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中考英语语法总复习(外研社版)史上最全

中考英语语法总复习(外研社版)史上最全
中考英语语法总复习(外研社版)史上最全

外研社初三英语语法总复习

名词

一、名词的分类:根据用法,名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词两类。

1. 可数名词有单、复数形式的区别。需要掌握规则名词的复数形式的构成。

*以y纟吉尾的专有名词,或元音字母+结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数:女口:two Marysthe Henrys mon key---mon keysholiday---holidays 比较:层楼:storey ---storeys story---stories

* 以o 结尾的名词,变复数时:a.力口s,女口:photo---photospiano---pianos radio---radioszoo---zoos ;

b. 力口es,如:potato--potatoestomato--tomatoes hero--heroes Negro--Negroes* 以f 或fe 结尾的名词变复数时常去 f , fe加ves,

如: half---halvesknife---knivesleaf---leaveswife---wiveslife---lives thief---thieves

2?名词复数的不规则变化

1)child---children foot---feettooth---teeth mouse---miceman---men woman---women 注意:与

man禾口woman 构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men禾口-women。如:an Englishman,two

En glishme n.但German不是合成词,它是由Germa ny去y变化而来,故复数形式为Germa ns; Bowman 是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。

2)单复数同形如: deer,sheep, fish,Chinese,Japanese,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin 但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar, two dollars;a meter, two meters

3)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:

a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。

b. news是不可数名词。

c. the Uni ted States,the Uni ted Natio ns 应视为单数。The Uni ted Natio ns was orga nized in 1945.

d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。

"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. << 一千零一夜>>故事书。4)表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses眼镜)trousers,clothes若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair(对,双);suit(套);a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers

6. )常以复数形式出现并使用的名词:clothes, people, trousers, glasses, scissors, thanks,

con gratulati ons, wishes, police, stairs(楼梯),works(著作),woods(森林),times(时代)

3. 不可数名词量的表示:可以借助单位词表一定的数量。如: a glass of water \ a piece of cake

4. 修饰可数名词的词有:ma ny, few, a few, a nu mber of,数词

修饰不可数名词的词有:much, little, a little, a great deal of

即可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词的词有:some (an y), no, a lot of, ple nty of

二、定语名词的复数(即名词修饰名词):名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外。

1)用复数作定语。如:sports meeting运动会students reading-room学生阅览室

2)ma n, woma n,等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如:men workers

3)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。如:two-dozen eggs两打/ (二十四个鸡蛋)

a ten-mile walk 十里路two-hundred trees a five-year plan. —个五年计戈V some banana trees

two book stores

三、名词的格1.有生命的人、物的所有格在词尾加“’,如the boy ' s bag

2?若名词词尾已有-s,只^口’,女口:Teachers'Day the twins 'parents, the students'books

3. 时间、距离、地域等名词的所有格形式为-'s : today's newspapermen minutes' walk \the city's problem 4?在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词

女口:the barber's a t my aunt's (house) go to the doctor's .

5. 凡不能加"'s"的名词,都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系

如:the title of the song歌的名字the window of the house。6.如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's, 则表示”分别有”;只有一个’s,则表示’共有'。女口:John's and Mary's rooms(两间)John and Mary's room (一间)7.双重所有格形式:a novel of Mark Twin 's a friend of my father's / mine

代词

1 ?人称代词

1. )人称代词的主格在句子中作主语,例如:

Joh n waited a while but eve ntually he went home. 约翰等了一会儿,最后他回家了。说明:在复合

句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中,例如:When

he arrived, Joh n went straight to the bank.

2)人称代词的宾格在句子中作动词的宾语或介词宾语,第一人称在省略句中,还可以作主语。例

如:I saw her with them。her 做宾语,them 做介词宾语,a. -- Who broke the vase?-谁打碎了花瓶?

b. -- Me.--我。(me = It's me.)在正式文体中这里应为I。

宾格代替主格的情况:

a. 在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在not后,多用宾语。----I like English.--我喜欢英语。

----Me too.--我也喜欢。---- Have more wine?--再来点酒喝吗? ---Not me.--我可不要了。

b. 在表示比较的非正式的文体中,常用宾格代替主格。但如果比较状语的谓语保留,贝件语只能

用主格。He is taller than I/me. He is taller than I am.

