British Literature1

British literature1.In _____ of Gulliver’s Travels, Jonathan Swift satirizes the western civilization includingfalse illusions about science, philosophy, history and even immortality.A. the first voyage to LilliputB. the second voyage to BrobdingnagC. the third voyage to the Flying IslandD. the fourth voyage to Houyhnhnm land2.In Thomas Hardy’s works, the conflict between the old and the modern is very pervasive. Hisattitude toward those traditional characters is _______.A. contemptB. sympatheticC. indifferentD. interested3.Relationships don’t seem to turn out overly well in Wuthering Heights. Which couple finallygets their happy ending?A. Linton and CathyB. Heatheliff and CatherineC. Hareton and CathyD. Edgar and Catherine4.―The depth and passion of its earnest glance,But to myself they turned (since none puts byThe curtain I have drawn for you, but I) …‖This part is quoted from Robert Browning’s ―My Last Duchess‖. Here ―you‖ refers to _____.A. Frä PandolfB. readersC. the DukeD. the emissary5.In subject matter, William Wordsworth’s poems have two major concerns. One is about nature.The other is about ______.A. French RevolutionB. literary theoryC. deathD. common life of ordinary people6.Through the character of Elizabeth, Jane Austen emphasizes the importance of _____ forwomen.A. marriageB. physical attractivenessC. independence and self-confidenceD. submissive character7._____ is a natural means of writing in revealing the prince’s inner conflict and psychologicalpredicament in Shakespeare’s Hamlet.A. DialogueB. SoliloquyC. Dramatic monologueD. Satire8.The major theme of Jane Austen’s novels is love and marriage. Which of the following is nota couple that appeared in Pride and Prejudice?A. Catherine and HeatheliffB. Lydia and WickhamC. Jane and BinleyD. Charlotte and Collins9.The sentence ―three or four families in a country village are the very thing to work on‖ canbest reflect the writer’s personal knowledge and range of writing. This writer is _____.A. Walter ScottB. Thomas HardyC. Jane EyreD. Jane Austen10.The first mass movement of the English working class was ____, which signified theawakening of the poor oppressed people.A. Enlightenment MovementB. Enclosure MovementC. Chartism MovementD. Romantic Movement11.In Sons and Lovers, D. H. Lawrence presented Paul as a(n) ______ man and artist.A. independentB. ambitiousC. strong-willedD. sensitive12.____is a folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes, it is along poem of over 3000 lines and the national epic of the English people.A. BeowulfB. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightC. The Canterbury TalesD. King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table13.The father of English poetry, the author of Troilus and Criseyde is also the one of .A. Romeo and JulietB.The Faerie QueenC. TamburlaineD. The Canterbury Tales14.Which of the following are regarded as Shakespeare's four great tragedies?A. Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King LearB. Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, MacbethC. Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, MacbethD. Romeo and Juliet, Othello, Macbeth, Timon of Athens15.Which of the following is not the work of Francis Bacon?A. Advancement of LearningB. New InstrumentC. Songs of InnocenceD. Essays16.At the beginning of 17th century appeared a school of poets called metaphysics. ____ is thefounder of metaphysical poetry.A. Ben JohnsonB. John MiltonC. John BunyanD. John Donne17."He has a servant called Friday. ""He "in the quoted sentence is a character in .A. Henry Fielding's Tom JonesB. John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's ProgressC. Richard Brinsley Sheridan's The School for ScandalD. Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe18.The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realisticpicture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely ______________.A．William Langland’ s Piers Plowman B．Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales C．John Gower’s Confession Amantis D．Sir Gawain and the Green Knight19.The sentence ―Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?‖ is the beginning line of one ofShakespeare’s ______________.A．comedies B．tragedies C．sonnets D．histories20.Paradise Lost is actually a story taken from ______________.A．the Renaissance B．the Old TestamentC．Greek Mythology D．the New Testament21.The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, WilliamShakespeare and ______________.A．John Milton B．John MarloweC．Ben Jonson D．Edmund Spenser22.―To be, or not to be—that is the question‖ is a line taken from______________.A．Hamlet B．Othello C．King Lear D．The Merchant of Venice23.Literature of Neoclassicism is different from that of Romanticism in that ______________.A．the former celebrates reason, rationality, order and instruction while the latter sees literature as an expression of an individual’s feeling and experiencesB．the former is heavily religious but the latter secularC．the former is an intellectual movement, the purpose of which is to arouse the middle class for political rights while the latter is concerned with the personal cultivationD．the former advocates the ―return to nature‖ whereas the latter turns to the ancient Greek and Roman writers for its models.24.The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan is often said to be concerned with the search for______________.A．material wealth B．spiritual salvationC．universal truth D．self- fulfillment25.Alexander Pope strongly advocated ______________ , emphasizing that literary works shouldbe judged by rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.A．Sentimentalism B．Romanticism C．Idealism D．Neoclassicism 26.It is generally regarded that Keats’ s most important and mature poems are in the form of______.A．ode B．elegy C．epic D．sonnet27.______ is the most outstanding stream of consciousness novelist, with _______ as hisencyclopedia – like masterpiece.A．James Joyce, Ulysses B．E.M. Foster, A Passage to IndiaC．D.H. Lawrence, Sons and Lovers D．Virginia Woolf, Mrs Dalloway28.The literary form which is fully developed and the most flourishing during the RomanticPeriod is ______________.A．prose B．drama C．novel D．poetry29.Which of the following poems by T.S. Eliot is hailed as a landmark and a model of the 20thcentury English poetry?A．Poems 1909-1925 B．The Hollow ManC．Prufrock and Other Observations D．The Waste Land30.―My last Duchess‖ is a poem that best exemplifies Robert Browning’s ______________.A．sensitive ear for the sounds of the English languageB．excellent choice of wordsC．mastering of the metrical devicesD．use of the dramatic monologue31.Of the below poets, has not been awarded Poet Laureate.A. William WordsworthB. Thomas GrayC. Alfred TennysonD. Ben Jonson32.Of the following literary giants, is not of Irish origin.A. George Bernard ShawB. William Butler YeatsC. T.S.EliotD. James Joyce33.______ is the essence of the Renaissance.A. IndividualismB. ReasonC. IrrationalismD. Humanism34.―Ode to the West Wind‖ is the representative work of .A. P.B. Shelley’s B. John Keats’sC. Samuel Coleridge’sD. Lord Byron’s35.―The Forsyte Saga‖ is a trilogy by .A. John GalsworthyB. Thomas HardyC. Charles DickensD. D.H. Lawrencewrence’s works are modern because of their .A. modern skill in writingB. modern publishing timeC. modern themesD. modern appearance37.Most of Bernard Shaw’s plays are concerned with .A. political problemsB. religious problemsC. moral problemsD. all the above38.The most original playwright of the Theater of Absurd is Samuel Beckett and his first play,_______, is regarded as the most famous and influential play of the Theater of Absurd.A. Waiting for GodotB. Murder in the CathedralC. Too True to Be GoodD. Mrs. Warren’s ProfessionAmerican literature1.Emerson rejected both the formal religion of the churches and the Deistic philosophy; insteadhe based his religion on an intuitive belief in an ultimate unity, which he called the ―______‖.A. over-soulB. super-manC. godly manD. intuition2.Which one of the following statements about Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter is true?A.Hawthorne intended to tell a love story in this novel.B.Hawthorne intended to tell a story of sin in this novel.C.Hawthorne intended to reveal the human psyche after they sinned, so as to show peoplethe tension between society and individualsD.Hawthorne focused his attention on consequences of the sin on the people in general, soas to call the readers back to the conventional Puritan way of living.3.The childhood of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn in the Mississippi is a record of a vanished wayof life in the _____ Mississippi valley and it has moved millions of people of different ages and conditions all over the world.A. early 16th centuryB. late 16th centuryC. post-Civil WarD. pre-Civil War4.In 1915 _____ became a naturalized British citizen, largely in protest against America’sfailure to join England in the First World War.A. T. S. EliotB. Henry JamesC. W.D. Howells D. George Eliot5.Allen Ginsberg. Whose ―Howl‖ became the manifesto of ______.A. the Westward MovementB. the Utopian MovementC. the Beat MovementD. the Deistic Movement6.Perhaps Dickinson’s greatest rendering of the moment of ____ is to be found in ―I heard a FlyBuzz – when I died –‖, a poem universally considered one of her masterpieces.A. enthusiasmB. deathC. crisisD. fantasy7.Most people consider ______ an unofficial manifest for the ―Transcendental Club‖.A. NatureB. Self-RelianceC. The American ScholarD. The Dial8.The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America was written by ____.A. John SmithB. John EllisC. Anne BradstreetD. Nathaniel Morton9.Edward Taylor was a poet of ____.A. Local ColorismB. American RomanticismC. New England TranscendentalismD. Colonial American10.Poor Richard's Almanac was written by ____ who also wrote ____.A. Benjamin Franklin...AutobiographyB. Washington Irving...AutobiographyC. Washington Irving...History of New YorkD. Benjamin Franklin...History of New York11.Whitman published his first edition of ______ in 1855.A. Leaves of GrassB. The Scarlet LetterC. Hymn to The NightD. The Secret of the Sea12.Dreiser’s naturalism and his choice of subject often echo his predecessor, ______, but hisstyle and method are very different.A. Mark TwainB. Stephen CraneC. Henry JamesD. Emerson13.Sister Carrie written by ______ is considered as one of the representative naturalistic novel inthe American literature.A. Sinclair LewisB. Theodore DreiserC. F. Scott FitzgeraldD. H.L.Mencken14.Mark Twain’s ______ tells a story of his boyhood ambitious to become a riverboat pilot, upand down the Mississippi.A. Roughing ItB. The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnC. Life on the MississippiD. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer15.Stephen Crane’s style has been called realistic, ______ and impressionistic.A. romanticB. naturalisticC. classicalD. imagining16.______ is th e scene of Dreiser’s Sister Carrie.A. New YorkB. ChicagoC. CaliforniaD. Washington17.Which is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism?A. NatureB. WaldenC. On BeautyD. S elf-Reliance18.Melvi lle’s _______ is an encyclopedia of everything, history, philosophy, religion, etc, inaddition to a detailed account of the operations of the whaling industry.A. The Old Man and the SeaB. Moby DickC. White JacketD. Billy Budd19.Leaves of Grass has _______ editions.A. nineB. fiveC. sixD. seven20._______ is not among the writing features of Melville’s works.A. SymbolismB. AllegoryC. Psychological analysesD. Dramatic monologue21.The realistic period is referred to as ―the Gilded Age‖ by _______.A. Mark TwainB. Henry JamesC. Emily DickinsonD. Theodore Dreiser22._______ is regarded by H. L. Menken as ―the true father of American national literature.‖A. Emily DickinsonB. Henry JamesC. Mark TwainD. Theodore Dreiser23.Henry James’s fame generally rests upon his novels and stories with ________.A. the love and marriage themeB. the theme of humor and satire on lifeC. the theme of revealing the miserable life of the poor and criticizing the capitalismD. the international theme24.Within Dickinson’s little lyrics, she addresses those issues that concern the whole humanbeings, which exclude ________.A. religionB. friendshipC. loveD. immortality25.The Colonial Period of American literature stretched roughly from the settlement of Americain the early 17th century through the end of ________ century.A. the 18thB. the 19thC. the 20thD. the 21st26.Benjamin Franklin was the epitome of the ______.A. American EnlightenmentB. Sugar ActC. Chartist movementD. Romanticist27.In the first section of Autobiography the writer addressed to ________A. his sonB. his friendsC. his wifeD. himself28.History of New York was published in 1807 under the name of ________A. Washington IrvingB. Diedrich KnickerbokerC. James Fenimore CooperD. John Whittier29.Natty Bumppo is the hero in Cooper’s ________A. The PrecautionB. The SpyC. The Gleanings in EuropeD. Leatherstocking Tales30.________ was regarded as a poet of the American RevolutionA. Philip FreneauB. Walt WhitmanC. Robert FrostD. Cal Sandburg31.The ship ______ carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took 66 days to beat its way acrossthe Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put the Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts.A. SunflowerB. ArmadaC. MayflowerD. Titanic32.Washington Irving got his idea for his most famous story, Rip Van Winkle, from a ________A. Greek legendB. German legendC. French legendD. English legend33.Rip Van Winkle is found in Irving’s longer work, ________A. The Sketch BookB. History of New YorkC. Tales of a TravelerD. The Precaution34.________ was often regarded as America’s first man of letters, devoting much of his career toliterature.A. Benjamin FranklinB. Philip FreneauC. Washington IrvingD. James Fenimore Cooper35.All the following novels are in Cooper’s Leatherstocking Tales except ________A. The PioneersB. The PrairieC. The DeerslayerD. The Spy36.________ has always been r egarded as a writer who ―perfected the best classic style thatAmerican Literature ever produced‖.A．Edgar Ellen Poe B．Walt WhitmanC．Henry David Thoreau D．Washington Irving37.The Romantic Period, one of the most important periods in the history of American literature,stretches from the end of ______________ to the outbreak of ____________.A．the 17th century…the American War of IndependenceB．the 18th century…the American Civil WarC．the 17th century…the American Civil WarD．the 18th century…the U.S. – Mexican War38.Which of the following statements is NOT true of American Transcendentalism?A．It can be clearly defined as a part of American Romantic literary movement.B．It can be defined philosophically as ―the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively‖.C．Ralph Waldo Emerson was the chief advocate of this spiritual movement.D．It sprang from South America in the late 19th century.39.Nathaniel Hawthorne held an unceasing interest in the ―interior of the heart ‖of man’s being.So in almost every book he wrote, Hawthorne discusses______________.A．love and hatred B．sin and evilC．frustration and self—denial D．balance and self—discipline40.Which of the following statements might be true of the theme of Song of Myself by Whitman?A．This poem describes the growth of a child who learned about the world around him and improved himself accordingly.B．This poem shows the author’s cynical sentiments against the American Civil War.C．This poem reflects t he author’s belief in Unitarianism or Deism.D．This poem reflects the author’s belief in the singularity and equality of all beings in value.41.In Moby—Dick, the white whale symbolizes ______________ for Melville, for it is complex,unfathomable, malignant, and beautiful as well.A．nature B．human society C．whaling industry D．truth42.Realism was a reaction against Romanticism or a move away from the bias towards romanceand self—creating fictions, and paved the way to ______________.A．Cynicism B．Modernism C．Transcendentalism D．Neo—Classicalism43.Hemingway once described Mark Twain’s novel ______________ the one book from which―all modern American literature comes‖.A．The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn B．The Adventures of Tom SawyerC．The Gilded Age D．The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg 44.__________ is generally regarded as the forerunner of the 20th—century―stream—of—consciousness‖ novels and the founder of psychological realism.A．Theodore Dreiser B．William FaulknerC．Henry James D．Mark Twainimagination.45.As a genre, naturalism emphasized ______________ as important deterministic forcesshaping individualized characters who were presented in special and detailed circum-stances.A．theological doctrines B．heredity and environmentC．education and hard work D．various opportunities and economic success 46.Ezra Pound, a leading spokesman of the ―______________‖ , was one of the most importantpoets in his time.A．Imagist Movement B．Cubist MovementC．Reformist Movement D．Transcendentalist Movement47.Eugene O’Neill’s first full—length play, ______________, won him the first Pulitzer Prize.Its theme is the choice between life and death, the interaction of subjective and objective factors.A．Bound East for Cardiff B．The Hairy ApeC．Desire Under the Elms D．Beyond the Horizon48.In Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, ―A‖ may stands for ________.A. AdulteryB. AngelC. AmiableD. All the above49.In Leaves of Grass, _______ is all that concerned Whitman.A. individualismB. the spirit of democracyC. freedomD. all the above50._______ has been regarded as the ―founder of the American Drama‖.A. Tennessee WilliamsB. Eugene O’NeillC. Arthur MillerD. Hendrik Ibser。

