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(全面版)研发人员的技能提升方案英文版Comprehensive Skills Enhancement Plan for R&D PersonnelIntroductionAs the technology landscape continues to evolve rapidly, it is essential for research and development (R&D) personnel to continuously enhance their skills to stay competitive in the industry. This comprehensive skills enhancement plan aims to provide a structured approach for R&D personnel to improve their capabilities and drive innovation within the organization.Objectives1. Develop a deep understanding of emerging technologies and trends in the industry.2. Enhance technical skills through hands-on training and workshops.3. Improve communication and collaboration skills for better teamwork.4. Foster a culture of continuous learning and knowledge sharing within the R&D team.Skills Enhancement Strategies1. Technical Training: Provide access to online courses, workshops, and seminars on the latest technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and blockchain.2. Hands-on Projects: Encourage R&D personnel to work on real-world projects to apply their technical knowledge and skills in a practical setting.3. Cross-Functional Collaboration: Facilitate cross-functional collaboration with other departments to encourage knowledge sharing and interdisciplinary innovation.4. Communication Workshops: Conduct communication workshops to improve presentation skills, writing skills, and overall communication effectiveness.5. Mentorship Program: Pair junior R&D personnel with senior mentors to provide guidance, support, and career development opportunities.6. Innovation Challenges: Organize innovation challenges and hackathons to stimulate creativity and problem-solving skills amongR&D personnel.7. Feedback Mechanism: Implement a feedback mechanism to gather input from R&D personnel on the effectiveness of the skills enhancement program and make necessary improvements.Implementation Plan1. Needs Assessment: Conduct a skills gap analysis to identify areas of improvement for R&D personnel.2. Training Calendar: Develop a training calendar with a mix of technical, soft skills, and innovation-focused workshops.3. Resource Allocation: Allocate resources for training materials, guest speakers, and other learning resources.4. Monitoring and Evaluation: Monitor the progress of R&D personnel through regular assessments and feedback sessions to track skill development.5. Continuous Improvement: Continuously review and update the skills enhancement plan based on feedback and changing industry trends.ConclusionBy implementing this comprehensive skills enhancement plan,R&D personnel can enhance their technical capabilities, foster a culture of innovation, and drive business growth through cutting-edge research and development efforts. Continuous learning and skills development are key to staying ahead in the fast-paced technology industry.。
itil4大纲ITIL（Information Technology Infrastructure Library）是一套全球广泛使用的IT服务管理（ITSM）最佳实践框架。
ITIL4是ITIL框架的最新版本，它强调服务价值系统、服务价值链、数字和IT的整合，以更好地适应当今快速变化的业务环境。
以下是ITIL4的大纲：1.导论：-ITIL4的起源和背景。
-ITIL4的核心概念和框架结构。
2.ITIL4框架：-服务管理的四个核心维度：组织和人员、价值和价值流、信息和技术、流程和工作流程。
-服务价值系统（SVS）：集成了服务价值链、服务价值流、实践和管理组件。
3.服务价值链（SVC）：-服务价值链的七个阶段：机会、需求、设计和构建、验证和测试、发布和实施、价值提供、价值流监控。
4.实践：-34个ITIL实践，包括服务管理实践（Service Management Practices）和技术管理实践（Technical Management Practices）。
-每个实践的定义、目标、价值、范围、流程和相关活动。
5.组织：-组织的结构和文化对服务管理的影响。
-相关的组织和人员的角色和责任。
6.信息和技术：-信息和技术的重要性。
-数字和IT的整合，包括自动化、云计算、人工智能等技术的应用。
7.流程和工作流程：-ITIL4中的工作流程和关键流程。
-工作流程的设计和实施。
8.实施和提高：-ITIL4的实施策略。
-持续改进的原则和方法。
ITIL4框架旨在帮助组织更好地理解和实践服务管理，以提高IT服务的效率、效果和创造性。
详细了解ITIL4的内容可以通过阅读官方的ITIL4手册或相关培训获得。
conceptual framework 范例Conceptual framework是科学研究中一个非常重要的概念，它指的是一个系统化的、透彻的理论框架，通过解析科学研究中的概念、变量以及关系，在不同的学科领域中指导着研究者进行科学探究。
本文将会分步骤阐述一个conceptual framework的范例。
1.确定研究问题在建立conceptual framework之前，研究者需要确定研究问题。
在确定研究问题时，需要确保研究问题在当前领域中有足够的研究空间，而且需要有明确的实践或应用场景。
2.细化研究问题在细化研究问题时，需要将研究问题转化为可操作的变量，并建立它们之间的关系。
例如，在研究教育质量时，研究者可以将研究问题转化为学生学习成绩、学生满意度、学校投入等变量，并建立它们之间的关系。
3.确定理论框架确定理论框架是建立conceptual framework的核心步骤。
在确定理论框架时，研究者需要了解研究问题的背景和相关文献，并针对文献中的理论和概念进行梳理和整合，建立一个系统的、透彻的理论框架。
4.建立conceptual framework在建立conceptual framework时，研究者需要结合研究问题、变量和理论框架，建立一个具体的框架，并明确变量之间的关系和作用，进而指导后续研究的开展。
例如，在建立一个关于学校教育质量的conceptual framework时，可以将学生学习成绩、学生满意度、学校投入等变量结合起来，建立一个以学校教育投入、学校教育过程和学校教育输出为核心的框架，并建立变量之间的关系。
总之，conceptual framework是一个系统的、透彻的理论框架，它在科学研究中具有非常重要的作用。
在建立conceptual framework时，研究者需要确定研究问题和变量，建立理论框架，并建立具体的框架，指导着研究者实施科学探究。
conceptual framework的意思
英文全称：conceptual framework
中文名称：概念框架
定义：是指当某信息到达时，对其进行解读的方法
所属学科：科学；哲学；
特性：它是在经验之前的，也就是理论知识
概念框架和知识系统：
以电脑程式做例子，一个只能接受整数（integer)变数的程式，如果被输入了字串（string)的资讯时，就会出现错误。
因为程式本身只能解读整数的资讯，它也会把所有的资讯都解读成整数。
但如果资讯的内容不是整数，仍然以整数的方法解读时，就会出现没有意义的讯息，而造成错误。
这并不是说，那个输入了的字串是亳无意义，因为如果以其它的程式解读的话，是仍有可能正确地解读出那字串的含义。
可是，对那个只能接受整数输入的程式来说，这个字串则是亳无意义的，或是不能被理解的，也可以说，在让程式的系统内，那个字串是不存在的，只有整数是存在的。
xiex 最新资料，WORD文档，可下载编辑！目录TABLE OF CONTENTS背景Background了解本指南Understanding This Guide八模块企业发展阶梯The 8 Module Business Development Ladder模块一：了解你的企业Module 1: Understanding What Business You Are In概述Overview ......................................................................................................................................主要学习目标Key Learning Objectives ..............................................................................................工具Tools .............................................................................................................................................典型的模块一程序Typical Module 1 Program...................................................................................需完成的任务Tasks to Be Completed................................................................................................. 模块二:了解顾客、市场和产品Module 2: Understanding the Customers，Markets and Products概述Overview ......................................................................................................................................主要学习目标Key Learning Objectives (30)工具Tools .............................................................................................................................................典型模块二程序Typical Module 2 Program.......................................................................................需完成的任务Tasks to Be Completed................................................................................................. 模块三:确定商业模式Module 3: Defining the Business Model概述Overview ......................................................................................................................................主要学习目标Key Learning Objectives ..............................................................................................