in Cupertino, California, by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne. The company initially gained popularity for its personal computers, such as the Apple II and Macintosh, but it was the introduction of the iPhone in 2007 that truly transformed Apple into a global technology powerhouse. The iPhone's sleek design, user-friendly interface, and innovative features, such as the touchscreen and app ecosystem, have made it one of the most successful consumer electronics products of all time.One of the key differences between Huawei and Apple lies in their approach to product development and innovation. Huawei is known for its aggressive pursuit of technological advancements, often investing heavily in research and development to stay ahead of the competition. The company has been at the forefront of 5G network technology, and its Kirin processors, developed in-house, have been praised for their performance and energy efficiency. Huawei has also been innovative in the camera technology of its smartphones, with features like multi-lens camera systems and advanced computational photography.Apple, on the other hand, has traditionally taken a more measured and refined approach to innovation. The company is known for its focus on user experience and design, often prioritizing the seamless integration of hardware and software over raw technicalspecifications. Apple's products, such as the iPhone and iPad, are renowned for their sleek and minimalist designs, as well as their intuitive user interfaces. While Apple may not always be the first to introduce new technologies, it often refines and perfects existing concepts, creating products that are both aesthetically pleasing and highly functional.Another key difference between the two companies is their approach to global expansion and market share. Huawei has been particularly successful in the global smartphone market, overtaking Apple as the second-largest smartphone vendor in the world in 2019. The company's strong presence in emerging markets, such as China, Africa, and Southeast Asia, has been a significant driver of its growth. Huawei has also been able to leverage its strong position in the telecommunications equipment market to gain a foothold in the consumer electronics space.Apple, on the other hand, has traditionally focused on the high-end smartphone market, targeting consumers who are willing to pay a premium for its products. While Apple's market share in the global smartphone market has been relatively stable, it has faced challenges in certain regions, particularly in emerging markets where the pricing of its devices can be a barrier to entry.One area where Huawei and Apple differ significantly is theirapproach to privacy and security. Apple has long been an advocate of user privacy, with features like end-to-end encryption and the ability to opt-out of data collection. The company has also been vocal in its opposition to government requests for user data, even going so far as to refuse to unlock an iPhone for the FBI during a high-profile terrorism investigation.Huawei, on the other hand, has faced significant scrutiny and allegations regarding its ties to the Chinese government and the potential for its equipment to be used for espionage. While Huawei has denied these allegations, the company has faced bans and restrictions in several countries, particularly the United States, which has cited national security concerns as the reason for its actions.In conclusion, Huawei and Apple are two of the most influential technology companies in the world, each with its own unique strengths and weaknesses. Huawei's focus on technological innovation and global expansion has allowed it to become a major player in the smartphone market, while Apple's emphasis on user experience and design has made it a beloved brand among consumers. However, the two companies' differing approaches to privacy and security have also led to significant challenges and controversies. As the technology landscape continues to evolve, it will be interesting to see how these two giants navigate the changing market and maintain their competitive edge.。
对中药的看法英语作文In the vast tapestry of global healthcare, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) stands as a unique and ancient system that has been practiced for thousands of years. This essay will explore the multifaceted views on TCM, from itshistorical significance to its modern-day applications and controversies.Historical Significance:TCM is deeply rooted in Chinese culture and has been an integral part of Chinese healthcare since ancient times. It encompasses a holistic approach to health and wellness, emphasizing the balance between the body's physical components and the flow of energy, or "Qi." The use of herbal remedies, acupuncture, massage (Tui Na), and dietary therapy are all part of the TCM toolkit. The longevity of TCM is a testament to its effectiveness in treating various ailments and maintaining health.Modern Applications:Today, TCM is not only practiced in China but has also gained popularity worldwide. Many people turn to TCM as a complementary or alternative form of medicine, especially for chronic conditions that may not respond well to conventional treatments. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized acupuncture as an effective treatment for over 40 conditions, including back pain, headaches, and asthma.Controversies and Challenges:Despite its widespread use, TCM faces criticism and skepticism. One of the main concerns is the lack ofscientific evidence supporting many of its treatments. While there is a growing body of research, more rigorous scientific studies are needed to validate the efficacy of TCM practices.Another challenge is the quality control of herbal medicines. With the rise in demand, there have been instances of contamination and mislabeling of TCM products. This has led to calls for stricter regulations and standardization in the industry.Cultural Exchange and Integration:The global interest in TCM has facilitated cultural exchange and has prompted a dialogue on the integration of different medical systems. As TCM becomes more mainstream, there is a need for collaboration between TCM practitioners and Western medical professionals to ensure safe and effective treatment options for patients.Conclusion:Traditional Chinese Medicine offers a wealth of knowledge and practices that have been honed over centuries. While it continues to face challenges in terms of scientificvalidation and quality control, its historical success and modern applications suggest that there is value in the principles of TCM. As the world becomes more interconnected, the potential for TCM to contribute to global health is significant, provided it can adapt to modern standards and continue to evolve through scientific inquiry.。