About British LiteratureBritain is one of the four homes of the world’s earliest civilizations. So there’s no wonder that Britain has a very comprehensive artistic out put, that is literature. To make it clear and easy to follow, I will showcase the British literature in a chronological sequence. It begins with early writing. Much early writing was concerned with religion, namely Christianity. Anglos axons produced beautifully illustrated versions of the Bible. Among them the most famous is the Book of Kells. Besides the Bible, there are still other literary works produced during the period. A symbol one is called Beowulf. After Britain entered the Middle Ages, literature was written in French or Latin since French because the language of the royal court. But there’s also one work that stands out called The Canterbury Tales by Geoffery Chaucer. People of today are still amazed at the variety of social types amongst the 31 pilgrims and the diversity of the stories they tell. In addition, the legend of King Arthur cannot be omit in this period. King Arthur not only enriches people’s imagination but also stimulate the tourism industry of some locations.The flourishing of cultural life in Britain lies in drama, also called Elizabethan Drama. Playwrights created lots of great works. Besides Marlowe and Ben Jonson, there’s a giant that has overwhelmed the whole world with his extraordinary plays, that is William Shakespeare. The whole world has been touched by his tragedies like Hamlet, A Midsummer Night’s Dream and so on. William Shakespeare has been a reprehensive of Elizabethan Drama.The permanent moments of English literature in the 17th century are King James, Francis Bacon and John Milton. James is remembered for the translation of the Holy Scripture. Francis Bacon’s essays made popular in English a literary from widely practiced afterward. Bacon used to be a public figure and statement of importance. But a scandal put his political career to an end and that threw him into literature. Another literature giant called John Milton was much bound up in Puritan Revolution. The masterpieces of Milton included: Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained, and the poetic tragedy Samson Agonistes. As the history has it , John Milton also once had his public service career.18th-century English literature is marked by a rather large shift from the novel and tone of 17th century literature. The 18th century was an age of wit and skepticism, when thinkers and writers argued and questioned all facts and beliefs. There were a great number of satirical comedies put on stages in theaters. The prominence of satire on the stage has pushed the creation of the novel. Jonathan swift is one among the popular writers of this age. His famous work goes to Gulliver’s Travels. Robert Burns is an example on the stage of history. He is a Scottish who wrote in Scottish dialect. Daniel Defoe, a very important person of British literature wrote many books. Defoe’s best-known work is Robinson Crusoe, which was the most famous tale of shipwreck and solitary survival in all literature. So it’s a book that very worth reading. Stepping into the 19th century, the first third makes up English literature’s romantic period. Writers of this period make more use of their imagination and feeling than reason.The industrialization on a large scale had urged writers to turn to literary world. William wordsworth and Samuel Taylor offered romantic poetry’s “Declaration of Independence”, that means they created an opening for the romantic poetry’s reprehensive of their works also include autobiographical and wonderful poems. After the beginning set by the above two persons, it was Lord Byron, John Keats and Percy Bysshe Shelley that had brought the Romantic Movement to its peak. Lord Byron spent a lot of time travelling widely in Europe and died of a fever at 36 in Greece. His main work is an autobiographical. Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. Coming from a plain background, John Keats showed his talent at an early age. “Ode on a Grecian Urn”and “Ode to a Nightingale” are among his greatest poems. It’s been a big tragedy that John Keats died young. There’s a poem that is beautiful lament on the death of Keats. It’s called Adonais and it was written by another famous writer Percy Bysshe Shelley Percy is also known for the lovely musical quality of his verses. As the tragedy respects, he drowned a month before 30th birthday. He was buried near Keats and they were together forever. Despite the romantic poetry emerged in the 19th century, another expression of romanticism is novel. One outstanding novelist of man in the age goes to Jane Austen. Jane’s novels are renowned for their fine writing, subtle characterization and controlled studies of manners. Because of all this talents, Jane is known as one of the greatest of all English novelists. People are fasinated by the delightful and flawless stylist that that she devoted in her works like Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, and Emma. Many of her novels had been made into movies and earned great success. Jane Austen is an extraordinary woman writer of British history. Talking of woman writer, no one can overlook the existence of the most famous literary family in Britain history, the Bronte sisters. They are three daughters of a poor family in Yorkshire. Although their living condition is very bad, the daughters were educated well and respectable. And the sisters had produced very great works in their very short life span. Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights are both in the world-famous category which written separately by Charlotte and Emily. Later in the 19th century, Robert Louis Stevenson and Tomas Hardy had won seats in the greats. They also contributed many fabulous works to the people around the world. 20th century’s literature was with great complexity. Wars and revolutions had made things change dramatically. The literature of this era can be classified into two kinds: Modernism and Postmodernism. It was classified correspond to literature written before the Second World War and after it. Modernism literature can be seen as a reaction against the 19th century forms. Modernism writers express the difficulty in understanding and communicating how the world works. Joseph Conrad stands for the English Modernist writers. Many of Conrad’s novels are concerned with moral uncertainty. The Heart of Darkness is Conrad’s most famous novel. wrence and E.M.Forster are characterized with novels which are critical of modern world. Lawrence’s forceful writing on daring themes shocked many and one of his best is Sons and Lovers. Forster’s works tend to connected with personal relations. His most notable book is A Passage to India. Moving into the post-war period, George Orwell and John Fowle stand out like giants. Orwell’s 1984 is a powerful satire on the totalitarian tendency in modern states. The story is characteristic of the post –waryears and begins “postmodernism”. Although the main stream of this period is Modern or Postmodern, many post-war writers still continue traditional themes. Graham Greene, John Lecane and Ian Fleming are the cases in point. Fleming’s James Bond stories are even better known to the whole globe, especially for their numerous film versions. Among the A-list never novelists, there’s William Golding, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in1983 and wrote a wonderful book : Lord of the Flies. Another characteristic of the postmodern world is a mixing of cultures on a grand scale. And the mixture has always been an integrated part of British Writing.。

