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介词及介词短语

介词及介词短语
介词及介词短语

介词及介词短语

考点关注:

1. 易混介词的辨析

2. 固定的介词短语与短语介词

3. 介词与名词、动词、形容词等的搭配

4. “介词加+关系代词”在定语从句中的运用

5. 分词形式的介词

介词的句法功能

介词又叫前置词,是一种虚词。

介词不能独立在句中做成份,介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成份,表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。

1.作定语:

The book on the table is mine.

2.作状语:

We have breakfast at seven.(表时间)

They started the machine by pressing the button.(表方法)

3.作表语:

My dictionary is in the bag.

4.作宾语补足语:

I found him in the office.

介词的分类

初中英语常用介词短语

1)at once 立刻

2)at last 最后

3)at first 起先,首先

4)at the age of…在……岁时

5)at the end of…在……之末

6)at the beginning of…在……之初

7)at the foot of…在……脚下

8)at the same time 同时

9)at night/noon 在夜里/中午

10)with one's help 在某人的帮助下,由于某人的帮助

11)with the help of …在……的帮助下

12)with a smile 面带笑容

13)with one's own eyes 亲眼看见

14)after a while 过了一会儿

15)from now on 从现在起

16)from then on 从那时起

17)far example 例如

18)far away from 远离

19)from morning till night 从早到晚

20)by and by 不久

21)by air mail 寄航空邮件

22)by bike/air/train/bus 骑自行车/乘飞机/火车/汽车

23)by ordinary mail 寄平信

24)by the way 顺便说

25)by the window 在窗边

26)by the end of…到……底为止

27)little by little 逐渐地28)in all 总共

29)in fact 事实上

30)in one's twenties 在某人二十几岁时

31)in a hurry 匆忙

32)in the middle of 在……中间

33)in no time (in a minute) 立刻,很快

34)in time (on time) 及时

35)in public 公众,公开地

36)in order to 为了……

37)in front of 在……前面

38)in the sun 在阳光下

39)in the end 最后,终于

40)in surprise 惊奇地

41)in turn 依次

42)of course 当然

43)a bit (of) 有一点儿

44)a lot of 许多

45)a little 一点儿

46)on one's way to 某人在去……的路上

47)on foot 步行,走路

48)a talk on space 一个关于太空的报告

49)on the other hand 另一方面

50)at/on the weekend 在周末

51)on the left (right) 在左(右)边

52)on the other side of 在……另一边

53)on the radio 通过收音机(无线电广播)

54)to one's joy 使……高兴的是

55)to one's surprise 使……惊讶的是

初中课本中常见介词短语分类列举

1.表示时间的介词及介词短语

i n, at, on, before,after,till,since,for, fromto, until,by,in the middle of,at the beginning of,at the end of,at half past five,at night,in a week,in the morning,in class,at sunrise,in spring/summer/autumn/winter,on Sunday,on Saturday

afternoon,on a winter evening,for a long time,for two months,after school,since liberation,before lunch,at the time of,at the age of。

2.表示地点的介词及介词短语

in,at,into,to,on,beside,before,behind,above,under,outside,inside,up,from,far,from,near,across,off,down,among,past,between,out of,around,in the front of,in the middle of,at the back of,at the foot of,at home,at the gate,at the table,in the sky,on the ground,in a tree,in the south,in the sun,in the bed,on one’s way home,by the side of。

3.介词和各类词搭配构成的介词短语

1).介词与动词搭配

arrive in/at到达

ask for要,请求

do well in在……方面做得好 give in投降

go on继续

hear from收到……来信

hear of听说

help's B.with sth.帮助……做 laugh at嘲笑

learn from向……学习 leave for离开一地去另一地 talk to与……谈话

go in for从事,致力于

put up穿上,挂上take down拿下,取了 look at(有意识地)看speak to对某人说

send for派人去请

shout at大声叫喊,吼叫 take away拿走,带走

think of考虑,关心 turninto把……变成

wait for等候,等待

take off脱下,起飞

turn on/off打开(关上) listen to听

look after照顾,照看 look for寻找

look like 看上去像

get to 到达

point to 指着……

fill with充满,装满

begin with以……开始 deal/do with处置,对待 meet with偶尔遇见,遭遇 pass on传递belong to属于

write to写信给……

call on号召,访问,邀请 die of死于……

depend on依靠,依赖 smile at向……微笑believe in信任

look out向四下看,到处看

2).介词与名词搭配

in time及时

in bed卧床

in life一生中

on time准时,按时 in front of在……前面on foot步行

by bus乘公共汽车

at home在家

in English用英语

in the middle在中间 at night在晚上

at noon在中午

at hospital在医院

with a smile带着微笑 of course当然(可以)

