文体学复习
Unit One
1. Stylistics: A discipline that studies the ways in which language is used；it is a discipline that studies the styles of language in use.
2. Subdivision of Stylistics: General and Literary
Unit Two
1. Why should we study Stylistics?
A. It helps cultivate a sense of appropriateness.
B. It sharpens the understanding and appreciation of literary works.
C. It helps achieve adaptation in translation.
Unit Three
1. Dialects: Language variations that are associated with different users of the languag
e.
2. Registers: Language variations that are associated with the different use to which th ey are put.
3. Patterns of Dialects: Individual; Temporal; Regional; Social and Standard, among which Social dialect can be further divided into socioeconomic status, ethnic, gender a nd age variety.
4. Patterns of Registers: Field of discourse; Mode of discourse and Tenor of discourse. Unit 5
1. Formality: It refers to the way in which the style of language will vary in appropriat eness according to the social context: the occasion and the relationship between addre sser and addressee.
2. Two main factors that vary the degree of formality: Functional Tenor
and Speech Situation.
Functional Tenor : tells us the addresser’s intention of using the language. Speech Situ ation: In order to choose an appropriate spot on the continuum, the
speaker must assess the ―speech situation‖----the setting, purpose, audience, social relations, and topic.
3. Martin Joos’ Classification
A. the frozen level: written legal documents or highly solemn speech.
B. the formal level: used for public address such as lectures or speeches where the audience is not known to the speaker personally or where personal acquaintance is not acknowledged.
C. the consultative level: Less formal gatherings such as committee meetings where status is still fairly clearly designed, but where participants interact.
D. the casual level: Among friends, or peers who know each other well enough
that little elaboration is necessary.
E. the intimate level: between people who see each other daily and share the majority of their daily life experiences.
Unit 6
1. Distinctions among speech: Speech can be spontaneous (conversing v. monologuing) and non-spontaneous (sub-categorized as reciting).
2. Distinctions among writing: The text that has been written may be written to be spoken as if not written (the lines in a drama), written to be spoken (scripts for sermons, speeches, lectures, news bulletins and commentaries), or even written not necessarily to be spoken with no relation to the spoken mode (telephone book or dictionaries), and written not necessarily to be spoken but with a relationship with the spoken mode(dialogue in a novel) .
Unit 7 Conversation
1. Grammatical features of conversation
A. preference for short and loose sentences
B. high incidence of elliptical and incomplete sentences
C. frequency of interrogative sentences
D. simple nominal and verbal group structure
2. Lexical features
A. preference for short words and vague expression
B. frequent use of colloquial items and idioms and a great many phrasal verbs
C. use of lexical hyperbole and of slang
3. Phonological features
A. frequent use of some basic prosodic pattern( There is a high proportion of simple falling tones.)
B. prosodic variation within the tone-unit
C. frequency of pause and uneven tempo
D. free occurrence of paralinguistic effects
4. Semantic features
A. randomness of subject matter and general lack of planning
B. cohesive device is very marked by the frequent use of personal pronoun reference, cross-reference using articles and determiners and use of coordinating conjunction. Unit 8 Public Speech
1. Grammatical features of public speech
A. variation in sentence length, as it reflects the emotional state of mind of the speaker and his/her effort to evoke an active response from the audience.
B. various sentence types( most of them are statements, occasional questions are used; vocatives are used to add a touch of intimacy to the addresser-addressee relation
ship)
C. more complex-looking group structures(nominal groups are more with postmodification than with premodification.
2. Lexical features
A. using accurate and clean words( much use of abstract words or even big words)
B. adaptation of wording to particular audience
C. less use of phrasal verbs
3. Phonological features
A. appropriate volume and pitch variation
B. varying tempo and rightly time pause
C. rhythmic effect
D. distinct articulation
E. full use of non-verbal communication
4. semantic features
A. effective ways of organization( problem-solution order)
Five steps of psychology of persuasion:
Attention-Need-Satisfaction-Visualization-Action.
