虚拟语气(the subjunctive mood,又称假设语气,是谓语动词的一种形式,表示说话人叙述的内容与事实相反,在现实中并不存在,或实现的可能性很小。
一、动词的语气
语气用来区别讲话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。英语中的语气(mood有三种,分别是陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。
1.陈述语气
陈述语气一般用来叙述事实或就事实提出询问,主要用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。
Where there is a will, there's a way. 有志者事竟成。
Can you help me carry the box upstairs 你能帮我把箱子搬到楼上吗?
How I missed the life in the countryside! 我多么想念乡村的生活啊!
2.祈使语气
祈使语气表示说话人向对方提出请求或下达命令。
Come this way,please! 请这边走。
Don't make any noise, will you 别吵,行吗?
Do be careful when crossing the street. 过马路时一定要小心。
3.虚拟语气
虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。
If I were a bird, I could fly in the air. 如果我是一只小鸟,我就能在空中飞行。
I wish it were spring all the year round. 但愿四季如春。
May good luck be yours! 祝你好运!
二、条件句中的虚拟语气
英语中条件从句有两类,一类是真实条件句,另一类是非真实条件句。如果假设的情况可能发生,是真实条件句;如果假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生的,则是虚拟条件句。
A.真实条件句
真实条件句表示的假设是可能发生或实现的,主句和从句的谓语动词都要用陈述语气。
If he doesn't come at 8, we won't wait for him. 如果他八点不来,我们就不等他了。
If a flood happened in the past, there was usually a great loss of life and property.过去发生洪水的话,常有很大的生命和财产损失。
We shall go there unless it rains tomorrow. 如果明天不下雨,我们将去那里。
I'll let you use my bike on condition that you keep it clean. 如果你能保持车子干净,我就让你用我的自行车。
B.非真实条件句
在含有非真实条件句的复合句中,主句和从句的谓语动词都要用虚拟语气,其构成有三种形式:
与现在事实相反if条件句的谓语:were did
主句的谓:would(could should might + do
与过去事实相反if条件句的谓语:had done
主句的谓:would(could should might + have done
与将来事实相反if条件句的谓语:did were
主句的谓:should do would (could should might + do were to do
1.表示与现在事实相反的条件
条件从句用动词的过去式(be动词用were,主句用should(第一人称或would(全部人称+动词原形。可用情态动词could, might代替should, would表示情态。
If it were Sunday tomorrow, I would go and see my friends. 明天要是星期天的话,我就去看望我的朋友。
If I were you, I should go and try. 我要是你,我就去试试。
If wishes were horses, beggars might ride.
如果幻想能成为马匹,叫花子都有了坐骑
would go if they treated me like a slave. 要是他们把我当奴隶对待,我就走。
2.表示与过去事实相反的条件
条件从句用动词的过去完成时,主句用should(第一人称或would(全部人称+have done,也可用could, might代替should, would。
If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I would have telephoned you. 如果昨天我知道你的电话号码,我就给你打电话了。
If it had no trained this morning, I should have gone shopping. 今天早上要是没下雨,我就去买东西了。
The flood might have caused great damages to the people if we had not built so many reservoirs.倘若我们没有修建这么多的水库,洪水就会使人民遭受巨大的损失。
3.表示在将来不太可能实现的条件
表示在将来不太可能实现的条件从句有三种形式:
① were did
条件从句用动词的过去式(be动词用were,主句用should(第一人称或would(全部人称+动词原形。也可用could,might代替should, would。
If he were here tomorrow, I would speak to him. 明天如果他在这里的话,我就和他谈谈。
If you dropped the glass, it would break. 你要是把杯子掉下来,会打碎的。
If she had time,she could help me. 她要是有时间,就会帮我了。
② should do
条件从句中不管什么人称都用shoulddo,可表示有偶然实现的可能性。
If it should rain,the crops could be saved. 假如下雨,庄稼可能就有救了。
We would trust him if he should be honest. 如果他真是诚实的,那我们就相信他。
③ were to do
条件从句用were +to do。这种形式比较正式,常出现在书面语中,其假设成份很大,实现的可能性很小。
If I were to do the work, I should do it in a different way. 要是我做这项工作,我就会以不同的方式去做。
If the headmaster were to come, what would we say to him 假如校长来了,我们对他说什么呢?
对比:
将来不太可能实现的三种非真实条件句中的虚拟语气对比
If it snowed tomorrow, I would stay at home. 如果明天下雪的话,我就留在家里。(常用形式
If it should snow tomorrow, I would stay at home. 如果明天下雪的话,我就留在家里。(可能性较小
If it were to snow tomorrow, I would stay at home. 如果明天要下雪的话,我就留在家里。(可能性最小
C.省略if的条件句
在书面语中,非真实条件句中有were, had, should时,可以省略if,而把were, had, should放在主语前,用倒装结构。
Were it necessary,I might go without delay. 如果需要的话,我可以立即去。(= If itwere necessary......
Had you taken my advice,you wouldn't have failed in the exam. 你要是听了我的建议,就不会考试不及格了。(= If you had takenmy advice......
Should I have time,I would call on her. 要是有时间,我就去看她。(= If I should have time......
D.错综条件句
虚拟条件句中的主句和从句涉及的动作发生的时间不一致,这时主句和从句的谓语形式应按照各自动作发生的实际时间来表达。
If you hadn'twatched TV yesterday, you wouldn't be so sleepy now. 如果你昨天不看电视,你现在也就不会这么困了。(从句yesterday说明过去,主句now说明现在 If they had left home early this morning, they would arrive in half an hour. 如果他们今天一早就离开家的话,再过半小时他们就该到了。(从句说明过去,主句说明将来。
If you hesitated this moment, you might suffer in the future. 如果你此刻犹豫不决,你将来会吃苦头的。(从句说明现在,主句说明将来
注意:
在很多情况下,我们也可以用was来代替当主语是第一人称或第三人称单数时的were。
If were here tomorrow...
