Validation of coastal sea and lake surface temperature measurements derived from NOAAAVHRR

TPO-9Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest CoastIt has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migrationof peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (nowthe Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age.The first water craft theory about this migration was that around 11,000-12,000years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to theareas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was thismidcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets–the Laurentide to theeast and the Cordilleran to the west–that enabled the southward migration. Butbelief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist GlenMacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon datesused to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. Hepersuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later,when the continental ice began its final retreat.Support is growing for the alternative theory that people using watercraft, possibly skin boats, moved southward from Beringia along the Gulf of Alaska and then southward along the Northwest coast of North America possibly as early as 16,000 years ago. This route would have enabled humans to enter southern areas of the Americas prior to the melting of the continental glaciers. Until the early 1970s,most archaeologists did not consider the coast a possible migration route into the Americas because geologists originally believed that during the last Ice Age the entire Northwest Coast was covered by glacial ice. It had been assumed that the ice extended westward from the Alaskan/Canadian mountains to the very edge of the continental shelf, the flat, submerged part of the continent that extends into the ocean. This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of north America to what is today the state of Washington.The most influential proponent of the coastal migration route has been Canadian archaeologist Knut Fladmark. He theorized that with the use of watercraft, people gradually colonized unglaciated refuges and areas along the continental shelf exposed by the lower sea level. Fladmark’s hypothesis rece ived additional support from the fact that the greatest diversity in native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americas, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest.More recent geologic studies documented deglaciation and the existence of ice-free areas throughout major coastal areas of British Columbia, Canada, by 13,000 years ago. Research now indicates that sizable areas of southeastern Alaska along the inner continental shelf were not covered by ice toward the end ofthe last Ice Age. One study suggests that except for a 250-mile coastal area between southwestern British Columbia and Washington State, the Northwest Coast of North America was largely free of ice by approximately 16,000 years ago. Vast areas along the coast may have been deglaciated beginning around 16,000 years ago, possibly providing a coastal corridor for the movement of plants, animals, and humans sometime between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago.The coastal hypothesis has gained increasing support in recent years because the remains of large land animals, such as caribou and brown bears, have been found in southeastern Alaska dating between 10,000 and 12,500 years ago. This is the time period in which most scientists formerly believed the area to be inhospitable for humans. It has been suggested that if the environment were capable of supporting breeding populations of bears, there would have been enough food resources to support humans. Fladmark and other believe that the first human colonization of America occurred by boat along the Northwest Coast during the very late Ice Age, possibly as early as 14,000 years ago. The most recent geologic evidence indicates that it may have been possible for people to colonize ice-free regions along the continental shelf that were still exposed by the lower sea level between13,000 and 14,000 years ago.The coastal hypothesis suggests an economy based on marine mammal hunting, saltwater fishing, shellfish gathering, and the use of watercraft. Because of the barrier of ice to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and populated areas to the north, there may have been a greater impetus for people to move in a southerly direction.Paragraph 1: It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age. The first water craft theory about this migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was this midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets–the Laurentide to the east and the Cordilleran to the west–that enabled the southward migration. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor wereincorrect. argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat.1. According to paragraph 1, the theory that people first migrated to the Americans by way of an ice-free corridor was seriously called into question by○paleoecologist Glen MacDonald's argument that the original migration occurred much later than had previously been believed○the demonstration that certain previously accepted radiocarbon dates were incorrect○evidence that the continental ice began its final retreat much later than had previously been believed○research showing that the ice-free corridor was not as long lasting as had been widely assumedin the passage is closest in meaning to○aggressively○inflexibly○convincingly○carefullyParagraph 2: Support is growing for the alternative theory that people using watercraft, possibly skin boats, moved southward from Beringia along the Gulf of Alaska and then southward along the Northwest coast of North America possibly as early as 16,000 years ago. This route would have enabled humans toenter southern areas of the Americas the melting of the continental glaciers. Until the early 1970s,most archaeologists did not consider the coast a possible migration route into the Americas because geologists originally believed that during the last Ice Age the entire Northwest Coast was covered by glacial ice. It had been assumed that the ice extended westward from the Alaskan/Canadian mountains to the very edge of the continental shelf, the flat, submerged part of the continent that extends into the ocean. This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of north America to what is today the state of Washington.3. Paragraph 2 begins by presenting a theory and then goes on to○discuss why the theory was rapidly accepted but then rejected○present the evidence on which the theory was based○cite evidence that now shows that the theory is incorrect○explain why the theory was not initially considered plausibleis closest in meaning to○before○immediately after○during○in spite of5. Paragraph 2 supports the idea that, before the 1970s, most archaeologists held which of the following views about the earliest people to reach the Americas?