Connectives in public speaking: the use of transitional phrases, internal previews and summaries, and the use of signposts
B. effective ways of delivery
parallelism: makes the statement clear, consistent and compelling
antithesis: lends extra impact to the statement
repetition: helps create a strong emotional effect
a. synonym: add force, clearness or balance to a sentence
b. alliteration: spruce up speeches
Unit 9 Advertising
1. Functions of Advertising
A. marketing role
B. educational role
C. economic role
D. social role
2. Two types of newspaper ads: display and classified
3. Graphological features
A. full use of graphological contrasts
B. prominent use of pictures
C. clear identification of the advertiser
4. Grammatical features
A. preference for short sentences
B. combined use of various types of sentences
C. use of simple verbal groups
D. use of heavily modified nominal groups
5. Lexical features
A. wide use of affirmative and commendatory words and expressions
a. Comparisons are many in advertising, usually to affirm the improvement made to
a product or service.
b. Most prominent is the use of a large number of adjectives
B. Frequent use of personal pronouns
C. Extensive use of neologisms
6. Semantic features
A. heavy reliance on overall layout
Five parts of components: the headline, the body, the illustration, the signature and the epigrammatic slogan.
B. high attention to positioning and theme
C. use of rhetorical devises
a. repetition
b. parallel structure
c. metaphorical uses of language
d. allusions and puns
7. Conspicuous features of business-to-business advertising: Business copy
tens to be longer, more detailed and more factual. Emphasis is placed on accuracy and completeness.
Unit 10 News Report
1. General features
A. simple, easy-to-understand language
B. The need to be compact, and clear, and interesting poses particular demand on the graphological design of headlines’ on the peculiar arrangement of events, and on the c larity, directness and vividness of language.
2. Graphological feature: contrast in headlines
3. Grammatical features
A. alternating use of long and short statement-type sentences
B. frequent use of inverted sentence structure and expanded simple sentences
C. use of heavy modified nominal groups: the presence of much complex pre-and post-modification of the nominal group in this variety of English
D. use of simple verbal groups
4. Lexical features
A. preference for journalistic words and set expressions
B. wide use of neologisms: words with extended meaning\ nonce-words\coinages\wor ds borrowed extensively from sports and technology, gambling, ect.
C. extensive use of abbreviations
D. avoidance of superlatives and tarnished word ornaments
E. avoidance of unobjective wording
5. Semantic features
A. distinctive discourse pattern
B. simple way of transition
C. skilful headlining
a. Headlines play a vital part in drawing the readers’ attention to the news story.