《英语专业学生原版阅读参考书目》你看过多少，你又知道几个名字？后附链接。

作者书名中文译名1. British LiteratureKingsley Amis 金斯莱.艾米斯Lucky Jim《幸运的吉姆》Jane Austen 简·奥斯丁Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》Charlotte Bronte 夏洛蒂·勃朗特Jane Eyre《简.爱》Emily Bronte 艾米莉勃朗特Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》Samuel Butler 塞缪尔·巴特勒The Way of All Flesh《如此人生》Lewis Carroll 路易斯·卡罗尔Alice's Adventures in Wonderland《爱丽斯漫游奇境记》Joseph Conrad 约瑟夫·康拉德Heart of Darkness《黑暗的心》Lord Jim《吉姆老爷》Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔·笛福Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》Charles Dickens 查尔斯·狄更斯David Copperfield《大卫·科波菲尔德》Daphne Du Maurier 达夫妮·杜穆里埃Rebecca《蝴蝶梦》E. M. Forster 福斯特 A Passage to India《印度之行》John Fowles 约翰·福尔斯The FrenchLieutenant's Woman《法国中尉的女人》John Galsworthy 约翰·高尔斯华绥The Man of Property《有产业的人》William Golding 威廉·戈尔丁Lord of the Flies《蝇王》Thomas Hardy 托马斯.哈代Tess of theD'Urbervilles《苔丝》James Joyce 詹姆斯·乔伊斯A Portrait of theArtist as a Young Man《一个青年艺术家的画像》D. H. Lawrence 劳伦斯Sons and Lovers《儿子与情人》George Orwell 乔治·奥威尔Nineteen Eighty-four《1984》Salman Rushdie 萨尔曼?鲁西迪Midnight Children《午夜的孩子》Sir Walter Scott 瓦尔特·司各特Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》Robert Louis Stevenson Treasure Island《金银岛》罗伯特·斯蒂文森Johnathan Swift 乔纳森·斯威夫特Gulliver's Travels《格列佛游记》William M. Thackeray 威廉. 萨克雷Vanity Fair《名利场》H. G. Wells 赫伯特·乔治·威尔斯The Invisible Man《隐形人》Virginia Woolf 弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙Mrs. Dalloway《达罗卫夫人》To the Lighthouse《到灯塔去》William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚Hamlet《哈姆雷特》2. American LiteratureBenjamin Franklin 本杰明.富兰克林The autobiography《自传》Sherwood Anderson 伍德·安德森Winesburg, Ohio《小镇畸人》Kate Chopin 凯特·肖邦The Awakening《觉醒》Stephen Crane 斯蒂芬·克莱恩The Red Badge ofCourage《红色英勇勋章》Theodore Dreiser 西奥Sister Carrie《嘉丽妹妹》多·德莱塞Ralph Ellison 拉尔夫.埃里森Invisible Man《看不见的人》William Faulkner 威廉.福克纳The Sound and the Fury《喧哗与骚动》F. Scott Fitzgerald 菲茨杰拉德The Great Gatsby《伟大的盖茨比》Nathaniel Hawthorne 霍桑The Scarlet Letter 《红字》Joseph Heller 约瑟夫·海勒Catch-22《第22条军规》 Ernest Hemingway 欧内斯特·海明威 The Old Man and the Sea 《老人与海》A Farewell to Arms《永别了，武器》 Henry James 亨利·詹姆斯Daisy Miller《黛西·米勒》Jack London 杰克.伦敦The Call of the Wild《野性的呼唤》Martin Eden《马丁·伊登》Norman Mailer 诺曼·梅勒The Naked and the Dead《裸者与死者》Margaret Mitchell 玛格丽特·米切尔Gone with the Wind《飘》Toni Morrison 托妮·莫瑞森The Bluest Eye《最蓝的眼睛》Vladimir Nabokov 纳博科夫Lolita《洛丽塔》J. D. Salinger 杰罗姆·大卫·塞林格The Catcher in the Rye《麦田里的守望者》John Steinbeck 约翰·斯坦培克The Grapes of Wrath《愤怒的葡萄》Harriet Beecher Stowe哈里特·比彻·斯托Uncle Tom's Cabin《汤姆叔叔的小屋》Mark Twain 马克·吐温The Adventures ofHuckleberry Finn《哈克贝利历险记》The Adventures of TomSawyer《汤姆·索耶历险记》Alice Walker 艾丽丝•沃克The Color Purple《紫颜色》Thomas Wolfe 托马斯•沃尔夫Look Homeward, Angel《天使望故乡》Herman Wouk 赫尔曼·沃克The Winds of War《战争风云》Richard Wright 理查德·赖特Native Son《私生子》3. Canadian LiteratureMorley Callaghan 莫利·卡拉汉That Summer in Paris《在巴黎的那个夏天》Northrop Frye 诺斯洛普·弗莱The Great Code《伟大的密码》Margaret Laurence 玛格丽特·劳伦斯The Stone Angel《石头天使》Stephen Leacock 斯蒂芬·里柯克Sunshine Sketches of aLittle Town《小镇艳阳录》Malcolm Lowry 马尔科姆·劳里Under the Volcano《在火山下》Hugh MacLennanThe Watch That Endsthe Night《守夜退出》L.M.Montgomery 蒙哥马利Anne of Green Gables《绿山墙的安妮》4. AustralianLiteratureMartin Boyd 马丁?博伊德L ucinda Brayford《露辛达.布雷福特》 Peter Carey 彼得·凯瑞 Oscar and Lucinda《奥斯卡与露辛达》Miles Franklin 麦尔丝·弗兰克林My Brilliant Career《我的璀璨生涯》Thomas Keneally 托马斯·基尼利Schindler's Ark《辛德勒的方舟》Alex Miller 亚历克斯·米勒The Ancestor Game《祖先游戏》 Henry Handel Richardson 亨利·汉德尔·理查森 The Fortunes of Richard Mahony 《理查德·麦昂尼的命运》Christina Stead 克里斯蒂娜·斯特德 The Man Who Loved Children 《一个热爱孩子的男人》Randolph Stow 伦道夫·斯托To the IslandsPatrick White Voss 帕特里克.怀特. 沃斯 The Tree of Man《人树》5. Chinese CultureYung Ming 容闳My Life in China and America 《我在中国和美国的生活》Tcheng Ki Tong 陈季同 Chiang monlin Tides 《望海潮》from the WestThe Chinese Painted by Themselves《中国人自画像》Ku Hung Ming 辜鸿铭The Spirit of theChinese People《中国人的精神》Fei Hsiao Tung 费孝通 Peasant Life in China《中国农民的生活》Ch'ien Chung-shu 钱钟书 F ortress Besieged《围城》Lin Yu Tang 林语堂My Country and My People《吾国与吾民》The Art of Life《生活的艺术》个人表示鸭梨很大！英美文学当初学了点，但是还是一些几乎不知道。