工具Tools .............................................................................................................................................典型的模块三程序Typical Module 3 Program...................................................................................需完成的任务Tasks to Be Completed.................................................................................................需完成的任务Tasks to Be Completed................................................................................................. 模块四:员工授权Module 4: Team Empowerment46对企业业绩进行管理Managing Organisational Performance ............................................................主要学习目标Key Learning Objectives ..............................................................................................工具Tools .............................................................................................................................................需完成的任务Tasks to Be Completed................................................................................................. 模块五:市场营销战略计划Module 5: Strategic Marketing Plan概述Overview ......................................................................................................................................主要学习目标Key Learning Objectives ..............................................................................................工具Tools .............................................................................................................................................典型的模块五程序Typical Module 5 Program...................................................................................需完成的任务Tasks to Be Completed................................................................................................. 模块六:企业系统化Module 6: Business Independence 114概述Overview ......................................................................................................................................主要学习目标Key Learning Objectives ..............................................................................................工具Tools ........................................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。
Reference numberISO 26262-4:2011(E)© ISO 2011INTERNATIONALSTANDARD ISO 26262-4First edition2011-11-15Road vehicles — Functional safety —Part 4: Product development at the system levelVéhicules routiers — Sécurité fonctionnelle —Partie 4: Développement du produit au niveau du systèmeISO 26262-4:2011(E)COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT © ISO 2011All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO's member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright office Case postale 56CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyright@Web Published in Switzerlandii © ISO 2011 – All rights reservedISO 26262-4:2011(E)Contents PageForeword (v)Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ v i 1Scope (1)2Normative references (2)3Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms (2)4Requirements for compliance (2)4.1General requirements (2)4.2Interpretations of tables (3)4.3ASIL-dependent requirements and recommendations (3)5Initiation of product development at the system level (3)5.1Objectives (3)5.2General (4)5.3Inputs to this clause (6)5.4Requirements and recommendations (6)5.5Work products (6)6Specification of the technical safety requirements (7)6.1Objectives (7)6.2General (7)6.3Inputs to this clause (7)6.4Requirements and recommendations (7)6.5Work products (10)7System design (10)7.1Objectives (10)7.2General (11)7.3Inputs to this clause (11)7.4Requirements and recommendation (11)7.5Work products (16)8Item integration and testing (16)8.1Objectives (16)8.2General (16)8.3Inputs to this clause (16)8.4Requirements and recommendation (17)8.5Work products (25)9Safety validation (25)9.1Objectives (25)9.2General (25)9.3Inputs to this clause (26)9.4Requirements and recommendation (26)9.5Work products (27)10Functional safety assessment (28)10.1Objectives (28)10.2General (28)10.3Inputs to this clause (28)10.4Requirements and recommendation (28)10.5Work products (28)11Release for production (28)© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved iiiISO 26262-4:2011(E)11.1Objectives (28)11.2General (29)11.3Inputs to this clause (29)11.4Requirements and recommendations (29)11.5Work products (30)Annex A (informative) Overview and document flow of product development at the system level (31)Annex B (informative) Example contents of hardware-software interface (33)Bibliography (36)iv © ISO 2011 – All rights reservedISO 26262-4:2011(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.ISO 26262-4 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 22, Road vehicles, Subcommittee SC 3, Electrical and electronic equipment.ISO 26262 consists of the following parts, under the general title Road vehicles — Functional safety: Part 1: VocabularyPart 2: Management of functional safetyPart 3: Concept phasePart 4: Product development at the system levelPart 5: Product development at the hardware levelPart 6: Product development at the software levelPart 7: Production and operationPart 8: Supporting processesPart 9: Automotive Safety Integrity Level (ASIL)-oriented and safety-oriented analysesPart 10: Guideline on ISO 26262© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved vISO 26262-4:2011(E)IntroductionISO 26262 is the adaptation of IEC 61508 to comply with needs specific to the application sector of electrical and/or electronic (E/E) systems within road vehicles.This adaptation applies to all activities during the safety lifecycle of safety-related systems comprised of electrical, electronic and software components.Safety is one of the key issues of future automobile development. New functionalities not only in areas such as driver assistance, propulsion, in vehicle dynamics control and active and passive safety systems increasingly touch the domain of system safety engineering. Development and integration of these functionalities will strengthen the need for safe system development processes and the need to provide evidence that all reasonable system safety objectives are satisfied.With the trend of increasing technological complexity, software content and mechatronic implementation, there are increasing risks from systematic failures and random hardware failures. ISO 26262 includes guidance to avoid these risks by providing appropriate requirements and processes.System safety is achieved through a number of safety measures, which are implemented in a variety of technologies (e.g. mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical, electronic, programmable electronic) and applied at the various levels of the development process. Although ISO 26262 is concerned with functional safety of E/E systems, it provides a framework within which safety-related systems based on other technologies can be considered. ISO 26262:a) provides an automotive safety lifecycle (management, development, production, operation, service,decommissioning) and supports tailoring the necessary activities during these lifecycle phases;b) provides an automotive-specific risk-based approach to determine integrity levels [Automotive SafetyIntegrity Levels (ASIL)];c) uses ASILs to specify applicable requirements of ISO 26262 so as to avoid unreasonable residual risk;d) provides requirements for validation and confirmation measures to ensure a sufficient and acceptablelevel of safety being achieved;e) provides requirements for relations with suppliers.Functional safety is influenced by the development process (including such activities as requirements specification, design, implementation, integration, verification, validation and configuration), the production and service processes and by the management processes.Safety issues are intertwined with common function-oriented and quality-oriented development activities and work products. ISO 26262 addresses the safety-related aspects of development activities and work products.Figure 1 shows the overall structure of this edition of ISO 26262. ISO 26262 is based upon a V-model as a reference process model for the different phases of product development. Within the figure:the shaded “V”s represent the interconnection between ISO 26262-3, ISO 26262-4, ISO 26262-5, ISO 26262-6 and ISO 26262-7;the specific clauses are indicated in the following manner: “m-n”, where “m” represents the number of the particular part and “n” indicates the number of the clause within that part.EXAMPLE “2-6” represents Clause 6 of ISO 26262-2.vi © ISO 2011 – All rights reservedISO 26262-4:2011(E)Figure 1 — Overview of ISO 26262© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved viiINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 26262-4:2011(E)© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved1Road vehicles — Functional safety —Part 4: Product development at the system level1 ScopeISO 26262 isintended to be applied to safety-related systems that include one or more electrical and/or electronic (E/E)systems and that are installed in series production passenger cars with a maximum gross vehicle mass up to 3 500 kg. ISO 26262 does not addressunique E/E systems in special purpose vehicles such as vehicles designed for drivers with disabilities.Systems andtheir components released for production, or systems and their components already under developmentprior to the publication date of ISO 26262, are exempted from the scope. For further developmentor alterations based on systems and their components released for production prior to the publication of ISO 26262, only the modifications will be developed in accordance with ISO 26262.ISO 26262 addressespossible hazards caused by malfunctioning behaviour of E/E safety-related systems, including interaction of these systems. It does not address hazards related to electric shock, fire, smoke, heat, radiation, toxicity,flammability, reactivity, corrosion, release of energy and similar hazards, unless directly caused by malfunctioning behaviour of E/E safety-related systems.ISO 26262 doesnot address the nominal performance of E/E systems, even if dedicated functional performancestandards exist for these systems (e.g. active and passive safety systems, brake systems, Adaptive Cruise Control).This part of ISO 26262 specifies the requirements for product development at the system level for automotive applications, including the following:requirements for the initiation of product development at the system level,specification of the technical safety requirements,the technical safety concept,system design,item integration and testing,safety validation,functional safety assessment, andproduct release.ISO 26262-4:2011(E)2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 26262-1:2011, Road vehicles — Functional safety — Part 1: VocabularyISO 26262-2:2011, Road vehicles — Functional safety — Part 2: Management of functional safetyISO 26262-3:2011, Road vehicles — Functional safety — Part 3: Concept phaseISO 26262-5:2011, Road vehicles — Functional safety — Part 5: Product development at the hardware levelISO 26262-6:2011, Road vehicles — Functional safety — Part 6: Product development at the software levelISO 26262-7:2011, Road vehicles — Functional safety — Part 7: Production and operationISO 26262-8:2011, Road vehicles — Functional safety — Part 8: Supporting processesISO 26262-9:2011, Road vehicles — Functional safety — Part 9: Automotive Safety Integrity Level (ASIL)-oriented and safety-oriented analyses3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated termsFor the purposes of this document, the terms, definitions and abbreviated terms given in ISO 26262-1:2011 apply.4 Requirements for compliance4.1 General requirementsWhen claiming compliance with ISO 26262, each requirement shall be complied with, unless one of the following applies:a) tailoring of the safety activities in accordance with ISO 26262-2 has been planned and shows that therequirement does not apply, orb) a rationale is available that the non-compliance is acceptable and the rationale has been assessed inaccordance with ISO 26262-2.Information marked as a “NOTE” or “EXAMPLE” is only for guidance in understanding, or for clarification of the associated requirement, and shall not be interpreted as a requirement itself or as complete or exhaustive.The results of safety activities are given as work products. “Prerequisites” are information which shall be available as work products of a previous phase. Given that certain requirements of a clause are ASIL-dependent or may be tailored, certain work products may not be needed as prerequisites.