○They could not have sailed directly from Beringia to Alaska and then southward because, it was thought, glacial ice covered the entire coastal region.○They were not aware that the climate would continue to become milder.○They would have had no interest in migrating southward from Beringia until after t he continental glaciers had begun to melt.○They lacked the navigational skills and appropriate boats needed long-distance trips.Paragraph 3: The most influential proponent of the coastal migration route has been Canadian archaeologist Knut Fladmark. He theorized that with the use of watercraft, people gradually colonizedthe passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways to leave out essential information.○Because this region has been settled the longest, it also displays the greatest diversity in Native American languages.○Fladmark's hypothesis states that the west coast of the Americas has been settled longer than any other region.○The fact that the greatest diversity of Native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americans lends strength to Fradmark's hypothesis.○According to Fladmark, Native American languages have survived the longest along the west coast of the Americas.Paragraph 4: More recent geologic studies documented deglaciation and the existence of ice-free areas throughout major coastal areas of British Columbia, Canada, by 13,000 years ago. Research now indicates that sizable areas of southeastern Alaska along the inner continental shelf were not covered by ice toward the end of the last Ice Age. One study suggests that except for a 250-mile coastal area between southwestern British Columbia and Washington the Northwest Coast of North America was largelyfree of ice by approximately 16,000 years areas along the coast may have been deglaciated beginning around 16,000 years ago, possibly providing a coastal corridor for the movement of plants, animals, and humans sometime between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago.7. The author's purpose in paragraph 4 is to○indicate that a number of recent geologic studies seem to provide support for the coastal hypothesis○indicate that c oastal and inland migrations may have happened simultaneously○explain why humans may have reached America's northwest coast before animals and plants did○show that the coastal hypothesis may explain how people first reached Alaska but it cannot explain how people reached areas like modern British Columbia and Washington State○Frozen○Various○Isolated○HugeParagraph 5: The coastal hypothesis has gained increasing support in recent years because the remains of large land animals, such as caribou and brown bears, have been found in southeastern Alaskadating between 10,000 and 12,500 years ago. This is the time period in which most scientists formerlyof supporting breeding populations of bears, there would have been enough food resources to support humans. Fladmark and other believe that the first human colonization of America occurred by boat along the Northwest Coast during the very late Ice Age, possibly as early as 14,000 years ago. The most recent geologic evidence indicates that it may have been possible for people to colonize ice-free regions along the continental shelf that were still exposed by the lower sea level between13,000 and 14,000 years ago.9. According to paragraph 5, the discovery of the remains of large land animals supports the coastal hypothesis by providing evidence that○humans were changing their hunting techniques to adapt to coastal rather than inland environments ○animals had migrated from the inland to the coasts, an indication that a midcontinental ice-free corridor was actually implausible○humans probably would have been able to find enough resources along the coastal corridor○the continental shelf was still exposed by lower sea levels during the period when the southward migration of people began○not familiar○not suitable○not dangerous○not reachable11. According to paragraph 5, the most recent geologic research provides support for a first colonization of America dating as far back as○16,000 years ago○14,000 years ago○12,500 years ago○10,000 years agoParagraph 6: The coastal hypothesis suggests an economy based on marine mammal hunting,move in a southerly direction.in the passage is closest in meaning to○chance○protection○possibility○incentiveParagraph 1: It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice A ge. ■The first water craft theory about the migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was the midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets-the Laurentide to the west-that enabled the southward migration. ■But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. ■He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat. ■13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Moreover, other evidence suggests that even if an ice-free corridor did exist, it would have lacked the resources needed for human colonization.Where could the sentence best fit?14. Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Recent evidence favors a rival to the long-standing theory that the Americas were colonized 11,000-12,000 years ago by people migrating south from Beringia along a midcontinental ice-free corridor.●●●Answer Choices○Evidence that an ice-free corridor between two ice sheets developed when the continental ice first began to melt came primarily from radiocarbon dating.○There is growing support for the theory that migration took place much earlier, by sea, following a coastal route along Alaska and down the northwest coast.○Recent geologic evide nce indicates that contrary to what had been believed, substantial areas along the coast were free of ice as early as 16,000 years ago.○Research now indicates that the parts of the inner continental shelf that remained covered with ice were colonized by a variety of early human groups well adapted to living in extremely cold environments.○There is evidence suggesting that areas along the coast may have contained enough food resources between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago to have made human colonization possible.○Even though the northern part of the continent allowed for a more varied economy, several earlyhuman groups quickly moved south.参考答案：1. ○22. ○33. ○44. ○15. ○16. ○37. ○18.○49. ○310. ○211. ○212. ○413. ○414. There is growing support…Recent geologic evidence…There is evidence suggesting…。