也可以说成:If he was here tomorrow...
I wish I were a bird.
也可以说成:I sish I was a bird.
但倒装句型中的were不可被was来替换。
Were I in your position,I would not do it.如果我处在你的位置,我是不会干这件事的。
E.含蓄条件句
非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来,只暗含在上下文中,这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况:
1.条件暗含在短语中
He would not get such a result without your help. 没有你的帮助,他就不会有今天的成果。(条件暗含在介词短语without your help中
But for you, I could not be recovered so soon. 要不是有你,我就不会恢复得这么快。(条件暗含在But for you中
This same thing,happening in the past, would lead to a disaster. 同样的事,如发生在过去,就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happening in the past中 He must have beenthere, or he never could know the place so well. 他一定是去过那儿,否则他绝不会对那个地方如此熟悉。(暗含条件是连词or
2.条件可根据上下文推理出
It would do you nogood. 这可能会对你没好处。(条件可能是if you should give up the job 如果你放弃这项工作的话
They could havewon. 他们本来是会赢的。(条件可能是if they had been patient 如果他们有耐心的话
Such mistakes could have been avoided. 这种错误完全能避免。(条件可能是if you had been more careful 如果你更加小心一点的话
Why didn't you tell me about it I should have helped you. 为什么你不告诉我?我会帮助你的。(条件可能是if you had toldme about it 如果你当时告诉我的话 --- Did you go to see him yesterday 你昨天去看他了吗?
--- I would have,but someone dropped over to my house for a visit. 原想去的,但有人到我家来玩了。(条件是if no one had dropped over to my house for a visit 如果没人到我家来玩的话
3.条件用其他形式来表示
She was ill,otherwise she would have been present at the meeting. 她病了,否
(条件通过连词otherwiseor表示出来 If she had not been ill...则的话就会出席会议了。
I told him to go there himself, but perhaps I should have gone together with him. 我让他自己去那里,但也许我应该和他一道去。(连词but暗示条件 Suppose you were in my shoes, what would you do 假若你站在我的立场上,你会怎么办?(用suppose、supposing、providing等词表示if
To talk with her,you would know she could not hear well. 如果你同她交谈,你就会知道她的听力不好。(动词不定式带有假设的意思,相当于If you should talk with her... Left to himself, he could not have finished the work. 要是放任他的话,他是不可能完成工作的。(动词的-ed形式表示条件 If he had been left to himself...提示:
在很多情况下,虚拟式已变成习惯说法,很难找出其暗含的条件。
You wouldn't know. 你不会知道。
I would like to gowith you. 我愿意和你一起去。
三、虚拟语气在各种从句中的用法
虚拟语气除主要用于非真实条件句外,还可用在部分主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句之中。
A.名词性从句中的虚拟语气
主句中的动词、名词、形容词如表示要求、建议、命令或愿望等含义,与其相关的名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。
1.主语从句中的虚拟语气
主语从句通常用于“Itis + 形容词名词动词的-ed形式+ that ...”结构。主语从句中是否用虚拟语气取决于所用的形容词或动词的-ed形式,其谓语动词常用“should + 动词原形”(美国英语常省略should,只用动词原形。
①表示建议或命令
It is important that we (should work out a study plan. 重要的是我们要制订出一个学习计划。
It will be better that we (should meet some other time. 最好我们在另一个时间见面。It is suggested that each student (should sing a song in English. 有人建议每个学生都要唱一首英文歌曲。
It is demanded thathe should leave at once. 要求他立刻离开。
②表示惊讶
It is strange that he should have failed to see his own shortcomings. 真奇怪他竟看不到自己的缺点。
It is a pity shame that I should be at school instead of lying here in hospital. 真可惜,我应当在学校而不是躺在医院里。
It is natural that you should forget it first. 你起先记不住是很自然的。
必背:
常见的要接含有虚拟语气主语从句的词
形容词:important,necessary, urgent, essential, vital, natural, strange, proper 等
动词的-ed形式:arranged, suggested, ordered, required, desired, demanded, proposed等It is necessary that the program (should be loaded into the computer. 有必要把程序输入电脑。
It is strange that he should have learned so much in such a short time. 很奇怪他竟然在如此短的时间内学了那么多的东西。
It is desired that we (should get everything ready by tonight. 希望一切在今晚前准备就绪。
2.宾语从句
虚拟语气常用在表示要求、建议、命令或愿望的动词后的宾语从句中。
常见的宾语从句中需用“should+动词原形”的动词有:
一个坚持:insist
两个命令:order,command
三个建议:suggest,advise,propose
四个要求:demand,require,ask,desire
①在suggest(建议, order(命令, propose(建议, insist(坚持要做, command (命
令,request(要求,advise(建议等动词后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用 should + 动词原形(美国英语常省略should。
The examinationin structor asked that the students (should not use a calculator. 考官要求学生不要使用计算器。
The workers demanded that their wages (should be raised by 10 percent. 工人们要求增加百分之十的工资。
They requested that he (should sing a song. 他们要求他唱一首歌。
比较:
动词suggest和insist后面的宾语从句,应根据不同情况选用陈述语气或虚拟语气。suggest作“建议”解时,用虚拟语气,作“使想起、暗示”解时,用陈述语气。