“Further supporting information” is information that can be considered, but which in some cases is not required by ISO 26262 as a work product of a previous phase and which may be made available by external sources that are different from the persons or organizations responsible for the functional safety activities.2 © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved4.2 Interpretations of tablesTables are normative or informative depending on their context. The different methods listed in a table contribute to the level of confidence in achieving compliance with the corresponding requirement. Each method in a table is eithera) a consecutive entry (marked by a sequence number in the leftmost column, e.g. 1, 2, 3), orb) an alternative entry (marked by a number followed by a letter in the leftmost column, e.g. 2a, 2b, 2c).For consecutive entries, all methods shall be applied as recommended in accordance with the ASIL. If methods other than those listed are to be applied, a rationale shall be given that these fulfil the corresponding requirement.For alternative entries, an appropriate combination of methods shall be applied in accordance with the ASIL indicated, independent of whether they are listed in the table or not. If methods are listed with different degrees of recommendation for an ASIL, the methods with the higher recommendation should be preferred. A rationale shall be given that the selected combination of methods complies with the corresponding requirement.NOTE A rationale based on the methods listed in the table is sufficient. However, this does not imply a bias for or against methods not listed in the table.For each method, the degree of recommendation to use the corresponding method depends on the ASIL and is categorized as follows:“++” indicates that the method is highly recommended for the identified ASIL;“+” indicates that the method is recommended for the identified ASIL;“o” indicates that the method has no recommendation for or against its usage for the identified ASIL.4.3 ASIL-dependent requirements and recommendationsThe requirements or recommendations of each subclause shall be complied with for ASIL A, B, C and D, if not stated otherwise. These requirements and recommendations refer to the ASIL of the safety goal. If ASIL decomposition has been performed at an earlier stage of development, in accordance with ISO 26262-9:2011, Clause 5, the ASIL resulting from the decomposition shall be complied with.If an ASIL is given in parentheses in ISO 26262, the corresponding subclause shall be considered as a recommendation rather than a requirement for this ASIL. T his has no link with the parenthesis notation related to ASIL decomposition.5 Initiation of product development at the system level5.1 ObjectivesThe objective of the initiation of the product development at the system level is to determine and plan the functional safety activities during the individual subphases of system development. This also includes the necessary supporting processes described in ISO 26262-8.This planning of system-level safety activities will be included in the safety plan.© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved34 © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved5.2 GeneralThe necessary activities during the development of a system are given in Figure 2. After the initiation of product development and the specification of the technical safety requirements, the system design is performed. During system design the system architecture is established, the technical safety requirements are allocated to hardware and software, and, if applicable, on other technologies. In addition, the technical safety requirements are refined and requirements arising from the system architecture are added, including the hardware-software interface (HSI). Depending on the complexity of the architecture, the requirements for subsystems can be derived iteratively. After their development, the hardware and software elements are integrated and tested to form an item that is then integrated into a vehicle. Once integrated at the vehicle level, safety validation is performed to provide evidence of functional safety with respect to the safety goals.ISO 26262-5 and ISO 26262-6 describe the development requirements for hardware and software. This part of ISO 26262 applies to both the development of systems and subsystems. Figure 3 is an example of a system with multiple levels of integration, illustrating the application of this part of ISO 26262, ISO 26262-5 and ISO 26262-6.NOTE 1 Table A.1 provides an overview of objectives, prerequisites and work products of the particular subphases of product development at the system level.ײ·¬·¿¬·±² ±º °®±¼«½¬ ¼»ª»´±°³»²¬ ¿¬ ¬¸» -§-¬»³ ´»ª»´ìóëÍ°»½·º·½¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ¬»½¸²·½¿´ -¿º»¬§®»¯«·®»³»²¬-ìóê׬»³ ·²¬»¹®¿¬·±² ¿²¼ ¬»-¬·²¹ìóèÍ¿º»¬§ ª¿´·¼¿¬·±²ìóçÚ«²½¬·±²¿´ -¿º»¬§ ¿--»--³»²¬ìóïðλ´»¿-» º±® °®±¼«½¬·±²ìóïïͧ-¬»³ ¼»-·¹²ìóéﮬ ìæ Ю±¼«½¬ ¼»ª»´±°³»²¬æ -§-¬»³ ´»ª»´NOTE 2 Within the figure, the specific clauses of each part of ISO 26262 are indicated in the following manner: “m-n”, where “m” represents the number of the part and “n” indicates the number of the clause, e.g. “4-5” represents Clause 5 of ISO 26262-4.Figure 2 — Reference phase model for the development of a safety-related item© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved5NOTE Within the figure, the specific clauses of each part of ISO 26262 are indicated in the following manner: “m-n”, where “m” represents the number of the part and “n” indicates the number of the clause, e.g. “4-5” represents Clause 5 of ISO 26262-4.Figure 3 — Example of a product development at the system level5.3 Inputs to this clause5.3.1 PrerequisitesThe following information shall be available:project plan (refined) in accordance with ISO 26262-2:2011, 6.5.2;safety plan in accordance with ISO 26262-3:2011, 6.5.2;functional safety assessment plan in accordance with ISO 26262-2:2011, 6.5.4; andfunctional safety concept in accordance with ISO 26262-3:2011, 8.5.1.5.3.2 Further supporting informationThe following information can be considered:preliminary architectural assumptions (from external source); anditem definition (see ISO 26262-3:2011, 5.5).5.4 Requirements and recommendations5.4.1 The safety activities for the product development at the system level shall be planned including determination of appropriate methods and measures during design and integration.NOTE The results of planning of the verification activities during design in accordance with 6.4.6 (Verification and validation) and 7.4.8 (Verification of system design) are part of the safety plan while the planning of item integration and testing in accordance with 8.4.2 (hardware/software), 8.4.3 (element integration) and 8.4.4 (item integration) is represented in a separate item integration and testing plan in accordance with requirement 8.4.1.3.5.4.2 The validation activities shall be planned.5.4.3 The functional safety assessment activities for the product development at the system level shall be planned (see also ISO 26262-2).NOTE An example of a functional safety assessment agenda is