3)动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替,有时也用he, she,带有亲切的感情色彩。Give the cat some food. She is hun gry.给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。

多个人称的排序问题

1)单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:you, he / she and I女口:You, he and I should return on time.

2)复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:we, you and they

*注意:在承认错误,承担责任时,第一人称放在前面It was I and John that made her angry.

*it的主要用法:可以表示天气,时间,距离,形式主语,形式宾语,身份等.

2. 物主代词(…人的):包括形容词性的物主代词和名词性的物主代词

用法:形容词性的物主代词+名词;名词性的物主代词=形容词性的物主代词+名词

3?反身代词:(1)加强语气,起强调作用,“…自己”亲自”本人”

(2)用在一些动词后,表示主语既是动作的发出者,也是动作的承受者.常见的这类动词

有:teach, dress, help, look after, enjoy, hurt, wash

4. 不定代词

(1)none (of)指人或物回答how many / much 的问题no body, no one 指人no thi ng 指物

⑵one指人或物,复数为ones, that指物(不可数名词),iL指代前面提到的物体

I have got a nice watch. Would you like to buy one? ( a watch)

I have got a nice watch. Do you like it? ( the watch)

The weather here is better than that in Beiji ng. (the weather)

(3)三者或三者以上:all (全部,者E )any (任何一个) none (—个也没有)两者:both (全部,者8 ) either (任意一个)neither (—个也没有)

* Neither of us is from the USA.

None of us have / has ever bee n there before.

*not与both, all连用表示部分否定.

(4)s ome用于肯定句中,也可用于表示请求、建议或希望得到肯定答复的疑问句中

any用于疑问句、否定句中;还有“任何的”意思

(5)ano ther泛指另一个

the other常与one连用,表示两者中的另一个one…the other…

others泛指别的,其他的the others特指别的,其他的(有范围限制)

(the) others = (the) other + 名词

else放在合成不定代词或疑问词之后

⑹every +名词,只能做定语,(三者或三者以上)

each两者或两者以上的“每一”,可以单独使用

常见的短语:each of each other

(7)合成不定代词的用法(略)*形容词后置

数词

表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词; _____

表示顺序的数词叫序数词。一、基数词基数词的用法:

1编号的事物用基数词:女口:Lesson Five,Room 101

2?表示“年,月,日’时用基数词。

3?表示“几点钟,几点过几分”用基数词。It is two to two.现在是两点差两分。

4. 加减乘除用基数词。One plus two is three. 一加二等于三。Eight mi nus four is four.八减四等于四。

Two times two is four.二乘二等于四.Ten divided by two is five. 十除二等于五。

5表示百分数用基数词.

Thirty percent of them is water.它们当中有30%的水。

6. 表示分数时,分子数字用基数词, 但分母要用序数词,如分子不是1,序数词要用复数形式。

On e-fifth of the books are mi ne.三分之一的书是我的。

Three-te nths of water is disappeared. 十分之三的水不见了。

基数词一般是单数形式,但下列情况,常用复数: 1.与of短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数

目连用,如hundreds of ; 2.表示"几十岁";in his forties 3.表示"年代",用in +the +数词复数;

in the 1980s / 1980 '

序数词1.序数词1-19除第一,第二,第三,第五,第八,第九,第十二变化不规则外,其余均

由在基数词后加上-th。

2. 十位整数的序数词的构成方法是将十位整数基数词的词尾-y变成i再加-eth o

3. 几十几的序数词,只是把个位数变成序数词,十位数不变。

4. 第一百以上的多位序数词由基数词的形式变结尾部分为序数词形式来表示。

one hundred and twenty-first ,one thousand,three hundred and twentieth

5. 序数词可以用缩写形式来表示。主要缩写形式有:

first--lst second--2nd third--3rd fourth--4th sixth--6th twentieth--20th twenty-third--23rd ___ 其中1st,2nd,3rd 为特殊形式,其它的都是阿拉伯数字后加上th。

6. 通常前面要加定冠词the;但是如果序数词前出现不定冠词a或an时,则表示“再”,“又”.

