本份文档包含：关于该选题的外文文献、文献综述
一、外文文献
标题: THE IMPACT OF TECHNICAL BARRIER TO TRADE ON PAKISTAN TEXTILE
作者: Shah M.
期刊: Pakistan Journal of Science, 卷: 66；期: 2；页:130-137；
年份: 2014
THE IMPACT OF TECHNICAL BARRIER TO TRADE ON PAKISTAN TEXTILE
INDUSTRY
ABSTRACT: During the last three decades, trade barriers have been drastically reduced under obligations of WTO. Due to freedom in trade, competition has increased, forcing industries to improve their productivity to compete in this free market. However there are still some trade barriers which are used to block market access. Technical Barrier to Trade (TBT) is one of such barriers. In this study the impact of TBT on export performance of Pakistan textile industry has been empirically evaluated. A model was framed which represented TBT and export performance as variables. Primary data was collected from top textile firms of Pakistan. Multiple regression analysis was applied on the primary data. Results indicated that TBT has positively affected the performance of Pakistan textile industry.
Keywords: WTO, TBT, export performance, textile industry, Pakistan. INTRODUCTION
Trade liberalization is considered as catalyst which stimulates economic activity in a progressive economy. It opens up market economy to flourish and prosper. In poor countries, trade liberalization improves the economy and helps reduce poverty (Dollar and Kraay, 2001, World Bank Report, 1987). Contrary to this, there are studies which indicate that there is not enough evidence to support relationship between economic growth and trade liberalization (Grossman and Helpman, 1991, Rodriguez, and Rodrik, 2000).
The conviction that an outward looking trade policy is better than an inward-looking
or shelter view^ias been enthusiastically discussed in the economic enhancement literature(Krueger, 1978, Dollar, 1992, Sachs and Warner, 1995). Whereas the belief that exports are good for economic development is well established, but the ways to export production have been challenged in the trade and industry literature. The experience of East Asian countries has revealed that the route to export production is certainly via import substitution (Amsden, 1989, Wade, 1990), Ocampo and Taylor, 1998).
During 1990-2005, trade liberalization was an obligation for Pakistan. This opening of trade was largely enforced by the IMF and World Bank during structural adjustment srogram (Kardar, 1997).Pakistan is a developing economy and her major source of revenue is from services and agriculture. The contribution of production, construction, retail trade services and wholesale, in Pakistan's GDP, has gone down gradually (Weisbrot and Baker, 2002).
Textile forms60% of Pakistan's total exports. It has faced market access challenges due to discriminating trade barriers by developed countries. For developing countries, main hindrance to market access is non tariff measures (NTM) which include TBT. Open trade is supposed to help greater market access by reducing negative market indicators and boosting productivity in the local market and fair distribution of resources. Pakistan has gradually shifted its exports from raw to finished products (Pakistan Economic Survey, 2001). However in case of textile, Pakistan can not appreciably shift its products from primary goods to finished commodities due to low market access because of presence of NTM.
In this study, author has analyzed the impact of TBT, which is part of NTM, on productivity of Pakistan textile industry.
The research question developed on the basis of arguments in previous section is as follows:
How much and to what extent have the trade barriers as TBT, influenced export performance and the productivity of textile industry of Pakistan, during the period 1990 to 2005?
The purpose of the study was to evaluate empirically the impact of TBT on the export
performance and productivity of textile Industry of Pakistan.
This study is beneficial for the policy makers of the Government of Pakistan, textile firms operating in Pakistan, research scholars, research organizations, universities as well as foreign research organizations who want to enhance their understanding regarding effects of trade barriers on the textile industry of Pakistan.
TBT refers to different measures which countries use to control the markets, defend their consumers and protect natural resources. However, it may additionally discriminate against imports in favor of domestic products (Geoffrey, 1997). There is persistent fear among small developing countries about the rate at which new and possibly more complex standards and regulations are being introduced into the global markets (Broberg, 2009).
Market-driven voluntary standards usually do not threat market access, but failure to observe these standards or technical rules in different national and international laws will result in refusal of merchandise at points of entry by the customs. A certain commodity can sustain positive and negative impacts by standards and regulations through labeling and packaging laws, the food safety rules and the inspection and certification rules. Those countries which are allowed a duty-free access to the European market, cannot guarantee their permanent presence in this market, as they can be blocked by some technical requirements. TBTs result in enhanced cost for exporter in market access. Even inside the European Union, around 10% of overall expenditure falls on merchandise from different European Union countries.