His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.他的沉默暗示他赞同我的决定。(暗示
He suggested that I(should stick to my decision.他建议我坚持自己的决定。(建议insist作“坚决要求”解时,用虚拟语气,作“坚持认为”解时,用陈述语气。
He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people's health. 他坚持认为做早操对健康有益。(强调
He insists that he(should do morning exercises every day.他坚持每天都要做早操。(要求
②在动词wish后的宾语从句中用虚拟语气,表示不可能实现的愿望。
一般过去时weredid表示目前不可能实现的愿望
I wish I were abird. 但愿我是一只小鸟。
I wish I knew theanswer.我要是知道答案就好了。
过去完成时had done表示过去不可能实现的愿望
I wish she had taken my advice.那时她要是接受我的建议就好了。
I wish that I had seen her yesterday.真希望我昨天见过她。
过去将来时would could do表示将来没有把握或不可能实现的愿望
I wish you would stay an hour longer. 我希望你再呆一个小时。
I wish it could stop raining.但愿雨能停。
提示:
由于wish和hope的汉语意思差不多,在使用上往往容易出错。wish一般表示“希望”、“但愿”,表示不可能实现的愿望,后接从句时要用虚拟语气;hope表示“希望”,指可以实现的希望,后接从句时用陈述语气。
The students hope that their football team will win the game. 学生们希望他们的足球队获胜。(可能实现
I wish I could seehim now. 我希望现在就能看到他。(不可能实现
3.表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气
在表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中,谓语动词要用“should + 动词原形”结构。
My advice is that you (should practise speaking English as often as possible.我的建议是你尽可能经常地练习说英语。
The demand is that the composition (should be written on one side only. 按照要求作文必须单面誊写。
It is my desire that all the members of the family (should gather once a year. 我的愿望是所有家庭成员一年团圆一次。
The suggestion that education (should be reformed is reasonable. 教育要改革的建议是合理的。
必背:
表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词常见的有
advice建议
demand 要求
desire 愿望
decision 决定
idea意见
motion提议
order 命令
proposal 提议
requirement要求
request请求
regulation 规章
suggestion建议
B.状语从句中的虚拟语气
①方式状语从句
由as if 或as though引导的状语从句可以用陈述语气表示可能符合事实的情况,也可以用虚拟语气表示与事实不符或与事实相反的情况。
a. 表示与现在事实不相符,用一般过去时
The teacher treats the pupil as if he were her own child. 这位老师对待这位学生就像自己的亲生孩子一样。(这位学生并不是她的亲生孩子
b. 表示与过去事实不相符,用过去完成时
I felt as though we had known each other for years. 我感觉我们好像认识多年了。(其实并没有认识多年
c. 表示与将来事实不相符,用would might could
It looks as if it might rain. 天看上去好像要下雨。(不大可能下雨
对比:
He looks as if he is young. 看样子他好像很年轻。(他就是年轻
He looks as if he were young. 看样子他好像很年轻。(实际上他不年轻
②目的状语从句
a. 由in case,lest, for fear that引导的目的状语从句,动词用“should + 动词原形”结构,表示忧虑或目的。
Please remind me ofit again tomorrow in case I (should forget. 请你明天再提醒我这件事,以免我忘记。
She emphasized it again and again, lest he (should forget. 她一再强调这一点免得他忘记。
We had a meeting and talked the matter over face to face for fear that there should be any misunderstanding.
我们开了一个会,面对面谈了这件事,以免发生任何误会.
b. 在in order that和so that引导的目的状语从句中,往往用can(could或
may(might。
I shall write down your telephone number so that I may not forget. 我要把你的电话号码记下来,以免忘记。
They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead of time. 为了能提前完成工作,他们比往常更加努力。
We will tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself. 我把真实情况告诉你,使你能自己作出判断。
③让步状语从句
让步状语从句指事实时,从句谓语动词用陈述语气。若从句内容表示现在和将来的假设情况,从句谓语动词用虚拟语气。
Though he (shouldfail, there would still be hope. 即使他失败了,仍有一线希望。
I should say the same thing even if he were here. 即使他在这里,我还是要这么说。Whether he (shouldsucceed or fail, we shall have to do our part. 不管他成功还是失败,我们还是要做好自己的事。
However hard it might rain rains, we shall go there together. 不管雨下得多么大,今晚我们还是要去那里。
No matter what his social position (might be, a man is equal in the eye of the law. 一个人不论其社会地位如何,在法律面前都是平等的。
C.定语从句中的虚拟语气
在It is (hightime (that ...结构中,定语从句的谓语动词用过去式,表示“到某人该做某事的时间了”。
It is time that the children went to bed. 到孩子们睡觉的时间了。
It is high time that we began the meeting. 正是我们开会的时间了。
四、其他句型中的虚拟语气
A. If only......
If only位于句首引起的感叹句用虚拟语气,动词用一般过去时表示目前的愿望,用过去完成时表示过去的愿望,用would或could表示将来。
If only he knew the answer. 他要是知道答案就好了。(用过去时表示现在
If only I could speak several foreign languages!我要是能讲几种外语就好了! (用would could表示将来
If only you had told me the truth before. 要是你以前告诉我真相就好了。(用过去完成时表示过去
注意:if only和wish的用法相同,表示的意愿也基本相同。
If only it would rain. 但愿天能下点儿雨!= How I wish it would rain.
If only I had known her earlier! 要是我早点儿认识她就好了!= I wish I had known her earlier.