We' ve tried it three times . Must we try it a fourth time ?

7. 基数词也可以表示顺序。只需将基数词放

在它所修饰的名词之后(名词需大写)即可,不需要添加定冠词。

the first lesson----Less on One ,the fifth page----Page 5,the twenty----first room-Room 21

三、数词的用法

1. 倍数表示法1.)主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+ as + adj. + asI have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。

2.)主语+ 谓语+ 倍数(分数)+ the size (amount, length …)of -The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍。

3.)主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+形容词(副词)比较级+ than… The gra in output is 8 perce nt higher this year tha n that of last year.

今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。4.)还可以用by+倍数,表示增加多少倍The production of grain has

bee n in creased by four times this year 今年粮食产量增加了4 倍。

2?分数表示法:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序

数词用复数:1/3 ---one-third ;2/3 ---two thirds.

冠词

冠词包括定冠词(the)和不定冠词(a, an)两类。冠词不能单独使用,通常用在名词前面,帮助说明名词的含义。

不定冠词a, an的用法:

1?常放在可数名词的单数形式前面,表示“一”的概念,但数的概念没有one强烈。

An in terest ing story book; a small boy; There's a kite in the tree.

2?放在可数名词的单数形式前,表示一类人或物。

3. 用在固定短语中。

定冠词the与指示代词this, that同源,有那(这)个” “这些,那些”的意思,但较弱,放在名词前,表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。

1?特指双方都明白的人或物:Take the medici ne.把药吃了。

2?上文提到过的人或事:He bought a house.I've been to the house.

3. 指世上独一无二的事物:the sun, the sky, the moo n, the earth

4. 与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:the rich 富人;the living 生者

5. 用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词,only, very, same等前面:.Where do you live?l live on the sec ond floor.

That's the very thing I've been looking for.He is the only person who knows the secret.

6. 用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前:

the People ‘ s Republic of Ch中华人民共和国the United States美国7.用在表示乐器的名词之前

She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。

8. 用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人:the Greens格林一家人(或格林夫妇)

9. 用在惯用语中: in the day, in the morning (afternoon , evening),the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday,the next morning,in the sky (water, field , country), in the dark, in the rain,in the distance,in the middle (of),i n the end, on the whole,by the way,go to the theatre

*在sun , moon, breakfast等之前有形容词时,可用a, an a full moon

三、不用冠词的情况:

1 .国名,人名前通常不用冠词:England, Mary ;

2. 泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词:They are teachers.

3. 扌由象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词:Failure is the mother of success.

4. 物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词: ________

Man cannot live without water.

5. 在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词: _______

We go to school from Mon day to Friday.

6. 在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词:

The guards took the America n to Ge neral Lee. 士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。7.在三餐、球类

运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词如: have breakfast, play chess

8. 重叠运用的名词短语前常省去冠词:from house to house, hour after hour, one by one

9. 在一些习惯用语中*注意以下一些短语的区别(有定冠词时,表示相关处所或地点,没有定冠词时,表示与相关处所有关的活动或功能.)

go to hospital去医院看病——go to the hospital去医院(并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)

in front of ——in / at the front of in hospital ——in the hospital go to school---go to the school

at table--- at the table' in class---- in the class \by sea---- by the sea \a number of ---- the number of*两个 形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同东西。

He raises a black and a white cat 他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。

The black and the white cats are hers 这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。 *如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一物。 He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫。

四、冠词的位置 1不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。

注意:1.)位于下列形容词之后: such,

what ,many ,half , I have n ever see n such an ani mal. Many a man is fit for the job.

2. ).当名词前的形容词被副词 as, so, too, how, however, enough 修饰时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后: It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. So short a time. Too long a way.