英国文学简史完全版A Concise History of British LiteratureChapter 1 English Literature of Anglo-Saxon PeriodI.Introduction1. The historical background（1）Before the Germanic invasion（2）During the Germanic invasiona. immigration;b. Christianity;c. heptarchy.d. social classes structure: hide-hundred; eoldermen （lord）– thane - middle class （freemen）- lower class （slave or bondmen: theow）;e. social organization: clan or tribes.f. military Organization;g. Church function: spirit, civil service, education;h. economy: coins, trade, slavery;i. feasts and festival: Halloween, Easter; j. legal system.2. The Overview of the culture（1）The mixture of pagan and Christian spirit.（2）Literature: a. poetry: two types; b. prose: two figures.II.Beowulf.1. A general introduction.2. The content.3. The literary features.（1）the use of alliteration（2）the use of metaphors and understatements（3）the mixture of pagan and Christian elementsIII.The Old English Prose1.What is prose?2.figures（1）The Venerable Bede（2）Alfred the GreatChapter 2 English Literature of the Late Medieval Ages I.Introduction 1. The Historical Background.（1）The year 1066: Norman Conquest.（2）The social situations soon after the conquest.A. Norman nobles and serfs;B. restoration of the church.（3）The 11th century.A. the crusade and knights.B. dominance of French and Latin;（4）The 12th century.A. the centralized government;B. kings and the church （Henry II and Thomas）;（5）The 13th century.A. The legend of Robin Hood;B. Magna Carta （1215）;C. the beginning of the ParliamentD. English and Latin: official languages （the end）（6）The 14th century.a. the House of Lords and the House of Commons—conflict between the Parliament and Kings;b. the rise of towns.c. the change of Church.d. the role of women.e. the Hundred Years' War—starting.f. the development of the trade: London.g. the Black Death.h. the Peasants' Revolt—1381.i. The translation of Bible by Wycliff.（7）The 15th century.a. The Peasants Revolt （1453）b. The War of Roses between Lancasters and Yorks.c. the printing-press—William Caxton.d. the starting of Tudor Monarchy（1485）2. The Overview of Literature.（1）the stories from the Celtic lands of Wales and Brittany—great myths of the Middle Ages.（2）Geoffrye of Monmouth—Historia Regum Britanniae—King Authur. （3）Wace—Le Roman de Brut.（4）The romance.（5）the second half of the 14th century: Langland, Gawin poet, Chaucer. II.Sir Gawin and Green Knight.1. a general introduction.2. the plot.III.William Langland.1. Life2. Piers the PlowmanIV.Chaucer1. Life2. Literary Career: three periods（1）French period（2）Italian period（3）master period3. The Canterbury TalesA. The Framework;B. The General Prologue;C. The Tale Proper.4. His Contribution.（1）He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types.（2）He is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language. （3）The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.V. Popular Ballads.VI.Thomas Malory and English ProseVII.The beginning of English Drama.1. Miracle Plays.Miracle play or mystery play is a form of medieval drama that came from dramatization of the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church. It developed from the 10th to the 16th century, reaching its height in the 15th century. The simple lyric character of the early texts was enlarged by the addition of dialogue and dramatic action. Eventually the performance was moved to the churchyard and the marketplace.2. Morality Plays.A morality play is a play enforcing a moral truth or lesson by means of the speech and action of characters which are personified abstractions – figures representing vices and virtues, qualities of the human mind, or abstract conceptions in general.3. Interlude.The interlude, which grew out of the morality, was intended, as its name implies, to be used more as a filler than as the main part of an entertainment. As its best it was short, witty, simple in plot, suited for the diversion of guests at a banquet, or for the relaxation of the audience between the divisions of a serious play. It was essentially an indoors performance, and generally of an aristocratic nature.Chapter 3 English Literature in the Renaissance I.A Historical Background II. The Overview of the Literature （1485-1660）Printing press—readership—growth of middle class—trade-education for laypeople-centralization of power-intellectual life-exploration-new impetus and direction of literature.Humanism-study of the literature of classical antiquity and reformed education.Literary style-modeled on the ancients.The effect of humanism-the dissemination of the cultivated, clear, and sensible attitude of its classically educated adherents.1. poetryThe first tendency by Sidney and Spenser: ornate, florid, highly figured style.The second tendency by Donne: metaphysical style—complexity and ingenuity.The third tendency by Johnson: reaction——Classically pure and restrained style.The fourth tendency by Milton: central Christian and Biblical tradition.2. Dramaa. the native tradition and classical examples.b. the drama stands highest in popular estimation: Marlowe – Shakespeare –Jonson.3. Prosea. translation of Bible;b. More;c. Bacon.II.English poetry.1. Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard （courtly makers）（1）Wyatt: introducing sonnets.（2）Howard: introducing sonnets and writing the first blank verse.2. Sir Philip Sidney—poet, critic, prose writer（1）Life:a. English gentleman;b. brilliant and fascinating personality;c. courtier.（2）worksa. Arcadia: pastoral romance;b. Astrophel and Stella （108）: sonnet sequence to Penelope Dvereux—platonic devotion.Petrarchan conceits and original feelings-moving to creativeness—building of a narrative story; theme-love originality-act of writing.c. Defense of Poesy: an apology for imaginative literature—beginning of literary criticism.3. Edmund Spenser（1）life: Cambridge - Sidney's friend - “Areopagus” –Ireland - Westminster Abbey.（2）worksa. The Shepherds Calendar: the budding of English poetry in Renaissance.b. Amoretti and Epithalamion: sonnet sequencec. Faerie Queene:l The general end——A romantic and allegorical epic—steps to virtue.l 12 books and 12 virtues: Holiness, temperance, justice and courtesy.l Two-level function: part of the story and part of allegory （symbolic meaning）l Many allusions to classical writers.l Themes: puritanism, nationalism, humanism and Renaissance Neoclassicism—a Christian humanist.（3）Spenserian Stanza.III.English Prose1. Thomas More（1）Li fe: “Renaissance man”, scholar, statesman, theorist, prose writer, diplomat, patron of artsa. learned Greek at Canterbury College, Oxford;b. studies law at Lincoln Inn;c. Lord Chancellor;d. beheaded.（2）Utopia: the first English science fiction.Written in Latin, two parts, the second—place of nowhere.A philosophical mariner （Raphael Hythloday）tells his voyages in which he discovers a land-Utopia.a. The part one is organized as dialogue with mariner depicting his philosophy.b. The part two is a description of the island kingdom where gold and silver are worn by criminal, religious freedom is total and no one owns anything.c. the nature of the book: attacking the chief political and social evils of his time.d. the book and the Republic: an attempt to describe the Republic in a new way, but it possesses an modern character and the resemblance is in externals.e. it played a key role in the Humanist awakening of the 16th century which moved away from the Medieval otherworldliness towards Renaissancesecularism.f. the Utopia（3）the significance.a. it was the first champion of national ideas and national languages; it created a national prose, equally adapted to handling scientific and artistic material.b. a elegant Latin scholar and the father of English prose: he composed works in English, translated from Latin into English biography, wrote History of Richard III.2. Francis Bacon: writer, philosopher and statesman（1）life: Cambridge - humanism in Paris – knighted - Lord Chancellor –bribery - focusing on philosophy and literature.（2）philosophical ideas: advancement of science—people:servants and interpreters of nature—method: a child before nature—facts and observations: experimental.（3）“Essays”: 57.a. he was a master of numerous and varied styles.b. his method is to weigh and balance maters, indicating the ideal course of action and the practical one, pointing out the advantages and disadvantages of each, but leaving the reader to make the final decisions. （arguments）IV.English Drama1. A general survey.（1）Everyman marks the beginning of modern drama.（2）two influences.a. the classics: classical in form and English in content;b. native or popular drama.（3）the University Wits.2. Christopher Marlowe: greatest playwright before Shakespeare and most gifted of the Wits.（1）Life: first interested in classical poetry—then in drama.（2）Major worksa. Tamburlaine;b. The Jew of Malta;c. The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.（3）The significance of his plays.V. William Shakespeare1. Life（1）1564, Stratford-on-Avon;（2）Grammar School;（3）Queen visit to Castle;（4）marriage to Anne Hathaway;（5）London, the Globe Theatre: small part and proprietor;（6）the 1st Folio, Quarto;（7）Retired, son—Hamnet; H. 1616.2. Dramatic career3. Major plays-men-centered.（1）Romeo and Juliet——tragic love and fate （2）The Merchant of Venice.Good over evil.Anti-Semitism.（3）Henry IV.National unity.Falstaff.（4）Julius CaesarRepublicanism vs. dictatorship.（5）HamletRevengeGood/evil.（6）OthelloDiabolic characterjealousygap between appearance and reality.（7）King LearFilial ingratitude（8）MacbethAmbition vs. fate.（9）Antony and Cleopatra.Passion vs. reason（10）The TempestReconciliation; reality and illusion.3. Non-dramatic poetry（1）Venus and Adonis; The Rape of Lucrece.（2）Sonnets:a. theme: fair, true, kind.b. two major parts: a handsome young man of noble birth; a lady in dark complexion.c. the form: three quatrains and a couplet.d. the rhyme scheme: abab, cdcd, efef, gg.VI.Ben Jonson1. life: poet, dramatist, a Latin and Greek scholar, the “literary king” （Sons of Ben）2.contribution:（1）the idea of “humour”.（2）an advocate of classical drama and a forerunner of classicism in English literature.3. Major plays（1）Everyone in His Humour—“humour”; three unities.（2）V olpone the FoxChapter 4 English Literature of the 17th Century I.A Historical BackgroundII.The Overview of the Literature （1640-1688）1. The revolution period（1）The metaphysical poets;（2）The Cavalier poets.（3）Milton: the literary and philosophical heritage of the Renaissance merged with Protestant political and moral conviction2. The restoration period.（1）The restoration of Charles II ushered in a literature characterized by reason, moderation, good taste, deft management, and simplicity. （school of Ben Jonson）（2）The ideals of impartial investigation and scientific experimentation promoted by the newly founded Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge （1662）were influential in the development of clear and simple prose as an instrument of rational communication.（3）The great philosophical and political treatises of the time emphasize rationalism.（4）The restoration drama.（5）The Age of Dryden.III.John Milton1. Life: educated at Cambridge—visiting the continent—involved into therevolution—persecuted—writing epics.2. Literary career.（1）The 1st period was up to 1641, during which time he is to be seen chiefly as a son of the humanists and Elizabethans, although his Puritanism is not absent. L'Allegre and IL Pens eroso （1632）are his early masterpieces, in which we find Milton a true offspring of the Renaissance, a scholar of exquisite taste and rare culture. Next came Comus, a masque. The greatest of early creations was Lycidas, a pastoral elegy on the death of a college mate, Edward King.（2）The second period is from 1641 to 1654, when the Puritan was in such complete ascendancy that he wrote almost no poetry. In 1641, he began a long period of pamphleteering for the puritan cause. For some 15 years, the Puritan in him alone ruled his writing. He sacrificed his poetic ambition to the call of the liberty for which Puritans were fighting.（3）The third period is from 1655 to 1671, when humanist and Puritan have been fused into an exalted entity. This period is the greatest in his literary life, epics and some famous sonnets. The three long poems are the fruit of the long contest within Milton of Renaissance tradition and his Puritan faith. They form the greatest accomplishments of any English poet except Shakespeare. In Milton alone, it would seem, Puritanism could not extinguish the lover of beauty. In these works we find humanism and Puritanism merged in magnificence.3. Major Works（1）Paradise Losta. the plot.b. characters.c. theme: justify the ways of God to man.（2）Paradise Regained.（3）Samson Agonistes.4. Features of Milton's works.