Drinfeld-Twisted Supersymmetry and Non-Anticommutative Superspace

索末菲原子模型著名理论物理学家阿诺德·索末菲（Arnold Sommerfeld ，1868～1951），是德国慕尼黑大学理论物理研究院院长，他对玻尔原子理论的扩充和他所著的《原子结构和光谱线》这部深具影响的教科书，被他的学生誉为“原子物理学的圣经”。

在量子力学史上，他赢得量子力学三大重要学派领袖之一的声誉，他在培养人才方面是无与伦比的，他有能把像海森伯、泡利这样的毛头小伙子精雕细琢成杰出科学家的神奇本领。

爱因斯坦1922年很赞赏地说道：“我特别欣赏您培养出了如此众多的青年才俊。

”3、1 索末菲的生平1868年12月5日，索末菲生于东普鲁士的柯尼斯堡（Königsberg ）（今俄罗斯的加里宁格勒），是中欧理论物理的发源地，德国成立的第一个数学和物理研究班就诞生在这里。

中学时代索未菲和德国实验物理学家维恩是同学，1886年进入柯尼斯堡大学数学教授林德曼（C ．Lindemann ）指导的数学——物理研究班主修数学，同当时许多别的数学家一样，索未菲运用开尔文勋爵的数学物理理论对麦克斯韦电磁场方程的进行了概述，并对应用数学产生了浓厚的兴趣。

于是，他从林德曼的数论领域转变到开尔文勋爵的数学对物理学的应用研究，他研究过电子波的物理特性和关于旋转陀螺的理论，对于应用复变函数理论解决边界问题颇有造诣。

1891年，他在康尼斯堡的数学物理教授沃尔克曼（P ．V olkmann ）的指导下，完成了数学物理方面的博士学位论文。

1893～1894年在哥廷根的矿物研究所担任数学家克莱因（F ．Klein ）的助手。

1897年任克劳斯塔尔矿业学校的数学教授。

1900年由克莱因推荐，在亚琛工业大学任工程力学教授。

在此期间，他致力于把数学和工程力学联系起来，使工程力学有坚实的数学基础；这是克莱因一贯的主张。

1906年起任慕尼黑大学理论物理学教授，不久主持建立了理论物理研究院并任院长。

1905年爱因斯坦（A ．Einstein ）的关于狭义相对论的论著发表以后，在1907年德国自然研究者大会上，索末菲曾为爱因斯坦的理论辩护，而且他在这个领域所做的工作，为后来的轫致辐射理论提供了理论基础。

人工智能是一门新兴的具有挑战力的学科。

自人工智能诞生以来,发展迅速,产生了许多分支。

诸如强化学习、模拟环境、智能硬件、机器学习等。

但是,在当前人工智能技术迅猛发展,为人们的生活带来许多便利。

下面是搜索整理的人工智能英文参考文献的分享，供大家借鉴参考。

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richard feynman英文介绍Richard Feynman, a name synonymous with brilliance and innovation in the realm of physics, left an indelible mark on the scientific community with his groundbreaking contributions and charismatic personality. Born on May 11, 1918, in Queens, New York, Feynman exhibited an early aptitude for mathematics and science, foreshadowing his future as one of the most influential physicists of the 20th century.Feynman's journey into the world of physics began at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he obtained his Bachelor's degree in 1939. His academic pursuits then led him to Princeton University, where he earned his Ph.D. in physics in 1942. It was during his time at Princeton that Feynman's genius began to shine, particularly in the field of quantum mechanics.One of Feynman's most notable contributions to physics came in the form of his diagrams, now famously known as Feynman diagrams. These graphical representations revolutionized the way physicists approached quantum electrodynamics (QED) by providing a visual framework for understanding the behavior of subatomic particles. Feynman diagrams allowed for the visualization of complex interactions between particles, leading to significant advancements in the field.In addition to his theoretical contributions, Feynman was also a gifted teacher and communicator of science. His lectures at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) became legendary for their clarity, wit, and insight. Feynman had a unique ability to convey complex ideas in simple terms, making physics accessible to students and enthusiasts alike.Feynman's insatiable curiosity and unconventional approach to problem-solving set him apart from his peers. He had a knack for questioning conventional wisdom and was never afraid to challenge the status quo. This fearless attitude not only fueled his own research but also inspired future generations of physicists to think outside the box.Beyond his scientific achievements, Feynman was also known for his colorful personality and adventuresome spirit. He had a passion for playing the bongo drums, cracking safes, and exploring the mysteries of the natural world. Feynman's zest for life was infectious, and he approached both his work and his hobbies with boundless enthusiasm.Throughout his illustrious career, Feynman received numerous accolades and honors, including the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 for his contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics. He was also awarded the Albert Einstein Award and the Oersted Medal, among others, cementing his legacy as one of the preeminent physicists of his time.In his later years, Feynman continued to inspire and educate through his writings and lectures. His books, including "Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!" and "What Do You Care What Other People Think?", offer glimpses into his brilliant mind and irreverent sense of humor.Richard Feynman passed away on February 15, 1988, but his legacy lives on in the hearts and minds of those who continue to be inspired by his work. His contributions to physics not only expanded our understanding of the universe but also served as a testament to the power of curiosity, creativity, and perseverance in the pursuit of knowledge. As we reflect on Feynman's life and achievements, we are reminded of the profound impact that one individual can have on the world through dedication, passion, and a relentless quest for truth.。