provided in ISO 26262-2:2011, Annex E.5.4.4 The tailoring of the lifecycle for product development at system level shall be performed in accordance with ISO 26262-2, and based on the reference phase model given in Figure 2.NOTE The project plan can be used to provide the relationship between the individual subphases of product development at the system level and the hardware and software development phases. This can include the integration steps at each level.5.5 Work products5.5.1 Project plan (refined) resulting from requirement 5.4.4.5.5.2 Safety plan (refined) resulting from requirement 5.4.1 to 5.4.4.5.5.3 Item integration and testing plan resulting from requirement 5.4.1.5.5.4 Validation plan resulting from requirement 5.4.2.5.5.5 Functional safety assessment plan (refined) resulting from requirement 5.4.3.6 © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved6 Specification of the technical safety requirements6.1 ObjectivesThe first objective of this subphase is to specify the technical safety requirements. The technical safety requirements specification refines the functional safety concept, considering both the functional concept and the preliminary architectural assumptions (see ISO 26262-3).The second objective is to verify through analysis that the technical safety requirements comply with the functional safety requirements.6.2 GeneralWithin the overall development lifecycle, the technical safety requirements are the technical requirements necessary to implement the functional safety concept, with the intention being to detail the item-level functional safety requirements into the system-level technical safety requirements.NOTE Regarding the avoidance of latent faults, requirements elicitation can be performed after a first iteration of the system design subphase.6.3 Inputs to this clause6.3.1 PrerequisitesThe following information shall be available:functional safety concept in accordance with ISO 26262-3:2011, 8.5.1; andvalidation plan in accordance with 5.5.4.6.3.2 Further supporting informationThe following information can be considered:safety goals (see ISO 26262-3:2011, 7.5.2);functional concept (from external source, see ISO 26262-3:2011, 5.4.1); andpreliminary architectural assumptions (from external source, see ISO 26262-3:2011, 8.3.2).6.4 Requirements and recommendations6.4.1 Specification of the technical safety requirements6.4.1.1 The technical safety requirements shall be specified in accordance with the functional safety concept, the preliminary architectural assumptions of the item and the following system properties:a) the external interfaces, such as communication and user interfaces, if applicable;b) the constraints, e.g. environmental conditions or functional constraints; andc) the system configuration requirements.NOTE The ability to reconfigure a system for alternative applications is a strategy to reuse existing systems. EXAMPLE Calibration data (see ISO 26262-6:2011, Annex C) is frequently used to customise electronic engine control units for alternate vehicles.© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved76.4.1.2 The consistency of the preliminary architectural assumptions in ISO 26262-3:2011, 8.3.2 and the preliminary architecture assumptions in this subphase shall be ensured.6.4.1.3 If other functions or requirements are implemented by the system or its elements, in addition to those functions for which technical safety requirements are specified in accordance with 6.4.1 (Specification of the technical safety requirements), then these functions or requirements shall be specified or references made to their specification.EXAMPLE Other requirements are coming from Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) rules, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) or company platform strategies.6.4.1.4 The technical safety requirements shall specify safety-related dependencies between systems or item elements and between the item and other systems.6.4.2 Safety mechanisms6.4.2.1 The technical safety requirements shall specify the response of the system or elements to stimuli that affect the achievement of safety goals. This includes failures and relevant combinations of stimuli in combination with each relevant operating mode and defined system state.EXAMPLE The Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) ECU disables the ACC functionality if informed by the brake system ECU that the Vehicle Stability Control functionality is unavailable.6.4.2.2 The technical safety requirements shall specify the necessary safety mechanisms (see ISO 26262-8:2011, Clause 6) including:a) the measures relating to the detection, indication and control of faults in the system itself;NOTE 1 This includes the self-monitoring of the system or elements to detect random hardware faults and, if appropriate, to detect systematic failures.NOTE 2 This includes measures for the detection and control of failure modes of the communication channels (e.g.data interfaces, communication buses, wireless radio link).b) the measures relating to the detection, indication and control of faults in external devices that interact withthe system;EXAMPLE External devices include other electronic control units, power supply or communication devices.c) the measures that enable the system to achieve or maintain a safe state;NOTE 3 This includes prioritization and arbitration logic in the case of conflicting safety mechanisms.d) the measures to detail and implement the warning and degradation concept; ande) the measures which prevent faults from being latent [see 6.4.4 (Avoidance of latent faults)].NOTE 4 These measures are usually related to tests that take place during power up (pre-drive checks), as in the case of measures a) to d), during operation, during power-down (post-drive checks), and as part of maintenance.6.4.2.3 For each safety mechanism that enables an item to achieve or maintain a safe state the following shall be specified:a) the transition to the safe state;NOTE 1 This includes the requirements to control the actuators.b) the fault tolerant time interval;NOTE 2 In-vehicle testing and experimentation can be used to determine the fault tolerant time interval.8 © ISO 2011 – All rights reservedc) the emergency operation interval, if the safe state cannot be reached immediately; andNOTE 3 In-vehicle testing and experimentation can be used to determine the emergency operation interval.EXAMPLE 1 Switching off can be an emergency operation.d) the measures to maintain the safe state.EXAMPLE 2 A safety mechanism for a brake-by-wire application, which depends on the power