（1）Milton is one of the very few truly great English writers who is also a prominent figure in politics, and who is both a great poet and an important prose writer. The two most essential things to be remembered about him are his Puritanism and his republicanism.（2）Milton wrote many different types of poetry. He is especially a great master of blank verse. He learned much from Shakespeare and first used blank verse in non-dramatic works.（3）Milton is a great stylist. He is famous for his grand style noted for its dignity and polish, which is the result of his life-long classical and biblical study.（4）Milton has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.IV.John Bunyan1. life:（1）puritan age;（2）poor family;（3）parliamentary army;（4）Baptist society, preacher;（5）prison, writing the book.2. The Pilgrim Progress（1）The allegory in dream form.（2）the plot.（3）the theme.V. Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets.1. Metaphysical PoetsThe term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to designate the works of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Pressured by the harsh, uncomfortable and curious age, the metaphysical poets sought to shatter myths and replace them with new philosophies, new sciences, new words and new poetry. They tried to break away from the conventional fashion of Elizabethan love poetry, and favoured in poetry for a more colloquial language and tone, a tightness of expression and the single-minded working out of a theme or argument.2. Cavalier PoetsThe other group prevailing in this period was that of Cavalier poets. They were often courtiers who stood on the side of the king, and calledthemselves “sons” of Ben Jonson. The Cavalier poets wrote light poetry, polished and elegant, amorous and gay, but often superficial. Most of their verses were short songs, pretty madrigals, love fancies characterized by lightness of heart and of morals. Cavalier poems have the limpidity of the Elizabethan lyric without its imaginative flights. They are lighter and neater but less fresh than the Elizabethan's.VI.John Dryden.1. Life:（1）the representative of classicism in the Restoration.（2）poet, dramatist, critic, prose writer, satirist.（3）changeable in attitude.（4）Literary career—four decades.（5）Poet Laureate2. His influences.（1）He established the heroic couplet as the fashion for satiric, didactic, and descriptive poetry.（2）He developed a direct and concise prose style.（3）He developed the art of literary criticism in his essays and in the numerous prefaces to his poems.Chapter 5 English Literature of the 18th Century I.Introduction1. The Historical Background.2. The literary overview.（1）The Enlightenment.（2）The rise of English novels.When the literary historian seeks to assign to each age its favourite form of literature, he finds no difficulty in dealing with our own time. As the Middle Ages delighted in long romantic narrative poems, the Elizabethans in drama, the Englishman of the reigns of Anne and the early Georges in didactic and satirical verse, so the public of our day is enamored of the novel. Almost all types of literary production continue to appear, but whether we judge from the lists of publishers, the statistics of public libraries, or general conversation, we find abundant evidence of the enormous preponderance of this kind of literary entertainment in popular favour.（3）Neo-classicism: a revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. John Dryden and Alexander Pope were major exponents of the neo-classical school.（4）Satiric literature.（5）SentimentalismII.Neo-classicism. （a general description）1. Alexander Pope（1）Life:a.Catholic family;b.ill health;c.taught himself by reading and translating;d.friend of Addison, Steele and Swift.（2）three groups of poems:e.An Essay on Criticism （manifesto of neo-classicism）;f. The Rape of Lock;g.Translation of two epics.（3）His contribution:h.the heroic couplet—finish, elegance, wit, pointedness;i.satire.（4）weakness: lack of imagination.2. Addison and Steele（1）Richard Steele: poet, playwright, essayist, publisher of newspaper. （2）Joseph Addison: studies at Oxford, secretary of state, created a literary periodical “Spectator” （with Steele, 1711）（3）Spectator Club.（4）The significance of their essays.a. Their writi ngs in “The Tatler”, and “The Spectator” provide a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.b. They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century.c. In their hands, the English essay completely established itself as aliterary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story telling, they ushered in the dawn of the modern novel.3. Samuel Johnson—poet, critic, essayist, lexicographer, editor.（1）Life:a.studies at Oxford;b.made a living by writing and translating;c.the great cham of literature.（2）works: poem （The Vanity of Human Wishes, London）; criticism （The Lives of great Poets）; preface.（3）The champion of neoclassical ideas.III.Literature of Satire: Jonathan Swift.1.Life:（1）born in Ireland;（2）studies at Trinity College;（3）worked as a secretary;（4）the chief editor of The Examiner;（5）the Dean of St. Patrick's in Dublin.2. Works: The Battle of Books, A Tale of a Tub, A Modest Proposal, Gulliver's Travels.3. Gulliver's Travels.Part I. Satire—the Whig and the Tories, Anglican Church and Catholic Church.Part II. Satire—the legal system; condemnation of war.Part III. Satire—ridiculous scientific experiment.Part IV. Satire—mankind.IV.English Novels of Realistic tradition.1. The Rise of novels.（1）Early forms: folk tale – fables – myths – epic – poetry – romances –fabliaux – novelle - imaginative nature of their material. （imaginative narrative）（2）The rise of the novela.picaresque novel in Spain and England （16th century）: Of or relating to a genre of prose fiction that originated in Spain and depicts in realistic detail the adventures of a roguish hero, often with satiric or humorous effects.b.Sidney: Arcadia.c. Addison and Steele: The Spectator.（plot and characterization and realism）（3）novel and drama （17the century）2. Daniel Defoe—novelist, poet, pamphleteer, publisher, merchant, journalist.）（1）Life:a.business career;b.writing career;c.interested in politics.（2）Robinson Cusoe.a. the story.b. the significance of the character.c. the features of his novels.d. the style of language.3. Henry Fielding—novelist.（1）Life:a.unsuccessful dramatic career;b.legal career; writing career.（2）works.（3）Tom Jones.a.the plot;b.characters: Tom, Blifil, Sophia;c.significance.（4）the theory of realism.（5）the style of language.V. Writers of Sentimentalism.1. Introduction2. Samuel Richardson—novelist, moralist （One who is unduly concerned with the morals of others.）（1）Life:a.printer book seller;b.letter writer.（2）Pamela, Virtue Rewarded.a.the storyb.the significancePamela was a new thing in these ways:a）It discarded the “improbable and marvelous” accomplishments of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people. b）Its intension was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction.c）It described not only the sayings and doings of characters but their also their secret thoughts and feelings. It was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.3. Oliver Goldsmith—poet and novelist.A. Life:a.born in Ireland;b.a singer and tale-teller, a life of vagabondage;c.bookseller;d.the Literary Club;e.a miserable life;f. the most lovable character in English literature.B. The Vicar of Wakefield.a.story;b.the signicance.VI.English Drama of the 18th century1. The decline of the drama2. Richard Brinsley SheridenA. life.B. works: Rivals, The School for Scandals.C. significance of his plays.a. The Rivals and The School for Scandal are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English comedy.b. In his plays, morality is the constant theme. He is much concerned with the current moral issues and lashes harshly at the social vices of the day.c. Sheridan's greatness also lies in his theatrical art. He seems to have inherited from his parents a natural ability and inborn knowledge about the theatre. His plays are the product of a dramatic genius as well as of a well-versed theatrical man.d. His plots are well-organized, his characters, either major or minor, are all sharply drawn, and his manipulation of such devices as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony is masterly. Witty dialogues and neat and decent language also make a characteristic of his plays. Chapter 6 English Literature of the Romantic Age I.Introduction1. Historical Background2. Literary Overview: RomanticismCharacteristics of Romanticism:（1）The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings（2）The creation of a world of imagination（3）The return to nature for material（4）Sympathy with the humble and glorification of the commonplace （5）Emphasis upon the expression of individual genius（6）The return to Milton and the Elizabethans for literary models （7）The interest in old stories and medieval romances（8）A sense of melancholy and loneliness（9）The rebellious spiritII.Pre-Romantics1. Robert Burns（1）Life: French Revolution（2）Features of poetrya. Burns is chiefly remembered for his songs written in the Scottish dialect.b. His poems are usually devoid of artificial ornament and have a great charm of simplicity.c. His poems are especially appreciated for their musical effect.d. His political and satirical poems are noted for his passionate love forfreedom and fiery sentiments of hatred against tyranny.（3）Significance of his poetryHis poetry marks an epoch in the history of English literature. They suggested that the spirit of the Romantic revival was embodied in this obscure ploughman. Love, humour, pathos, the response to nature –all the poetic qualities that touch the human heart are in his poems, which marked the sunrise of another day – the day of Romanticism.2. William Blake（1）life: French Revolution（2）works.l Songs of Innocencel Songs of Experience（3）featuresa. sympathy with the French Revolutionb. hatred for 18th century conformity and social institutionc. attitude of revolt against authorityd. strong protest against restrictive codes（4）his influenceBlake is often regarded as a symbolist and mystic, and he has exerted a great influence on twentieth century writers. His peculiarities of thought and imaginative vision have in many ways proved far more congenial to the 20th century than they were to the 19th.III.Romantic Poets of the first generation1. Introduction2. William Wordsworth: representative poet, chief spokesman of Romantic poetry（1）Life:a.love nature;b.Cambridge;c.tour to France;d.French revolution;e.Dorathy;f. The Lake District;g.friend of Coleridge;h.conservative after revolution.（2）works:a. the Lyrical Ballads （preface）: significanceb. The Prelude: a biographical poem.c. the other poems（3）Features of his poems.a.ThemeA constant theme of his poetry was the growth of the human spirit through the natural description with expressions of inward states of mind.b.characteristics of style.His poems are characterized by a sympathy with the poor, simple peasants, and a passionate love of nature.3. Samuel Taylor Coleridge: poet and critic（1）Life:a.Cambridge;b.friend with Southey and Wordsworth;c.taking opium.（2）works.l The fall of Robespierrel The Rime of the Ancient Marinerl Kubla Khanl Biographia Literaria（3）Biographia Literaria.（4）His criticismHe was one of the first critics to give close critical attention to language. In both poetry and criticism, his work is outstanding, but it is typical of him that his critical work is very scattered and disorganized.IV.Romantic Poets of the Second Generation.1. Introduction2. George Gordon Byron（1）Life:a.Cambridge, published poems and reviews;b.a tour of Europe and the East;c.left England;d.friend with Shelley;e.worked in Greece: national hero;f. radical and sympathetic with French Revolution.（2）Works.l Don Juanl When We Two Partedl She Walks in Beauty（3）Byronic Hero.Byron introduced into English poetry a new style of character, which as often been referred to as “Byronic Hero” of “satanic spirit”. People imagined that they saw something of Byron himself in these strange figures of rebels, pirates, and desperate adventurers.（4）Poetic style: loose, fluent and vivid3. Percy Bysshe Shelley: poet and critic（1）Life:a.aristocratic family;b.rebellious heart;c.Oxford;d.Irish national liberation Movement;e.disciple of William Godwin;f. marriage with Harriet, and Marry;g.left England and wandered in EUrope, died in Italy;h.radical and sympathetic with the French revolution;i. Friend with Byron（2）works: two types – violent reformer and wanderer （3）Characteristics of poems.a.pursuit of a better society;b.radian beauty;c. superb artistry: imagination.（4）Defense of Poetry.4. John Keats.（1）Life:a.from a poor family;b.Cockney School;c.friend with Byron and Shelley;d.attacked by the conservatives and died in Italy.（2）works.（3）Characteristics of poemsa.loved beauty;b.seeking refuge in an idealistic world of illusions and dreams. V. Novelists of the Romantic Age.1. Water Scott. Novelist and poet。