Local regulations and standards can present multiple barriers to trade depending upon their aim and also the structural amendments and behavioral responses. MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this study, author formulated a mathematical research model to represent association of TBT with the export performance of the textile industry of Pakistan. Primary data was collected by means of a structured questionnaire. Author developed a questionnaire that comprised of questions which were adopted from the research studies of (Pricewaterhouse, 2001, MAIA and IFM, 2004).Questionnaire included two parts. First part asked respondents questions about demographics of the firm and
second part asked respondents questions about the variables of the study.
We collected primary data from selected textile firms based on their export revenue. The top 50 export oriented textile firms, operating in Pakistan, were selected from Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) dataand sent questionnaire to all of these firms. The mathematical model of the study was tested by the application of multiple regression analyses.
The research model of the study comprised of two variables (one Independent Variable - IV and one Dependent Variable - DV) which are represented in the model presented below as Figure-1:
Mathematical Model of the Study: The mathematical model of the study is as follows: EP^sub rexIn, t^ = α^sub o^ + β^sub 1^ TBT^sub Texin, t^ T η^sub Texin, t^ Where, symbolic expressions in above mathematical model have the following meanings:
EPrexin, t = Export Performance (EP) of the textile industry in the time 't' TBTTexin, t = Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) related to the textile industry in the time 't'
a0 = Model Constant
β1= It is the coefficient of the independent variable included in the model
STexin, t = Model error term
This mathematical model was formulated to evaluate the impact of independent variables on the dependent variable in the textile industry of Pakistan. This model has been tested by applying multiple regression analyses on the collected data by using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The reliability of the instrument was checked by applying Cronbach's alpha which resulted in a score of .856 and validity of the instrument was assessed by applying factor analyses which showed values of all the items of the instrument greater than the 0.50 cutoff value.
In this study Confirmatory Factor Analysis has been employed to access the construct validity of the research instrument of (Hafiz andShaari2013, Hair et. al. 2010) that
validity is a measure that correctly defines the concept of the study. Moreover, (Hair et. al. 1995) reported that the factor loadings must be greater than 0.5 cutoff value. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the constructs of the study has been presented in table 1 below:
Table 2 shows that TBT was taken as single independent variable and EP as single dependent variable. Beta coefficient (?=.198) for TBT was positive and significant as p-value (0.024<0.05). Value of standard error (error=.077) for TBT was lower which confirmed increase level of predictability of TBT used as independent variables in the study. The t-value (t=2.561) for TBT was significantly higher, which confirmed higher level of association between TBT and EP of textile firms taken as sample. Lower p-value (0.024<0.05) resulted in the acceptance of the hypothesis of the study and established that the TBT during period 1990 to 2005 had positively affected the EP of Pakistan's textile industry. TBT as independent variable has explained 33.5% variance in EP taken as dependent variable in the study. Moreover, F statistics (F=6.557) was significant for p-value (0.024<0.05) which showed higher strength of the research model. Hence, the regression results showed that there was a significant level of relationship between TBT with EP variable. Here, in the case of Pakistan, TBT had positively impacted the export performance of Pakistan's textile industry.
TBT consists of three fields as, technical rules, standards, and conformity procedures. The ordinary principals and rules that are appropriate, were, non discrimination (Most Favored Nation and National Treatment), the avoidance of unwanted obstacles to international trade, harmonization, use of international standards, equivalence and mutual recognition, and transparency. Harmonization was basically the back bone of TBT. It was required that members actively participate in the making of standards. They also implement the international standards as the foundation for international standards and rules. In addition to that they also ought to prepare guide and proposals for conformity assessment procedures. It was mandatory for the members to publish or create obtainable technical rules, standards, and conformity assessment procedures to differentiate other members.
Obligatory standards and technical rules plus international standards were vital factors
that had an effect on domestic sales and therefore the ability to export. Production and investment costs had a tendency to be higher for companies that face technical regulations, and therefore the investment for conformity was usually up to 10% of the entire investment expenditure. At firm level, the restricted access to credits and low demand were the foremost crucial obstruction to business among each exporting and non-exporting company. Product quality and presence of excessive demand were major factors to enhance the ability to export. Technical regulations and standards had an effect on trade in many ways: assisting exchange by defining product features and improving compatibility and utility, enhance domestic social aims like implementing standards and safety needs, public health and enhance protectionist policies.
It was compulsory for the members to make sure that technical rules and standards do not limit trade. However it was arguable that domestic regulations were a form of protectionism. Developing countries argued that they have a very little influence in the formulation of the standards and that the developed countries mostly have the say which give them an unfair advantage. This was also referred as techno-imperialism. TBT is being used as a barrier to imports. The developing countries face problems to invest in domestic economy to improve it to satisfy the international and national standards of developed countries, because they have less technical know-how and lack of assessing and standardizing laboratories. Resultantly they are denied market access. To overcome this, the exporting firms have to increase their efficiency by conforming to international standards.