supply, can include the specification of a secondary power supply or storage device (capacity, time to activate and operate, etc.).6.4.3 ASIL Decomposition6.4.3.1 If ASIL decomposition is applied during the specification of the technical safety requirements it shall be applied in accordance with ISO 26262-9:2011, Clause 5 (Requirements decomposition with respect to ASIL tailoring).6.4.4 Avoidance of latent faults6.4.4.1 This requirement applies to ASILs (A), (B), C, and D, in accordance with 4.3: if applicable, safety mechanisms shall be specified to prevent faults from being latent.NOTE 1 Concerning random faults, only multiple-point faults have the potential to include latent faults.EXAMPLE On-board tests are safety mechanisms which verify the status of components during the different operation modes such as power-up, power-down, at runtime or in an additional test mode to detect latent faults. Valve, relay or lamp function tests that take place during power up routines are examples of such on-board tests.NOTE 2 Evaluation criteria that identify the need for safety measures preventing faults from being latent are derived in accordance with good engineering practice. The latent fault metric, given in ISO 26262-5:2011, Clause 8, provides evaluation criteria.6.4.4.2 This requirement applies to ASILs (A), (B), C, and D, in accordance with 4.3: to avoid multiple-point failures, the multiple-point fault detection interval shall be specified for each safety mechanism implemented in accordance with 6.4.4 (Avoidance of latent faults).6.4.4.3 This requirement applies to ASILs (A), (B), C, and D, in accordance with 4.3: to determine the multiple-point fault detection interval, the following parameters should be considered:a) the reliability of the hardware component with consideration given to its role in the architecture;b) the probability of exposure of the corresponding hazardous event(s);c) the specified quantitative target values for the maximum probability of violation of each safety goal due tohardware random failures (see requirement 7.4.4.3); andd) the assigned ASIL of the related safety goal.NOTE The use of the following measures depends on the time constraints:periodic testing of the system or elements during operation;on board tests of elements during power-up or power-down; andtesting the system or elements during maintenance.© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved9。
工业设计师44项必备技能1.Aesthetics 美术理论2.Manufacturing 制造知识3.Analysis 分析能力4.Model making 模型能力5.Colour 色彩运用6.Pattern making 图案技巧puter use 电脑运用8.Photography 摄影能力9.Design development 设计发展10.Planning 计划能力11.Design strategy 设计战略12.Point of view 看法观点13.Drawingstcetehing 绘画能力14.Protocols 礼仪礼节15.Predicting 预见力16.Drafting 构思草图17.Driver's licenses 驾驶执照18.Repid visualization 快速表现19.Engineering 工程技术20.Economics 经济学21.Regulations 法令法规22.Rendering 效果图23.Environmental 生态24.Research 研究能力25.Estimating 预算能力26.Scalpture 雕塑能力27.Evaluating 评价28.Semiotics 符号学29.3D form 造型30.Sense of style 审美31.Graphics 制图32.Texture 肌理技术33.Human factors 人机工程34.Technology 科技35.Inaplementation 完善能力ability testing 可用性测试37.Innovqtion 创造er needs 用户需要39.Enteraction design 关系设计40.Marketing 市场41.Material 材料er seenarios 制作说明书43.Well-read 阅读能力44.Writing 写作能力。
产品经理的基础技能## Essential Skills for a Product Manager.### Core Competencies.Product Strategy and Vision.Ability to define and articulate a compelling product vision and strategy.Expertise in market research, competitive analysis, and user segmentation.User Experience Design.In-depth understanding of user research, interaction design, and information architecture.Proficiency in wireframing, prototyping, and usability testing.Technical Acumen.Foundational knowledge of software development methodologies and tools.Ability to communicate and collaborate with engineers and designers.Data Analytics and Measurement.Proficiency in collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data to measure product performance.Expertise in using metrics to drive decision-making and improve product outcomes.Stakeholder Management.Strong interpersonal skills and the ability to effectively engage with stakeholders.Expert in building consensus, managing expectations, and presenting product roadmaps.Agile Development and Execution.Familiarity with agile methodologies such as Scrum and Kanban.Ability to plan, prioritize, and execute projects in an iterative manner.### Additional Skills.Business Acumen.Understanding of business principles, market trends, and revenue models.Expertise in financial analysis and forecasting.Communication and Presentation.Strong written and verbal communication skills.Ability to effectively present product ideas and roadmaps to stakeholders.Cross-Functional Collaboration.Experience collaborating with teams from across the organization, including engineering, design, marketing, and sales.Continuous Learning.Commitment to staying abreast of industry best practices and emerging technologies.Passion for understanding user needs and driving product innovation.## 中文回答：### 产品经理的基础技能。
Technical guideline Issued by Hempel A/S - May 20201/1ScopeThis document describes in general terms when to use thinner and when not to use thinner.Safety precautionsUse adequate personal safety equipment and follow sound procedures. Apply only in well ventilated areas. Observe safety labels on packaging and paint containers and consult Hempel ’s Safety Data Sheets for the products to be applied.IntroductionSolvent in a paint has one main purpose, to help getting the paint out of the can and onto the surface to be painted. Generally, once the paint is on the surface, the solvent evaporates.Apart from a few special situations, thinning is not necessary. Paints are designed to be applied out of the can, so once the paint has been thoroughly mixed (together with a curing agent if appropriate), there should not normally be a need for the addition of thinner.There are general reasons for when to use thinner and when not to use thinner.When to use thinnerBrush and roller marksHeavy duty paints are often made viscous or ‘thick’ to enable application of high film thicknesses in one go.However, when applied manually using brush or roller, the high viscosity often results in brush or roller marks left in the surface of the paint.Adding a small amount of thinner (just a few percent) will lower the viscosity, help flow of the paint and result in a smoothersurface when applied manually. An alternative to using thinner to avoid marks, is not to brush or roll the surface excessively.FlowThick paint may have difficulty in flowing down into a very even