Chapter 1 Introduction ·What is the English Stylistics？ It is a science that deals with the research for a wide variety of the styles of written and oral English in English language. ·What are language functions? a) To deliver some infor to other people b) To communicate with each other in society ·How do we express ourselves in a proper way? Several factors do work. a)Phonetics b)Vocabulary c)Grammar d)Some knowledge concerning English stylistics ·The correctness in using the language can not replace the appropriateness in language communication. Why? Four examples: a) “ Hello ” and “ Hi ” b) “ Assist me! Assist me! ” and “ Aid! Aid! ” c) “That’s all right.” “That’s to say.” “It’s O.K..” d) See next page d) “ I am terribly sorry to hear that your husband has just died, but don’t let it upset you too much. You’re an attractive, young lady. I’m pretty sure it is very easy for you to find someone else soon. ” ·The effects of language expressions are sometimes related to some non-linguistic factors. a) Sex ------ “ Oh, my God! ” b) Age ------ “ Cheers! ” and “ Bye for now. ” c) Vocation ------ “ Watch the birdie. ” d) Received education ------ “ go to W.C. ” e) Social station ------ “ What prompted you to apply for this job? ” ·Why should we learn and study English stylistics? a) It will help us to express ourselves in English properly. b) It will help us to know something about language features of a variety of English written styles. c) It will help us to select a proper way for getting the best language effects and attaining our communicative purposes. d) It will help us to go at literary criticism. e) It will help us to do the translation work well. Chapter 2 Language Description & Stylistic Analysis ·There are 4 phonetic means in English: 1) stress 2) Intonation 3) pause 4) voice quality. ·Stress has several apparent stylistic and grammatical functions. (1) The first function is for emphasis. (2) The second function is to change the meaning or the part of speech of some words, or both. (3) The third function is to differ some English words (4) The fourth function is to show someone’s surprise, anger, fear, doubt, pleasure, etc..·Intonation can be employed to express people’s happiness, sadness, certainty, hesitation, depression, etc. There are 5 pitches in phonetics: (1) The falling pitch is used to show the meaning of definiteness, certainty and completeness. (2) The rising pitch is employed to show the meaning of indefiniteness, uncertainty and incompleteness. (3) The fall-rise pitch is used to give people some encouragement or give people a warning. (4) The rise-fall pitch is employed to give people a sincere praise or to show the feeling of shock. (5) The level pitch is used to give account on something happened in the past. ·Pause can be divided into two. 精品文档
17 文体阅读（一） 班级__________ 姓名__________ 得分__________ 时间：40分钟满分：100分 一、古诗阅读。(39分) 元日 爆竹声中一岁除，____________入屠苏。 千门万户曈曈日，总把______________。 1．补充诗句。(8分) 2．《元日》的作者是______代诗人________，诗中描写的节日是__________，即农历____________，俗称“_______ _”。 (10分) 3．诗中写了__________、__________、____________、___ _________等一系列的仪式，加之太阳灿烂，春风送暖， 渲染了一种____________的节日气氛。(10分) 4．给诗句中加点的字词选择正确的解释。(填字母，6分) (1)爆竹声中一岁除．( ) A．去掉。 B．过去。 C．表示不计算在内。 (2)千门万户曈曈日 ( ) A．形容太阳出来后天色渐亮的样子。 B．形容太阳落山后天色渐暗的样子。