British LiteratureChapter 1 The Old English and Medieval English PeriodContents:1. The making of England2. Beowulf, the National Epic of the English People3. The Age of Geoffrey ChaucerExpectations:1. Acquire the definition of the relative literary terms, such asepic史诗, alliteration头韵, legend（传奇）, romance罗曼司, ballad歌谣/民谣, heroic couplet英雄双韵体, iambic pentameter五步抑扬格2. Give your own comments on☞The artistic features of the Old English poetry, Beowulf;☞The chief effects in literature of Norman Conquest;☞Chaucer’s position in British literary history.Part I: The Period of Old English (about 449-1066 Anglo-Saxon Period)★★ⅠThe Making of England< 1>The BritonsThe Celts, the earliest inhabitants of the British IslesThe Britons, came over in the 5th century BC, stayed for some five hundred yearsBritain: the land of the Britons<2>The Roman Conquest 征服/侵略( 55/54 B.C.- 410 A.D.)About 55 B.C., the Roman soldiers of Julius Caesar came to stay for five centuries and transplanted their civilization to the land. Britain was conquered by the Romans as a province of the West Roman Empire in 410 A.D., Roman Empire declined and its troops left Britain.<3> The Anglo-Saxon Conquest ( 449-1066)Three Germanic tribes: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes from Northern Europe along the North sea invaded the island around the 5th centuryLanguage: a Germanic dialect is called Old English todayAngle-land: the land of the Angles, that is EnglandSomething more about the Anglo-Saxon:Heathen (pagan or non-Christian): worship Heaven and Earth; believe in old mythology of Northern Europe;converting to Christianity, from pagan to Christian.Beowulf: the only organic whole poetry in the period of Anglo-Saxon conquest.Beowulf★★★Literary Terms:1). epic: (史诗)A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.2). Alliteration: （头韵）A succession of similar consonant sounds repeated at the beginning of successive words.★★★1. Status:1). Beowulf is a national epic of English people.2). Beowulf is the first written literature in English literary writing.2. Characters:Beowulf: a nephew of king of Gents, a people in Denmark.Hrothgar: king of Denmark.Grendel: a monster.She-monster(女妖怪): Grendel’s mother.Dragon: a fire dragon, a monster.3. plot:1.Beowulf’s fight with the monster Grendel in Hrothgar’s hall.2. Beowulf’s slaying of Grendel’s mother in her lair.3. Beowulf’s return in glory to his uncl e, and his succession to the throne.4. Beowulf’s victory in death, fifty years later, over the fire dragon.★★★4. General Knowledge About BeowulfThe story takes place in Scandinavia; the hero is from Sweden, and performs his deeds in Denmark.Origin: been brought over to England by minstrels at the time of the Anglo-Saxon Conquest; handed down in oral form; Beowulf was written down in the 10th century.Style: a heroic epicLanguage: Old English (the Anglo-Saxon tongue)Theme: the heroic deeds of old time; a hero killing monsters to make the world safe for people Main Characters: Beowulf and monstersRhyme: Alliteration (头韵)----A succession of similar consonant sounds repeated at the beginning of successive words.The most striking feature ---- the use of alliteration (head rhyme)Eg: the scene of Beowulf's death“Thus m ade their m ourning the m en of Geatland,For their h ero’s passing, h is h earth – companionsQuoth that of all the kings of earth,Of m en he was the m ildest and m ost beloved,To his k in the k indest, k eenest to praise.”More examples: b eauty and b east, (美女与野兽)m ommy's m anly m uscles m ade m e m adly m oan. （妈咪那强壮的力量弄的我大声哭喊）5. Characteristics of Beowulf (了解)a. the mixture of pagan elements with Christian coloring. The most outstanding example is the frequent reference in the epic to “Wyrd” (fate) as the decisive factor in human affaires, while on other occasions “God” or “Lord” is also mentioned as the omniscient and omnipotent being that rules over the whole universe.b. the frequent use of metaphors and understatements.“Ring giver” is used for king, “Swan road”, “whale-path” or “seal bath” for the sea, “wave-traveler” or “sea-wood” for ship, “shield-bearer”, “battle-hero” or “spear-fighter” for soldier. Understatement as“not troublesome ” for very welcome.c. Beowulf is written in alliterative verse.Its rhythm depends upon accent and alliteration. That is, the beginning of two or more words in the same line with the same sound or letter. The lines are made up of two short halves, separated by a pause. No rhyme is used; but a musical effect is produced by giving each half line two strongly accented syllables. Each full line, therefore, has four accents, three of which usually begin with the same sound or letter.★★★6. The significance of Beowulfa. This glorious epic presents us a vivid picture of the life of Anglo-Saxon people and highly praises the brave and courageous spirit of the fighting against the elemental forces.b. The epic combines the pagan story with chritianity, thus reflecting the features of the tribal society of ancient times, that is tribalism, and the coloring of the Christianized feudal society on the other hand.Literary Features of the Anglo-Saxon Period（了解）1)secular(非宗教的) poetry,non religious poems but with Christian coloring;2) created collectively and orally;3) based on history, legend or events of the time;4) for entertainment;5) for the minstrels吟游诗人as a paying profession;6) unknown writers, written down by the monks in the 10th century.Assignments and Questions:1. How does Old English come into being?2. Comment on Beowulf.3. What are the features of Anglo-Saxon literature?Part II The Middle / Medieval English Period (1066-1400) (Anglo-Norman Period)★★1. The Norman Conquest:In 1066, Duke William the Conqueror-----William IIt was the year 1066 that marked the beginning of the Middle English or Norman period.The Establishment of the Feudal system----feudalism:The social hierarchy:King WilliamHis nobles and followersPeasants and serfsFor almost 200 years, Old English, Norman-French, and Latin existed side by side in England. Old English : spoken only by the common English people, esp. the common peasantsFrench : official language used by the King and Norman lordsLatin: principal tongue of church affairs used by the clergymen and scholars in the universities However, at last English absorbed almost the whole body of French words and became the language of the land.2. Major Literary Form in Norman Period -----Romance and Ballad (只做了解)Literary Terms:1). Legend: （传奇）a song or narrative handed down from the past; legend differs from myths on the basis of the elements of historical truth they contain. One speak, e.g., of Arthurian legend because there is some historical evidence of Arthur’s existence.2) Romance:(罗曼司)It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. (term)3) Ballad: (民谣，歌谣)a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. Features of English Ballads:1. The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects.2. They were created collectively and revised when handed down from mouth to mouth.3. They are mainly the literature of the peasants.4. They give an outlook of the English common people in feudal society.The Romance—the prevailing form of literature in the feudal EnglandThe central character of romances was the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapons. He was commonly described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments, or fighting for his lord in battle. He was devoted to the church and the king. The code of manners and morals of a knight is known as chivalry. （骑士精神）One who wanted to be a knight should serve an apprenticeship as a squire until he was admitted to the knighthood with solemn ceremony and the swearing of oaths. (concerning with knights, chivalry and courtly love.) Form:long composition, in verse, in proseContent: description of life and adventures of a noble heroCharacter: knight with chivalry and devoted to the church and the kingThe Romance Cycles：1）the “matters of Britain” (adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table)(讲述亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士)2）the “matters of France” （Emperor Charlemagne and his peers）（有关查理曼大帝）3）the “matters of Rome”（Alexander the Great and the attacks of Troy）（有关亚历山大大帝，和特洛伊战争）A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. Features of English Ballads:1. The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects.2. They were created collectively and revised when handed down from mouth to mouth.3. They are mainly the literature of the peasants.4. They give an outlook of the English common people in feudal society.The Subjects of English Ballads----Variety in kind:1. struggle of young lovers2. the conflict between love and wealth3. the cruelty of jealousy4. the criticism of the civil war5. the matters of class struggle6. the ballads of Robin HoodThe characteristics of Robin Hood:（罗宾逊）a. his hatred for the cruel oppressors and his love for the poor and down-troddenb. strong, brave and cleverc. tender-hearted and affectionate for the poor and down-troddend. his pure love for Mariane. his simple loyalty to the monarchyMedieval Romance:English Romance: Arthurian Legends 《亚瑟王传奇》Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》Medieval Folk Literature:Popular Ballads: Robin Hood Ballads （罗宾逊歌谣）Part III Geoffrey Chaucer (1340—1400)★★★Literary Terms:1）Iambic Pentameter：五步抑扬格A poetic line consisting of five iambic feet ( penta- is from a Greek word meaning “five” ).An iamb---an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. ( Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry. )2）Heroic couplet：英雄双韵体A couple of 2-lines of iambic pentameter with the same end rhymes and forming a logical whole. The rhyme scheme is aa bb cc dd ee ff gg...... .(lines of iambic pentameter rhymed in pairs: aa, bb, cc, and so on. This verse form was introduced into English poetry by Chaucer, and has been in constant use ever since. )1. Life of Chaucer (了解)born in a wine merchant family; a good education; the ability to speak most of the important languages;married one of the Queen’s maids;diplomatic mission to Spain, France, and Italy, thus knowing the customs and were called as the controller of the customs;still experienced some years of sufferings and poverty because of the change of kings;died in 1400 and buried in Westminster Abby , thus founding “The Poet’ s Corner” (诗人角) .2. his literary career （了解）a. French period (1360-1372) in French: translating period“The Romaunt of the Rose”《玫瑰传奇》a translation, popular in Middle agesThe Book of the Duchess 《悼公爵夫人》, the best work of the timeb. Italian period (1372-1385) in Latin: adapting period“Troilus and Criseyde”, 《特罗伊拉斯和克莱西德》, a poem of a love storyc. English period (1386-1400) in English: creating period“The Canterbury Tales” (“heroic couplet”)《坎特伯雷故事集》his masterpiece and a representative works of the Middle Ages.★★★3. What do you think of G. Chaucer? / Literary Influence of Chaucer?1). He is the "Father of English Poetry"----the first to use current English in his writing, the first to write in heroic couplets, a master of word pictures with vivid, exact and smooth language; 2). He is the first great poet who wrote in the English language, making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.3). He is the founder of English realism----loyal to reality with humor, irony and satire(讽刺);4). He is the forerunner of Humanism----praising man's energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life;5). He is the first to bring the atmosphere of romantic interest about men and women and the daily work of one’s own world.6) He exerts great influence on the later generation writers, e.g. Shakespeare4. A Close Look at The Canterbury Tales★★★The Canterbury Tales is the masterpiece of G. Chaucer. In this book, he wrote 30 pilgrims（朝圣者）, including knights, merchant, nuns and monks, doctor, cook, plowman, sailer, carpenter, etc., （almost all the walks of society）to go to Canterbury to worship St. Thomas. It gives us the vivid panoramic (全景的) view of English society with much humor and satire (讽刺). Originally, Chaucer planed to write 120 tales, but when he died, there are just only 24 tales left describing from London to Canterbury.1)Characters: (2 groups)①the holy orders----ironic tone of the narration, satire for the corruption and depravity. (堕落)（Catholic church and its numbers including nuns, priests, summoner, monks, etc., besides knights and squire乡绅）②the middle class----reflecting that they begin to taste the combination of power with wealth and aspiring to more of both. (emergent class including merchant, dyer,染工carpenter木匠, plowman农夫, miller磨坊主, weaver织工, carpet maker, shipper, cook, sailer, etc. )2) the structure:3 parts: the General Prologue; 总序24 tales, two of which left unfinished;Separate prologues to each tale with links, comments, quarrels, etc. in between.★★★3) the theme :① affirming man's right to pursue earthly happiness and opposing asceticism (禁欲主义)，praising men's energy, intellect and love of life;② satirizing (讽刺) and exposing the corruption, depravation (堕落) and social evils of the society, esp. the religious abuses.4) the best of the whole collection:① the wife of Bath（巴斯城的妇女）,② the Knight（骑士）,③ the Pardoner（卖赎罪卷者）,④the Nun’s Priest（尼姑的教士）,⑤the Prologue（序诗）5) narration features:Sense of humor；Loyalty to reality；Sense of humanity (人文主义情怀)。