surface. Adding a very small amount of thinner will help this flow and ease the distribution of paint on the surface.How to add thinnerIn general, do not add thinner to the mixed paint to start with and never to the separate paint components.Initially, mix the paint thoroughly at the correct temperature (around 20°C [68°F]) and try the application before adding any thinner.If viscosity is still too high for proper application, start by adding thinner gradually since (obviously) too much added thinner cannot be removed again.When not to use thinnerTemperatureWhen paint is cold (< 10°C [50°F]), it will be thicker thannormally. In this case, addition of thinner is not the solution to reduce viscosity. Instead, cans shall be transferred to a warmer place so that the paint obtains a temperature of around 20°C [68°F] before mixing. This will lower the viscosity and make application easier.Film thicknessThinning the paint might seem to make the application quicker, but the film that is applied will be of lower thickness and more coats will be needed to provide the proper protection.SaggingThinning the paint will increase the chances of sagging when a high film thickness is applied. When the paint sags, there will be very little paint above the sag and too much paint on the sag.TopcoatsNote that many topcoats or finishing coats have a lower viscosity than other paint types. Most often, it is not necessary to thin these paints.Use of thinnerThis document is intended for professional use and provides generic advice in respect of the subject matter only. It is not intended to be used as acomprehensive guide. The buyer/applicator should always read the relevant Product Data Sheet (“PDS ”) and Safety Data Sheet (“SDS ”) relating to the Products ordered which are available for download on . If in doubt, please contact your local Hempel representative for further advice. To the extent relevant, the disclaimer set out in the relevant PDS(s) applies to this document.。
Unit4商业营销：策略开发营销是企业成功的关键。
企业要想在竞争对手中脱颖而出就需要开发一套好的营销策略。
仔细的调研、适当的宣传和及时的跟进对建立一个牢固的客户群来说都是十分重要的。
调研市场你的脑海中是否有一个目标市场？了解你想争取到的客户，查出你的产品或服务最吸引哪些人群，找到在本区域里哪些公司需要你的产品或服务。
认真研究你的目标市场，从而评估那些你所能提供的东西。
你可以发放一份简短的调查（不超过十个问题）。
这是一个又快又简单的挖掘客户需求的方法。
仔细研究竞争情况能够帮你找到一些你的公司可以填补的需求空白。
弄清楚你的公司能提供哪些别的公司无法提供的产品或服务。
研究表明有专长的公司比那些试图包揽一切的公司表现更好。
宣传企业这一步可以从发放简单的传单开始。
任何市场策略都应该包括以下这些基本要素：你是谁，提供什么，位置在哪里，以及如何联系。
在广告中，尽量通过强调那些只有你的公司才能提供的专长来吸引顾客。
焦点放在顾客的一两个特殊需求上，而这一两个特殊需求正是你们能满足的。
在广告中可以包括的其他信息有：开业日期、特价销售、畅销产品、至今已有客户数量、公司口号或标志。
客户跟进客户跟进是营销中经常被忽视的一个环节。
拥有新客户当然好，但是想要真正地成功,你至少要有一些回头客。
而你只需做一些十分简单的事情就可以培养回头生意。
当你接到电话或者收到电子邮件，务必回复。
打一个电话或者回一条消息，感谢他们再次询问。
提供优惠券、折扣或者免费礼品（比如有公司标志的钢笔），这些永远都是感谢并鼓励客户再次光临的好方法。
如果照这些步骤去做，你一定会看到你的生意开始成功。
一旦你找到了有效的办法，就坚持使用，这样你很快就会有一个牢固的客户群了。
工作职责英语介绍IntroductionIn the professional world, clear communication of job responsibilities is crucial to ensure efficiency and productivity. This document aims to articulate various job responsibilities in English, providing a comprehensive guide for employees and employers.Job Title: Sales ManagerAs a Sales Manager, your primary responsibility is to lead a team of sales representatives to achieve company sales targets. This includes developing sales strategies, setting sales goals, and overseeing the sales process from start to finish. You will also be responsible for training and motivating your team to perform at their best.Job Title: Marketing SpecialistA Marketing Specialist plays a key role in creating and implementing marketing campaigns to promote products or services. Your responsibilities include conducting market research, analyzing consumer behavior, and developing marketing strategies to reach target audiences. You will work closely with the marketing team to drive brand awareness and generate leads.Job Title: Customer Service RepresentativeAs a Customer Service Representative, your main responsibility is to assist customers with their inquiries, complaints, and issues. You will handle incoming calls, emails, and live chats to provide timely and accurate information to customers. Additionally, you may be required to process returns, exchanges, and refunds according to company policies.Job Title: Financial AnalystA Financial Analyst is responsible for providing financial insights and analysis to support business decisions. Your duties include preparing financial reports, conducting financial forecasting, and assessing investment opportunities. You will work closely with the finance team to ensure financial stability and growth for the company.ConclusionEffective communication of job responsibilities is essential for the smooth functioning of any organization. By clearly outlining the duties and expectationsassociated with each job title, employees can better understand their roles and contribute to the overall success of the company.。
techno-logical readiness levels什么是技术准备水平，为什么它对创新和发展至关重要？技术准备水平（Technological Readiness Levels，简称TRL）是评估技术成熟度和可行性的一种评估方法。
它由国际航空航天工程师学会（International Council on Systems Engineering，简称INCOSE）于1974年制定，旨在衡量科技项目在不同阶段的进展情况。
TRL方法已经被广泛应用于航空航天和国防等工业领域，但在近年来也越来越受到其他行业的关注和应用。
TRL方法将技术的成熟度分为九个不同的等级，每个等级对应着不同的技术成熟度和可行性程度。
下面我将逐步解释每个等级所代表的含义：1. TRL-1：基础研究阶段，由研究实验室进行在这个阶段，技术仍处于基础研究的初期阶段。
科学家和研究人员利用理论和实验室实验来了解和验证技术的潜力。
尽管结果还不确定，但这个阶段通常表明了一种技术的存在和可行性。
2. TRL-2：实验室验证在这个阶段，技术已经在实验室环境中经过初步验证，科学家和研究人员可以通过模拟实验或小规模试验来了解其性能和局限性。
但这个阶段的实验还远远不足以证明技术在实际应用中的可行性。
3. TRL-3：原型开发在这个阶段，技术已经发展到能够构建实验室原型的程度。
虽然原型可能只是一个简化的版本，但它能够模拟和演示技术的一些关键功能。
原型开发有助于进一步验证技术的可行性，并提供有关技术性能和潜在应用的更多信息。
4. TRL-4：验收测试在这个阶段，技术已经经过初步验证，并在现实环境中进行了测试。
通过测试，科学家和研究人员可以评估技术在实际应用中的可靠性和性能表现。
可以通过验证测试结果来确定技术的现状和潜在风险。
5. TRL-5：组件测试在这个阶段，技术已经发展到可以进行部分系统测试的程度。
科学家和研究人员可以测试技术的各个组件之间的相互作用和集成问题。
Technical Evaluation & Quality SystemAssessment- Apparel01_Quality Leadership品质领导力02_Essential Supply-chain Capabilities必要的供应链能力2-4There is a system to maintain product standards and specifications.应有系统保持产品标准和规格。
2-5There is a procedure to ensure that design or specification changes are reviewed, approved and controlled and customer updates are communicated to all area's of production.应该有一个程序确保设计或规格变更被评审、批准以及受控，并确保客户补充资料在生产的2-6There are statistical techniques for controlling product performance during each stage of production.在生产的各个阶段应该有统计技术控制产品性能。
1-10There is a quality system co-ordinator on site and a systems audit schedule and system control accreditation procedure (Quality Management Service team) (ISO 9000)应有一个品质体系现场协调员和体系审核计划，以及体系体系控制认证程序（品质管理服务Inspection points检查点Management管理2-1There is a up to date company profile available应有最新的公司简介。
技术框架英语The world of technology is constantly evolving, and with it, the need for robust and efficient frameworks to support the development and deployment of complex software systems. Technical frameworks have become an integral part of the software development process, providing developers with a structured approach to building applications that are scalable, maintainable, and secure. In this essay, we will explore the importance of technical frameworks and their role in the ever-changing landscape of technology.At the core of any successful software project lies a well-designed technical framework. These frameworks serve as the foundation upon which applications are built, providing a set of tools, libraries, and best practices that help developers streamline their workflow and ensure consistency across different components of the system. By leveraging the power of technical frameworks, developers can focus on the core functionality of their applications, rather than getting bogged down in the details of low-level implementation.One of the primary benefits of using a technical framework is theability to leverage pre-built functionality and libraries. Instead of reinventing the wheel for every new project, developers can tap into a wealth of resources that have been thoroughly tested and optimized for performance and reliability. This not only saves time and effort but also reduces the risk of introducing bugs or security vulnerabilities into the codebase.Another key advantage of technical frameworks is their ability to promote modularity and scalability. Well-designed frameworks encourage the use of modular architecture, where different components of the application are separated into distinct layers or modules. This approach makes it easier to maintain and update individual components without affecting the rest of the system, and it also facilitates the integration of new features or functionality as the application evolves.Moreover, technical frameworks often come with built-in support for common tasks, such as database integration, user authentication, and web service communication. By providing these functionalities out of the box, frameworks help developers focus on the unique aspects of their application, rather than having to reinvent the wheel for every new project.One of the most widely adopted technical frameworks in the world of web development is the Model-View-Controller (MVC) pattern.This architectural pattern, which has been implemented in various frameworks such as Ruby on Rails, Laravel, and MVC, separates the application logic into three distinct components: the model (which handles data management), the view (which handles the user interface), and the controller (which handles the flow of user input and application logic).The MVC pattern has become so popular because it promotes separation of concerns, making it easier to develop, maintain, and test complex web applications. By dividing the application logic into these three components, developers can work on different parts of the system independently, reducing the risk of introducing bugs or conflicts between different parts of the codebase.Another popular technical framework in the world of software development is the React library, which has become a dominant force in the world of front-end web development. React, developed and maintained by Facebook, is a JavaScript library that enables developers to build reusable user interface components and manage the state of those components efficiently.One of the key features of React is its use of a virtual DOM (Document Object Model), which allows the library to efficiently update the actual DOM (the representation of the web page in the browser) without having to redraw the entire page. This approach,known as "reconciliation," helps to improve the performance and responsiveness of web applications, making them feel more like native applications.In addition to web development, technical frameworks have also become increasingly important in the field of mobile app development. Frameworks like React Native, Flutter, and Xamarin have emerged as popular choices for building cross-platform mobile applications that can run on both iOS and Android devices.These frameworks provide developers with a set of tools and libraries that abstract away the low-level details of mobile app development, allowing them to focus on building high-quality, feature-rich applications that can be deployed across multiple platforms. By leveraging the power of these technical frameworks, developers can save time and resources, while also ensuring that their applications are consistent and well-integrated across different mobile operating systems.In the realm of data science and machine learning, technical frameworks have also become essential tools for researchers and practitioners. Frameworks like TensorFlow, PyTorch, and Scikit-learn provide developers with a rich set of tools and libraries for building and deploying complex machine learning models, from simple linear regressions to advanced deep neural networks.These frameworks not only make it easier to experiment with different algorithms and techniques but also provide a standardized way of organizing and sharing code, making it easier for researchers to collaborate and build upon each other's work. Additionally, many of these frameworks offer built-in support for distributed computing and GPU acceleration, allowing developers to scale their models and leverage the power of modern hardware for faster training and inference.As the world of technology continues to evolve, the importance of technical frameworks will only continue to grow. Developers and organizations will need to stay informed about the latest advancements in these frameworks, and be willing to adapt and adopt new technologies as they emerge. By embracing the power of technical frameworks, software developers can build more robust, scalable, and efficient applications that can keep pace with the ever-changing demands of the digital landscape.In conclusion, technical frameworks have become an essential component of modern software development, providing developers with a structured and efficient way to build, deploy, and maintain complex software systems. From web development to mobile app development and data science, these frameworks have revolutionized the way we approach software engineering, enablingdevelopers to focus on the core functionality of their applications while leveraging the power of pre-built tools and libraries. As the technology landscape continues to evolve, the importance of technical frameworks will only continue to grow, making them an indispensable part of the modern software development ecosystem.。