3. ) quite ,rather 与单数名词连用,冠词放在其后。 quite a nice picture

2、定冠词位置 定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前, 但放在 all , both, double, half, twice ,three times 等词之后,名词之前。 All the stude nts in the class wen t out. 班里的所有学生都出去了。

形容词和副词

一、形容词的用法:形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。也可以放在系动词后面作表语。

1 ?直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,

它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰, 在句 中可作定语、表语和补语。

That 'a heavy box.(定语) He 'very happy to come here.(表语)

The good news made me very happy.(宾语补足语 )

3. 形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰 somethi ng, any thi ng, no thi ng, somebody, no body 等不定代词时,要放在这些词之后,例如: somethi ng nice

1. )大部分形容词加-ly 可构成副词。但friendly 友好的,lovely 可爱的,lonely 孤单的,lively 热闹的, 有

生气的,活泼的,等仍为形容词。

She sang lovely.(错) -- Her singing was lovely. (对)

He spoke to me very friendly.(错) -- He spoke to me in a very friendly way.-(对)

* politely, truly, terribly2 ) 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:

the dead, the living ,the rich ,the poor ,the blind ,the hungry 如:The poor are losing hope.

3)有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用。 the British , the English , the French , the Chinese.

The En glish have won derful sense of humor.

4. )多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:限定词 --数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色 )--

出处--材料性质,类别--名词

a small round table a dirty old brow n shirt

a tall gray buildi ng a famous Germa n medical school an expe nsive Japa nese sports car

二、副词的用法:用来修饰动词、形容词或其它副词,在句中做状语。三、 形容词和副词的比较级 和最高级大多数形容词(性质形容词)和副词有比较级和最高级的变化, 即原级、比较级和最高级, 用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词和副词的原形,比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化 两种。

1、掌握比较级和最高级的变化形式:

2.有些形容词是表语形容词 怕的 alone 单独,独自 He is an ill ma n. (错) She is an afraid girl.(错) 这类形容词还有:well , 着的。 这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。例如:

asleep 睡着的 ill 生病的

The man is ill. (对)

The girl is afraid. (身体)好的un well afraid 害 (对)

(身体)不舒适的,alike 相象的,alive 活着的,awake 醒

1)单音节形容词及部分双音节次加一er, est

2)部分双音节词及多音节词前面加more, most或less, least构成.

3)不规则变化形式:

2?使用比较级时要注意的问题:

1) 在比较级前可以使用下列一些单词或短语加以修饰:

much, a little, even, far, a bit, still, a lot, 等

数词+量词也可以修饰比较级如:He is two years you nger than I.

还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。This room is twice as big as that o ne.

2) 要避免将主语含在比较对象中。(错)Chi na is larger that any cou ntry in Asia.

(对)China is larger tha n any other coun tries in Asia.

3) 不含than的形容词和副词比较级前可以加不定冠词a, an a /an +比较级+名词

How fast he run s. I've n ever see n a better runner.

比较级前加定冠词the表示特指。Tom is the taller of the two brothers.

4) than后面可以用主格,也可以用宾格。但有时也有区别。

I'm taller tha n he / him. I like the boy tha n heL ----- 1」ike the boy tha n she.

3. 比较级的常见句型:

1. )比较级+ and +比较级越来越……

2. ) the +比较级…,the +比较级…. 越…,就越…

3. )as …as 和.... 一样;

not as / so…as和.. 不一样;不如…(中间用形容词或副词的原级)

4. ) like….better than…和.. 相比更喜欢.....

5. )prefer to do sth rather than do sth.宁可 ... 也不….prefer to do sth. \\prefer doing sth to doing sth.

6. ) more B than A 与其说A,不如说B less A than B

He is more lazy than slow at his work.= He is less slow than lazy at his work.

7. ) no more …than ?与... 一样... ,不比..... 多

The officials could see no more than the Emperor.

no less …than 与....... 一样.... He is no less diligent than you.

8. ) more tha n 不只是,非常She is more tha n ki nd to us all.

介词

介词不能单独使用,必须和名词、代词或动名词构成介词短语,在句中做表语,定语、状语、补语等成分。根据介词的用法,通常可以分为:时间、地点、趋向和其他四类介词。

一、表示时间的介词:

(1) at 示时刻、时间的某一点at six, at noon, at half past one, at that time / moment

on 具体的某一天on Sun day, on Friday after noon, on a cold morning, on the morning of … ;on March 12th, 2005

in示周、月、季节、年以及泛指的上、下午,晚上in spring, in 2004,in the morning,

* 在his, last, that, n ext, every 等词前面不用介词this after noon, last Sun day, every morni ng 区别:next week ------------------------- t he next week

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