海洋地质学英语The Fascinating World of Marine GeologyThe vast expanse of the world's oceans has long captivated the human imagination with its mystery and allure. Beneath the shimmering surface, a complex and dynamic geological landscape unfolds, revealing the intricate processes that have shaped our planet over millions of years. Marine geology, a specialized field of study, delves into the intriguing realm of the seafloor, uncovering the secrets hidden beneath the waves.At the heart of marine geology lies the study of the Earth's crust beneath the oceans. The seafloor is a vast and diverse terrain, composed of towering mountain ranges, deep trenches, and expansive plains, all formed by the constant movement and interaction of tectonic plates. These plates, which make up the Earth's outermost layer, are in a constant state of flux, colliding, diverging, and sliding past one another, creating a dynamic and ever-changing landscape.One of the most fascinating aspects of marine geology is the study of mid-ocean ridges. These underwater mountain ranges, stretchingfor thousands of kilometers across the ocean basins, are the sites of intense volcanic and tectonic activity. Here, new oceanic crust is continuously being formed as molten rock rises from the Earth's mantle and solidifies, pushing the existing crust outward and creating new seafloor. This process, known as seafloor spreading, is a fundamental driver of plate tectonics, the grand theory that explains the movement and interaction of the Earth's plates.As the plates move away from the mid-ocean ridges, they gradually cool and become denser, eventually sinking back into the Earth's mantle at deep ocean trenches. This subduction process is responsible for the formation of some of the most dramatic features of the seafloor, including the towering volcanoes of the Pacific "Ring of Fire" and the deep, narrow trenches that plunge thousands of meters below the surface.But the seafloor is not just a passive canvas upon which these tectonic processes play out. It is a dynamic and ever-changing environment, home to a diverse array of geological features and processes. Underwater landslides, turbidity currents, and other sedimentary processes shape the seafloor, creating a complex and ever-evolving landscape.One of the most remarkable aspects of marine geology is the wealth of information it can provide about the Earth's past. By studying thesediments and rock formations on the seafloor, scientists can piece together a detailed record of the planet's history, from ancient climate changes to the evolution of life. The seafloor acts as a vast natural archive, preserving a wealth of data that can help us better understand the complex and ever-changing nature of our planet.In recent years, advances in technology have revolutionized the field of marine geology. Sophisticated sonar and mapping systems, remotely operated vehicles, and deep-sea drilling platforms have allowed scientists to explore the seafloor in unprecedented detail, revealing a world of wonders that was once hidden from view.As we continue to unravel the mysteries of the ocean floor, the field of marine geology promises to yield even more fascinating insights into the workings of our dynamic planet. From the towering mid-ocean ridges to the deep, mysterious trenches, the seafloor is a vast and complex landscape that holds the key to understanding the past, present, and future of our world.。

Mount St. Helens erupted on May 18, 1980. A cloud of hot rock and gas surged northward from its collapsing slope. The cloud devastated more than 500 square kilometers of forests and lakes. The effects of Mount St. Helens were well documented with geophysical instruments. The origin of the eruption is not well understood. V olcanic explosions are driven by a rapid expansion of steam. Some scientists believe the steam comes from groundwater heated by the magma. Other scientists believe the steam comes from water originally dissolved in the magma. W e need to understand the source of steam in volcanic eruptions. W e need to determine how much water the magma contains. (110)Mount St. Helens erupted on May 18, 1980. Its slope collapsing, the mountain emitted a cloud of hot rock and gas. In minutes, the cloud devastated more than 500 square kilometers of forests and lakes. Although the effects of the eruption were well documented, the origin is not well understood. V olcanic explosions are driven by a rapid expansion of steam. Recently, debate has arisen over the source for the steam. Is it groundwater heated by magma or water originally dissolved in the magma itself? To understand the source of steam in volcanic eruptions, we need to determine how much water the magma contains. (103)Effective SentencesCorrectness alone cannot make a good sentence. It has to be effective at the same time. Effective sentences have some or all of the following qualities:Unity, coherence, conciseness, emphasis and variety.1.Unity:referring to two qualities—there is only one main idea; and the idea is complete.Avoid ambiguity and fragments. Be logic.This does not mean that all sentences have to be short and simple. It is often necessary to write long sentences with many parts in it. It expresses a central idea supported or modified by various subordinate ideas, and/or more related parallel ideas.e.g. Everyone studies English in this school.___ Everyone in this school studies English.Here is a short sentence:Born in Sichuan Province, he later became a famous writer.This sentence can be said correct, but it is not a good sentence for the two facts mentioned are not logically connected. Hence we can changed into:He was born in Sichuan Province and began to work as a teacher when he graduated from university. He liked to write stories in his spare time and published many of his works in new spapers and magazines. Later he became a famous writer.