The positive impact of trade barriers on export performance of textile industry of Pakistan is in line with the study of (Weisbrot and Baker, 2002). It reported that TBT had a positive impact on the productivity and export performance of textile industry of Pakistan.
Conclusion: Considering Table-2, the study has established positive impact of TBTon the export performance of the textile industry of Pakistan during period 1990 to 2005.
二、文献综述
技术性贸易壁垒国内研究综述
摘要
技术性贸易壁垒已成为当前国际贸易领域理论与政策研究的重要课题。本文从技术性贸易壁垒的内涵及表现形式、形成机制、经济效应、应对策略及其对我国农产品出口的影响等方面对国内近年来对技术性贸易壁垒的研究进行梳理总结。
关键词：技术性贸易壁垒；经济效应；国际贸易；文献综述
引言
上世纪90年代以来，在关税壁垒和配额、反补贴、反倾销等传统非关税壁垒措施受到WTO 严格限制的情况下，以保护人类和动植物健康及环境资源为名的技术性贸易壁垒因其具有的针对性强、隐蔽性好、运用灵活等特性正逐步取代关税和传统非关税壁垒，成为各国特别是发达国家进行贸易保护的主要政策工具和手段，对国际贸易产生着深远的影响。由技术性贸易壁垒而引发的贸易纠纷已成为国际贸易领域一个新的焦点，并对我国对外贸易产生重要影响。国内关于技术性贸易壁垒的研究前期较多集中于对WTO-TBT/SPS 协议内容的翻译、简单剖析及对国外技术性贸易壁垒的简单介绍。近年来，随着技术性贸易壁垒对我国对外贸易的负面影响日益显现，研究的视角也逐渐拓展，已从对概念界定、措施方法、表现形式等的介绍深入到对其形成机制、经济社会效应及应对策略等方面的研究。
1关于技术性贸易壁垒内涵及表现形式的研究
叶柏林（1990）较早对技术性贸易壁垒的发展趋势有了深刻认识，指出它己替代传统的关税、数量限制及其他非关税壁垒，成为保护国内产业和市场的最主要的贸易壁垒。并进一步（1992）将其定义为确定产品某些特性的强制性或非强制性的规定、标准和法规，以及相关认证、审批和试验程序。并将其表现形式归纳为技术法规与标准、认证与认可制度、包装和标签规定、计量单位制等八类。夏友富（1999；2001）对技术性贸易壁垒做了概念上的说明，他强调了技术性贸易壁垒具有保障人类和动植物健康和安全，保护环境，防止欺诈行为等合理目标。并将其表现形式归纳为：技术法规、标准与评定程序；包装和标签要求；产品检验、检验制度与措施；绿色壁垒；信息技术壁垒。这一分类被普遍接受并对日后的研究起到了良好的示范作用。
近年来一些学者对技术性贸易壁垒的含义作了扩展，冯宗宪、柯大纲（2001）将知识产权保护和环境壁垒作为技术性贸易壁垒的特殊形式。周伟民（2005）将技术性贸易壁垒分为“边境壁垒”和“边境后壁垒”，他认为前者是通过国家层面上的技术法规实行的，具有纠正“市场失灵”的结果；后者是通过行业或企业层面的技术标准实行的，作用机制是市场竞争，且大部分属于与国内市场有关的政策，只有一小部分属于贸易政策。
2关于技术性贸易壁垒形成机制的研究
张海东（2004）认为技术性贸易壁垒形成的经济学动因主要在于信息不对称、外部性以及用以提供公共产品，除此之外，还在于产业寻求贸易保护的政策需求与政府政策供给的相互作用及均衡。康晓玲（2006）认为各国技术性措施间存在的经济技术水平的、体制性的或信息交流方式上的差异，是技术性贸易壁垒形成的供给机制。对技术性贸易壁垒的形成，另一个分析视角是运用博弈论的工具。章志键（2009）从国家间贸易政策博弈和各内部政治与经济力量相互博弈的角度，通过构建完全信息动态博弈模型和不完全信息静态博弈模型解释技术性贸易壁垒的形成及对各利益集团带来的影响。还有一些学者强调，要解释技术性贸易壁垒的大量涌现及苛刻多变，还需要引入政治经济学的分析方法，在这一分析视角下，技术性壁垒是理性最大化的经济个体和政府在经济系统内相互作用达到均衡的过程（孙泽生2006）。杨波（2006）结合WTO 的相关规定对技术性贸易壁垒的成因和特征进行了分析，指出进口国技术进步和政府干预是技术性贸易壁垒形成的主要因素；具备技术和贸易优势的发达国家，更倾向于主动采取设置技术性贸易壁垒的战略并从中获得利益，而发展中国家却只能被迫采取亦步亦趋的跟从策略。刘红梅（2010）运用政治经济学的研究方法，采用公共选择理论和博弈论的分析方法解释和分析了技术性贸易壁垒的成因并提出了应对措施，她对美国制造业技术性贸易壁垒的成因进行的实证分析表明美国政府制定技术性贸
易壁垒政策主要取决于国家利益指标，即出于维护社会公平的目的，主要保护低薪收入国民和就业率，但是利益集团之间、利益集团与政府之间的博弈也会对其政策决策和执行产生一定影响，美国技术性贸易壁垒政策的制定在一定程度上反映影响力较大的利益集团的利益诉求。王杰（2010）则从市场失灵理论、技术差距论、（完整内容请到百度文库）博弈论、利益集团理论的角度对技术性贸易壁
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
如对您有帮助，请购买打赏，谢谢您！ 如何利用外文文献 文献综述是揭示某一研究领域当前水平和动向的论述性专题资料。它是作者围绕某一主题阅读大量的中外文献后，提取说明主题的论点和数据，全面分析、整理、归纳概括而写成的科技论文。对于大多数写作者而言，难度最大的就是借鉴外文文献。以下是笔者在这方面的一点粗浅体会。 无论是手检还是机检获得的外文文献，往往篇幅较长，专业词汇较多，全篇精读需要耗费大量时间，因此最好是先将手头上的文献摘要大致浏览一遍，进行粗略分类，比如文献是属于临床病例分析，动物实验研究还是临床人体实验研究。文献是属于综述、期刊论文还是研究报告。文献侧重于实验方法还是疾病的病因机理的研究等等。从而大致判断各类文献可以引用的是观点、方法还是结论，此为借鉴外文文献的第一步。 第二步是逐类进行快速阅读，各类文章择其重点引用部分进行快速阅读，用记号笔标记，其余部分浏览即可，并在侧边的空白处简要用中文翻译大意，并注明是引用方法学还是论点，或是临床有意义的病例。这样做的目的是方便日后查询。例如侧重引用其观点的文章中间具体的实验方法步骤与结论都可不看，只略看前言，重点看讨论。 第三步是精读，精读的目的有3个:（1）按照类别逐字逐句地阅读重点引用部分，例如方法学，就应注意分析比较各种方法的主、客观条件，步骤及结论有无差异，各有什么利弊，为什么。( 2)“查漏补缺”：看前面第二步中漏掉的部分有没有值得引用的内容，如果有，及时做好标记；( 3)根据重点引用内容的角标追溯参考文献，筛选出重点，再补查其余外文文献，尽量查全该领域的文献。 综述的写作格式 综述的写作格式一般包括四部分，即前言、正文、小结、参考文献。 前言，要用简明扼要的文字说明写作的目的、必要有关概念的定义、综述的范围、阐述有关问题的现状和动态以及目前对主要问题争论的焦点等。 正文，是综述的重点，主要包括论据和论证两个部分，正文部分根据内容的多少可分为若干个小标题分别论述。 小结，是在综述正文部分作扼要的总结，作者应对各种观点进行综合评价，提出自己的看法，指出存在的问题及今后发展的方向和展望。 综述的写作 1.1 文献综述的概念：文献综述是指在有针对性的搜集、查阅大量相关文献的基础上，通过自己的语言对所研究的问题进行系统、全而的叙述和评论。强调作者述而不评，重点在