A Brief Outline of British Literature1.Anglo-Saxon Period盎格鲁-撒克逊时期（Around the 5th century BC to the 8th century AD, the earliest inhabitants of the British islands are Celtics that invaded the British Isles and settled there for nearly 500 years. This long period of time is called the Anglo-Saxon period. ）*Beowulf is seen as the early British epic poem, a long narrative poem about the making of a nation and the fate of its people.2.Medieval Period 中世纪时期（It began with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire (476) and merged into the Renaissance(15th- 17th century).）*Geoffrey Chaucer(1343-1400) with his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales is regarded as the father of English poetry. （The Canterbury Tales is a collection of short stories in verse, depicting realistically the panorama of life in the 14th century England.）3.Renaissance period (Elizabethan period )文艺复兴时期Late 15th c.–early 17th c.Renaissance is the great flowering of art, architecture, politics, and literature, usually seen as the end of the Middle Age and the beginning of the modern world.The Middle Age is also called Dark Age, during which Christianity dominated all the western world and many famous scientists like Copernicus, Bruno, Galileo, were executed because of their scientific findings.The key ideology of this age is humanism, whose emphasis is on the truthfulness of science and the individualism of man.RepresentativeWriters of British Renaissance：*Thomas More托马斯·莫尔(1478-1535): Utopia《乌托邦》, a novel about idealistic socialism.*Edmund Spenser埃德蒙·斯宾塞(1552 -1599): Farie Queen《仙后》, an incomplete English epic poem. It was the first work written in Spenserian stanza (9-line stanza). It is an allegorical work as a praise of Queen Elizabeth I.*Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗·马洛(1564–1593): His masterpiece of drama is The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》. It is commonly referred to as Doctor Faustus, a play based on the German story Faust《浮士德》, in which a man sells his soul to the devil for power and knowledge.Tamburlaine《帖木儿大帝》The Jew of Malta《马耳他岛的犹太人》*Francis Bacon弗兰西斯·培根（1561-1626）: He is best remembered as the first important essayist in England. He was famous for his Collection of Fifty-eight Essays.《论说文集》His other works include New Instrument (Novum Organum)and Advancement of Learning. These works entitled him as the founder of modern science.*William Shakespeare威廉·莎士比亚(1564–1616), with his 154 sonnets and 37 plays, is the most influential writer of English literature.It is said that the three most important cultural sources include Greek literature, Bible, and Shakespeare.Four Great Tragedies: Hamlet《哈姆莱特》, Othello《奥赛罗》,King Lear《李尔王》, Macbeth《麦克白》Four Great Comedies: The merchant of V enice《威尼斯商人》A Midsummer Night's Dream《仲夏夜之梦》Twelfth Night《第十二夜》; As you like it《皆大欢喜》Great Histories: the life and death of Julius Caesar《裘力斯·凯撒》King Henry Ⅳ《亨利四世》The life of King Henry Ⅴ《亨利五世》The Life and Death of King Richard Ⅲ《理查三世》Romeo and Juliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》The Tempest《暴风雨》The Taming of the Shrew《驯悍记》*Ben Johnson本·琼生（1573-1637）：Every Man in His Humor《人人高兴》Volpone《狐狸》The Alchemist《练金术士》4.Restoration literature王朝复辟时期（It is also called 17th Century Literature. When Queen Elizabeth died in 1603, King Charles was beheaded and the republic of Great Britain was founded. After Charles II restored his reign, the Restoration age began. And more bourgeois writers appeared. Literature of this period is known as Restoration literature, chiefly to praise the harmony of the age and the glorious reign of King Charles II. ）Representative writers of Restoration literature：*John Milton (1608–1674): Paradise Lost《失乐园》（dramatizes the Biblical account of humanity‘s banishment from Paradise.）Paradise Regained《复乐园》（is Milton‘s sequel to Paradise Lost, in which Jesus triumphantly resists Satan and regains the Paradise lost by Adam and Eve.）Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》（Milton employed the Old Testament story ofSamson to inspire the defeated English Puritans with the courage to triumph through sacrifice. This is a rather revolutionary work at that time. We can guess that the first two masterpieces tend to foreshadow the purpose of this work.）*John Dryden约翰·德莱顿(1631 -1700) a laureate poet, an influential essayist and dramatist :Marriage A-la-Mode《時尚婚姻》(1672) All for Love《一切为了爱情》(1678) ―Song for St. Cecilia’s Day‖ is a famous short poem of irregular ode to sing a high praise of the power of music.*John Bunyan约翰·班扬：Th e Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》*William Congreve威廉·康格里夫：Love for Love《以爱还爱》The Way of the World《如此世道》5.Age of Enlightenment(18th-century Literature)启蒙时期（The British literature before 18th century chiefly belonged to the Age of neoclassicism, a term derived from classicism in Greek literature. Neoclassic writers in Britain esteemed such virtuous qualities as objectivity, harmony, rationality, dignity, proportion, and moderation.The 18th century is regarded as the Age of Enlightenment (or simply the Enlightenment or Age of Reason).It was a cultural movement of intellectuals to emphasize reason and individualism rather than old moral and tradition. Its purpose was to reform society using reason, to challenge conventional ideas, and to advance knowledge through scientific methods. ）Enlightenment Writers：*Alexander Pope亚历山大·蒲柏(1688 -1744): a student of John Dryden and a poet. He wrote poems in the famous form heroic couplet (iambic pentameter rhyming in pairs). 是新古典主义诗歌的代表Essay on Criticism《论批评》Essay on Man《人论》The Rape of the Lock《秀髮劫》*Jonathan Swift乔纳森·斯威夫特(1667 -1745): Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》，a novel as a political satire to lay bare the narrow-minded struggles between the two parties of Whigs and Tories in England. The Tories were the conserve party and the Whigs were known as the Liberal Party.*Samuel Johnson塞缪尔·约翰逊(1709 – 1784):As a real critic in English history, he wrote The Preface to Shakespeare《莎士比亚集》Lives of the poets《诗人传》As a linguist, he wrote Dictionary of the English Language for the first time in English history.*James Boswell詹姆斯·鲍斯韦尔(1740 -1795)：He is famous in the English world as the first real biographer in English for his The Life of Samuel Johnson《约翰逊传》*Daniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福(1660 –1731)：Regarded as the father of English novels英国小说之父. His masterpiece is Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨孙漂流记》Through describing Crusoe‘s marvelous capacity to survive on the isolated island, his boundless energy and persistence in overcoming obstacles, Defoe glorifies human labor and gives people the inspiration to realize their personal values through intelligent hard work.*Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁:Tom Jones《汤姆·琼斯》*Oliver Goldsmith奥利弗·哥尔德斯密斯: The Deserted Village《荒村》*James Thomson詹姆斯·汤姆：The Seasons《四季歌》*William Collins威廉·柯林斯：Ode to Evening《黄昏颂》*Thomas Gray托马斯·格雷：Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园哀歌》6.Romanticism (1798 – 1832) 浪漫主义时期（Romanticism is a school of literature opposed to Neoclassicism. The main form of literature for romanticists is poetry. During the early part of the 19th century, class conflicts became more and more severe. The rational method could not solve the existing social problems. New approaches had to be found.For romanticists, intuitions and emotions were more crucial than reason and common sense. They held that one could find truth through one‘s feelings and that not everything in this world could be explained by reason.Romanticists emphasized the power of passion and the value of individualism. They believe that radical actions could provide effective solutions to the existing social problems. ）Romantic Poets：*William Blake威廉·布莱克(1757 – 1827): pioneer of Pre-romantic Movement. He wrote two collections of poems: Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience. These are two books of his collected poems, in which he adopts irony and severely criticizes the injustices of the cruel capitalist society.*Robert Burns罗伯特·彭斯(1759 – 1796)：He is a Scottish peasant poet, and wrote poems about the misery of the poor working class people. ―To a Mouse‖, ―A Red, RedRose‖, ―Auld Lang Syne‖ are just a few of his famous poems.Lake Poets：*William Wordsworth威廉·华兹华斯(1770 –1850), Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772 -1834) and Robert Southey were regarded as the three great "Lake Poets‖ or ―three great Lakers‖.Lyrical Ballads, co-authored by Wordsworth and Coleridge, was thought of as the declaration of Romanticism Movement.*George Gordon Lord Byron乔治·戈登·拜伦(1788–1824)：Don Juan《唐璜》（is Byron‘s masterpiece written in the prime of his creative power. His aim was to remove the cloak of the high society. He called this long poem an epic satire.）Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德·哈罗尔德游记》*Percy Bysshe Shelley 珀西·比希·雪莱(1792-1822)：A high-spirited revolutionary poet.Queen Mab 《麦布女王》The Revolt of Islam《伊斯兰的反叛》Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》The Mask of Anarchy《暴政的假面具》Ode to the West Wind《西风颂》A song: Men of England《给英格兰人的歌》*John Keats约翰·济慈（1795—1821）：To Keats, poetry exists for its own sake. By describing the beauty of nature, he wishes to arouse the reader‘s heart to love nature and escape from the worldly worries.―Ode To a Nightingale‖《夜莺颂》, ―Ode to the Grecian Urn‖《希腊古瓮颂》, ―To Autumn‖《秋颂》are just few of his many romantic poems.7.Period of Realism (1830 – 1918)批判现实主义时期（Realism(Victorian Literature) , during the reign of Queen Victoria, is based on the accurate, unromantic observation of human experiences. Realists insist on precise description, authentic action, true-to-life dialogue, moral honesty, and a democratic openness toward social realities. The purpose of realism is to present an intense exposure and sharp criticism of greed and hypocrisy of the ruling class and the injustices of the society.）Novelists of Realism：*Jane Austen简·奥斯汀(1775 –1817): As a pre-realist, she paved a way for the later women writers, best at describing young girls from middle-class families.Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》Emma《爱玛》Persuasion《劝导》Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》Mansfield Park 《曼斯菲尔德庄园》*Charles Dickens查尔斯·狄更斯（1812－1870) ：A radical, he uses humor and satire to write his works. He said, ―The greatest literature was literature for the people.‖Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》Hard Times《艰难时世》A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》David Copperfield《大卫·科波菲尔》Great Expectations《远大前程》*Three Bronte sisters勃朗特三姐妹Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂·勃朗特(1816 -1855): Jane Eyre《简·爱》Emily Bronte艾米丽·勃朗特(1818-1848): Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》Anne Bronte 安妮·勃朗特(1820-1849): Agnes Grey《阿格尼斯·格雷》*William Makepeace Thackeray威廉·梅克比斯·萨克雷(1811 –1863) ：His masterpiece is Vanity Fair《名利场》. The book‗s title comes from John Bunyan‘s allegorical story The Pilgrim‘s Progress《天路历程》. In that work, "Vanity Fair" refers to a stop along the pilgrim's progress: a never-ending fair held in a town called Vanity, which is meant to represent man's sinful attachment to worldly things. *Thomas Hardy托马斯·哈代(1840-1928)：Far from the Madding CrowdMayor of the Casterbridge 《卡斯特桥市长》Jude the Obscure 《无名的裘德》Tess of the Durbervilles 《德伯家的苔丝》（presents the tragic fate of a ―pure‖ young peasant woman at the time of capitalist invasion into the countryside in the 19th-century England.）Poets of Realism：*Robert Browning罗伯特·布朗宁(1812–1889):Pippa Passes《皮帕走过了》The Ring and the Book《指环与书》My Last Duchess 《我的前公爵夫人》*Mathew Arnold 马修·阿诺德(1822–1888): Dover Beach《多佛海滩》Realism Dramatists：*Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德·布林斯利·谢里丹(1751-1816) :The School for Scandal《造谣学校》（This play can be considered as a Comedy of Manners. One of the characteristics of the Comedy of Manners is the hypocrisy of the characters. ）*Oscar Wilde奥斯卡·王尔德(1854-1900)：The Importance of Being Earnest 《不可儿戏》/《真诚最要紧》，*George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳(1856-1950)：Pygmalion 《卖花女》（《皮格马利翁》）Major Barbara《巴巴拉少校》Mrs. Warren’s Profession《华伦夫人的职业》Saint Joan《圣女贞德》8.Modernism (1918 – 1945) 现实主义时期（Background: The catastrophe of the First World War had shaken the faith in the moral basis of Western civilization and raised doubts about the adequacy of traditional literary modes in presenting the harsh realities of the postwar world.Influenced by different ideas, thoughts, and various social realities, modernism was made up of many facets in composing literature: naturalism自然主义, surrealism超现实主义, existentialism存在主义, symbolism象征主义, imagism意象主义, fantasy幻想, stream of consciousness意识流, and the like. ）Modernist Writers：*D. H. Lawrence 戴维·赫伯特·劳伦斯(1885-1930):Sons and Lovers《儿子与情人》: the study of man-woman relations.Women in Love《恋爱中的女人》The Rainbow《虹》Lady Chatterley’s Lover《查泰莱夫人的情人》*William Golding威廉·戈尔丁(1911-1993)：Lord of the Flies《蝇王》（It‘s an anti-Utopian novel. A group of boys stranded on an island. They try to civilize nature, but instead descend into savagery of killing one another. This work successfully penetrates into the evilness of human nature.）*George Orwell乔治·奥威尔(1903-1950):Animal Farm《动物庄园》is considered an allegory about the corruption of absolute power.Nineteen Eighty-Four《1984》is Orwell's prophetic vision about the tragic results of totalitarianism.*Joseph Conrad约瑟夫·康拉德(1857 – 1924) is well known for his use of Stream of Consciousness to reveal a character‘s complex psychology. Stream of Consciousness is a writing device to demonstrate the inner workings of people‘s mind. One‘s present was believed to be the sum total of his past. Time was no longer a series of chronological moments to be presented in sequence, but a continuous flow in the conscious mind of the individual character.Heart of Darkness 《黑暗之心》, a novel.*Virginia Woolf 艾德琳·弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙(1882 -1941) is also a writer of stream of consciousness.Mrs. Dalloway《达洛维夫人》To the Lighthouse《到灯塔去》*J ames Joyce詹姆斯·乔伊斯(1882–1941) Another novelist of stream of consciousness from Dublin.Ulysses 《尤利西斯》Dubliners 《都柏林人》*T. S. Eliot 托马斯·斯特尔那斯·艾略特(1888 – 1965)The Waste Land《荒原》Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock《普鲁弗洛克》*William Butler Yeats威廉·巴特勒·叶芝(1865-1939) a poet of symbolism―The Lake Isle of Innisfree‖, ―Sailing to Byzantium‖驶向拜占庭, ―The Second Coming‖, and many more poems.9.Contemporary Literature（1945- ）当代文学*Doris Lessing 多丽丝·莱辛(1919-2013):The Grass Is Singing 《野草在歌唱》The Golden Notebook 《金色笔记》.*Samuel Becket 塞缪尔·贝克特( 1906 -1989 ): Waiting for Godot 《等待戈多》, a representative drama of absurd theater.*John Osborn (1929 - ): Look Back in Anger --- initiative drama.。