Immigration Shaping National Identity Immigration has always played a significant role in shaping national identity. As people from different countries and cultures move to a new land, they bring with them their traditions, languages, and customs, which eventually become woven into the fabric of the nation. This process of cultural exchange not only enriches the diversity of a country but also challenges its existing norms and values, ultimately redefining what it means to be a part of that nation. However, immigration also sparks debates and controversies, as some argue that it dilutes the national identity and threatens the cohesion of the society. In this essay, I will explore the multifaceted impact of immigration on national identity, considering both the positive and negative aspects of this complex issue. One of the most significant ways in which immigration shapes national identity is through cultural enrichment. When people from different backgrounds come together, they bring with them their unique traditions, cuisines, music, and art, whichcontribute to the rich tapestry of the nation. For example, the United States is often celebrated as a melting pot of cultures, with influences from all over the world shaping its identity. From Italian pizza to Chinese dim sum, from African-American jazz to Indian Bollywood, these cultural imports have become integral parts of American identity, demonstrating the positive impact of immigration on the nation's cultural landscape. Furthermore, immigration challenges the existing norms and values of a nation, leading to a redefinition of national identity. As new immigrants bring their customs and beliefs, they often clash with the established traditions of the host country. This clash can lead to tension and resistance, but it also forces the society to question and reevaluate its own identity. For instance, the influx of Muslim immigrants in Europe has sparked debates about the continent's Christian heritage and secular values, prompting a reexamination of what it means to be European. This process of redefinition, though often contentious, is essential for a nation to evolve and adapt to the changing global landscape. On the other hand, immigration also poses challenges to national identity, as some argue that it dilutes the cohesive fabric of the society. The influx of immigrants with different languages and customs can create divisions and tensions within the host country, leading to social fragmentationand alienation. This is particularly evident in countries with a history of homogeneity, where the sudden influx of immigrants can be perceived as a threat to the established national identity. For example, the rise of anti-immigrant sentiments in countries like Germany and Sweden reflects the fear of losing their national identity in the face of increasing diversity. Moreover, immigration can also have economic implications that shape national identity. Immigrants often take on jobs that are shunned by the native population, contributing to the economic growth of the host country. However, this economic contribution is often overshadowed by the perception that immigrants are taking away jobs and resources from the locals. This economic competition can lead to resentment and animosity, further fueling the debate on immigration and its impact on national identity. In conclusion, immigration has a profound impact on shaping national identity, both positively and negatively. It enriches the cultural landscape, challenges existing norms, and values, and forces a redefinition of national identity. However, it also poses challenges in terms of social cohesion and economic competition, leading to tensions and debates. Ultimately, the complex interplay between immigration and national identity reflects the ever-evolving nature of societies, as they grapple with the forces of globalization and multiculturalism. As we navigate this complex terrain, it is essential to recognize the value of diversity while also addressing the legitimate concerns of the host population, in order to foster a more inclusive and cohesive national identity.。
发明超级水稻作文英语Title: The Invention of Super Rice。
Innovation in agriculture has always played a crucial role in addressing global food security challenges. Among the many breakthroughs, the invention of super rice stands out as a landmark achievement. Super rice, a genetically modified variety, holds immense promise in revolutionizing agricultural practices and ensuring sustainable food production to meet the demands of a growing population.Firstly, super rice is engineered to exhibit enhanced traits compared to traditional rice varieties. Through genetic modification, scientists have endowed super rice with traits such as high yield potential, resilience to pests and diseases, and tolerance to environmental stressors like drought and salinity. These traits empower super rice to thrive in diverse agro-climatic conditions, thereby expanding the geographical regions suitable for rice cultivation.Moreover, the increased productivity of super rice significantly contributes to food security on a global scale. By producing higher yields per unit of land, super rice addresses the challenge of feeding a burgeoning population amidst shrinking arable land. This heightened productivity not only ensures an adequate food supply but also alleviates pressure on natural ecosystems, reducing the need for deforestation and habitat destruction for agricultural expansion.Additionally, the resilience of super rice to biotic and abiotic stresses minimizes crop losses, safeguarding farmers' livelihoods and incomes. Farmers who adopt super rice varieties are less vulnerable to crop failures caused by pests, diseases, or adverse weather conditions, thereby enhancing their