文献综述怎么写 1) 什么是文献综述? 文献综述是研究者在其提前阅读过某一主题的文献后，经过理解、整理、融会贯通，综合分析和评价而组成的一种不同于研究论文的文体。 2) 文献综述的写作要求 1、文献综述的格式 文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果，而文献综述介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样，但总的来说，一般都包含以下四部分：即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲，再根据提纲进行撰写工作。 前言，要用简明扼要的文字说明写作的目的、必要性、有关概念的定义，综述的范围，阐述有关问题的现状和动态，以及目前对主要问题争论的焦点等。前言一般200-300字为宜，不宜超过500字。 正文，是综述的重点，写法上没有固定的格式，只要能较好地表达综合的内容，作者可创造性采用诸多形式。正文主要包括论据和论证两个部分，通过提出问题、分析问题和解决问题，比较不同学者对同一问题的看法及其理论依据，进一步阐明问题的来龙去脉和作者自己的见解。当然，作者也可从问题发生的历史背景、目前现状、发展方向等提出文献的不同观点。正文部分可根据内容的多少可分为若干个小标题分别论述。 小结，是结综述正文部分作扼要的总结，作者应对各种观点进行综合评价，提出自己的看法，指出存在的问题及今后发展的方向和展望。内容单纯的综述也可不写小结。 参考文献，是综述的重要组成部分。一般参考文献的多少可体现作者阅读文献的广度和深度。对综述类论文参考文献的数量不同杂志有不同的要求，一般以30条以内为宜，以最近3-5年内的最新文献为主。 2、文献综述规定 1. 为了使选题报告有较充分的依据，要求硕士研究生在论文开题之前作文献综述。 2. 在文献综述时，研究生应系统地查阅与自己的研究方向有关的国内外文献。通常阅读文献不少于30篇，且文献搜集要客观全面 3. 在文献综述中，研究生应说明自己研究方向的发展历史，前人的主要研究成果，存在的问题及发展趋势等。 4. 文献综述要条理清晰，文字通顺简练。 5. 资料运用恰当、合理。文献引用用方括号[ ]括起来置于引用词的右上角。 6. 文献综述中要有自己的观点和见解。不能混淆作者与文献的观点。鼓励研究生多发现问题、多提出问题、并指出分析、解决问题的可能途径，针对性强。 7. 文献综述不少于3000字。 3、注意事项 ⒈搜集文献应尽量全。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提，否则，随便搜集一点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的综述。 ⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同，有的文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异，因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和科学性较好的文献。 ⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析，因此在撰写时应分清作者的观点和文献的内容，不能篡改文献的内容。引用文献不过多。文献综述的作者引用间接文献的现象时有所见。如果综述作者从他人引用的参考文献转引过来，这些文献在他人
New technique of the computer network Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application. keywords Internet Network System Digital Certificates Grid Storage 1. Foreword Internet turns 36, still a work in progress Thirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress. University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles. All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today. Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Klein rock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.
大数据外文翻译参考文献综述 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 原文： Data Mining and Data Publishing Data mining is the extraction of vast interesting patterns or knowledge from huge amount of data. The initial idea of privacy-preserving data mining PPDM was to extend traditional data mining techniques to work with the data modified to mask sensitive information. The key issues were how to modify the data and how to recover the data mining result from the modified data. Privacy-preserving data mining considers the problem of running data mining algorithms on confidential data that is not supposed to be revealed even to the party
running the algorithm. In contrast, privacy-preserving data publishing (PPDP) may not necessarily be tied to a specific data mining task, and the data mining task may be unknown at the time of data publishing. PPDP studies how to transform raw data into a version that is immunized against privacy attacks but that still supports effective data mining tasks. Privacy-preserving for both data mining (PPDM) and data publishing (PPDP) has become increasingly popular because it allows sharing of privacy sensitive data for analysis purposes. One well studied approach is the k-anonymity model [1] which in turn led to other models such as confidence