in a hurry匆忙,急忙

in a minute一会儿

by the way顺便说说/问问

at first首先,起初

at last最后,终于

at the meeting在会上

at least至少

on one’s way to在……的路上 in the sun在阳光下

in a tree在树上

in surprise惊奇地

at once立刻,马上

at the foot of在……脚下

at all压根儿

at dinner在吃正餐

at the table在桌子旁

at work在工作

at school在学校

at the back of在……后面

at the beginning of在……开始at the end of在……结尾

at the same time同时,然而 by hand用手,手工,亲手 by the end of到……结束时 by train乘火车

day by day日复一日

one by one一个接一个

by spaceship乘坐宇宙飞船 in a low voice大声地

in a word总而言之,一句话 in trouble处于困境

in fact事实上

in the street在街上

in the end最后,终于

in space在空间

in no time立刻,很快 in order按顺序,整齐,正常

in order to为了,以便

in the day在白天

in line成一直线

in a short while不久

in all总共,总计

in town在城里

in silence不作声

out of breath上气不接下气

out of sight消失,看不见 on duty值日

on the left/right在左/右边

on the one handon the other hand一方面……另一方面

on the other side of在……的另一边 on top of在……顶上

in the distance在远处

in public当众,公开地

out of work失业

on the radio通过无线电广播

to this day直到今天

to one’s surprise/joy使某人吃惊/高兴

常见介词的用法

6.1表示时间的介词

1表示时间的at, in, on:

1.The train leaves ___ 6:00pm, so I have to be at the station _____ 5:40 at the latest.

A. at; until

B. for; after

C. at; by

D. before; around

2. The old man died ____ cold ____ a cold night.

A. from; at

B. of; in

C. of; on

D. for; during

3. The railway was opened ____ traffic ____ April 4, 1985.

A. to; on

B. to; in

C. by; on

D. for; on

at表示片刻的时间,在几点,中午;午夜;夜里;某日期或一段时间的开头或结尾)),如:at 8 o’clock; at sunrise; at the weekend; at Christmas ;at dawn ;at daybreak; at noon; at night; at midnight

in表示一段的时间,后接月,年,季等表一段时间的名词.

如:in the morning/ afternoon / evening ; in spring ; in 1986; in April; in the third week

on总是跟具体日子有关,某一天或某天的上午,下午,晚上等

如:on Christmas morning

2表示时间的since和from:

since表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程,常与现在完成时连用。

from表示从时间的某一点开始,不涉及与现在的关系。一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。

如:I hope to do morning exercise from today.

We have not seen each other since 1995.

3表示时间的in和after

1.We’ll be back_______ three days.

2._________ seven the rain began to fall.

3.________ two months he returned.

表示时间的in和after:两者都表示“在(某个时间)之后,区别在于in表示“在(一段时间)之后”,in短语和将来时态连用,而after则表示“在(某一具体时间点之后)”,和将来时态连用。

after有时也可以表示在一段时间之后, 和过去时态连用。

4by与until/till

“by+时间点”表示到……以前为止

until/till

用于肯定句中,表示直到…..为止

6.2表示方位的介词

图示事物“方位”介词

介词的种类很多。在初中英语中,有许多表示事物存在的方向和位置的介词,我们称之为方位介词。如in(在……里),behind (在……后面),down (向下)等等。其中有些方位介词的意义比较接近,在用法上很难区分,如on, over, above 都有“在……之上”的意思,但

含义却不尽相同。我们可以用三个图示配以简短的文字叙述来说明这三个介词的不同用法。

on

over

above

通过这种方法,我们很容易掌握这三个介词的用法。现将初中英语教材中的部分方位

(强调与物体的表面相接触) ,反义

词为under )

义词为below )

介词in ,on ,to 表示地点方位的用法

介词 in ,on ,to 都可以用来表示某个位置的方向,它们的意义不同,故表示的方向及范围也不同:

一. in 表示方位,含义是“在……之内”,即一个小地方处在一个大地方的范围(疆

域)之内。 例如:

1、China is in the east of Asia. 中国在亚洲东部。(中国是亚洲的一个国家,处于亚洲的范围之内)

A B

2、Guilin is in the north of Guangxi. 桂林在广西北部。(桂林是广西的一座城市)

3、Taiwan lies in the east of China. 台湾在中国的东部。(台湾是中国东部的一个省份,是中国的领土,在中国的疆域之内)