英美文学史简介Part A British LiteratureⅠEarly and Medieval English Literature 早期及中世纪英国文学1. “Beowulf”, the national epic of the English people.《贝奥武夫》（Beowulf），完成于八世纪，约750年左右的英雄叙事长诗，长达3000多行。

是以古英语记载的传说中最古老的一篇。

是现存古英文文学中最伟大之作，也是欧洲最早的方言史诗。

2. Geoffrey Chaucer ,the founder of English poetry.乔叟(1343-1400),英国诗歌之父.The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》, 以一伙来自社会各个阶层的香客在宗教朝圣的路上讲述故事为线索，向我们清楚地展示了那个时代人们的生活。

在所有的23个故事中，除了两篇之外，其余都是诗歌体裁的作品。

ⅡThe Renaissance [ri′neis(ə)ns] 文艺复兴时期文学1.William Shakespeare 莎士比亚（1564～1616）英国文艺复兴时期伟大的剧作家、诗人，欧洲文艺复兴时期人文主义文学的集大成者。

莎士比亚给世人留下了37部戏剧play，其中包括一些他与别人合写的一般剧作。

此外，他还写有154首十四行诗sonnet和三、四首长诗poem。

四大喜剧： A Midsummer Night’s Dream 仲夏夜之梦The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人As You Like It 皆大欢喜Twelfth Night 第十二夜四大悲剧:Hamlet 哈姆雷特(To be, or not to be, that is the question)Othello 奥赛罗King Lear 李尔王Macbeth 麦克白其他：Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶2.Francis Bacon 培根（1561-1626 ）The founder of English materialist philosophy and modern science.Bacon is especially famous for his Essays.培根,英国唯物主义和现代科学奠基人,散文家.代表作：散文Of Studies 《论学习》ⅢThe period of English Bourgeois [buə′ʒwɑ:] Revolution and Restoration 资产阶级革命时期文学1.John Milton 米尔顿Paradise Lost 《失乐园》2. John Bunyan 班扬The Pilgrim’s Progress 《天路历程》ⅣEighteenth Century English Literature 十八世纪英国文学1. Daniel Defoe: 笛福Robinson Crusoe 《鲁滨逊漂流记》2. Jonathan Swift：斯威夫特Gulliver’s Travels 《格列佛游记》3. Henry Fielding 菲尔丁the Founder of the English Realistic Nov 英国现实主义小说奠基人Joseph Andrew 《约瑟夫·安德鲁》4. William Blake 布莱克and Robert Burns彭斯: PoetⅤRomanticism in England 浪漫主义时期文学1. William Wordsworth 华滋华斯the representative poet of the early romanticism. 标志着浪漫主义的开始2. George Gordon Byron 拜伦Don Juan 《唐·璜》3. Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了,春天还会远吗?4. John Keats 济慈Ode to a Nightingale 《夜莺颂》5. Jane Austen 简·奥斯汀Pride and Prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》ⅥThe Victorian Age 维多利亚时期文学1. Charles Dickens 狄更斯代表作：Oliver Twist 《雾都孤儿》、A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》、David Copperfield 《大卫·科波菲尔》2. William Makepeace Thackeray 萨克雷代表作：Vanity Fair 《名利场》3. George Eliot 乔治·艾略特4. The Brontë Sisters 勃朗特三姐妹Charlotte Brontë夏洛蒂·勃朗特：Jane Eyre《简·爱》Emily Brontë艾米莉·勃朗特：Wuthering Heights 《呼啸山庄》Annie Brontë安妮·勃朗特5. The Brownings 勃朗宁夫妇Husband: Robert BrowningWife: Elizabeth BrowningSonnets from the Portuguese 《葡语十四行诗集》ⅦTwentieth Century English Literature 20世纪英国文学1. Thomas Hardy 托马斯·哈代Tess of the d’Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》2. John Galsworthy 高尔斯华绥3. Oscar Wilde 王尔德Poet，dramatist, novelist and essayist.The Happy Prince and Other Tales 《快乐王子和其他故事》4. George Bernard Shaw 萧伯纳the most important English dramatist5. D. H. Lawrence 劳伦斯Lady Chatterley’s Lover 《查泰来夫人的情人》6. Virginia Woolf 伍尔芙Feminism, the stream of consciousness意识流女权主义与现代主义小说的先驱7. James Joyce 乔伊斯Ulysses《尤里西斯》the stream of consciousness意识流Part B American LiteratureⅠThe Literature During the Colonial American and the American Revolution殖民地时期及独立战争时期的文学Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林ⅡAmerican Romanticism and New England Literature 浪漫主义及新英格兰时期文学1. Washington Irving华盛顿•欧文(1783-1859)the first American to achieve an international literary reputation. 是美国文学的奠基人之一。

The brief introduction of British literatureBritish literature, composed of considerably beautiful poetry, interesting novels, meaningful dramas and fine prose, has a profound influence upon the world and demonstrates its distinguishing characteristics to the whole world. Moreover, it is generally considered as the essence of civilization as well as a bright pearl in the treasury of literature. The development of the English literature began from the 5th century to 20th century, with a long and complicated process. In the following passages, I will try to present the seven developing stages of English literature.Ⅰ. The Medieval Ages (to 1500)1.Major Historical Events1.1The Britons— the early inhabitants in the island were Britons, a tribe of Celts. 1.2Roman Conquest— a gradual process, happening in 55BC under Emperor Claudius.1.3English Conquest—In the 5th century, Angles(east), Saxon(southern) and Jutes(southeastern) were called Anglo-Saxon which invaded the GreatBritain.1.4The Danish Invasion— the Danes occupied in 1013, and held it for 30 years.1.5Norman Conquest—Duke William came in 1066—marks the establishment of feudalism.2.Literature Tide2.1 Narrative literature—Epic and romance (king Arthur and round table).2.2 Ballad—a story told in song usually in 4 line stanzas, with the second and forth line rhymed.2.3 Heroic couplet—Poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines.3.Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1 Beowulf—a hero of the Geats comes to the aid of Hrothgar, the king of the Danes, whose great hall, Heorot, is plagued by the monster Grendel…3.2 Sir Gawain and the Green knight—a late 14th-century Middle English alliterativeromance outlines an adventure of Sir Gawain, a knight of King Arthur's Round Table.3.3 Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) is Father of English Literature.The Canterbury Tales—is a collection of short poetic stories.The Wife of Bath’s Tale—tells a story from a distant time, when King Arthur ruled the nation.Ⅱ. Renaissance1.Major Historical Events1.1England Civil War (1400-1500)—HenryⅦ (1458-1509) founded Tudor dynasty,a centralized monarchy.1.2Enclosure Movement—in the 15th century, England passed from a wool producer to a manufacturer of cloth.1.3Renaissance—sprang first in Italy in 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.2.Literature Tide2.1 The Sonnet—a fourteen line lyrical poem, the Italian sonnet had a rigid rhyme scheme that divided the sonnet more or less into two separate halves.2.2 Epic Poetry—the most prized and respected literature of the Renaissance was epic poetry, usually written in Latin.2.3Drama—dealing with sacred subjects, such as biblical stories.3. Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1 Francis Bacon—an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, lawyer, jurist, author and pioneer of the scientific method, has been called the creator of empiricism. Advancement of Learning—is considered the first step in the Great Instauration scale, of "partitions of the sciences".New Instrument—is divided in two parts, the first part b eing called “On the Interpretation of Nature and the Empire of Man”, and the second “On the Interpretation of Nature, or the Reign of Man”.3.2William ShakespeareFour Comedies—Midsummer Night of Dream, Venetian merchant, the 12th Night,Happy as You Like It.Four tragedies—Hamlet, Othello, Li King, Mike White.Ⅲ. The 17th Century1.Major Historical Events1.1English revolution and restoration1.2From 1642 to 1649, there was a Civil War, and Oliver Cromwell established a commonwealth.1.3In 1660, restoration made by CharlesⅡ.1.4In 1688, “glories revolution” made by William.2.Literature TideMetaphysical poetry—a group of 17th century English poets whose verse is characterized by an intellectually challenging style and extended metaphors comparing very dissimilar things. Their tool of doing this was the metaphysical conceit.3.Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1 John Donne (1573--1631)—is the representative of the metaphysical poet.The Good-MorrowThe Sunne Rising3.2 John Milton (1608--1674)—English poet.Paradise LostParadise regainedⅣ. Age of Enlightenment1.Major Historical Events1.1French revolution (1789-1799)—was a period of radical social and political upheaval in French and European history.1.2Industrial revolution—starting in the later part of the 18th century there began a transition in parts of Great Britain’s previously manual labor and draft-animal-based economy towards machine-based manufacturing.2.Literature TideSentimentalism—dissatisfied with reason, sentimentalists appealed to sentiment, the human heart. It turned to countryside for material, marks the midway in the transition from classism to romanticism.3.Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1Daniel Defoe (1660--1731) —English novelist, pamphleteer and journalist. Robinson Crusoe—help Defoe earn the title of the founder of English novel.The Review—is the first periodicals concerning society and policy.3.2Jonathan Swift (1667--1745) —the master of satire.Gulliver’s Travels—satirizing the corruption of the English governing class, and disclosing the dark side of the society.Ⅴ. Romantic period1.Major Historical Events1.1 French Revolution1.2 Industrial Revolution2.Literature TideIt was characterized by a highlighted interest in nature, emphasis on the individual’s expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions.3.Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1 William Wordsworth (1770--1850) —together with Coleridge and Robert Southey are called “lake poet”.Lyrical Ballads— is the start of Romanticism.The Prelude—autobiography3.2Jane Austen (1775--1817)—an English prestigious writer.Sense and Sensibility—the first published novel.Pride and Prejudice—using the theme of marriage satirizes the life of English middle class in small towns.Ⅵ. Victorian Age1.Major Historical EventsDuring the rule of Queen Victoria, Britain occupied the leading status, therefore, its science, literature and art flourished.2.Literature TideAge of Novel—the 19th century saw the novel become the leading form of literature in English.3.Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1 Charles Dickens (1812--1870) — is the greatest English novelist.Oliver Twist, Great Expectations, David Copperfield—has a close relationship with Dickens’ unfortunate childhood.Bleak House—discloses the decay and dark side of judicial system.3.2 Bronte Sister—Charlotte Bronte (1816—1855), Emily Bronte (1818--1848), Anne Bronte (1820--1849).Jane Eyre—Charlotte BronteWuthering Heights—Emily BronteAgnes Grey—Anne BronteⅦ.The Twentieth Century1.Major Historical Events1.1World WarⅠ (1914--1918) —British Empire collapsed.1.2Great Depression of the 1930s1.3World WarⅡ (1939--1945) —the United States and the Soviet Union emerged as very powerful nations.1.4Cold War (1947--1991)2.Literature Tide2.1 Modernism—a general term applied retrospectively to the wide range of experimental and avant-garde trends.2.2 Postmodernism—emphasizes devices, and mostly deconstruction.2.3 Stream of Consciousness—describes the writer’s point of view.3.Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1 T. S. Eliot (1888--1965) —is arguably the most important English-language poetof 20th century.The Waste Land—using a lot of myth to describe the lost scene in spirit after war, rendering the hope of rebirth.3.2 D. H. Lawrence (1885--1930)—an English writer.Sons and LoversThe Rainbow,Women in Love。