bounding, l-diversity, t-closeness, (α,k)-anonymity, etc. In particular, all known mechanisms try to minimize information loss and such an attempt provides a loophole for attacks. The aim of this paper is to present a survey for most of the common attacks techniques for anonymization-based PPDM & PPDP and explain their effects on Data Privacy. Although data mining is potentially useful, many data holders are reluctant to provide their data for data mining for the fear of violating individual privacy. In recent years, study has been made to ensure that the sensitive information of individuals cannot be identified easily. Anonymity Models, k-anonymization techniques have been the focus of intense research in the last few years. In order to ensure anonymization of data while at the same time minimizing the information
英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,
Title ：Magnetic motor shell stamping process and die design Author：yu Department of Materials "Magnetic motor shell stamping process and die design" literature review Abstract摘要 By read these references and documents, in-depth understanding of the contemporary mold of advanced manufacturing technology and metal forming technology, a number of instances of mold design and the understanding and learning, to further study the method of stamping die design, die design and thus have a directionalguidance.As used in this design and drawing die punching die and so on, through the design of the book related to mold in-depth study, this drawing die and the punching die and so the design methods have shape.These references and documents, the design of low-cost high-accuracy die with directional guidance. Keywords： Mold advanced manufacturing technology Mold Manufacturing Trends Drawing Punching CAE Die Materials Prices Preface前言 As China's economic integration with the world economy, the rapid development of basic industries, mold manufacturing industry is also developing fast.In the current economic situation, people pay more attention to efficiency, product quality, cost, and new product development capabilities.The innovation and development of mold manufacturing concern. 1.1 The history of the development of mold Archaeological discoveries in China, as early as 2,000 years ago, China has been used to make bronze stamping dies to prove that in ancient China stamping die stamping and achievements to the world's leading.In 1953, the Changchun First Automobile Works in China for the first time established a stamping plants, the plant began manufacturing cars in 1958, cover mold.60 years of the 20th century began producing fine blanking dies.In walked a long path of development temperature, the present, China has formed more than 300 billion yuan (not including Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan statistics) the production capacity of various types of stamping dies. 1.2 Development Status and Trends Die Since reform and opening, with the rapid development of the national economy, the market demand of mold growing.In recent years, the mold industry has been the growth rate of about 15% of the rapid development of industrial enterprises in the ownership of the mold components also changed dramatically, in addition to professional mold factory outside of state-owned, collective, joint ventures, wholly-owned and private has been a rapid development.