4、Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国的东部。(上海是中国的一个行政区域,在中国的疆域之内)

5、The plant can be seen only in the north of Canada. 那种植物只有在加拿大北部才看得到。(暗指这种植物只生长在加拿大北部地区)

6、The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 太阳东升西落。

说明:表示某个地方的地理位置时,be ,lie 以及 be located 的意义是一样的,可以互换使用。

二 on 表示方位,含义是“在……端/边”,即一个地方在另一个地方的某一端或某一边,两个地方只是相邻或接壤,却互不管辖。

例如:

7、Guangdong Province is on the southeast of Guangxi. 广东省在广西的东南边。(广东省与广西在地理位置上是连在一起的,即两者相邻,却互不管辖) 8、China faces the Pacific on the east. 中国东临太平洋。(中国与太平洋相邻) 9、The country is bounded on the west by the sea.那个国家西边与海接界。(暗指该国为沿海国家)

10、Sichuan Province is on the north of Guizhou Province. 四川省在贵州省的北边。(四川省与贵州省在地理上也是连在一起的,但互不管辖)

三、 t o 表示方位,含义是“在……面”,即一个地方在另一个地方的范围之外,

互不管辖。尤其当两个地方相隔较远,且有湖泊、大海等区域相隔时,通常用 to 。

A

B

A

B

例如:

11、Japan is to the east of China. 日本在中国的东面。(日本在中国范围之外,且有日本海分隔)

12、Taiwan is to the southeast of Fujian Province. 台湾在福建省的东南面。(台湾在福建省的范围之外,且两者之间有台湾海峡分隔)

13、Jinzhou is to the west of Shenyang. 锦州在沈阳的西面。(锦州和沈阳分别为两座城市,地理位置上互不相连,也互不管辖)

14、There is a beautiful park to the east of the station. 车站东面有一座景色宜人的公园。

( ) 1 The United States is ____ the south of Canada and ___ the east of Japan.

A. to; in

B. on; to

C. in; beside

D. at; on

( ) 2 The man stood ____the window, watching the boys playing outside.

A. in

B. by

C. with

D. to

( ) 3 Japan lies ____ the east of China.

A. on B/ to C. in D. with

习题

第一组:over, above和on的用法

1)over指在…的正上方,表示垂直在上。如:

There is a lamp over the desk.

2)above指在上方,属于斜上方。如:

Raise your arms above your head.

3)on指在上面,表示两物体接触。如:

There is a cup on the table.

第二组:under / below的用法:

1) under在……下面/正下方:What's under your desk?

2) below 在……斜下方:Her skirt came below her knees.

练习:

( ) 1 The boat is passing___ the bridge.

A. through

B. below

C. under

D. across

( ) 2 Two planes are flying___ the city.

A. through

B. over ,

C. on , D, below

( ) 3 We can see a river running to the east____ the hill.

A. under

B. below

C. over

D. on

( ) 4 Do you see the kite ___ the building.

A. over

B. cross

C. on

D. above

C B B D

第三组:in 和on表示“在……上”

1,门一类——镶嵌在墙里的,用in,

字画一类——挂在墙面上的,用on

( ) 1 He put up a map ___ the back wall because there was a hole ___ it.

A. on; on

B. at; in

C. on; in

D. on; at

( ) 2 There is a door___ the wall.

A. on

B. to

C. of

D. in

( ) 3 Any man ___ eyes______ his head can see that he's exactly like a rope.

A. with; on

B. with; in

C. on; with

D. in; with

2,鸟一类落在树上的,用in;

苹果一类长在树上的,用on

( ) 1 There are some birds singing___ the trees.

A. in

B. on

C. at

D. from

( ) 2 There are so many apples___ that tree.

A. in B, on C. at D. from

第四组:at, in表示“在……”

1)at表示较小的地点。如:at the bus stop, at home

2)in表示较大的地点。如:in China, in the world

( ) 1 Uncle Wang arrived ____ No. 14 Middle School half an hour ago.

A.at

B. in C to D. /

( ) 2 My uncle lives ____ 88 Beijing Street.

A. to

B. of

C. at

D. on

( ) 3 They are waiting ___ a bus ___ the bus stop.

A. for; in

B. on; at

C. with; at

D. for; at

第五组:in front of 和in the front of

1)in front of表示“在…之前”(范围外)。

如:There are some trees in front of the classroom.

2)in the front of 表示“在…的前部”(范围内)

如:There is a blackboard in the front of the classroom.