economic stability and reducing their dependence on external interventions such as chemical pesticides and fertilizers.Furthermore, the environmental benefits of super rice are noteworthy. Its enhanced tolerance to environmentalstressors reduces the need for excessive irrigation, conserving water resources in regions prone to water scarcity. Moreover, by minimizing the reliance on chemical inputs, super rice promotes sustainable agricultural practices, mitigating the adverse environmental impacts associated with conventional farming methods.However, the adoption of super rice is not without challenges and controversies. Critics raise concerns about the potential ecological risks and long-term impacts of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) on biodiversity and human health. Ethical considerations regarding the ownership and control of genetic resources also fuel debates surrounding the widespread adoption of super rice.In conclusion, the invention of super rice represents a significant milestone in agricultural science with far-reaching implications for global food security, environmental sustainability, and economic development. While it offers immense potential to address pressing challenges in food production, its adoption must be accompanied by rigorous scientific scrutiny, transparentregulatory frameworks, and inclusive stakeholder engagement to ensure that the benefits outweigh the risks and contribute to a more equitable and sustainable food system for future generations.。
改变性别的游戏作文英语Title: The Game of Changing Gender。
In the year 2050, a new virtual reality game called "Gender Swap" became the talk of the town. The game allowed players to experience life as the opposite gender, and it quickly gained popularity among people of all ages.The game was set in a futuristic world where technology had advanced to the point where gender could be changed at will. Players could choose to be either male or female, and then navigate through various scenarios and challenges in their new gender. The game offered a realistic experience, allowing players to interact with other characters, explore different environments, and even participate in activities such as sports and social events.As the game gained popularity, it sparked a debate about the nature of gender and identity. Some people saw it as a harmless form of entertainment, while others viewed itas a way to explore and understand the experiences of the opposite gender. Regardless of the differing opinions, "Gender Swap" continued to attract a large and diverse player base.One of the game's most unique features was its ability to simulate the physical and emotional aspects of being the opposite gender. For example, male players would experience the physical sensations of having a female body, such as menstruation and pregnancy, while female players would experience the challenges of navigating the world as a man, such as societal expectations and physical strength.The game also allowed players to customize their avatars and explore different aspects of gender expression. Players could experiment with clothing, hairstyles, and even body language to create a unique and authentic experience. This aspect of the game was particularly popular among players who wanted to explore their own gender identity and expression in a safe and supportive environment.As "Gender Swap" continued to gain traction, it also sparked discussions about the potential impact of the game on real-world gender dynamics. Some argued that the game could help break down traditional gender stereotypes and promote empathy and understanding between genders. Others expressed concerns about the potential for the game to trivialize the experiences of transgender and non-binary individuals.Despite the controversies, "Gender Swap" continued to thrive, and its impact extended beyond the virtual world. The game inspired new conversations about gender, identity, and the potential for technology to shape our understanding of these concepts. It also led to the development of new educational tools and resources for exploring gender diversity and inclusion.In the end, "Gender Swap" proved to be a groundbreaking game that challenged traditional notions of gender and identity. It provided a platform for people to explore and understand the experiences of the opposite gender, while also sparking important conversations about thecomplexities of gender in the modern world. As technology continued to evolve, "Gender Swap" remained a pioneering example of the ways in which virtual reality could shape our understanding of ourselves and the world around us.。
企业辩论赛有关辩题英文回答:In the realm of corporate discourse, a multitude of captivating debate topics await exploration. These subjects not only challenge our intellects but also empower us to engage in critical thinking, hone our persuasive abilities, and delve into the intricacies of business strategies. Among the most compelling topics that have sparked animated discussions in corporate boardrooms and conference halls are the following:1. The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Future of Work:The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming the workplace in unprecedented ways. As AI-powered systems automate tasks and enhance efficiency, the debate rages on whether these technological advancements will lead to mass job displacement or create newopportunities for human workers.2. The Ethical Implications of Data Analytics:Corporations now possess vast troves of data, providing them with unprecedented insights into consumer behavior and market trends. However, this abundance of information raises ethical concerns about privacy, discrimination, and the potential for data manipulation.3. The Role of Social Responsibility in Business:In today's socially conscious landscape, consumers increasingly expect corporations to behave responsibly. The debate between profit maximization and social impact has become more pronounced, with proponents arguing that businesses have an obligation to address societal issues.4. The Efficacy of Remote Work:The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of remote work arrangements, blurring the boundaries betweenpersonal and professional life. While some extol the virtues of increased flexibility and work-life balance, others question its impact on productivity and collaboration.5. The Rise of Female Leadership in the Workplace:Despite progress in recent years, women remain underrepresented in leadership positions across many industries. The debate on how to promote female leadership addresses systemic barriers, unconscious bias, and strategies for creating a more inclusive workplace.These are but a few of the numerous thought-provoking debate topics that can ignite lively discussions and stimulate innovative ideas in the corporate sphere. Embracing these debates enables us to grapple with complex challenges, refine our perspectives, and contribute to the evolution of business practices.中文回答:在企业辩论领域,许多引人入胜的辩题等待着我们去探索。