5．“总把新桃换旧符”，在今天也就是更换春联。请你写一副对联，愿新的一年会给农民带来吉祥和好运。(5分) _______________________________________________ ____ _______________________________________________ ____ 二、说明类文章阅读。(27分) 动物的语言 动物也有自己的语言。有些动物是以动作作为联系信号的。 在某一个海滩上，有一种蟹，雄的只有一只大螯，在寻求配偶时，便高举这只大螯，频频挥动，一旦发觉雌蟹走来，就更加起劲地挥舞着大螯，直到雌蟹伴随着一同回到大海。 有一种鹿是靠尾巴报信的。平安无事时，它的尾巴就垂下不动；尾巴半抬起来，表示正处于警戒状态；如果发现有危险，尾巴便完全竖直。 蜜蜂的________可算是登峰造极的了，它能用独特的舞蹈动作向自己的伙伴报告食物(蜜源)的方向和距离。蜜源的距离不同，在一定时间内完成的舞蹈次数也不一样。有人在此提出了一个诱人的设想：派人造的电子蜂打入蜜蜂之中，指挥蜜蜂活动。这样，不但可以按人的需要收获不同的蜂蜜，还可以帮助植物传粉，真是一举两得。 1．填入文中横线上的词语最恰当的一项是( )(5分)
《英语文体学》1~7章小结 一．关于文体学 本章主要是介绍了骨水泥与文体学的一些基本知识。简单的来说，文体学就是学习如何使用语言和使用语言方式的一种规则。在现代文体学中包括普通文体学和文学文体学。 这本书主要涉及普通文体学。普通文体学在很多方面都有体现，本书主要讨论一种特定体裁的总体特征。接着，课文简单介绍语言在不同时期的不同定义和在不同领域人民对语言的不同观点。并且，文章的上下文决定这语言的意思。语言在使用过程中表现出以下功能：概念功能、人际功能、指称功能和语篇功能，它们不可分割，相互影响。接下来是风格的介绍有四种：集体语言使用特点、个人独特写作风格、表达模式效果、“好”或“漂亮的”文学写作。本书倾向于了解第一种。即问题学的研究限制在特定场合。现代文体学一直在发展，我们得出定义：它是一门研究文体体裁特征的本质及规律。 二．学习文体学的需要 本章主要涉及学习文体学的重要性。 （一）学习问题学能培养人们对语言的敏感性即应该能分清在不同场合应该采取不同的说话方式，以避免不必要的尴尬。 （二）对我们理解外国文学作品有很大作用。因为文学创作中，作者往往采用违反常规的写作方法：背离与重复。这就牵扯到文学批评，对其“描述——解释——评估”，以此突出其作品的鲜明特点。这在文体学上被称为“前景化”。 （三）帮助达到适应翻译外国文学作品的效果。翻译时不可能直译过来，这是由各国文化差异决定的。 三．语(言)[义]的变体 根据语言的使用方式可以把语言分为两种：方言和变体。人们所处的背景和地位决定了他们的语言——方言。方言可以分为个人方言（如海明威用语方法）、时间方言（如古今英语用法不同）和社会方言（如男女用法不同）。而语域的变体可以分为几种：社会经济地位变体（不同阶层）、种族变体（美国社会黑白人不通用法）性别变体和年龄变体。 语域是一个语言使用者的语言反映，它是一种社会活动，即告知别人话里所包含的信息。语域有话语范围：特定场合（命令、法律等）与非特定场合（例如应酬性谈话）。有话语方式：口语和书面语。有话语基调：人及际基调（人们使用语言的规范程度）和功能语旨（说话人意欲）。总之方言和语域是相互依靠的，不可能有单独使用的情况出现。 四．语言的描述 先介绍文体学特点的三个层次： ●音系学和字系学。英语在音系学上有音段（包括拟声词、象声词、语音同化和重复） 和超音段（包括重音、韵律、语调停顿和语速）。这些特征的不同表达式包含了说 话人的不同心情。 ●有语法和词汇。语法方面体现在句子类型（省略句、圆周句、松散句和对偶句）、 从句类型、词组类型（名词、动词词组）和词语类型（合成词）。词汇方面有：用 词倾向（如抽象、具体、普遍、专有等）、内涵意义（与之关联的词）和词的搭配 （固定搭配）。 ●语义单元和语义角色。语义单元包括连贯（互指、成段、语篇模式、修辞手段）和 语义角色（增强语言丰富性） ●接下来介绍语言描写四步骤：（一）系统阅读文章写下认为重要的风格；（二）确定 语言特点的使用频率；（三）估计风格特点的重要性；（四）陈述语言使用模式，判 断该模式在文中的重要性。
12年12月新闻文体学作业 及答案 -标准化文件发布号：（9456-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII
《新闻文体学》作业 本课程作业由两部分组成。第一部分为“客观题部分”，由15个选择题组成，每题1分，共15分。第二部分为“主观题部分”，由简答题和论述题组成，共15分。作业总分30分，将作为平时成绩记入课程总成绩。 客观题部分： 一、选择题（每题1 分，共15题） 1. 选择下面说法正确的（） A、狭义的新闻，是指未在报刊上发表的新闻。 B、狭义的新闻，是指不包括新闻评论的新闻报道。 C、狭义的新闻，即等于消息这一文体。 2. 选择下面说法正确的（） A、简讯，是不大重要的简单的新闻消息。 B、简讯，是与消息、通讯等同的新闻报道的典型体裁。 C、简讯不是新闻报道的典型体裁。 3. 选择下面说法正确的（） A、运用某些属性相同的例子，推论出其他事物也可能有相同的属性的论证方法，叫例证法。 B、运用某些属性不同的例子，推论出其他事物也可能有相同的属性的论证方法，叫对比法。 C、运用某些属性相同的例子，推论出其他事物也可能有相同的属性的论证方法，叫类比法。 4．以下正确的是（） A、新闻标题是在一篇文章前，将新闻的内容或主题加以概括以后单独出的简短文字。 B、新闻标题是在一篇或一组新闻本文前面，将新闻的内容或主题加以概括以后单独标出的简短文字。
C、新闻标题是在一篇或一组新闻的较前面，将新闻的内容加以概括以后单独标出的简短文字。 5．以下正确的是（） A、新闻，是广大群众欲知、应知而未知的事实。 B、新闻，是新近发生的事实的报道。 C、新闻，是报道或评述最新的重要事实以影响舆论的特殊行为。 6．以下正确的是 ( ) A、“日本朋友×××见义勇为烟台挽救落水儿童”，是目的关系 B、“日本朋友×××见义勇为烟台挽救落水儿童”，是后续关系。 C、“日本朋友×××见义勇为烟台挽救落水儿童”，是因果关系。 7．以下正确的是（） A、消息写作滞后的原因是没有向散文学习。 B、消息写作滞后的原因是消息不真实、不典型、审美性差。 C、消息写作滞后的原因是消息写得不及时、不够真实、不客观。 ８．大众传播应具备的三要素不包括的是（） A、传者（信息源） B、媒介（通道） C、受者（发布者） 9．以下正确的是（） A、解释性报道，就是揭丑性或揭漏性报道。 B、解释性报道，就是分析性报道，回答为什么，关心“为何”。 C、解释性报道，就是大量提供背景材料，作者不带倾向，让受众自己去思考并得出结论。 10．选择下面说法正确的（） A.我国最早的电视台叫北京电视台，1958年9月2日开播。 B.我国最早的电视台叫中央电视台，1958年9月2日开播。 C.我国最早的电视台叫北京电视台，1958年10月1日开播。 11. 选择下面说法正确的（） A.新闻主体的人文修养，包括政治觉悟、道德水准、忧患意识。 B.新闻主体的人文修养，包括政治觉悟、道德水准、广博知识。