(Here the meaning is clear by something about his work experience that may help make him famous.)Faulty: Du Fu was one of the greatest poets. (A)Revised: Du Fu was one of the greatest poets of the Tang Dynasty. (B) (her e the last part makes the sentence clear. Or sentence (A )may cause ambiguity. At least is not complete, not telling time or country)2.Coherence:meaning clear and correct arrangement of the parts of a sentence.1. A coherent sentence is easy to understand and its meaning cannot be mistakenbecause its connection between its words conforms to grammar rules and usage. An incoherent sentence is often hard to understand and may be interpreted in different ways.Here are some rules that may help prevent the incoherence:(1)Do not separate words that are closely related unless it is necessary;e.g. a).the funny cartoon attracts the reader’s eye on the cover of the magazine.b). the doctor promised on her way to her hospital to come and see her(2)Do not use a pronoun with ambiguous reference;e.g. Mrs Green said to her sister that she had done the right thing. (meaningMrs Green or sister?)(3)Do not a dangling modifier or put a modifier far from the word it modifies;e.g. a) Looking out of the window, only dull grey can be seen.b)After studying lesson T en, the mid-term test was given to us.(4)Do not make unnecessary or confusing shifts in person or number;e.g. a). Those who wants t join the chorus should sign your name on this sheetof paper.b) He looked up difficult words in his dictionaries, and it is very helpful.(5)Do not make unnecessary changes in the voice, tense or mood of verbs;e.g.(6)Do not use different forms to express parallel ideas.e.g. a) It is generally believed that one’s action is more important than whatone says. The young man is honest and hardworking, and is a very reliableworker.b) This composition is quite good as far as the use of language isconcerned, but its content is poor.then they can be changed into;a. It is generally believed that one’s action is more important than one’s words. The youngman is an honest, hardworking and reliable worker. Or: … the young man is honest, hardworking and reliable.b. this composition is good in language but poor in content. Or: the language of thiscomposition is good but its content is rather poor.In short, coherence is essential to the accurate and clear expression of ideas. It is advisable to read the sentences we have written and see if they are coherent and make necessary changed when needed.3.Conciseness:using only the necessary words, or as few words as possible, to express the full meaning.e.g.i.There are trees on all sides of the house, and the trees hide the house. Peoplehardly see the house from the outside. (conciseness)ii.Surrounded by trees, the house The house can hardly been seen from the outside.4.Emphasis:ways to emphasize certain words or phrases –placing (end or beginning); climatic sequence; the use of verbs in the active voice (more emphatic); Subordination (to stress the main idea); repetition of the important words; short sentences; balance sentences; periodic sentences, negative-positive statement and rhetorical questions (not asked for the answers).Cf.She made a decision that she would not take the job. – she decided not to take the job.A plane is wheeling over the big city, producing a big noise that surprised theinhabitants.5.V ariety:varying sentence structure and mixing short and long, simple and complex, and loose and periodic sentences so long as the meaning is properly expressed.e.ga)He was born in a small village. His father was a teacher in the village school. His mother didthe housework. H e began to go to his father’s school at seven. He graduated from it six years later. Then he went to the junior middle school in a nearby town.He studied at a senior middle school in the county seat. He was a good student there. He got good marks at the college entrance examinations. He enrolled in a university in the provincial capital. He studied civil engineering there. He wanted to build a highway for his home village in future. He loved his village very much. (monotonous)He was born in a small village. His father taught at the village school and his mother did the housework. He began to study in his father’s school at seven and six years later he went to the junior middle school in a nearby town. After graduating from it he entered a senior middle school at the county seat, where he was a good student and ranked in the first class. He took the national college entrance examinations and was admitted to a university in the provincial capital. As he majored in civil engineering, he wished to build a highway for his home village in future, which he loved very much.b)In this article we look at a general policy-based architecture that can be used to simplify several new technologies emerging in the context of IP networks. We explain how network administration can be simplified by defining two levels of policies.We discuss how business-level policies are validated and transformed.We then show how to apply this architecture to two areas: managing performance service level agreement, and supporting enterprise extranets using IPSec communication.(70)This paper first gives an overview of a general policy-based architecture adopted to simplify several new technologies in the context of IP networks.Then it explains the simplification of the network administration by defining two levels of policies and discusses the validation and transformation of the business-level policies. Finally, the architecture is applied to manage performance service level agreement and support enterprise extranets using IPSec communication.(66)Concisenesse non-finites to replace a clause1)In addition to bank loan in the Eurodollar market, Bell South can consider that thecompany uses a domestic loan.__ In addition to bank loan in the Eurodollar market, Bell South can consider usinga domestic loan.2)If you look car efully, you will discover even more ways to shorten the sentenceswithout changing their meaning.___ Looking carefully, you will discover even more ways to shorten thee replacement of attributes1)The precision of the experiment was affected by the noise of the engine nearby.