名人传记英语作文Title: Exploring the Art of Celebrity Biographies。
Celebrity biographies have long held a significant place in literature, offering readers insights into the lives of individuals who have made notable contributions to various fields. These biographies not only entertain but also enlighten, providing glimpses into the triumphs, challenges, and inner workings of famous personalities. In this essay, we will delve into the art of craftingcelebrity biographies, examining their importance, challenges, and enduring appeal.Firstly, it's crucial to understand the significance of celebrity biographies. These literary works serve as windows into the lives of individuals who have achieved fame and recognition in diverse domains such as entertainment, sports, politics, and the arts. By chronicling their journeys, biographers offer readers a deeper understanding of the human experience, showcasingthe complexities of success, fame, and the pursuit of excellence.One of the primary challenges in writing celebrity biographies is striking a balance between objectivity and subjectivity. Biographers must meticulously research their subjects, gathering information from various sources to present a comprehensive portrayal. However, they must also navigate the subjective nature of fame, acknowledging that public personas may differ from private realities. Skillful biographers employ critical analysis and empathy to navigate these complexities, striving to present an authentic depiction while respecting the dignity and privacy of their subjects.Another challenge lies in addressing controversies and sensitive topics. Many celebrities grapple with scandals, personal struggles, or ethical dilemmas throughout their lives. Biographers must navigate these delicate subjects with sensitivity and integrity, striving to provide context and understanding without sensationalizing or exploiting their subjects' hardships. Ethical considerations areparamount in the portrayal of real individuals, and biographers bear a responsibility to approach their work with honesty and empathy.Despite these challenges, celebrity biographies continue to captivate readers around the world. Their enduring appeal lies in their ability to humanize iconic figures, revealing the vulnerabilities, passions, and aspirations that unite us all. Through the pages of these biographies, readers find inspiration, empathy, and a deeper appreciation for the complexities of the human condition.In conclusion, celebrity biographies represent a compelling genre of literature that offers valuable insights into the lives of famous individuals. Despite the challenges of balancing objectivity, sensitivity, and ethical considerations, biographers play a vital role in chronicling the human experience and preserving the legacies of iconic figures. As readers, we are enriched by the stories of triumph, resilience, and humanity foundwithin these pages, reminding us of the shared threads that connect us all.。
When it comes to writing an essay about a celebrity in English,its important to focus on several key aspects:the individuals background,achievements,personality traits, and their impact on society or the industry they are part of.Heres a structured approach to crafting such an essay:Title:The Enigmatic Charm of Celebritys NameIntroduction:Begin with a captivating introduction that includes the celebritys name and a brief overview of their significance.Mention why they are worth writing about and what makes them stand out.Early Life and Background:Delve into the early life of the celebrity,discussing their upbringing,family,and any significant events or experiences that shaped their path to stardom.Career Highlights:Outline the major milestones in their career,including their breakthrough role or performance,any awards or recognitions they have received,and their most notable projects.Personality and Public Image:Describe the celebritys public persona,including their charisma,work ethic,and any philanthropic efforts.Discuss how they are perceived by the public and the media.Impact and Influence:Examine the impact the celebrity has had on their industry and society at large.This could include their influence on fashion,music,film,or social issues.Controversies and Challenges:If applicable,address any controversies or challenges the celebrity has faced,and how they have handled these situations.This can provide a more nuanced view of their character.Conclusion:Conclude the essay by summarizing the key points and reflecting on the celebritys legacy. Discuss their lasting impact and what makes them an enduring figure in popular culture.Example Paragraph:In the world of entertainment,few names resonate with the global audience as powerfully as Celebritys Name.Born on Date of Birth in Place of Birth,Celebrity has transcended the boundaries of their chosen field to become a cultural icon.Their early life,marked by a significant event or characteristic,laid the foundation for a career that would captivate millions.With a string of critically acclaimed performances and charttopping hits, Celebrity has not only redefined the art of acting/singing/performing but has also become a symbol of a particular value or ideal.Throughout their career,Celebrity has faced numerous challenges,including a specific controversy or challenge.However,their resilience and ability to bounce back have only added to their allure.Today,Celebrity stands as a testament to the power of talent, perseverance,and the indomitable human spirit.Remember to use specific examples and anecdotes to support your points,and to maintain a respectful and balanced tone throughout the essay.。