B.would rather
would rather, would prefer, would sooner 等后接从句,表示“宁愿”,动词用过去时表示当时和将来的情况,用过去完成时表示过去的情况。
I would rather you left today. 我宁可你今天走。
I would prefer he didn't stay here too long. 我倒希望他不要在这儿呆得太久。
I would rather I hadn't seen that film yesterday. 我宁愿昨天没有看那场电影。
提示:
would rather 主要有两种用法。
1.后接不带to的不定式
I'd rather play tennis than swim. 我宁愿打网球,也不愿游泳。
I'd rather not go to the movies. 我宁愿不去看电影。
Which would you rather have, tea or coffee 你喜欢喝茶,还是咖啡
2.后接不用连词的that从句
I'd rather you went home now. 我希望你现在就回家。
I would rather my daughter attended a public school. 我希望我的女儿能上公立学校。
C.表示愿望的感叹句
在表示祝愿的感叹句中,用动词原形,表示愿望。
Long live the People's Republic of China!中华人民共和国万岁!
May you be happy! 祝您快乐!
God bless you! 上帝保佑你!
Success attend you!祝你成功!
The Lord save us! 愿主救我们!
D.情态动词用于虚拟语气
部分情态动词的过去形式(could,might, should, would,可以用于非真实条件句以及其他结构中表示虚拟语气。
1.表示想像或猜测
If I could speak French, I would teach you. 如果我会说法语,我就能教你。(我不会,所以不能教你
If you phoned him right now, you might get the matter settled. 如果你现在给他打电话,你就可以把问题解决了。
There could be something wrong with the tape recorder. 这台录音机可能出毛病了。He might have said so. 他可能这样说过。
Could he have done such a foolish thing 他会做这样的傻事吗?
2.表示委婉或客气
虚拟语气(could,would, might + 动词原形可使说话者的口气变得委婉客气。
You could answer this email for me. 你可以替我回这个电子邮件。
Could you leave me your telephone number and address 你能将电话号码和地址留给我吗?
Would you mind opening the window 劳驾把窗子打开,好吗?
You might as well put off the discussion till next week. 你们不妨把讨论推迟到下个星期。
比较:
would like to do 愿意,想要
would like to have done 本来想
I would like (to have a word with you.我想和你谈一谈。(现在想
I would like to have talked with you.我原本想和你谈一谈的。(没有谈成
3.表示惋惜或责备
Given more time, we could have done better. 如果给我们更多时间,我们能够干得更好些。(我们并没有得到更多的时间
You could have got up a little earlier!你完全可以早点儿起来!(实际上没有早起
It was cold yesterday. I should have worn a heavy coat. 昨天很冷,我该穿件厚外套的。(但我没穿
This wall shouldn't have been pained blue. 这墙不应该漆成蓝色。(但已漆了提示:
当代英语一个显著的变化就是虚拟语气的使用越来越少,许多该用虚拟语气的地方都用陈述语气代替。
He suggested that I went to the hospital at once. 他建议我们立刻去医院。(原应用should go
We shall write down the address lest we forget. 我们要把地址记下来,以免忘记。(原应用should forget
Imagine you are anastronaut. 设想你是个宇航员。(原应用were
高考英语特殊句式公司内部编号：（GOOD-TMMT-MMUT-UUPTY-UUYY-DTTI-
高考英语特殊句式 2012,11，28 一．强调句型：“It is/was＋被强调的部分＋that/who＋原句其他部分”。被强调的部分为“人”时用who/that，否则都用that。注意：被强调部分不能是谓语动词。 It was on Monday night that all this happened. It’s me who he blamed. It was what you did that made me satisfied. It is I who/that am in charge of the factory. 【考点一】考查not ... until 结构的强调句，其结构为It is/was not until+被强调部分+that+其他部分。 ①It ______ we had stayed together for a couple of weeks ______ I found we had a lot in common. A. was until; when B. was until; that C. wasn’t until; when D. wasn’ t until; that 【考点二】考查复合句中的强调句型 ②Was it _____ he was seriously ill that he didn’t come to school yesterday? ③______ he came back home that we knew what had happened. A. When it was B. It was when C. Was it when D. When was 【考点三】考查强调句的特殊疑问句
虚拟语气用法 英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气、疑问语气和感叹语气五类。 1、表示动作或状态是客观存在的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句中。 China is an Asian country. (肯定句) How interesting my stay in China has been! (感叹句) 2、祈使句表示说话人对对方的请求、警告，建议或命令。如: Please come over here. 请到这边来。 Watch your steps! 当心!(走路) 3、虚拟语气表示说话者做出的假设而非事实，或难以实现的情况，甚至表达彻底相反的概念。此外，如需表达主观愿望或某种强烈的感情时，也可用虚拟语气。虚拟语气是由句中的谓语动词的特殊形式表示出来的。如: If I were a bird，I would be able to fly in the air. 如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。 I wish I could pass the examination. 我希望我能通过考试。
If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating. 如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了。 If she were to be here next Monday, I would tell her about the matter. 如果她下周一来这儿的话，我就会告诉她这件事的始末。 4、有时，虚拟条件句中，结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。这种条件句叫错综条件句。 ①从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。 If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too.如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了 If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。 ②从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。 If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了。 If he knew her, he would have greeted her. 要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。 5、当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可以省略，这时条件从句要用倒装语序，即把were, should, had等词置于句首，这种多用于书面语。 Should he agree to go there, we would send him there.