第七组:in / into

in表示“在……里面”,强调静态;

into表示“去……里面”,强调动态。

第八组:through / across通过,穿过

across表示横过,即从物体表面通过,与on有关,为二维

through穿过,即从物体内部穿过,与in有关,为三维。

( ) 1 Is the street too narrow for the bus to go ___?

A. through

B. across

C. on

D. in

( ) 2 A mother camel was walking ___ her son ___ the desert.

A. without; along

B. with; through

C. next to; pass

D. beside; through

( ) 3 The river runs____ the city.

A. across

B. through

C. over

D. from

( ) 4 It took us over an hour to walk____ this street.

A. from

B. through

C. over

D. across

A B B B

表示运动方向或目的的介词

____ the gate and you’ll find the entrance ___ the park ___ the other side.

A. Through; to; on

B. Along; of; on

C. Down; to; at

D. Up; of; by

Early ___ the morning of May 1, we started off ___ the mountain

village. A. in; for B. in; to C. on; / D. on; for

★across 表示穿过物体表面,或横过.

★through 表示在某一空间通过,或纵向穿过.

★along 表示沿着一条线平行.

★up 表示向上,由南到北,由东到西,由沿海到内陆,由小地方到大地方,由农村到城市. 反之则用down.

★to 表示动作的目的地; towards指朝向,无到达的意思; for表示前往的目的,连用的动词有leave, start off, set out, head, sail 等. past意为“从……旁经过”,表示运动发生在某物旁边。

over意为“跨过,越过”,表示运动发生在物体的上方

6.3表示地点的介词

表示地点时at, in, on 的区别

1 My uncle lives _____ 116 Changhe Street. His room is ___ the sixth floor.

A. at; on

B. to; at

C. on; in

D. of; to

★at 表示在较小的地方(村庄, 小城镇,门牌); 在某物旁(不确定的地方)

★in 表示在较大的地方(国家,城市); 在某物范围内.(地点的排列顺序是由小到大.

★on 表示在某物上(表面接触); road 前用on, street前用in/on; 楼层用on; farm前用on, field前用in.

三、工具、手段、方式介词

1.by,in,on三词都表示旅行的方式。

名词前有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等时用on/in。

travel to New York in this plane;go to school on my bike 【说明】步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on。

on foot,on horseback, on a horse,on the camel

2.with,by,in三词均译为“用”,表示行为的工具、手段或方式。

They are digging with a pick/spade.

by hand;in ink

in English/Japanese

表示“用”的in和with:表示工具的“用”,用with,而表示材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等的“用”,用in。如:He is writing a letter with a pen./ He wrote the letter in pencil./ We measured it in pounds./ Read the text in a loud voice./ Tell me the story in English.

6.4其他介词的用法

1表示除---- 之外的介词

He usually goes to work on time _____.

A. except for raining days

B. besides it rains

C. but that it rains

D. except on rainy days ★besides 表示包含, 除--- 之外还有---

★except 表示排除, 除---- 之外

★but 表示排除, 多与nobody, none, no one, nothing, anything, everyone, all, who 等连用.

★except for 表示除去整体中的部分, “只是, 只不过”

__________ basketball, I like playing Pingpang.

You have no choice _________ work hard.

Li Long is a good student ________________ his laziness.

2in the end作“最后”、“终于”解,单独作句子成分,后不接介词of;at the end of 表示“在……末梢”,“到……尽头”,既可指时间,也可以指地上或物体。不可单独使用;by the end of 作“在……结束时”,“到……末为止”解,只能指时间。不可单独使用。

①In the end they reached a place of safety.

②At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden.

③They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week.

④By the end of last month he had finished the novel.

3 n the corner 表示在角落里,in指角的内面;on the corner表示“在角上”,on指的不是内面,也不是外面,而含内外兼有之意;at the corner指“在拐角处”,at指的是拐角外附近的外面。

①The lamp stands in the corner of the room.

②I me t with him at the street corner.

③He sat on the corner of the table.

容易混淆的含有介词固定搭配的词组

差一冠词,大相径庭

in front of(在……前面)——in the front of(在……前部)

in charge of(负责)——in the charge of(由……负责)

out of question(毫无疑问)——out of the question(不可能)at table(在吃饭;在吃饭时)——at the table(在桌子旁边)

有无介词,意义不同

know sb.认识某人——know about sb.了解某人

shoot sb.击中某人——shoot at sb.向某人射击

search sb.搜身——search for sb.搜寻某人

believe sb.相信某人的话——believe in sb.信任某人的人格

介词和介词短语(知识梳理)

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