直播带货的利与弊英语作文Live streaming e-commerce, also known as "live selling" or "live shopping", has become increasingly popular in recent years. This new form of retail allows consumers to watch live videos of products being demonstrated and sold by influencers or salespeople, and then make purchases directly through the live streaming platform. While this trend has brought about many benefits for both businesses and consumers, it also comes with its own set of drawbacks.One of the biggest advantages of live streaming e-commerce is its ability to provide a more interactive and engaging shopping experience for consumers. Unlike traditional e-commerce platforms, live streaming allows consumers to ask questions, interact with the hosts, and see real-time demonstrations of the products they are interested in. This not only helps to build trust and credibility for the products, but also creates a more personalized and entertaining shopping experience.Furthermore, live streaming e-commerce has proven to be a highly effective marketing tool for businesses. By leveraging the popularity and influence of live streamers and social media influencers, companies can reach a large and diverse audience, and promote their products in a more authentic and relatable way. This can lead to increased brand awareness, customer engagement, and ultimately, higher sales conversion rates.In addition, live streaming e-commerce has also opened up new opportunities for small and medium-sized businesses to compete in the market. With the right marketing strategy and a compelling live streaming presence, even smaller businesses can gain exposure and attract customers on a national or even global scale. This has leveled the playing field and allowed for more diversity and innovation in the e-commerce industry.However, despite its many benefits, live streaming e-commerce also has its drawbacks. One of the main concernsis the potential for misinformation and deceptive marketing practices. Since live streamers often have a personal andinformal style, there is a risk that they may exaggerate the benefits of a product or make false claims in order to boost sales. This can mislead consumers and erode trust in the authenticity of live selling.Moreover, the fast-paced and impulsive nature of live streaming e-commerce can also lead to impulse buying and overspending among consumers. The combination of persuasive sales tactics, limited-time offers, and the fear of missing out can create a sense of urgency and pressure for consumers to make quick purchasing decisions, often without thoroughly considering the value and necessity of the products.Furthermore, the reliance on live streamers and influencers as the primary sales channel can also poserisks for businesses. Since the success of live selling is heavily dependent on the popularity and reputation of the hosts, businesses may face challenges in maintaining consistent sales performance and brand representation if the influencers they work with encounter controversies or lose their appeal.In conclusion, live streaming e-commerce has brought about significant changes and opportunities in the retail industry. While it offers a more interactive and engaging shopping experience for consumers, as well as a powerful marketing tool for businesses, it also raises concerns about misinformation, impulsive buying, and reliance on influencers. It is important for both businesses and consumers to approach live streaming e-commerce with a critical mindset, and for the industry to establish ethical standards and regulations to ensure transparency and consumer protection.。
综艺节目的现象英语作文Reality TV shows have become increasingly popular in recent years. People are drawn to the drama, competition, and entertainment that these shows provide. From singing competitions to cooking challenges, reality TV offers a wide range of content for viewers to enjoy.One of the most intriguing aspects of reality TV is the way it showcases human behavior. Viewers get to see how people react under pressure, how they interact with others, and how they handle challenges. It's like a social experiment unfolding right before our eyes, and we can't help but be fascinated by it.Another interesting phenomenon in reality TV is therise of celebrity contestants. Many reality TV shows feature celebrities competing against each other or participating in challenges. This not only adds star power to the show but also gives fans a chance to see their favorite celebrities in a new light.Reality TV has also had a significant impact on popular culture. It has influenced fashion trends, popularized catchphrases, and even launched the careers of some of today's biggest stars. The influence of reality TV can be seen everywhere, from social media to the red carpet.Despite its popularity, reality TV is not without its controversies. Critics argue that these shows often exploit their contestants for entertainment value, and that they can perpetuate negative stereotypes. However, for many viewers, reality TV remains a guilty pleasure, offering a mix of drama, excitement, and escapism.In conclusion, reality TV shows have become a staple of modern entertainment, captivating audiences with their drama, competition, and larger-than-life personalities. Love them or hate them, one thing is for sure – reality TV is here to stay.。