要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。 Were she here, she would agree with us.如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。 Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. 如果他懂一些电脑知识的话，我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。 【注意】 若条件从句为否定句，否定词not应置于主语之后，而不能与were，should，had 等缩略成Weren't，Shouldn't，Hadn't而置于句首。 Had it not been for the bad weather we would have arrived on time. 若不是天气坏，我们就准时到达了。 ②有时省略if后提前的had不是助动词: Had I time，I would come. 假若我有时间，我会来的。(=If I had time…) 6、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。 ①将条件会暗含在介词短语中，如without…, but for…,otherwise（要不是因为）等 But for his help, we would be working now. (要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。
名词性从句 区别什么从句应看主句，主句不完整时从句肯定是名词性从句。主句完整时，从句可能是定语从句，状语从句，或者同位语从句。 需要用什么引导词看从句。名词性从句中缺什么意思用什么意思的引导词; 缺名词性成 份时，指人用指物用不缺意思和成份时用That只有在宾语从句中可以省略。 引导主、宾、表语从句时，what要充当主语、宾语或表语等句子成分，that不作任何成分，只在语法上起连接的作用。 ◆____we can’t get∧seems better than ____ we have∧. A. What; what B. what; that C. That; that D. That; what 本句包含一个主语从句和一个宾语从句，且两个从句都缺乏宾语，可见两个引导词都必须充当成分，所以答案是A。 ◆____ ∧caused the accident is still a complete mystery. A. What B. That C. How D. Where 该题答案是A，what在主语从句中作主语，即作谓语动词caused的执行者。在下面的例句中，that不充当任何成份，只起语法连接作用（因为句子本身不缺成分）： 〖2011江西卷〗The villagers have already known we’ll do is to rebuild the bridge. A．this B．that C．what D．which 考察宾语从句和主语从句。村民们已经知道我们将要做的事情是重建这座桥，后面的宾语从句的主语从句中缺少主语且指物，所以选择what。答案：C 〖2011四川卷〗Our teachers always tell us to believe in we do and who we are if we want to succeed. A. why B. how C. what D. which in介词后面接宾语从句，且从句中缺do的宾语，故选C项。why、how在句中作状语；which在名词性从句中作定语。选C. 〖2011陕西卷〗I’d like to start my own business –that’s I’d do if I had the money. A.why B.when C.which D.what 所填词引导的从句位于系动词之后，是表语从句，所填词在从句中做宾语，指物，用what，选D。其余选项与题意不符。 〖2011北京卷〗Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness. A. Which B. What C. That D. Whom 考察名词性从句中的主语从句。主语从句中缺少offer的宾语，选择what。
2017年考研英语重点语法解析 2017考研英语语法重难点精解(真题) 一般将来时(Simple Future Tense) 一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态，其形式和用法如下所述。 1. will/shall+动词，表示单纯的将来含义。 例句：Some day software will translate both written and spoken language so well that the need for any common second language could decline. (2001年第23题) 分析：该句是复合句。written and spoken作定语修饰language;that后是一结果状语从句。 译文：有朝一日，软件既能用来做文字翻译又能做口头翻译，而且能翻译得很好，以至于对任何通用的第二语言的需求都会下降。 例句：Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth and will be very expensive. (选自2006年Text 2) 分析：该句是复合句。which引导的定语从句修饰its own hotel;从句中you may be sure 是插入语，从句的主干部分为which will be decorated with...and will be very expensive。 译文：希尔顿正在那儿建立自己的酒店，你或许可以肯定它将配有(以莎士比亚剧中人物的名字命名的)哈姆雷特汉堡包店、李尔王休息室、班柯宴会包间等，而且价格非常昂贵。 2. be going to+动词，表示按计划或打算在最近的将来做某事，也可表示对未来的预测。 例句：As long as poor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict with richer people who in general are lighter skinned, there is going to be a constant racial conflict in the world. (1999年第18题) 分析：该句是复合句。定语从句who in general are colored和who in general are lighter skinned分别修饰poor people以及richer people;从句的主干部分为poor people are in conflict with richer people。 译文：一般来说，只要穷人与富人(也就是一般的有色人种和白色人种)之间有冲突，那么这个世界上的种族冲突就不会停止。 例句：Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly?contested market. (选自2005年Part C) 分析：该句是简单句。 译文：显然，只有规模最大、应变能力最强的电视传媒集团才能够在这个精彩纷呈而又竞争激烈的市场中生存。 3. be to+动词，表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作或要求别人去做的事，常用来表示官方的命令、决定、禁止、许可等。 例句：If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed，they must first change the relationship between America?s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract. (选自2011年Text 4) 分析：该句是复合句。其中，在主句中，定语从句it hopes to attract修饰audience。 译文：如果吉尔伯特和纽约爱乐乐团想获得成功，他们首先必须改变美国最古老的交响乐团和其想要吸引的新一批观众间的关系。 例句：But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of
单项填空特殊句式 1．It's necessary that not only________to see a doctor but also have a good rest. A．will Bob go B．Bob will go C．should Bob go D．Bob should go C[考查虚拟语气和倒装。句意：鲍勃不仅要去看医生，还要休息好，这是必要的。在“It's necessary that...”句型中，主语从句常用“should＋动词原形”；本题的主语从句中，not only置于句首，因此用部分倒装语序。] 2．Anne lost her wallet and mother wasn't surprised that________as she was too careless. A．she was so B．so was she C．so did she D．she did so D[考查省略句。句意：安妮丢了钱包，(她的)妈妈对此毫不惊讶因为她太粗心了。根据语境及句中的“Anne lost her wallet”可知，此处为省略句，do so常用来表示同一主语的同一动作，可以替代动词加宾语。故本句中谓语动词应用did so代替lost her wallet。故选D项。] 3．It is not only blind men who make such stupid mistakes.People who can see sometimes act________． A．just foolishly B．less foolishly C．as foolishly D．so foolishly C[考查固定用法和省略句。句意：犯这样愚蠢的错误的不只是盲人。看得见的人有时表现得(和盲人)一样愚蠢。本句考查了as ...as ...结构，含义为“和……一样……”。句中省略了as blind men，补充完整则为．..act as foolishly as blind men。] 4．In any case，parents should make clear what，________，the child is expected to pay for with the pocket money. A．if ever B．if so C．if any D．if anything D[考查省略句。句意：在任何情况下，父母都应该明确，要说有什么的话，他们期望孩子用零花钱来支付什么。if ever意为“假如，要是”；if so