第三章语言学对象的文体学功能 一、语音的文体学功能 尽管有的学者一直认为语音没有任何意义，但是不同的语音确实能表现出说话者想要强调的意图并且具有不同的文体学功能。在口语的交际中，语音、重音、停顿、语调等都能表现说话者的情感态度以及暗示的一些内容。 重音 重音就是语音的重读。a)表现强调。b)表现吃惊、生气、怀疑等。c)区分同一词的不同意义。（以suspect为例，动词重音在pe而作名词时重音在sus）。 停顿 停顿是在连续的语言单元间的短暂中断的分节过程。英语中有三种停顿：浊音停顿、插声停顿和无声停顿。 音调 我们在听别人说话时，可以辨别出说话人某些音相对调值较高或较低，这就是音调的区分。a）降调b）升调c）降升调d）升降调e）平调f）降+升调 语速 语速就是说话的速度。快的语速反映出兴奋、气愤，慢的语速表现出疑惑、犹豫、悲伤、劳累。 二、笔迹的文体学功能 标点 a）破折号：①表示句中的突然中断或者没表达完毕。②引出总结或同位语。③附加说明。 b）冒号：①在复杂正式的引用前。②介绍一系列项目。 c）感叹号：用在强有力的感叹和命令之后。 大写 大写使用在如下场合：a）句首单词首字母b）诗行首单词首字母c）引用的第一个单词d）神的名字e）语言的名字f）国家e）货币f）地名
斜体 斜体使用在以下场合a）书名、杂志、电影、飞机、船名。b）强调一个句子中某个单词。c)标明不能用英语书写的词汇。 分段 分段有两种分法：a）长段用来谈论完整、正式的事项。b)短段用来衔接、总结。新闻工作者喜欢用短段，因为读者可以在短时间内了解新闻；律师、科学家通常喜用长段用来阐述说明。 三、词汇的文体学功能 概括与详细 详细词的使用更加生动、可以给读者直观感受；在没有必要详细的时候使用概括词即可。 词源 安格鲁萨克逊词源：基本词汇，有“非正式感” 拉丁词源：科学、宗教、官方交流，正式感强。 其他 四、语法的文体学功能 从句类型： a）限定分句b）非限定分句c）无动词分句d）独立分句e）从句 句子类型： a）依据句子的复杂程度或成分数量，可以分为简单句、多子句、复合句、复杂句、复合复杂句。 b）从语法角度分析，可以分为主要句和不完全句。不完全句主语或谓语不齐全。c）功能角度分析，可以分为陈述句、疑问句（一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反义疑问句），命令句和感叹句。 d）从橘子的长短，可以分为长句和短句。 e）从结构或强调的美感分析，分为圆周句和结构平行句。
Title: The Stylistic Analysis of Edgar Allan Poe?s The Raven Abstract: The Raven written by Edgar Allan Poe is a famous romantic poem in American history, which has remained one of Poe?s most enduring works and it is a good illustration of Poe?s rhythmica l creation of beauty. The poem weaves its structure, rhythm, refined words, sentence structure and rhetorical devices into a brilliant tapestry that confers on Poe?s everlasting fame. This paper tends to explore The Raven from a stylistic point of view and the stylistic features on phonological level, lexical level, syntactic level and rhetorical features would be studied respectively. Through the analysis of these aspects, the greatness of the beauty and the sense of melancholy pervaded between the lines in the poem can be all well appreciated. Key words: stylistic analysis; phonological level; lexical level; syntactic level; rhetorical features
Chapter1 1, what is style in your opinion according to what we have studied in this chapter? Anwser1 , from the perspective of the content, the events and activities described ,style is saying different things in different ways ;from the perspective of the ways of expression used ,styled is same thing in different ways; from the perspective of the users of language ,style is different speakers using language in different ways; and from the perspective of the text ,style is the functions of texts for different purposes. Anwser2, the definition of style is the concept of style as choice .this definition can have at least too interpretations .one is that first we have a pre-existing thought ,and then we choice the appropriate type of expression to express it in language. The chosen expression is the style .another is that the choice refers to the choice of meaning. The choice of language is at the same time a choice of meaning and a choice of style . 2,what is the significance of studying the style of language in learning and teaching English? Anwser, the answer is that if we want to use language appropriately in different situations , we need to study style .as foreign language learners, if we disregard the rules of using what variety of language in what occasion , or fail to obey them through ignorance , language can become instead a barrier to successful communication . Therefore its necessary to have a clear awareness of how language should be used in different types of situations especially in unfamiliar situations. 3, what factors can result in differences in style ? Answer , 1, the different types of vocabulary create different images of the events in the rea der’s mind, so they can result in different styles.2,people living in different periods of time in history will also speak differently ,and that will result in a different style. Chapter2 1, explain the following terms 1),foregrounding: the stylistically significant features have to be prominent and motivated ,that is ,foregrounded. 2),incongruity: the linguistic features depart from the normal use of language ,breaking the rules grammar ,spelling ,pronunciation. 3)deflection : the linguistic features don’t depart from the established grammatical, lexical and logical rules and principles ,but have an unexpected high frequency of occurrence. 4),field; its concerned with what is happening ,including the subject matter,the events happenings,going-ons, the content ,etc 5)tenor: its concerned with who is taking part in the exchange of meaning ----the relationship between the speaker and the listener ,their relative status,their attitude,and their role relations . 6)mode: its concerned with how the interaction is conducted ,that is whether it is written or spoken ,or whether it is expressed by phonic substance or graphic substance. 2,question for discussion 2)in rhetorical series,the number of items can influence the stylistic effect.try to analyze the causes on the basis of social culture. Answer :different numbers of words can produce different stylistic effects in the appropriate contexts. Two items express assertion ,that is ,it is just this ,not that .In appropriate situations three items can produce ethic ,persuasive, and representative effect. Four or more items in a series
一、诗歌发展的历程 1、古歌谣 2、诗经：305篇，5篇有目无辞，亦称“诗三百”。我国第一部诗歌总集，诗经的“六艺”：风 （15国风160篇）、雅（朝廷官吏作品105篇）、颂（庙堂祭祀乐歌40篇）、赋（直陈其事）、比（打比方）、兴（先言他物，然后引出所歌咏之事）。 3、楚词：以屈原为代表继承“诗经”传统，创浪漫主义新诗体。 4、汉乐府：“乐府”是负责采风的音乐机关名称。“乐府双璧”：《木兰诗》、《孔雀东南飞》 5、唐诗：我国诗歌的黄金时代，三大诗人 6、宋词：豪放派（苏辛派）婉约派（姜夔、刘永、李清照） 7、元曲：含散曲和杂剧 8、自由诗（新诗）：五四运动后的诗歌 二、诗歌简介 一、什么叫诗歌“诗”一词，本是四书、五经（诗、书、礼、易、春秋）中的《诗经》的简称。《诗经》本称“诗”，后被儒家奉为经典，才称《诗经》。《诗经》是我国第一部诗歌总集。诗，原本是配乐来唱的，所以也称“诗歌”，后演变成脱离音乐的一种文学体裁。 1、对诗歌的定义：〈1〉《辞海》：是最早产生的一种文学体裁。它按照一定的音节、声调和韵律要求，用凝练的语言，充沛的感情，丰富的想象，高度集中地表现社会生活和人的精神世界。〈2〉现代汉语词典：文学体裁的一种，通过有节奏、韵律的语言反映生活、抒发感情 2、对诗歌定义的诠释（依《现代汉语词典》说） （1）有节奏、韵律的语言。旧体诗在节奏、韵律方面有严格要求。尤其是唐代的近体诗和宋代的词，在字数、平仄、对仗、用典、韵脚等方面都有严格规定。①节奏（或称节拍）：指声音的轻重缓急与抑扬顿挫，主要表现在语气的间歇停顿上。△王维《相思》：红豆/生南国，春来/发几枝。愿君/多采撷，此物/最相思。△杜牧《清明》：清明/时节/雨纷纷，路上/行人/欲断魂。借问/酒家/何处有，牧童/遥指/杏花村。诗歌可以没有严格的韵律，但必须有鲜明的节奏。郭沫若说：“没有节奏的便不是诗。” ②韵律：指诗词中的平仄格式和押韵规则。《辞海》：指诗歌中的声韵和节律。△平仄：汉语古音有平、上、去、入四声（现入声字已在普通话中消失）。按现代汉语的四声（除轻生）分为阴平、阳平、上声、去声，入声字在京剧念白中还有：街。平仄声的特点：平声：平缓悠长；仄声：短促急收。利用文字的平仄，可以使诗歌具有很强的韵律感。唱歌时的拖腔都要落平声上才能延长，例：歌词“十五的月亮” 中的“亮”，落在liang声上。△押韵：指诗歌中某些句子末韵母相同或相近，使音调和谐优美。一般偶句押，首句可押可不押。新诗有几句押一次韵或不押韵的。例王之涣的诗：△《登鹳雀楼》：白日依山尽，黄河入海流。欲穷千里目，更上一层楼。△《凉洲词》：黄河远上白云间，一片孤城万仞山。羌笛何须怨杨柳，春风不度玉门关。 （2）反映生活①反映劳动生活：△古歌谣：断竹，续竹。飞土，逐肉。△《诗经·伐檀》坎坎伐檀兮，置之河之干兮。河水清且涟猗。不稼不穑，胡取禾三百产廛兮？不狩不猎，胡瞻尔庭有县貆兮？彼君子兮，不素餐兮！②反映社会石壕吏新婚别△杜甫的《三史》潼关吏《三别》垂老别新安吏无家别△杜甫的《自京赴奉先县咏怀五百字》名句：“朱门酒肉臭，路有冻死骨。” △杜甫《兵东行》：“车辚辚，马萧萧，行人弓箭各在腰。耶娘妻子走相送，尘埃不见咸阳桥。牵衣顿足拦道哭，哭声直上干云霄……” △《诗经·硕鼠》③反映边塞生活△王昌龄《从军行》：（一）青海长云暗雪山，孤城遥望玉门关。黄沙白战穿金甲，不破楼兰终不还。（二）大漠风尘日色昏，红旗半卷出辕门。前军夜战洮河北，已报生擒土谷浑。△王昌龄《出塞》：秦时明月汉时关，万里长征人未还。但使龙城飞将在，不教胡马度阴山。△王翰《凉州词》：葡萄美酒夜光杯，欲饮琵琶马上催。醉卧沙场君莫哭，古人征战几人回。④
文体学答案 集团文件版本号：（M928-T898-M248-WU2669-I2896-DQ586-M1988）
文体学课后题 1、2单元 1Identify and classify patterns of sound repetition in the following examples. 1）Words and phrases shilly-shally = pararhyme super-duper = rhyme high and mighty = assonance fair and square = rhyme kith and kin = reverse rhyme toil and moil = rhyme part and parcel = reverse rhyme by hook or by crook = rhyme 2）Pride and Prejudice = alliteration The Love’s labour Lost = alliteration Of Mice and Man = alliteration Bill Rogers, Marvelous Marathon Man = alliteration Father in a Fix = alliteration Witch Watch = alliteration The Wonder of Waterfall = alliteration 3)Advertisements --Drinka Pinta Milka Day = sound elision --Extra Pintas Warma Winta = sound elision --Be different daily. Be dreamy or dramatic. Experiment, but still economise. Be bold and be beautiful—but don’t break the bank. = (in order) alliteration; alliteration; reverse rhyme; alliteration 2 The underlined word(s) in each of the following examples 1)Nim Chimpsky sounds like Noam Chompsky, who believes that man has a language learning device in the mind, which enables the child to learn the language however badly it is taught. This makes man different from animal, which does not have such a device. That is why chimpanzee (who is considered to be the most intelligent animal) can never learn the language however hard it is taught. 2）Romeow is a word imitating the sound made by a cat and shares the same pronunciation with the main character in Shakespeare’s tragedy Romeo and Juliet. Romeo has deep love for Juliet. It indicates that Romeow the cat has affection for the master. 3) Record shop named Moby Disc, which implies it is a huge shop of its kind, for it reminds one of the Moby Dick, a book which depicts people hunt a huge whole called Moby Dick. 3 1)phonological devices in the following extract. A creak of hinges...aisle. In this passage the authors uses alliteration high-heeled, assonance tiled surface of the central aisle. What is more conspicuous is the use of onomatopoeic words such as creak, booming thud, flutter, tiptap, which present the different kinds of noises heard in the church. The use of such words help the reader share the same experience of the writer and make the description vivid and believable. 2）Read the following extract from the novel Adventures of Tom 3）Sawyer and comment on the graphological forms. “TOM!” No answer. ...--Mark Twai This is one episode of the novel Adventures of Tom Sawyer, depicting how Granny is looking for Tom, who is naughty and hiding under the bed. The different form of letters with punctuation marks indicates how Granny speaks. When we read it, we have the feeling of watching Granny on a stage play. For example, “TOM!” is said louder than “Tom!”. “Y-o-u-u, Tom!” indicates Granny drawls her voice and with unusual loudness so as to be heard far away. The exclamation marks “!” show her emotion, and the dash “— “ impl ies her sudden stop. The italicized through emphasizes the contrast with “over” and “under”, humorously implying her glasses are intended for ornament rather than practical use. In the whole passage, we see the only character Granny, who is speaking to herself. It is very much like a stage monologue. After reading, we have a vivid image of Granny in our mind. And there is a touch of humour all through. 3单元 1 What are thethree ways of clause classification classification according to constituents, verb phrase and functions. By constituents clauses can be grouped into SV(A), SVO(A), SVC, SVOO, SVOC. By verb phrase we have finite clause, non-finite clause and verbless clause. By functions clauses can be categorized either as independent clause or dependent clause. 2 how do we distinguish situation types By according to meaning or sense of the verb. 3 Name the participant roles in action types The participant roles in action types are: agentive role (doer of the action), external force (causer of the action), intrumental role (tool to do the action with), recipient role (receiver of the action) and objective role (the affected or the result of the action). 4 What is a simple sentence What is a multiple sentence Directly/indirectly A simple sentence conforms to the basic clause structure SV(O) (C) (A). A multiple sentence consists of more than one clause. It may be either a compound sentence,a complex sentence, or a mixed sentence. D :nominal clauses function as S O C .I:relative clauses function as modified in NP and comparative c f as m in NP ADJP 5 What is the difference between a minor sentence and an incomplete sentence
Brief Summary of Stylistics General Stylistics is the science which explores how readers interact with the languages of texts in order to explain how we understand and are affected by texts when we read them. The stylistic mainly concerns about the examination of grammar, lexis, semantics, as well as phonological properties and discursive devices. It’s developing and not come to maturity now. According to different standards, the stylistics mainly divide into two major types ：linguistic stylistics and literary stylistics. And there are many school of stylistics such as lingvo-stylistics, literary stylistics, applied stylistics, contrastive stylistics, applied stylistics and so on. In the basic notions of stylistics, the 通述 文体学是为一门教我们怎么更好的使用语言的一门学科，主要关注语法，词汇，语义，语音特征和表达手段。文体学目前是不完善的，处于发展阶段。 根据不同的标准，文体学分为两大类：普通文体学和文学文体学.并且文体学有许多不同的学派，如形式文体学，话语文体学，文学文体学，应用