我们应该建国家公园吗英语作文Should We Establish National Parks?National parks play a critical role in preserving natural habitats, promoting biodiversity, and providing recreational opportunities for visitors. These protected areas are essential for conserving the environment and ensuring that future generations can enjoy the beauty of nature. However, establishing national parks also has its challenges and controversies. In this essay, we will explore the benefits and drawbacks of creating national parks.One of the primary arguments in favor of establishing national parks is the conservation of natural habitats. These protected areas help to safeguard ecosystems and prevent the destruction of vital habitats for wildlife. By designating certain areas as national parks, we can ensure that these environments remain untouched and free from human interference. This is particularly important in the face of climate change and deforestation, which threaten the survival of many plant and animal species.In addition to conservation benefits, national parks also offer recreational opportunities for visitors. People from all walks oflife can visit these protected areas to enjoy hiking, camping, birdwatching, and a host of other outdoor activities. National parks provide a chance for individuals to connect with nature and appreciate the beauty of the natural world. These recreational opportunities are beneficial for mental and physical health, and can also stimulate local economies through tourism.Despite the numerous benefits of establishing national parks, there are also drawbacks to consider. One of the main challenges is balancing conservation with economic development. In some cases, establishing national parks can lead to conflicts with local communities who rely on natural resources for their livelihoods. These communities may feel that their rights are being infringed upon by the creation of protected areas, and may resist conservation efforts as a result.Another issue is the cost of maintaining national parks. Establishing and managing these protected areas requires a significant financial investment, which may strain government budgets. Funding for national parks can be limited, leading to challenges in protecting and managing these valuable natural resources. Furthermore, the establishment of national parks can sometimes be a lengthy and complex process, involving negotiations with various stakeholders and competing interests.In conclusion, the establishment of national parks offers numerous benefits for the environment, wildlife, and society as a whole. These protected areas play a crucial role in conserving natural habitats, preserving biodiversity, and providing recreational opportunities for visitors. However, there are also challenges and controversies associated with creating national parks, including conflicts with local communities and the cost of maintenance. Ultimately, the decision to establish national parks should be made with careful consideration of both the benefits and drawbacks, to ensure that these protected areas can continue to fulfill their vital role in conserving the natural world.。
关于东奥会英语作文标题,东奥会(Tokyo Olympic Games)。
The Tokyo Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXXII Olympiad, was a monumental event that captured the attention of the world. Held from July 23 to August 8, 2021, in Tokyo, Japan, these games marked a significant milestone in the history of the Olympic movement. This essay delves into the key aspects of the Tokyo Olympics, including its organization, highlights, challenges, and legacy.Organization and Preparation。
The Tokyo Olympics faced numerous challenges due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to a one-year postponement. Despite these hurdles, the organizers worked tirelessly to ensure the successful execution of the games. Stringent health protocols were put in place, including regular testing, quarantine measures, and restricted attendance.The venues were meticulously prepared to host the various sporting events, showcasing Japan's advanced infrastructure and organizational capabilities. From the iconic Tokyo Olympic Stadium to the state-of-the-art Aquatics Centre, each venue reflected Japan's commitment to excellence.Highlights and Achievements。
Research Memoranda CS-01-13To be published in IEEE Intelligent Systems and Their Applications, November 2001 (Trends and Controversies)Challenges in Information Extraction from Text forKnowledge ManagementFabio CiravegnaDepartment of Computer Science, University of Sheffield,Regent Court, 211 Portobello Street, S1 4DP, Sheffield, UK.F.Ciravegna@Nowadays large part of knowledge is stored in an unstructured textual format. Texts cannot be queried in simple ways and therefore the contained knowledge can neither be used by automatic systems, nor be easily managed by humans. The traditional process of manual knowledge identification and extraction by knowledge engineers used in KM is a complex time consuming process, as it requires a great deal of manual input. An example of such process is the collection of interviews to experts (‘protocols’) and their analysis by knowledge engineers in order to codify, model and extract the knowledge of an expert in a particular domain. In this context, Information Extraction from texts (IE) is one of the most promising areas of HLT for Knowledge Management (KM) applications. IE is an automatic method for locating important facts in electronic documents, e.g. information highlighting for document enrichment or for information storing for further use (such as populating an ontology with instances). IE as defined above is the perfect support for Knowledge Identification and Extraction as it can – for example - provide support in protocol analysis either in an automatic way (unsupervised extraction of information) or semi-automatic way (e.g. helping knowledge engineers locating the important facts in protocols, via information highlighting).It is widely agreed that the main barrier to the use of IE is the difficulty in adapting IE systems to new scenarios and tasks, as most of the current technology still requires the intervention of IE experts. This makes IE a technology difficult to apply, because personnel skilled in IE are difficult to find in industry, especially in small medium enterprises [Ciravegna 2000]. A main challenge for IE for the next years is to enable people with knowledge of Artificial Intelligence (e.g. knowledge engineers) but no or scarce preparation on IE and Computational Linguistics to build new applications/cover new domains. This is particularly important for KM: IE is just one of the many technologies to be used in building complex applications: wider acceptance of IE will come only when IE tools will not require any specific skill apart from notions of KM.A number of Machine Learning based tools and methodologies are emerging [Freitag 1999, Ciravegna 2001], but the road to fully adaptable and effective IE systems is still long. In this paper, I will focus on two main challenges for adaptivity in IE for KM that in my opinion are paramount in the current scenario:1. Automatic adaptation to different text types2. Human-centred issues in copying with real users.Adaptivity to Different Text TypesPorting