虚拟语气 虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)这一语法项目是各类英语考试中心测 试的重点之一。虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，用来表示说话人所说 的话并不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。 Ⅰ用以表示虚拟条件的虚拟语气 虚拟条件句的三种基本类型: 1.与现在事实相反。若与现在事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”： If you took a taxi，you’d get there quicker.如果你坐出租车去，你可以快一点到那里。(但你不坐) If I knew her number I could ring her up. 要是我知道她的电话号码，我就可以给她打电话了。(可惜我不知道) 2.与过去事实相反。若与过去事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去完成时(had+过去分词)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+have+过去分词”：If I’d left sooner，I’d have been on time.要是我早点动身，我就准时到了。(但我动身太迟了) If we had found him earlier we could have saved his life. 要是我们当时早点找到他的话，我们就可以救活他。(可惜我们找到他太晚了) 3.与将来事实相反。若与将来事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”： If he went，would you go too? 如果他去，你也去吗?(大概他不会去) If I asked him，I’m sure he’d help us. 如果我向他提出要求，肯定他会帮助我们。(不过我不打算这样做) 大多数的虚拟条件句属于上面三种情况的一种，但并不排除存在条件和 后果中，一个和现在情况相反，另一个和过去情况相反，例如：If you had followed what the doctor said, you would not have been so painful now. 这个句子在高中出现频率颇高。 但是，如果后果用了虚拟语气，而条件却用陈述语气，这种用法是错的。 2. 除了表示虚假条件外，if从句还可以表示对将来的推测，由于是 将来还没有发生的，所以谈不上是真实的还是虚假的，只能说这个事情 发生的可能性有多大。一般情况下，可以用陈述语气的if从句来表示对
专题一定语从句 一、关系代词引导的定语从句 1、that 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 which 指物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语（作宾语时可以省略） who 指人在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 whom 指人在从句中作宾语 whose 指人或物在从句中作定语 as 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 but 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 注意：指物时，whose+名词=the+名词+of which 或of which+the+名词 2、as 的用法 （1）常用于下列结构：such…as; so…as;the same…as; as…as 注意：the same…as 表示同一类，不同一个 the same…that 表示同一个 （2）as与which的区别 a、位置不同 as可放在主句后，主句前或主句中间；which只能放在主句后。 b、as起连接作用，表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或出处，意为“正如，正像”。 Which相当于并列句，可以用and this来代替，意为“这一点，这件事’”。 注意：as常用于下列结构：as we know/ as is known to all, as we all can see, as has been said before/above, as might be excepted, as is often the case, 一般不能用which代替as。 C、在从句中作主语时，which既可作系动词be的主语也可作实义动词的主语，而as只可作系动词be的主语。 3、but用作关系代词，相当于who/that…not 例：In China there is no one but knows Lei Feng. 二、只用that不用which的情况 1、.先行词为all , much, everything, nothing , something ,anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代词时 2、先行词被only, any, few, little, no , all, just , very ,right等修饰时. 3、当先行词是最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。 4、当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。 5、当先行词是数词时. 6、当先行词既指人又指物时。 7、如有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个关系代词则宜用that。 8、主句是There be结构,修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词。 9、被修饰成分为表语,或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时，该关系代词宜用that。 10、先行词为what，关系代词用that。
考研英语十二大基础语法体系 对于任何英语句子，要分析其结构，这样才能找到英语语言的规律。每种语言都有它的难点，汉语的难点在于汉语不是拼读语言，汉字很难写，而且有四种声调。其实，许多接触过多种外语的人都认为，英语的语法比法语、德语、俄语、日语等都简单，是最容易学的。著名语言学家乔姆斯基说过，语法是内生的、也就是随着语言的诞生而诞生的。因此，学习语法和学习语言是相辅相成的。 一、英语动词的时态 （一）英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异： 英语的词类与汉语的不同。汉语词类形态稳定，比如“书”这个字，“一本书”、“三本书”都一样，没有词形变化。英语就不同了，book, books仅从词形上就能知道是单数还是复数。 动词是英语中变化最多、最复杂的词类。有人说，学好英语就是学好动词，此言甚是。同一个动作或状态分别在不同时间发生或存在，表达这个动作或状态的动词就要用不同的形式，这就是时态。 （二）英语动词的形式： 英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。因此，了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。英语的实义动词有以下五种形式： (1)动词原形：动词原形在句子中形式不变。主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时，情态动词之后， 或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。 (2) 一般现在时第三人称单数形式（简称现单三）：主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。 (3) 过去式：主要用于一般过去时。 (4) 现在分词：主要用于进行时态，或语法规定的其他情况。 (5) 过去分词：主要用于完成时态，或语法规定的其他情况。 动词一般现在时第三人称单数（现单三）的构成，见下表：