The brilliance of passion is a force that can light up the world,igniting the darkest corners of our lives with a glow that is both inspiring and transformative.When passion is allowed to flourish,it can lead to incredible achievements and personal growth.In the realm of arts,passion is the driving force behind the creation of masterpieces that have stood the test of time.Artists who pour their heart and soul into their work,like Vincent Van Gogh with his swirling Starry Night or Beethoven with his powerful Symphony No.9,have left an indelible mark on history.Their passion not only fueled their creative process but also resonated with audiences,inspiring generations to appreciate and create art.In sports,athletes who are fueled by passion often push their bodies to the limits, achieving feats that seem impossible.Take,for instance,the marathon runners who, despite exhaustion,find the strength to cross the finish line,or the gymnasts who defy gravity with their acrobatic routines.Their dedication and love for their sport are evident in every move they make,and it is this passion that propels them to greatness.In the field of science and innovation,passion is the catalyst for groundbreaking discoveries and inventions.Think of figures like Albert Einstein,whose passion for understanding the universe led to the development of the theory of relativity,or Marie Curie,who was driven by her curiosity to study radioactivity,ultimately winning two Nobel Prizes.Their unwavering commitment to their work has shaped our understanding of the world and opened up new frontiers of knowledge.Passion also plays a vital role in social and political movements.Leaders like Martin Luther King Jr.and Mahatma Gandhi were propelled by their fervent belief in justice and equality,leading to significant changes in society.Their passion was infectious,rallying people to join their cause and fight for a better world.On a personal level,allowing passion to bloom can lead to a more fulfilling life.When we pursue our interests and dreams with fervor,we experience a sense of purpose and joy that is unmatched.This passion can also help us overcome obstacles and challenges,as it provides the motivation to keep going even when the going gets tough.In conclusion,the radiance of passion is a beacon that illuminates the path to success, both for individuals and society as a whole.It is a powerful force that can transform lives, inspire greatness,and bring about positive change.By nurturing and embracing our passions,we can unlock our full potential and contribute to a brighter,more vibrant world.。

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alexander fleming英语介绍Alexander Fleming: An IntroductionAlexander Fleming, a pioneer in the field of medical science, is widely known for his discovery of penicillin, a groundbreaking antibiotic that revolutionized the world of medicine. Born on August 6, 1881, in Lochfield, Scotland, Fleming grew up to make significant contributions to the field of bacteriology and earned his place in history as one of the greatest scientists of all time. This article will delve into the life, work, and legacy of Alexander Fleming.Early Years and EducationAlexander Fleming was born into a farming family to Hugh Fleming and Grace Stirling Morton. His upbringing in the countryside cultivated a strong work ethic and a deep fascination with nature. At the age of 13, he moved to London to live with his older brother and pursue his education.Fleming's academic journey led him to attend the Royal Polytechnic Institution, where he studied biology, physics, and chemistry. His passion for research and experimentation flourished during this time, and he graduated with distinction in 1902. Fleming's thirst for knowledge prompted him to further his studies at St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, where he eventually obtained a Bachelor of Medicine degree.Groundbreaking Discovery of PenicillinIn 1928, Alexander Fleming stumbled upon one of his most notable discoveries entirely by accident. While working at St. Mary's Hospital,Fleming noticed that a petri dish containing Staphylococcus bacteria had been contaminated with mold. Surprisingly, the mold inhibited the growth of the bacteria and created a clear zone around it.Intrigued by this phenomenon, Fleming isolated the mold and identified it as a strain of the Penicillium genus. He named the substance produced by the mold "penicillin" and conducted further experiments to determine its potential medical applications. Fleming's research revealed that penicillin possessed remarkable antibacterial properties, capable of eliminating various harmful bacteria without causing significant harm to the human body.Impact on Medicine and LegacyAlexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin was a game-changer in the medical field. Prior to this breakthrough, bacterial infections posed significant challenges and often led to fatalities. Penicillin transformed the treatment of infectious diseases, saving countless lives and providing an effective weapon against bacterial infections.Fleming's incredible contribution earned him recognition and accolades throughout his career. In 1945, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of penicillin. His work spearheaded the development of antibiotics, revolutionizing modern medicine and opening doors to new research and advancements in healthcare.Beyond his scientific achievements, Alexander Fleming's humility and dedication to serving humanity left an indelible mark on the world. He strongly believed in the responsible use of antibiotics and warned against the risks of antibiotic resistance. Fleming's advocacy for responsible antibiotic usage continues to resonate with healthcare professionals worldwide.ConclusionAlexander Fleming's life and work continue to inspire generations of scientists and medical professionals. His accidental discovery of penicillin reshaped the field of medicine and saved countless lives. Fleming's relentless pursuit of scientific knowledge and his unwavering commitment to public health have left an enduring legacy. Today, his contributions serve as a constant reminder of the power of curiosity, research, and the potential for scientific breakthroughs to shape the future of healthcare.。