一、激励理论的背景 在经济发展的过程中,劳动分工与交易的出现带来了激励问题。激励理论是行为科学中用于处理需要，动机，目标和行为四者之间关系的核心理论。行为科学认为人的动机来自需要，由需要确定人们的行为目标，激励则作用于人内心活动，激发，驱动和强化人的行为。哈佛大学维廉詹姆士研究表明：在没有激励措施下,下属一般仅能发挥工作能力的20%～30%，而当他受到激励后,其工作能力可以提升到80%～90%，所发挥的作用相当于激励前的3到4倍。日本丰田公司采取激励措施鼓励员工提建议，结果仅1983年一年，员工提了165万条建议，平均每人31条，它为公司带来900亿日元利润，相当于当年总利润的18%。由于激励的效果明显，所以各种组织为了提高生产效率，有些专家学者就开始了对激励理论的研究之中，探索激励的无穷潜力。 二、国外研究现状 国外对于激励理论有了大量的研究并获得了丰硕的成果。总体来说，可以分为两类激励理论。一类是以人的心理需求和动机为主要研究对象的激励理论，熟称“内容型激励理论”。另一类是以人的心理过程和行为过程相互作用的动态系统为研究对象的激励过程理论,它也被称作是“行为型激励理论”。 1 内容型激励理论 1.1 奠瑞的人类人格理论 这种理论认为，在面临着动态且不断变化的环境时，人们都是自适应的。它把需求分成了两种类型，即生理需求和心理需求。前者与人体基本生理过程的满足感有关，而后者所关注的是情绪上和精神上的满足感。 1.2 马斯洛的“需要层次”理论 美国心理学家马斯洛(A.H.Maslow)进一步发展了莫瑞的研究，在1954年出版的《动机与人格》一书中对该理论作了进一步的阐释。马斯洛认为人的需要可以划分为五个层次，从低到高依次为生理需要，安全需要，社交需要，尊熏需要，自我实现需要，且这五个层次的顺序，对每个人都是相同的。只有当较低层次的需要获得了基本满足后，下一个较高层次的需要才能成为主导需要。 1.3 赫茨伯格的激励—保健双因素理论 美国心理学家赫茨伯格因素理论打破了这一假设。他于1959年在《工作的激励》一书中提出了保健——激励因素理论，简称双因素理论。即保健因素和激励因素。保健因素可以用来体现高水平员工的不满意，激励因素可以用来体现高水平员工的满意度。他认为只有激励因素才能促发员工积极性,提高生产效率。 2 行为型激励理论 2.1 洛克的目标设置理论 2O世纪6O年代末，埃德温·A·洛克和他的同事们花了许多年的时间研究目标对于人类行为和绩效的效果。他们的研究导致了目标设置理论的创立并不断地得到验证，提出：指向一共同目标的工作意向是工作效率的主要源泉。他还提出了具体的设置目标的步骤。 2.2 亚当斯的公平理论 美国心理学家亚当斯(J.s.Adams)对员工受激励程度的大小与他人之间的关系进行研究，并在《工人关于工资不公平的内心冲突同其生产率的关系》(1962年与罗森合写)，《工
第一篇： 航空博物馆与航空展示公园 巴特罗米耶杰·基谢列夫斯基 飞翔的概念、场所的精神、老机场的建筑---克拉科夫新航空博物馆理性地吸取了这些元素，并将它们整合到一座建筑当中。Rakowice-Czyzyny机场之前的旧飞机修理库为新建筑的平面和高度设定了模数比例。在此基本形态上进一步发展，如同裁切和折叠一架纸飞机，生成了一座巨大的建筑。其三角形机翼是由混凝土制成，却如同风动螺旋桨一样轻盈。这个机翼宽大通透，向各个方向开敞。它们的形态与组织都是依据内部功能来设计的。机翼部分为3个不平衡的平面，使内外景观在不断变化中形成空间的延续性，并且联系了建筑内的视觉焦点和室外的展览区。 新航空展示公园的设计连接了博物馆的8栋建筑和户外展览区，并与历史体验建立联系。从前的视觉轴线与通道得到尊重，旧的道路得到了完善，朝向飞机场和跑道的空间被限定出来。每栋建筑展示了一个主题或是一段飞行史。建筑周围伸展出巨大的平台，为特殊主题的室外展览提供了空间。博物馆容纳了超过150架飞机、引擎、飞行复制品、成套的技术档案和历史图片。这里的特色收藏是飞机起源开始的各种飞行器，如Jatho1903、Grade1909、莱特兄弟1909年的飞机模型和1911年的鸽式单翼机。 The first passage: Museum for aviation and aviation exhibition park Bartiomiej Kislelewski The idea of flying, the spirit of place, the structure of the historic airfield – the new Museum of Aviation in Krakow takes up these references intellectually and synthesizes them into a building. The old hangars of the former airport Rakowice Czyzyny set the modular scale for the footprint and the height of the new building. Developed from this basic shape, as if cut out and folded like a paper airplane, a large structure has been generated, with triangular wings made of concrete and yet as light as a wind-vane propeller. The wings are generously glazed and open in all directions. Their form and arrangement depend on the interior uses. In the floor plans of the wings, the three offset
外文翻译 外文资料： Robots First, I explain the background robots, robot technology development. It should be said it is a common scientific and technological development of a comprehensive results, for the socio-economic development of a significant impact on a science and technology. It attributed the development of all countries in the Second World War to strengthen the economic input on strengthening the country's economic development. But they also demand the development of the productive forces the inevitable result of human development itself is the inevitable result then with the development of humanity, people constantly discuss the natural process, in understanding and reconstructing the natural process, people need to be able to liberate a slave. So this is the slave people to be able to replace the complex and engaged