即某些字母组合的不规则动词有一定的规律。如：weep→wept, sleep→slept, sweep→swept 以上每个时间段中分别有四种状态：一般、进行、完成和完成进行。因此我们便有了四四一十六个时态。 态（一般、进行、完成、完成进行）。 比如在“They are doing their exercises.”这个句子中，动词由原形do 变成are doing 的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于正在进行的状态当中，所以叫现在进行时； 在“They have done their exercises.”这句中，动词由原形do 变成have done的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于完成的状态，所以叫现在完成时； 在“They always do their exercises.”中，动词用原形do 的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并且是一般情况下永远如此，所以叫一般现在时。 在这三句话中，动词do 虽然用了不同的形态，其意义没有变化，而是事情发生的时间和状态变了。其余类推。 （三）时态详解 16个时态中，常用的有12个：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。其他时态很少单独使用。 下面把各种时态的构成和用法做一个全面的介绍。
……○…………外…………○…………装…………○…………订…………○…………线…………○…………学校 :_ _ __ _ __ _ __ _姓 名：_ _ __ _ __ _ __ _班 级：_ _ __ _ __ _ __ _考 号：_ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ … … ○ … … … … 内 … … … … ○ … … …… 装 … … … …○ … … … … 订 … … … … ○ … ………线…………○…………高中英语特殊句式练习题 1．Word came ______ our duties would be changed. A. that B. which C. whether D. when 2．Every year a great number of foreign tourists pay a visit to _____ we Chinese call Heaven Lake. A. where B. which C. what D. that 3．A warm thought suddenly came to me ______ I might use the picket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday. A. if B. when C. that D. which 4．When ________ questions in class, one should answer them as clearly as possible. A ．asking B ．to ask C ．to be asked D ．asked 5．It is the first time that we ________ a film in the cinema together as a family ． A ．see B. had seen C ．saw D ．have seen 7．After the exam, my teacher told me that failure ____ the mother of success. A. was B. is C. be D. been 8．It was only when I reread his poems recently ______ I began to appreciate their beauty. A. that B. until C. then D. so 10．Our teacher said to us that the earth _________ around the sun. A. travelled B. travels C. is traveling D. was traveling 12．The Frenchman pointed to the spoon and asked me ＿＿＿to call that in Chinese. A. whether B. where C. which D. what 13．—Dock doesn't know much about computers. — . A.So he did B.So does Mary C.Neither do I D.Nor will Mary 14．Before I left home, my mother taught me ________some simple dishes, such as noodles and garlic with vegetables. A. what cooking B. how cooking C. what to cook D. how to cook 15．Making great efforts to struggle hard in your study ，if ______，will possibly lead to your great success in the college entrance exam next year. A. continued B ．to continue C ．continues D ．continuing 16．It was many years ____ American women were given the rights to vote. A. when B. since C. before D. as 17．Don’t worry ！There is still a great chance we can make up for the lost time. A ．which B ．that C ．where D ．when 18．Her last book sold five million copies and we hope this one will be ＿＿＿＿popular. A. so B. as C. such D. much 19．--- Will you waste your time and money on that? --- Certainly ________. A. I not B. don’t C. not D. no 20．______, I suppose, and the housing problems for the low-income families could be solved. A. If you double your efforts B. To make some more efforts
虚拟语气用法详解 一、条件句中的虚拟语气 1. 条件句中虚拟语气的形式 从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件，主句会产生的一种不可能获得的结果。条件句中 的虚拟语气根据不同的时间有三种不同的形式。 2. 条件句中的虚拟语气的举例 (1) 将来时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如： If he should go to Qing Hua University, he would make full use of his time. 如果他要上清华大学的话，他就会充分 利用他的时间了。 If he were to come here, he would tell us about it. 如果他要来的话，他会通知我们一声。 (2) 现在时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如： If he were free, he would help us. 要是他有空的话，它会帮助我们的。 If he studied at this school, he would know you well. 如果他在这所学校学习的话，它会对你很熟悉。 (3) 过去时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如： If I had seen the film, I would have told you about it. 我如果看过这场电影，我会把电影内容告诉你了。 If I had got there earlier, I would have met Mr. Li. 如果我早点到那儿，我就会会到了李先生。 3. 运用条件句中的虚拟语气时，须注意的几个问题 (1) 当从句的主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词若是系动词be 时，可用was 代替were。但在倒装虚拟结构及if I were you, as it were 中，只能用were。如： Were I ten years younger, I would study abroad. 要是我还年轻十岁的话，我会去国外学习。 If I were you, I would try my best to grasp the chance. 要是我是你的话，我要尽力抓住这次机会。 (2) 有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句的动作若不是同时发生时，须区别对待。①从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动 作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。如： If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会使工程师了 If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。
考研英语：语法长难句
目录 第一课奋斗的开始-简单句 (3) 一什么是英语句子？ (3) 二英语句子的基本结构 (3) 三句子的成分 (4) 四简单句的考点分析 (6) 第二课难点稍露尖尖角并列句 (9) 一什么是并列句？ (9) 二并列连词及与其同义的逻辑关系词 (9) 三并列句的考点分析 (9)