IE systems means coping with four main tasks:1. Adapting to the new domain information: implementing system resourcessuch as lexica, knowledge bases, etc. and designing new templates, so that the system is able to manipulate domain-specific concepts;2. Adapting to different sublanguages features: modifying grammars and lexicalso to enable the system to cope with specific linguistic constructions that are typical of the application/domain;3. Adapting to different text genres: specific text genres (e.g. medical abstracts,scientific papers, police reports) may have their own lexis, grammar, discoursestructure.4. Adapting to different types: Web-based documents can radically differ fromnewspaper-like texts: we need to be able to adapt to different situationsMost of the literature on IE has focused so far on issues 1, 2 and 3 above, with limited attention to text types, having focused mainly on free newspaper-like texts [Cardie 1997]. This is a serious limitation for portability, especially for KM, where an increase in the use of inter/intranet technologies has moved the focus from a free texts only scenarios (based on e.g. reports and protocols) to more composite scenarios including (semi)structured texts (e.g. highly structured web pages as produced by data bases). In classical Natural Language Processing (NLP) adapting to new text types has been generally considered as a task of porting across different types of free texts. The use of IE for KM requires an extension of the concept of text types to new, unexplored dimensions. As a matter of fact linguistically-based methodologies used for free texts can be difficult to apply or even ineffective on highly structured texts such as web pages produced by data bases. They are not able to cope with the variety of extralinguistic structures (e.g. HTML tags, document formatting, and stereotypical language) that are used to convey information in such documents. On the other hand, wrapper-like algorithm designed for highly structured HTML pages are largely ineffective on unstructured texts (e.g. free texts). This is because such methodologies make scarce (or no) use of NLP, tending to avoid any generalization over the flat word sequence tending to be ineffective on free texts, for example because of data sparseness [Ciravegna 2001b].The challenge is developing methodologies able to fill the gap between the two approaches in order to cope with different text types. This is particular important for KM with its composite Web-based scenarios, as Web pages can actually contain documents of any type and even a mix of text types, e.g., an HTML page can contain both free and structured texts at t h e same time. Work on this topic has just started. Wrapper induction systems based on lazy NLP [Ciravegna 2001b] try to learn the best (most reliable) level of language analysis useful (or effective) for a specific IE task by mixing deep linguistic and shallow strategies. The learner starts inducing rules that make no use of linguistic information, like in wrapper-like systems. Then it progressively adds linguistic information to its rules, stopping when the use of NLP information becomes unreliable or ineffective. Linguistic information is provided by generic NLP modules and resources defined once for all and not to be modified by users to specific application needs. Pragmatically, the measure of reliability here is not linguistic correctness (immeasurable by incompetent users), but effectiveness in extracting information using linguistic information as opposed to using shallower approaches. Unlike previous approaches where different algorithm versions with different linguistic competence are tested in parallel and the most effective is chosen [Soderland 2000], lazy NLP-based learners learn which is the best strategy for each information/context separately. For example they may decide that using parsing is the best strategy for recognising the speaker in a specific application on seminar announcements, but not the best strategy to spot the seminar location or starting time. This is very promising for analysing documents with mixed genres, e.g. web pagescontaining both structured and unstructured material, quite a common situation in web documents.Coping with Non IE ExpertsThe second main task in adaptive IE concerns human-computer interaction during application development. Non-expert users need to be supported during the whole adaptation process so to maximize effectiveness and appropriateness of the final application. A typical IE application lifecycle is composed of: scenario design, system adaptation, results validation and application delivery [Ciravegna and Petrelli 2001].Scenario design is the task of defining the information to extract. Large part of potential users need specific support, as they may find difficult to manipulate IE-related concepts, such as templates. Moreover there may be a gap between what information the user needs, what information the texts contain and what the system can actually extract. It is very important to help users recognize such discrepancies, forcing them into the right paradigm of scenario design. Highlighting information in different colors is generally a good way to do it. Tagging-based interfaces, such as Mitre’s Alembic, have proven to be quite effective and have become a standard in adaptive IE.Selecting the corpus to be tagged for training is also a delicate issue. Non-linguistically aware users tend to focus on text content rather than on linguistic variety. Unfortunately IE systems learn from both. Provided corpora may be unbalanced wrt types or genres (e.g. emails could be underrepresented wrt free texts), or even show peculiar regularities due to wrong selection criteria. For example in designing an application on IE from professional resumees, our user selected the corpus by using the names of Us cities as keywords. When the system was tested in the real world environment it became clear that most of the resumees were actually originating from Europe, where addresses, titles of study and even text style can be very different from the American ones. The resulting system was therefore largely ineffective and left the user dissatisfied with the final application. A number of methodologies can be used to validate the training corpus wrt a (hopefully big) untagged corpus. One possible validation concerns the formal comparison of training and untagged corpus. [Kilgarriff 2001] proposes heuristics for discovering differences in text types among corpora. Average text length, distributions of HTML tags and hyperlinks in web pages, average frequency of lexical classes in texts (e.g. nouns), etc. can be relevant i n dicators of corpus representativeness and can be used to warn inexperienced users that some training corpora can be not representative enough of the whole corpus. Even the detection of an excess of regularity in the training corpus can be a good indicator of an unbalanced corpus selection, e.g. if a high percentage of fillers for some slots is the same string.With a corpus reasonable in size and quality, the IE system can then be trained. Unfortunately, even the best algorithm is unlikely to provide optimised results for specific use. This is because a 100% accurate system is out of reach of the current IE technology, and therefore there is the necessity of balancing recall (i.e. ability to retrieve information when present) and precision (the ratio of correct information on the total of information extracted) so to produce the optimal results for the task and users at hand. Different uses will require different types of results (e.g., higher recall in some cases, higher precision in others). Users must be enabled to evaluate results from both a quantitative and qualitative point of view, and to change the system behaviour if necessary. Most of the current technology provides satisfying results forresults inspection: tools such as the MUC scorer [Douthat98] allow users to understand the system effectiveness in details. The challenging step is now to enable users to change the system behaviour. In case of occasional or inexperienced users, the issue arises of avoiding the use of technical or numerical concepts (such as precision and recall). This requires the ability from the IE system of bridging the user’s qualitative vision (“you are not capturing enough information”) with the numerical concepts the learner is able to manipulate (e.g. moving error thresholds in order to obtain higher recall).When the application is tuned to the specific user needs, it can be delivered and used in the application environment. Corpus monitoring should be enabled even after delivery, though. One of the risks in highly changing environments such as the Internet is that information (e.g. web pages) can change format in a very short time, and the system must be able to detect such changes [Muslea 2000]. The same techniques mentioned above for testing corpus representativeness can be use to identify changes in the information structure or test type.For further discussion on human-centred issues, see [Ciravegna and Petrelli 2001]. ConclusionAdaptive IE is already providing useful results and technology for KM. Fully integrated user-driven solutions are still to come, but current research results are promising. In this essay I have discussed two of the major challenges for IE for the next years, namely adaptivity to text genres and human-centred issues that are paramount for an effective use of IE for KM purposes.AcknowledgementMy work on adaptive IE is supported under the Advanced Knowledge Technologies (AKT) Interdisciplinary Research Collaboration (IRC), sponsored by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (grant GR/N15764/01). AKT comprises the Universities of Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Sheffield, Southampton and the Open University ().Bibliography[Cardie 1997] Claire Cardie, `Empirical methods in information extraction', AI Journal, 18(4), 65-79, 1997.[Ciravegna et al. 2000] Fabio Ciravegna, Alberto Lavelli, and Giorgio Satta, `Bringing information extraction out of the labs: the Pinocchio Environment', in ECAI2000, Proc. of the 14th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, ed., W. Horn, Amsterdam, 2000. IOS Press.[Ciravegna 2001a] Fabio Ciravegna: "Adaptive Information Extraction from Text by Rule Inductionand Generalisation" in Proceedings of 17th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 2001), Seattle, August 2001."[Ciravegna 2001b] Fabio Ciravegna: "(LP)2, an Adaptive Algorithm for Information Extraction fromWeb-related Texts" in Proceedings of the IJCAI-2001 Workshop on Adaptive Text Extraction and Mining held in conjunction with the 17th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-01), Seattle, August, 2001[Ciravegna and Petrelli 2001] Fabio Ciravegna and Daniela Petrelli: "User Involvement in Adaptive Information Extraction: Position Paper" in Proceedings of the IJCAI-2001 Workshop on Adaptive Text Extraction and Mining held in conjunction with the 17th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-01), Seattle, August, 2001[Douthat 1998] Aaron Douthat, `The message understanding conference scoring software user's manual', in the 7th Message Understanding Conf., [Freitag 1998] Dayne Freitag, `Information Extraction from HTML: Application of a general learning approach', Proc. of the 15th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-98), 1998.[Kilgarriff 2001] A. Kilgarriff, ‘Comparing Corpora’, to appear in Corpus Linguistics.[Muslea 2000] I. Muslea, S. Minton, and C. Knoblock, ‘Co-testing: selective sampling with redundant views’ in Proc. of the 17th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AAAI-2000.[Soderland 1999] Steven Soderland, `Learning information extraction rules for semi-structured and free text', Machine Learning, (1), 1-44, 1999.Dr Fabio Ciravegna is Senior Research Fellow at the Department of ComputerScience of the University of Sheffield, UK. His research interest includesClassical and Adaptive Information Extraction from text (IE), with a particularfocus on user-centered methodologies. He has been active in IE since 1988.Since then he was principal investigator and coordinator for InformationExtraction at Fiat Research Center (Turin, Italy) from 1991 to 1993 and atITC-Irst (Trento, Italy) from 1993 to 2000. His work on IE has been publishedin a number of international conferences such as EACL-1999, IJCAI-1999,ECAI-2000 and IJCAI2001. He co-organized two workshops on the use ofMachine Learning for Information Extraction at ECAI-2000 and IJCAI2001. Contact him at F.Ciravegna@。