in heavy manual labor, People do not realize right up to the world's understanding and transformation of this technology as well as people in the development process of an objective need. Robots are three stages of development, in other words, we are accustomed to regarding robots are divided into three categories. is a first-generation robots, also known as teach-type robot, it is through a computer, to control over one of a mechanical degrees of freedom Through teaching and information stored procedures, working hours to read out information, and then issued a directive so the robot can repeat according to the people at that time said the results show this kind of movement again, For example, the car spot welding robots, only to put this spot welding process, after teaching, and it is always a repeat of a work It has the external environment is no perception that the force manipulation of the size of the work piece there does not exist, welding 0S It does not know, then this fact from the first generation robot, it will exist this shortcoming, it in the 20th century, the late 1970s, people started to study the second-generation robot, called Robot with the feeling that This feeling with the robot is similar in function of a certain feeling, for
本科生毕业论文 文献综述与开题报告 姓名与学号****** ******* 指导教师************ 年级与专业2011级电子科学与技术或2011级信息与通信工程 所在学院信息与电子工程学系
一、题目：纳米尺寸双V型表面等离激元波导导光特性研究 二、指导教师对文献综述和开题报告的具体内容要求： 对文献综述的要求： 要求详细阅读表面等离激元各种几何结构波导的文献，对之前已发表的各种结构的波导做一个归纳总结，并比较各自的传输长度和模场大小，作出文献综述。 对开题报告的要求： 要求学生对表面等离激元和契形波导和凹槽的相关背景知识有深入理解，对目前已发表的各种契形波导有系统的归纳，能指出存在的不足和未来发展的方向。 指导教师（签名）
目录 文献综述 (1) 一、背景介绍 (1) 1. 当前集成技术的发展瓶颈 (1) 2.表面等离子体激元的性质 (1) 3.表面等离子体波导 (1) 二、国内外研究现状 (1) 1.研究方向及进展 (1) 2.课题应用前景 (2) 3.存在的问题 (3) 三、研究展望 (4) 开题报告 (6) 一、问题提出的背景 (6) 1.背景介绍 (6) 2.本研究的意义和目的 (6) 二、论文的主要内容和技术路线 (6) 1.主要研究内容 (6) 2.技术路线 (6) 3.可行性分析 (8) 三、研究计划进度安排及预期目标 (8) 1.进度安排 (8) 2.预期目标 (8) 文献翻译和原稿 (10)
文献综述 指导老师：*** ***系 ***班姓名学号 一、背景介绍 1.当前集成技术的发展瓶颈 互联网和计算机的速度越来越快、功能越来越强大，但是电子线路的发热和速度严重限制了计算机的运行。用光子替代电子，光子不会像电子那样产生大量热量，并且随着频率的升高具有很高的数据传输能力。光子集成电路比传统的电子集成电路具有很多明显优势，包括信号屏蔽性、速度更快、发热更少、带宽更大、串扰更低等。然而，光子集成电路需要在纳米级尺度内控制光子，离桌面计算机和其他口常应用还相差甚远。这对纳米光子学的研究提出了新的挑战：一方面要求光学器件尺寸高度小型化，便于纳米应用和集成；另一方面要求能够在纳米尺度下控制光场，实现在纳米尺度内的聚焦、变换、耦合、折射、传导和复用，以及实现高准直、超衍射的新型光源和各种纳米光子学器件。[1] 2.表面等离子体激元的性质 表面等离子体激元有望解决这一问题。表面等离子体激元是光与金属自由电子相互作用、在金属-介质界面产生的电子-光子混合共振。表面等离子体激元有两种形式：局域表面等离子体激元（localized surface plasmons, LSPs）和表面等离子体极化激元（surface plasmon polaritons, SPPs）。LSPs是电子与光子耦合的非传播的激发，主要涉及很小的纳米颗粒的散射问题。SPPs是沿金属表面传播的极化波。SPPs在垂直金属表面上形成消逝场，场振幅呈指数衰减，因此SPPs的电磁能量被强烈地约束在表面附近，具有强大的近场增强效应；沿金属表面由于欧姆热效应，只能传播有限距离。 3.表面等离子体波导 在纳米光子学中，波导用来传导光，扮演电缆或线路的角色，是实现纳米光子回路的基础。利用表面等离子体波导作为光子互连元件，具有无RC延迟和衍射极限限制的优势。SPPs 波导结构的种类有沟槽、楔形、金属纳米条、纳米线、纳米颗粒，矩形间隙，狭缝等。 二、国内外研究现状 1.研究方向及进展
Journals reviewed: Detection of intelligent pension and medical care In April 28, 2011, Chinese Bureau of Statistics released the “In 2010 Sixth National Census Data (No. first)”.In the composition of age, the population aged 60 and over is 177648705,accounting for 13.26%,the population aged 65 and over is 118831709,accounting for 8.87%. Compared with the 2000 fifth national population census, the proportion of the population aged 60 and over increased by 2.93 percentage points, the proportion of the population aged 65 and over increased by 1.91 percentage points.