第一课奋斗的开始-简单句一什么是英语句子？ 英汉句法结构的差异 举例： ?北京机场就要到了。 ?我要去剪头。 二英语句子的基本结构 1.主谓 2.主谓宾 谓语：实义动词 3.主谓表 谓语：系动词 系动词主要分为以下六类： ?be ?感官动词：look, smell, taste, sound, feel ?变化：become, get, turn, grow, fall ?保持：keep, stay, remain, stand ?表象：seem, appear
?终止：prove 4.主谓双宾 5.主谓宾宾补 举例： ?I bought him a dog. ?You should keep the room clean and tidy. ?We made him our monitor. ?His father told him not to play in the street. 三句子的成分 1.谓语 1）谓语的成分： 举例： ?Your mother must very beautiful. 2）动词能不能多？ 举例 ?Laugh at others is my hobby. ?I enjoy see movies. ?My dream is become a rich lady. 练习 ?他穿上外衣，锁上门，离开了家。 ?大熊猫是熊科中最罕见的成员，主要生活在中国西南部的森林里。 ?长江流经不同的生态体系，是诸多濒危物种的栖息地，灌溉了中国五分之一的土地。 ?我爱你，你爱我。 ?冬天来了，春天就不远了。
[必须收藏】高中英语特殊句式! 奇速在线教育：https://www.doczj.com/doc/271419889.html, 特殊句式包含： A. there be 句型 B. 倒装句 C. 强调句 D. 省略句 E. 插入语 F. 分隔句式 A. there be 句型 1、there be 句型的意义：表示“某处有某物”。 2、there be 句型的时态there is/are ; there was/were ; there will be /there going to be ; 3、there be 句型的特殊用法： there be 不可与have 连用 there be 后的谓语动词遵循就近原则 there be 的反义疑问句为谓语动词+there there +具体的动词使表达更生动 there be 的非谓语动词为若前面的动词后是不定式时，就用there to be 若前面的动词后是v-ing 时，就用there being 4、there be 句型的固定搭配 there is no use / sense / point + v-ing there is no need +to do there is no doubt +that 从句 蔡章兵主编QQ757722345 二、部分倒装（高考考点） 1、由as、though、that、引导让步状语从句要用部分倒装或前置 2、含有否定意义的副词、连接词放在句首引起的部分倒装 3、“so（nor, neither）+助动词+ 主语”与“so（nor, neither）+主语+助动词”之间的区别以及与“so + 主语+ 助动词”的句式区别 4、省略if的虚拟条件句以had / were / should开头引起的部分倒装 5、not until 置于句首引起后面句子的部分倒装 6、only 短语置于句首引起的部分倒装 1、由as、though、that、引导让步状语从句要用部分倒装或前置，主语是代词时不倒装。句式为：表语/状语/动词原形＋as＋主语＋其他。 Clever as he is，he does n’t study well.虽然他很聪明，但他学习不好。 Child as he is，he knows a lot.虽然他是个孩子，但他懂得不少事情。 注意：表语前的名词无形容词修饰时冠词要省略 Much as I like it，I won’t buy it.虽然我非常喜欢它，但我不买它。 Try as she might, she failed.虽然她试过了，但还是失败了。 =Although she try as she can, she failed . 2、含有否定意义的副词、连接词放在句首引起的部分倒装 表示否定的副词never，nor，neither,
英语高考语法知识点总结大全 英语语法是针对英语语言进行研究后，英语语法系统地总结归纳出来的一系列语言规则。英语高考语法知识点有哪些?下面就是给大家带来的英语高考知识点，希望能帮助到大家! 英语高考知识点1 主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较。 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。 例如： It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not. It is in the morning that the murder took place. It is John that broke the window. 2. 用it 作形式主语的结构。 (1) It is +名词+从句
It is a fact that … 事实是… It is an honor that …非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that …是常识 (2) it is +形容词+从句 It is natural that… 很自然… It is strange that… 奇怪的是… (3) it is +不及物动词+从句 It seems that… 似乎… It happened that… 碰巧… (4) it +过去分词+从句 It is reported that… 据报道… It has been proved that… 已证实… 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况。 (1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 (2) It is said ，(reported) …结构中的主语从句不可提前。 例如： It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right) That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong) (3) It happens…，It occurs… 结构中的主语从句不可提前。 例如： It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right)
考研英语语法重难点精解(6)：副词（一） 副词可修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语及整个句子。 例句：Andrew, my father s younger brother, will not be at the picnic, much to the family s disappointment. （1997年第3题） 分析：该句是简单句，其中副词much修饰介词短语to the family s disappointment。 译文：我父亲的弟弟安德鲁不会参加野餐，这令全家人非常失望。 一、副词的分类 1. 时间副词，如now, yesterday, today, ago, then, lately, soon, shortly, immediately, finally, recently, before, tomorrow。 例句: Americans today don t place a very high value on intellect. （选自2004年Text 4）分析：该句是简单句。 译文：现在美国人不重视智力。 2. 地点副词，如here, there, above, below, downstairs, upstairs, home, somewhere, everywhere, elsewhere, down, up, anywhere等。 例句：Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. （选自2002年Text 1）分析：该句是复合句，两个which引导的定语从句分别修饰an example和a story，前 一个which引导的定语从句为非限制性定语从句，起补充说明作用。 译文：比如说，在一次护士大会上，我听到了一个能很好地发挥幽默效果的故事，因为所有的听众都对医生持有相同的看法。 3. 程度副词，如fairly, rather, very, almost, too, quite, enough, so, much。 例句: She had clearly no intention of doing any work, although she was very well paid.（1997年第34题） 分析：该句是复合句，although后面跟的是让步状语从句。 译文：虽然付给她的报酬丰厚，但她无意去工作。 4. 频率副词，如sometimes, often, usually, always, frequently, constantly, rarely, seldom, never, occasionally。 例句：In addition, the designer must usually select furniture or design built in furniture, according to the functions that need to be served. 分析：该句是简单句，其中built in意为“内嵌式的”。在方式状语中，that need to