__ The precision of the experiment was affected by the nearby engine noise.Communications satellitesNoun modifierA research on/of/in business managementA business management researchGovernment policy/decisionManagement decisione adverbs1)It is admitted that our university is one of the largest geology research center inChina.-- Our university is admittedly one of the largest geology research center in China.It is reported that… ReportedlyIt is clear that… Clearlye nouns or noun phrases1)The density of water at 400C is the greatest.⏹The greatest water density is at 400C.2)Due to the fact that the direct measurements of the radial current distributioncannot be performed at present, it is therefore complicated to describe in a detailedway the current build-up period for large machines like ours.To describe current build-up, complicated,Reason; cannot perform direct measurement⏹It is complicated to describe in detail the current build-up period for largemachines like ours due to impossible performance of the dir ectmeasurements of the radial current distribution at present.⏹The detailed description of the current build-up period for large machineslike ours is complicated due to the lack of the direct measurements of theradial current distribution at present.We began the experiment and hoped t hat the experiment could be successful.⏹We began the experiment and hoped/expected to finish the experiment (it)successfully.⏹We began the experiment and hoped for its success.⏹We began the experiment and hope it could be successful.⏹We began the hoped successful experiment⏹We began the experiment, hoping it successful.⏹We began the experiment, expecting it to be successful.⏹Hopefully, we began with the experiment.⏹We began the experiment in a hope for a success.Convey the main idea / key part of the idea in the shortest possible sentence.e verbs1)The analysis of this method will be undertaken in the following sections.⏹This method will be analyzed in the following sections.2)By the way of piping lines,the crude oil is transmitted from the w ell to therefinery.⏹The crude oil is piped from the w ell to the refinery.⏹Using the pipes, the crude oil is transmitted from the w ell to the refinery.⏹The crude oil is transmitted from the w ell to the refinery by pipes.e adjectives1)He shut himself up reading and did not know what was happening outside.⏹He shut himself up reading, knowing nothing about the outside.⏹He shut himself up reading, unknown Unawar e of (ignoring, uncertain)what was happening outside.7. Use elliptical forms1)Electromagnetic waves, though they ar e invisible to our eyes, do not exist in spaceand reveal the same speed as light waves.⏹Electromagnetic waves, though invisible,do not exist in space and revealthe same speed as light waves.e preposition phrasesMiniaturization of electronic devices would be impossible if ISI had not been invented.-- But for the invention of ISI Miniaturization of electronic devices would be impossible.bulky concisein spite of the fact that although/thoughon a regular basis regularlyin all other cases other wisebring to a consideration considerafford an opportunity to allowin conjunction with within view of the fact that seeing thaton account of the fact that becausea number of severalin regard to about/ concerningin all cases alwaysin order that (in order ) toin hasty manner hastilywith the exception of except (for)…ing elliptical formsSome motions appear to be very simple, others appear very complicated.__ Some motions appear to be very simple, others very complicated.Heat energy can be converted into mechanical energy, and vice versa, mechanical energy can be converted into electrical energy.___ Heat energy can be converted into mechanical energy, and vice versa, mechanical energy into electrical energy.One won’t learn to s wim while he is standing by the pool.__ One won’t learn to swim while standing by the pool.You may do the experiment with us if you want to do it with us.__ You may do the experiment with us if you want toThe rate of nuclear reaction is controlled by insertion of the control rods or removal of the control rods.__ The rate of nuclear reaction is controlled by insertion or removal of the control rods.ing technical termsIn assembling a steel tower, we have adopted a new approach, which is just the contrary of the conventional method – first the main leg and then the cross-arm.__ W e have adopted a new ―head-to-foot‖ approach to assemble a steel tower.ing contracted wordsThe research now being carried out in our laboratory is financially assisted by the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization.__ The research now being carried out in our laboratory is financially assisted by the UESCO.We have obtained the data from the earth resources technology satellite.__ W e have obtained the data from ERSTS.11.Deleting redundant expressionsThe time for learning is the time of youth.__ Youth is the time for learning.The teacher can continue to monitor the entire class at the same time that he or she is working with a small group.__ The teacher can continue to monitor the entire class while working with a small group.As far as the study goes on, the result tends to show an approximate relationship between growth rate and dietary intake,__ the result shows a weak relationship between growth rate and dietary intake.At the present time, we use natural 85Rb (72.15%) and natural 87Rb (27.8%) due to the fact that they can be well mixed.__ At present, we use natural 85Rb (72.15%) and natural 87Rb (27.8%) because of their good mixing.。

Fluid-Structure Interaction Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) is a complex and fascinating phenomenon that occurs when the motion of a fluid affects the behavior of a nearby structure, and vice versa. This interaction has significant implications in various engineering and scientific fields, including aerospace, civil engineering, biomechanics, and oceanography. Understanding and effectively managing FSI is crucial for the design and performance of numerous systems and structures. In this response, we will explore the multifaceted nature of FSI, considering its impact, challenges, and potential solutions from different perspectives. From an engineering standpoint, FSI presents both opportunities and challenges. On one hand, harnessing FSI can lead to innovative designs and improved performance in a wide range of applications. For example, in aerospace engineering, FSI considerations arecritical for optimizing the aerodynamic performance of aircraft and spacecraft. By accounting for the interaction between the airflow and the structural components, engineers can develop more efficient and stable designs. Similarly, in civil engineering, understanding FSI is essential for designing resilient structuresthat can withstand the forces exerted by wind, water, or seismic events. By integrating FSI analysis into the design process, engineers can enhance the safety and longevity of infrastructure. However, managing FSI also poses significant challenges. The complex and nonlinear nature of fluid-structure interactions makes accurate prediction and analysis difficult. Engineers and researchers oftengrapple with the intricacies of FSI, including turbulence, boundary layer effects, and structural deformation. These challenges are further compounded in scenarios involving multiphysics phenomena, such as the interaction between fluid flow, heat transfer, and structural dynamics. As a result, there is a pressing need for advanced computational tools, experimental techniques, and theoretical models to improve our understanding and control of FSI. In the realm of scientific research, FSI serves as a rich area of exploration, offering insights into fundamental principles of fluid dynamics and structural mechanics. From studying the biomechanics of human physiology to investigating the behavior of marine ecosystems, FSI phenomena are pervasive in the natural world. For instance, in cardiovascular research, understanding the interaction between blood flow andarterial walls is crucial for diagnosing and treating vascular diseases. By simulating FSI scenarios, scientists can gain a deeper understanding of physiological processes and develop new medical interventions. Moreover, FSI plays a pivotal role in the study of ocean dynamics and environmental phenomena. The interaction between ocean currents, waves, and coastal structures has profound implications for coastal erosion, offshore engineering, and marine ecology. By examining FSI in these contexts, researchers can contribute to the sustainable management of coastal resources and the protection of vulnerable ecosystems. Furthermore, the insights gained from studying FSI in natural systems can inspire innovative solutions for engineering challenges, leading to the development ofbio-inspired designs and technologies. In addressing the complexities of FSI, interdisciplinary collaboration is essential. Engineers, physicists, mathematicians, and computer scientists must work together to develop comprehensive approaches for analyzing and simulating FSI phenomena. Byintegrating expertise from diverse fields, researchers can leverage advanced computational methods, such as finite element analysis, computational fluid dynamics, and coupled multiphysics simulations, to tackle FSI challenges. Furthermore, experimental validation and data-driven approaches are critical for refining FSI models and ensuring their accuracy in real-world scenarios. In conclusion, fluid-structure interaction is a multifaceted and significant aspect of engineering and scientific research. While it presents opportunities for innovation and discovery, it also poses formidable challenges that demand concerted efforts from the research community. By embracing a holistic and collaborative approach, we can advance our understanding of FSI, develop robust computational tools, and unlock new possibilities for designing resilient and efficient systems. Ultimately, the exploration of FSI holds great promise for addressing real-world problems and shaping the future of engineering and science.。

Whales,the gentle giants of the ocean,have been facing a significant decline in their populations over the past few centuries.This essay will explore the various factors contributing to the reduction in whale numbers and the implications of such a decline on the marine ecosystem.Hunting and Whaling:One of the primary reasons for the reduction in whale populations is commercial whaling. For centuries,whales have been hunted for their oil,meat,and baleen.The advent of industrial whaling in the20th century led to a massive increase in the scale of hunting, resulting in the near extinction of some species,such as the blue whale.Despite the International Whaling Commissions moratorium on commercial whaling since1986, some countries continue to hunt whales under the guise of scientific research or cultural traditions,contributing to the ongoing decline.Pollution:Marine pollution is another significant factor affecting whale populations.Chemicals, plastics,and other debris that enter the ocean can have detrimental effects on marine life. Whales can ingest these pollutants,leading to health issues such as digestive problems, entanglement,and even death.Additionally,the accumulation of toxins in the food chain can lead to bioaccumulation,affecting the overall health of the whales.Climate Change:Global climate change has led to shifts in ocean temperatures and currents,which in turn affect the distribution and abundance of the whales prey.Warmer waters can cause krill and other small marine organisms to migrate or change their behavior,making it more challenging for whales to find food.Furthermore,the melting of polar ice caps has led to a reduction in the habitat of icedependent species like the polar bear,indirectly affecting the food chain and the availability of food for whales.Noise Pollution:Underwater noise pollution from shipping,military sonar,and oil and gas exploration is another factor impacting whale populations.This noise can interfere with whales communication,navigation,and feeding behaviors.Some species,like the beaked whale, are particularly sensitive to sonar,which has been linked to mass strandings and deaths. Habitat Destruction:Coastal development and the destruction of marine habitats also play a role in the decline of whale populations.The loss of breeding and feeding grounds can lead to a decrease in reproductive success and overall population health.Additionally,the construction of shipping lanes and offshore structures can lead to increased risk of collisions andentanglements with whales.Conservation Efforts:Despite these challenges,there are ongoing efforts to protect and conserve whale populations.International agreements,such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CITES,and the establishment of marine protected areas,aim to safeguard habitats and regulate human activities that impact whales.Public awareness campaigns and research initiatives also contribute to the understanding and protection of these magnificent creatures.In conclusion,the reduction in whale populations is a complex issue with multiple contributing factors.It is crucial to address these challenges through a combination of international cooperation,policy changes,and public engagement to ensure the survival and recovery of these iconic marine mammals.。

Coastal Archeology of Britain 雅思阅读阅读短文，回答1-3题。

Coastal Archaeology of BritainThe recognition of the wealth and diversity of England’s coastal archaeology has been one of the most important developments of recent years. Some elements of this enormous resource have long been known. The so-called ‘submerged forests’ off the coasts of England, sometimes with clear evidence of the human activity, had attracted the interest of antiquarians since at least the eighteenth century, but serious and systematic attention has been given to the archaeological potential of the coast only since the early 1980s.It is possible to trace a variety of causes for this concentration of effort and interest. In the 1980s and 1990s scientific research into climate change and its environmental impact spilled over into a much broader public debate as awareness of these issues grew; the prospect of rising sea levels over the next century, and their impact on current coastal environments, has been a particular focus for concern. At the same time archaeologists were beginning to recognize that the destruction caused by natural processes of coastal erosion and by human activity was having an increasing impact on the archaeological resource of the coast.The dominant process affecting the physical form of England in the post- glacial period has been rising in the altitude of sea level relative to the land, as theglaciers melted and the landmass readjusted. The encroachment of the sea, the loss of huge areas of land now under the North Sea and the English Channel, and especially the loss of the land bridge between England and France, which finally made Britain an island, must have been immensely significant factors in the lives of our prehistoric ancestors. Yet the way in which prehistoric communities adjusted to these environmental changes has seldom been a major theme in discussions of the period. One factor contributing to this has been that, although the rise in relative sea level is comparatively well documented, we knowlittle about the constant reconfiguration of the coastline. This was affected by many processes, mostly quite, which have not yet been adequately researched. The detailed reconstruction of coastline histories and the changing environments available for human use will be an important theme for future research.So great has been the rise in sea level and the consequent regression of the coast that much of the archaeological evidence now exposed in the coastal zone. Whether being eroded or exposed as a buried land surface, is derived from what was originally terres-trial occupation. Its current location in the coastal zone is the product of later unrelated processes, and it can tell us little about past adaptations to the sea. Estimates of its significance will need to be made in the context of other related evidence from dry land sites. Nevertheless, its physical environment means that preservation is often excellent, for example in the case of the Neolithic structure excavated at the Stumble in Essex.In some cases these buried land surfaces do contain evidence for human exploitation of what was a coastal environment, and elsewhere along the modem coast there is similar evidence. Where the evidence does relate to past human exploitation of the resources and the opportunities offered by the sea and the coast, it is both diverse and as yet little understood. We are not yet in a position to make even preliminary estimates of answers to such fundamental questions as the extent to which the sea and the coast affected human life in the past, what percentage of the population at any time lived within reach of the sea, or whether human settlements in coastal environments showed a distinct character from those inland.The most striking evidence for use of the sea is in the form of boats, yet we still have much to learn about their production and use. Most of the known wrecks around our coast are not unexpectedly of post-medieval date, and offer an unparalleled opportunity for research which has yet been little used. The prehistoric sewn-plank boats such as those from the Humber estuary and Dover all seem to belong to the second millennium BC; after this there is a gap in the record of a millennium, which cannot yet be explained before boats reappear, butit built using a very different technology. Boatbuilding must have been an extremely important activity around much of our coast, yet we know almost nothing about it. Boats were some of the most complex artefacts produced by pre-modem societies, and further research on their production and use make an important contribution to our understanding of past attitudes to technology and technological change.Boats need landing places, yet here again our knowledge is very patchy. In many cases the natural shores and beaches would have sufficed, leaving little or no archaeological trace, but especially in later periods, many ports and harbors, as well as smaller facilities such as quays, wharves, and jetties, were built. Despite a growth of interest in the waterfront archaeology of some of our more important Roman and medieval towns, very little attention has been paid to the multitude of smaller landing places. Redevelopment of harbor sites and other development and natural pressures along the coast are subject these important locations to unprecedented threats, yet few surveys of such sites have been undertaken.One of the most important revelations of recent research has been the extent of industrial activity along the coast. Fishing and salt production are among the better documented activities, but even here our knowledge is patchy. Many forms of fishing will leave little archaeological trace, and one of the surprises of recent survey has been the extent of past investment in facilities for procuring fish and shellfish. Elaborate wooden fish weirs, often of considerable extent and responsive to aerial photography in shallow water, have been identified in areas such as Essex and the Severn estuary. The production of salt, especially in the late Iron Age and early Roman periods, has been recognized for some time, especially in the Thames estuary and around the Solent and Poole Harbor, but the reasons for the decline of that industry and the nature of later coastal salt working are much less well understood. Other industries were also located along the coast, either because the raw materials outcropped there or for ease of working and transport: mineral resources such as sand, gravel, stone, coal,ironstone, and alum were all exploited. These industries are poorly documented, but their remains are sometimes extensive and striking.Some appreciation of the variety and importance of the archaeological remains preserved in the coastal zone, albeit only in preliminary form, can thus be gained from recent work, but the complexity of the problem of managing that resource is also being realized. The problem arises not only from the scale and variety of the archaeological remains, but also from two other sources: the very varied natural and human threats to the resource, and the complex web of organizations with authority over, or interests in, the coastal zone. Human threats include the redevelopment of historic towns and old dockland areas, and the increased importance of the coast for the leisure and tourism industries, resulting in pressure for the increased provision of facilities such as marinas. The larger size of ferries has also caused an increase in the damage caused by their wash to fragile deposits in the intertidal zone. The most significant natural threat is the predicted rise in sea level over the next century especially in the south and east of England. Its impact on archaeology is not easy to predict, and though it is likely to be highly localized, it will be at a scale much larger than that of most archaeological sites. Thus protecting one site may simply result in transposing the threat to a point further along the coast. The management of the archaeological remains will have to be considered in a much longer time scale and a much wider geographical scale than is common in the case of dry land sites, and this will pose a serious challenge for archaeologists.1.What has caused public interest in coastal archaeology in recent years?A.The rapid development of England’s coastal archaeology.B.The rising awareness of climate change.C.The discovery of an underwater forest.D.The systematic research conducted on coastal archaeological findings.2.What does the passage say about the evidence of boats?A.There’s enough knowledge of the boatbuilding technology of the prehistoricpeople.B.Many of the boats discovered were found in harbours.C.The use of boats had not been recorded for a thousand years.D.Boats were first used for fishing.3.What can be discovered from the air?A.Salt mines.B.Roman towns.C.Harbours.D.Fisheries.。

2022-2023学年湖北省武汉中学高二下学期5月月考英语试题1. Where are the speakers probably?A．At home. B．In a library. C．In a zoo.2. How will tourists travel around the village?A．By bus. B．By car. C．On foot.3. What is the man invited to do this evening?A．Go to the cinema. B．See an art show. C．Watch a basketball game.4. Why does Brian go to the hospital?A．To see a patient. B．To see a doctor. C．To bring a book to Mary.5. What is the woman trying to do?A．Type a report. B．Print out a file. C．Set up a cloud drive.6. 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。

1. What are the speakers talking about?A．A party. B．A picnic. C．Sunbathing.2. What’s the probable relationship between the speakers?A．Husband and wife. B．Hostess and guest. C．Customer and waitress.7. 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。

1. What does the woman say about the new toy car?A．It is a bargain. B．It is brightly colored. C．It makes various sounds.2. Who did the woman buy the toy car for?A．Her son. B．Her nephew. C．Her grandson.3. What is the man’s real worry about the truck?A．Its safety. B．Its cost. C．Its speed.8. 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。

介绍马绍尔群岛英语作文The Marshall Islands, also known as the Republic of the Marshall Islands, is a country located in the Pacific Ocean. It is a part of Micronesia and consists of 29 atolls and 5 islands. The country has a total land area of 181.43 square kilometers, with a population of approximately 58,000 people. The capital city is Majuro, which is located on the largest atoll in the Marshall Islands.The Marshall Islands were first inhabited byMicronesians who migrated from other Pacific islands over 2,000 years ago. The islands were later colonized by Spainin the 16th century and then by Germany in the 19th century. After World War I, the islands were given to Japan as partof the South Pacific Mandate by the League of Nations. During World War II, the islands were occupied by theUnited States, which continued to administer the islandsuntil 1986, when the Marshall Islands gained independence.The economy of the Marshall Islands is heavily dependent on foreign aid, with the United States being the largest donor. The country's main industries include fishing, tourism, and agriculture. The government is also trying topromote the development of the country's natural resources, such as its abundant marine life and rare earth minerals.The Marshall Islands is also known for its unique culture, which has been shaped by its history and location. The traditional Marshallese way of life is based on subsistence farming and fishing, with a strong emphasis on communal living and respect for the environment. The country is also famous for its traditional dancing, which is accompanied by drumming and chanting.One of the most pressing issues facing the Marshall Islands is the threat of climate change. The country is made up of low-lying atolls, which makes it particularly vulnerable to rising sea levels and extreme weather events. The government has been working to address this issue by promoting renewable energy, such as solar power, and advocating for international action on climate change.In conclusion, the Marshall Islands is a small but fascinating country with a rich history and culture. While it faces many challenges, such as economic dependence and climate change, it has a strong sense of community and a resilient spirit. As the world becomes increasinglyinterconnected, it is important to recognize and appreciate the unique contributions of countries like the Marshall Islands.。