[1] Based on the above data, we can see that China has been in the stage of population aging society, the proportion of elderly in the total population is large. Under the background of the country’s population aging, how to make the elderly live healthier lives and how to detect the body and activity for a disease of the elderly, make the life safer, avoid accidents and so on have been a problem concerned by the whole society. Nowadays, a remote monitoring and diagnosis technology based on network and human physiological parameters sensor has become hot spot of research. This technology mainly take advantage of network information technology to conduct remote data monitoring of human physiological characteristics and distinguishing diagnosis and the realization of interaction between patients and medical personnel, medical institution, medical equipment, to achieve real-time online monitoring and make evaluation to the state of the person being monitoring. Once the abnormal situation, there will be a timely alarm or informs of alerting relevant personnel for disposal. At present, the domestic research in this area is divided into three levels: (1) the intelligent research about disease diagnosis and treatment,(2) health monitoring and management based on network.(3) preliminary intelligent medical system. The study on first level is modeling or expert system to some disease diagnosis. The main process is: according to the experience of doctor and pathological knowledge and clinical data, we can make the extracted factors and characteristics closely related to the disease as the input parameters and whether suffering this disease as the output parameters, and then use the clinical data to model training and validation to discriminate whether suffer this disease for a patient with the proposed model or expert system. Some achievement of research in this area has high rate of success to the diagnosis of partial disease, and accumulate substantial knowledge and experience to the subsequent material intelligent medical treatment. For example, Liaoning University professor Wang Yanqiu guides students to discuss the symptom of abdominal pain, by using fuzzy neural network algorithm, to discriminate the kind of diseases. They study the relevant acute appendicitis, gastric cancers, acute intestinal obstruction and other 12 kinds of diseases.[2] The research include fuzzy neural network and related expert knowledge of various diseases corresponding abdominal pain. Some expert knowledge express with fuzzy neural network, and take advantage of clinical data to train, combined with other relevant information, achieve certain results in the auxiliary diagnosis and treatment of abdominal pain. A similar research is: Shen Hong[3] use BP neural networks to identify 3 kinds of ECG-the normal, inferior wall myocardial infarction and acute anterior myocardial infarction. Wang Jiaxiang[4] discusses the application value of ANN in diagnosis of liver cancer, making higher sensitivity and specificity than traditional methods. Zhao Bingrang[5] apply ANN to the diagnosis of coronary heart disease. They practice by 1200 cases and detect 300 cases, then conduct simulation of 167 cases diagnosis. The results show that the accuracy of ANN diagnosis was 91.02%, sensitivity and specificity were 92.79% and 87.05%. Wang Yijie[6] of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese