心理学专业英语总结完
整
Document number【SA80SAB-SAA9SYT-SAATC-SA6UT-SA18】
心理学专业英语总结——HXY
随意传阅·顺颂试安
注释：1.“*”在书上是黑体字，但感觉不重要背了也没什么卵用
2.“”背景色项表示答案恰好有三项，可能出选择
3. 人名已加黑，可能连线或选择
4. 每章节的末尾有方便记忆的单词表（只包括这篇总结中出现的关键单词）
5. 方便理解记忆，已在各项下方注明中文释义
6.“,”大部分都是作为点之间的分割，类似于逗号，前后不连成句子
Chapter 1——Perspectives in psychology 心理学纵览
Section 1: Approaches to psychology 心理学入门
What is psychology 心理学是什么
Definitions: The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes.
定义：对行为和心理过程的科学研究
Psychology come from: ① philosophy, ② biology ③ physics.
心理学来源于：哲学、生物学和医学
When: 1879 as a separate scientific discipline.
形成于：1879年，作为独立学科
History (develop): structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviourism, cognitive psychology, humanistic approach, biological
approach.
历史发展：结构主义，机能主义，精神分析，行为主义，认知，人本主义，生理。
The psychoanalytic approach to psychology 精神分析理论
Origins & history: Sigmund Freud, unconscious mental causes, treat as the causes of mental disorders, built up an theory.
历史来源：弗洛伊德提出潜意识心理动机，把它视为心理疾病的原因，并建立理论。 Assumptions: unconscious processes, psychic determinism, hydraulic drives, psychodynamic conflict, stages of development.
假设：潜意识过程，精神决定论，驱力（攻击、性），心理动力冲突，发展阶段
Methods of investigation: case study (method), free association (tech), dream analysis (tech).
研究方法：个案研究方法，自由联想技术，梦的解析技术
*Areas of explanation: personality development, moral/gender development, aggression, abnormality, memory.
可解释领域：人格发展，道德/性别发展，攻击性，异常，记忆
*Weaknesses: unrefutable, theoretically unscientific.
缺点：不可被其他事件驳斥，因此理论不具科学性
The behaviourist approach to psychology 行为主义理论
Origins & history: John Watson, empiricism, learning.
历史来源：华生，经验主义，学习
Assumptions: behaviour is learned from the environment, only observable behaviour should be studied.
假设：行为来源于环境，研究可观察的行为
*Areas of explanation: language acquisition, moral development, attraction, abnormality.
可解释领域：语言习得，道德发展，吸引，异常
The humanistic approach to psychology 人本主义理论
Origins & history: conscious free will, aimed to investigate all the uniquely human aspects of experience, Maslow and self- actualise, Carl Rogers and client-centred therapy.
历史来源：自由意志，人类特有的经验，马斯洛的自我实现，罗杰斯的来访者中心疗法
Assumptions: study human not other animal, must be meaningful to human, study internal experience and free will, study the individual case, studied in their environmental context.
假设：关于人的观点必须出于对于人的研究，研究应对人类有用，研究内部体验和自由意志，研究个案，研究应在具体环境下
Areas of explanation: personality/self identity, motivation, abnormality.
可解释领域：人格/自我认同，动机，异常
The cognitive approach to psychology 认知主义理论
Origins and history: computer, information processors, internal mental processes.
历史来源：计算机，类比人脑为信息加工者，内部心理过程。Jerome Bruner
*Areas: memory, perception, attention, artificial intelligence, social cognition, cognitive development.
可解释领域：记忆，知觉，注意，人工智能，社会认知，认知发展
*Practical applications: memory, education, therapy, personality assessment.
实践应用：记忆，教育，治疗，人格测评
The biological approach to psychology 生理心理学
Roger Sperry罗杰·斯佩里
*Areas of explanation: gender development, aggression, abnormality, memory, motivation, awareness.
可解释领域：性别发展，攻击性，异常，记忆，动机，意识
*Practical application: localisation of function, therapy.
实践应用：功能定位说，治疗
The reductionism debate in psychology 关于还原论的争论
1. Reductionism 还原论
Assumptions: explaining a phenomenon by breaking it down into its constituent parts and then analysing it. 假设：通过将现象拆分成组成部分并分析的方法解释现象
Against: ①oversimplification ②value of explanation ③validity of reductionism.
反对理由：过度简化，解释的价值（细节/有用性），效度
2. Holism & Interactionism 整体论（与互动论）
Assumptions: the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. 假设：整体优于部分
*Examples: humanistic psychology, social psychology, psychoanalysis, abnormal psychology, perception.
例子：人本，社会，精神分析，变态，知觉
Against: practical difficulty, ignore the huge influence of biology, lack the predictive power.
反对理由：难于实践研究，忽略生理影响，缺乏预测力
The nature-nurture debate in psychology 先后天之争
1.Nature 先天遗传决定论
Approach: ①roots of the approach(nativist philosophy, biology, evolutionary theory) 理论根源
②causes of behaviour（genetic determinism, inherited influence,
maturational blueprint, neurochemical and hormonal influences,
brain activity) （基因、遗传、个体成熟、神经化学与荷尔蒙的影响和
大脑活动。）
③methods (gene mapping, twin/adoption study, brain scanning,
brain stimulation/damage study, drug test)
④implications (behaviour can only be changed through physical
means) 启示
⑤criticisms (reductionist, neglect environmental influences) 过
于简单，忽视环境对人行为的影响
2.Nurture 后天环境决定论
Approach: ①roots (empiricism philosophy, behaviourism, social psychology) 经验主义哲学、行为、社会
②causes of behaviour（blank slate at birth, experience, learning
from environment) 源于经验和环境学习
③methods (classical and operant conditioning techniques,
manipulation of social environment)
研究方法（经典条件反射、操作性条件反射，改变社会环境）
④implications (Anybody could be trained to do anything) 启示
⑤criticisms (reductionist, neglect innate influences) 过于简单，
忽视遗传因素在人行为中的作用
3.Both
*Areas of explanation: perception, aggression, sex-role behaviour, abnormality, language acquisition.
可解释领域：知觉，攻击性，性别角色行为，异常，语言获得
*Interaction examples: perception, cognitive development, abnormality, sex-role behaviour.
交互作用举例：感知觉，认知发展，行为异常，性别角色行为
*The standing of the different: biopsychology, psychoanalysis, cognitive psychology, humanism, behaviourism.
二者在心理学中作用：生理心理学，精神分析，认知，人本，行为
The freewill vs. Determinism debate in psychology 自由意志理论与决定论之争
1.Freewill
Assumptions: humans are free to choose their behabiour, self-determining,
soft determinism(William James).
假设：人类可以自由选择行为，人本质上是自我决定的，软决定论
Against: difficult to define, evidence is mostly subjective, be incompatible with the deterministic assumptions of science.
反对理由：很难定义，证据主观，与决定论的科学性不匹配
2.Determinism
Assumptions: every physical event is caused, future events are entirely predictable, emphasis on causal laws.
假设：所有物理事件都是被引起的，未来事件完全可以预测，注重因果法则
Idiographic vs. Nomothetic approaches to psychology 心理学特殊规律与一般规律
1.Nomothetic approach 一般规律研究法
Definitions: The approach of investigating large groups of people to try to find general laws of behaviour that apply to everyone. 定义：通过调查大群体的人，试图找到适用于每个人的普遍行为规律的研究方法。
Methods: large scale experiments 研究方法：大样本实验
2.Idiographic approach 特殊规律研究法
Definitions: The approach of investigating individuals in personal,in-depth,detail to achieve a unique understanding of them. 定义：通过对个体进行单个的、深入的、详细的调查，以得出关于他们的独特的理解的研究方法。
Methods: case study method(flexible, long term, detailed procedures) 研究方法：个案研究（灵活，长期，详细程序）
Disadvantage: cannot generalise, unreliable, unscientific. 缺点：（不能归纳，信度低，不科学）
Section 2: Controversies in psychology 心理学争论
Psychology and science 心理学与科学
Psychology has come under attack as being a pseudo science, ande has been dismissed by some as noting more than common sense. Reasons: ①Everybody is a natural psychologist themselves.‘Oh, I knew that all along’
②Most complex subject, so many variables.
③With many philosophical, practical, and ethical
problems.
心理学被称伪科学被误解的原因：1.每个人都是朴素心理学家，当提出观点时，大多数人感觉自己一直都知道
2.学科复杂，变量多
3.由于有哲学、实践和伦理问题而受到围攻
A science consists of various components: ①a subject matter ②good
theories and hypotheses ③scientific methodology
科学的构成因素：研究对象、良好的理论和研究假设、科学方法论
The scientific method:
Within a paradigm →Hypotheses are derived →From theories →To be tested in scientific ways →Against the world/reality →To support or refute those theories
科学的研究方法：范式→假设推导→理论→用科学方法检测→与事实相比较→支持或反驳这理论
Kuhn used “paradigm”to describe this shared set of ①assumptions ②methods ③ terminology.
库恩用“范式”来描述：假设、方法和术语
Paradigms go through 3 historical stages: ① pre-science ② normal science ③ revolution.
范式的三个历史性阶段：前科学时期，常规标准科学，科学革命时期
The theories themselves should provide general laws or principles to fulfill the aims of science:
①understanding ②prediction ③control
理论本身应当提供一般性的法则或原理，以实现科学的三项目标——理解、预测和控制
Theories should provide understanding by：①being orderly ②internally consistent ③parsimonious ④ture
理论应当具有可理解性：有序性，内在一致性，简约型，准确性
Gender bias in psychological theory and research 心理学理论和研究中的性别偏见
Examples: moral development, interpersonal relationships, childcare, socialisation
举例：道德发展，人际关系，儿童照料，社会化
Types: theory bias, reporting bias, researcher bias, methodological bias.
种类：理论偏见，报告偏见，研究者偏见，方法论偏见
Theoretical bias: α bias(exaggerate), β bias(minimise).
理论偏见：α偏见夸大了男女差异，β偏见缩小了男女差异
Reporting bias: interpretation of results, selection of material to be published, use of results.
报告偏见：结果解释，对要发表出版的资料的挑选，对研究结果的应用
Researcher bias: lack of researchers, nature of researchers(①investigate stereotypical differences ②do not investigate importaant issues to women ③perpetuate biased ideas).
研究者偏见：缺乏研究者，研究者特性（研究刻板模式差异而不是真正差异，不调查女性重要问题，永久偏见观）
Cultural bias in psychological theory and research 心理学理论和研究中的文化偏见
Examples: social influence, interpersonal relationships, helping behaviours, abnormality, psychometric testing.
举例：社会影响，人际交往，助人行为，异常，心理测试
*Types: theory bias, reporting bias, researcher bias, methodological bias.种类：理论偏见，报告偏见，研究者偏见，方法论偏见（同上）
*Reporting bias: interpretation of results, selection of material to be published, use of results.
报告偏见：结果解释，对要发表出版的资料的挑选，对研究结果的应用（同上）
*Researcher bias: lack of researchers, nature of researchers（到此同上）(①ignore cultural influences and perpetuate the stereotypes ②cross-cultural differences or similarities).
研究者偏见：缺乏研究者，研究者特性（研究刻板模式差异而不是真正差异，不调查
女性重要问题，永久偏见观）
Controversial applications of psychology-psychometric testing 有争议的心理学应用——心理测验
Controversial aspects of psychometric testing: 心理测试有争议的方面
① Is the test fairly conducted 测试是否公平进行
② Is the test fairly constructed 测试是否公平建构
（validity, reliability, standardisation, discriminatory power.）信度，效度，标准化，区分度
③ Is the test technically sound 测试是否技术合理
④ Are the test results properly used and applied 测试结果是否正确应
用
“ A nation of morons’ Gould (1982) 古尔德——“白痴的国家”
*What was wrong with Yerkes’findings: methodological problems, interpretation of findings errors,negative implications of faulty conclusions.
Yerkes哪错了：方法论问题，对结果的错误解释，错误结论的消极含义
Controversial applications of psychology-advertising 有争议的心理学应用——广告
Two main routes to persuasion: the central route, the peripheral route.
说服的两种主要途径：直通途径，边缘途径
Controversial applications of psychology-the psychology of warfare 有争议的心理学应用——战争心理学
Propaganda is similar to advertising in its: 宣传与广告相似处
① use of biased, one-sided communication 对于偏见与片面信息的使用
② objective of changing behaviour and attitudes 目的是改变行为和态
度
③ use of emotion and occasional disregard for logical analysis 运
用情感和偶然的忽视逻辑分析
Propaganda is different to advertising in its: 宣传与广告不同处
① political ideas and information are what is ‘bought’政治观点
是关于“购买”的是什么
② a more complete and general behaviour and attitude change is sought
目标：较为完整通用的行为态度转变
③ being more socially sanctioned, use more bias and deception 为获
得更多社会认可，使用更多的偏见与欺骗
Section 3: Ethical issues in psychology 心理学的伦理问题
Ethic of animal experimentation-the arguments for testing animals 动物实验的伦理问题——动物实验的争论
The reasons for conducting animal research in psychology: ethical reasons, evolutionary continuum, convenience.
心理学用动物研究的原因：伦理原因，演化机制（进化的连续性），方便性
The contribution of animal research to psychology: theoretical knowledge, practical applications of animal findings, practical uses of animals.
动物研究的贡献：理论知识，动物研究实际中的应用，动物的应用
Ethic of animal experimentation-the arguments against testing animals 动
物实验的伦理问题——反对动物实验
Ethical criticisms of animal research in psychology: 对于心理学动物研究的伦理批评
① suffer greatly 极其痛苦
②unnecessary : a. Humans are physically qualitatively different to
other animals 生理不同
b. Humans are mentally qualitatively different to other
animals 心理不同
c. Lack ecological validity 缺乏效度
Examples of animal suffering in psychological research:
Obedience, biologically orientated research, deprivation studies, perception studies, learning studies.
心理学研究中动物痛苦的例子：服从，生物学研究倾向，剥夺的研究，知觉研究，学习研究
Ethical issue in human experimentation in psychology 心理学人类实验研究的伦理问题
Types: consent, deception, debriefing, confidentiality, withdrawal, observational research, protection of participants.
种类：同意，诱导，告知，保密，退出，观察实验，对实验者的保护
Ethical issues in human behaviour change in psychology 心理学研究中改变人类行为的伦理问题
to provide prediction and control for human betterment--issues: 若是为人类进步提供预测和控制，则有这些问题
① should behaviour be controlled 应当控制行为吗
② who should to the controlling 应当由谁控制
③ what behaviour should be controlled 应当控制什么行为
④ how should behaviour be controlled 应当怎么控制行为
The ethics of socially sensitive research 社会敏感问题研究的伦理性
How: ①deciding what to research ②the use of knowledge ③the influence of the psychologist in society
④the basis of psychological knowledge ⑤the availability of research
如何研究：决定研究主题，知识的应用，心理学家对社会的影响力，心理学知识，研究的可用性
Vocabulary of Chapter 1
Assumption 假设
Mental process 心理过程Philosophy 哲学Structuralism 结构主义Functionalism 机能主义Psychoanalysis 精神分析Behavio(u)rism 行为主义Cognitive 认知Unconscious 潜意识
Mental disorders 心理疾病Psychic 精神
Psychodynamic 心理动力
Drives 驱力
Self- actualise 自我实现
Client-centred tepapy 来访
者中心
Conscious free will 自由意
志
Artificial intelligence 人
工智能
Perception 知觉
Reductionism 还原论
Subjective 主观
Difine 定义
Interaction 交互作用
Maturational blueprint 个
体成熟
Inherited 遗传
Nomothetic approach 一般规律研究
Idiographic approach 特殊规律研究
Paradigm 范式Terminology 术语
Hypothesis 假设
Internally consistent 内在
一致性
Parsimonious 简约性
Bias 偏见Interpretation 解释Propaganda 政治宣传Ethic 伦理Deprivation studies 剥夺研
究
Deception 诱导
Debriefing 告知
Confidentiality 保密
Withdrawal 退出
Chapter 2——Research methods 研究方法
Variables 变量
What can be variables: any ①object ②quality ③changes or varies
什么能做变量：任何物体、质量或者事件
Investigating variables: ①observations, case studies, surveys, etc. ②correlations
③experiments.
调查变量：观察法、个案研究及调查法，相关，实验
Hypotheses 假设
Hypotheses: precise, testable statements.
假设：是精确的，可检验的陈述
Hypotheses can be: experimental hypotheses, correlational hypotheses.
假设可以是：实验假设，相关性假设
Hypotheses should be: bold, precise, refutable.
假设应该是：大胆的，精确的，可驳的
Experimental methods 实验方法
Types: ①laboratory ②field ③natural/quasi.
*Laboratory-strengths: ①indicate cause and effect ②objectivity ③greater ability to replicate
实验室研究法的优点：揭示因果关系，客观性，可重复性
*Laboratory-weakness: ①total control is not possible ②lacks ecological validity ③may be biased ④ethical problems
实验室研究法的缺点：不能完全控制，却仿生态效度，有误差，伦理问题
*Field-strength: ①greater ecological validity ②less bias from sampling
现场实验的优点：更具生态学效度，更少抽样偏差
*Field-weakness: ①greater difficulty to control all aspects, more bias ②more
difficulty to replicate exactly
③more time consuming ④ethical problems
现场实验的缺点：更难控制额外变量从而产生更多偏差，很难精确重复研究，更耗时，伦理问题*Natural/quasi-strength: ①greater ecological validity ②very little bias from
sampling or demand characteristics.
准实验优点：生态效度高，抽要和要求特性偏差非常小
*Natural/quasi-weakness: ①hard to infer cause and effect ②impossible to replicate exactly
③bias if subjects are aware of being studied ④ethical
problems.
准实验的缺点：难断因果，无法再次研究，被试如果意识到被测量就会产生误差，伦理问题
Non-experimental methods 非实验性研究的方法
Type: ①observations (type: naturalistic, controlled, participant)
②questioning people (questionnaires-techs: opinion surveys, psychological tests) (interviews-techs: structured interviews, semi-structured interview, clinical interview, unstructured interview)
③case study (long term, detailed, individual)
④correlations
非实验性研究方法的种类：
①观察法（种类：自然观察法，控制，参与者）
②问卷访谈法（问卷技术：观点调查，心理测试；访谈技术：结构性，半结构性，临床，非
结构性）
③个案分析（特点：长时间，细节性，独特性）
④相关研究
Data recording techniques 数据记录技术
Behaviour sampling methods: ①event sampling ②time sampling ③point sampling
行为取样方法：事件，时间，关键点
Data recording techs: ①frequency grids ②rating scales ③timing behaviour
数据记录技术：频率表格，等级量表，时间特性
Data recording equipment: ①hand-written ②audio-tape ③video ④one way mirrors
数据记录设备：手写，录音，录像，单向镜子
Sampling 取样
Types: ①random ②stratified ③opportunity ④self-selecting
类型：随机，分层，机会，自愿
Experimental design 实验设计
Design type: ①repeated measures ②independent measures ③matched pairs
Repeated measures-strength: ①subject variables are kept constant ②better
statistical tests ③fewer subjects
重复测量优点：被试连续性，统计检验更精确，被试更少
Repeated measures-weakness: ①order effects may become constant errors ②demand characteristics ③different tests
重复测量缺点：顺序效应，需求特征（可猜测），需要准备不同的实验条件
Independent measures-strength: ①older effects do not influence ②demand characteristics ③same test can be used
独立样本优点：没顺序效应，需求特征（不可猜测），可以使用同种实验条件
Independent measures-weakness: ①subject variables differ ②worse statistical tests
③more subjects
独立样本缺点：被试变量有差异，统计检验较差，需要更多被试
Matched pairs-strength:
①constant subject variables ②better statistical tests ③order effects do not occur ④demand characteristics ⑤same test
配对样本优点：被试连续性，统计检验更好，没顺序效应，需求特征（不可猜测），使用一种实
验条件
Matched pairs-weakness: ①subject variables can’t perfectly matched ②time consuming and difficult ③more subjects
配对样本缺点：被试变量不能完美匹配，匹配过程需要大量时间并且难度大，需要更多被试Controlling extraneous variables and bias 对额外变量及偏差的控制
Type of problem:
①subjects:individual differences 被试：个体差异
②method: artificiality 方法：人为（缺乏生态效度）
③design: order effects, demand characteristics, experimenter expectancy 设计：
顺序效应，需求特性，期待效应
④procedure: distraction and confusion 过程：分散与混乱
Control-individual differences: large sample, randomly
控制个体差异误差：大样本，随机样本
Control-order effects: counterbalance, independent measure design
控制顺序效应：平衡，独立样本设计
Control-demand characteristics: deception, single blind method,independent measure design
控制需求效应：欺骗，单盲，独立样本设计
Control-experimenter expectancy: double blind method, inter-observer reliability 控制实验者期待效应：双盲，观察者内部信度
Assessing the quality of studies 研究质量评估
Reliability types: internal reliability, external reliability.
信度种类：内在信度，外在信度
Validity type:①face/content validity②concurrent validity③construct validity④predictive validity⑤ecological validity.
效度种类：内外效度，同时效度，结构效度，预测消毒，生态效度
Data analysis-numerical summaries 数据分析——数字性分析
Levels of data & measures of central tendency: 数据类型及测量趋中使用的方法
①nominal: mode 名义数据：众数
②ordinal: median 顺序数据：中数
③interval and ratio: mean 间隔和比例数据：平均数
Measures of dispersion: ①range ②semi-interquartile range ③standard deviation 测量分散性：范围，四分位差，标准差
Data analysis-pictorial summaries 数据分析——图像分析
（*****可能出连线*****）
Data analysis- XXXXXX 心统没学好实在看着脑袋疼——任性跳过
Vocabulary of Chapter 2
Precise 精确
Replicate 重复研究Laboratory 实验室研究Field 现场实验
Quasi 准实验Questionnaire 问卷
Semi-structured 半结构化Self-selecting 自愿Extraneous variables 额外
变量
Order effect 顺序效应
Assess 评估
Reliability 信度
Validity 效度
Standard deviation标准差
Nominal 名义性的
Ratio 比例性的
Scattergram 散点图
Histogram 直方图
Frequency polygon 频数多边
形
Normal distribution 正态分
布
Variables 变量
Chapter 3——Cognitive psychology 认知心理学Section 1: Perception 感知觉
Visual perceptual organisation 视觉知觉组织
Function: ①Detecting the shape ②establishing location ③recognising an object 功能：检测形状，建立空间位置，认出物体
Theories of perceptual organisation: ①Gestalt ②top-down ③bottom-up
关于视觉知觉组织的理论：完型，自上而下，自下而上
Organising principles: ①proximity ②similarity ③continuity ④closure ⑤figure-ground ⑥common fate
组织原则：接近，相似，连续，闭合，背景，共同命运（*****可能会和对应图连线（书P49）*****）
Top-down theories of perception 感知觉自上而下加工理论
Perceptual set theory: ①expectation and context ②expectation and past experience ③motivation ④emotion
知觉定势理论：上下文与期望，过去经验与期望，动机，情感
Bottom-up theories of perception 感知觉自下而上加工理论
Gibson ’s theory of direct perception: 吉布森的直接知觉理论
①depth (Monocular/Binocular depth cues) 深度（单眼、双眼深度知觉线索）
②location (Optic flow patterns) 位置（视觉流模式）
③function (Affordances) 功能（功能可见性）
Interactionist theories of perception 感知觉的整合伦
Marr ’s computational theory-build an image from: Marr 的电脑计算理论建立图像的过程 ①a grey level description 灰度描述
②to a primal sketch 初级绘图（描边）
③to a sketch 绘图（有明暗立体关系的平面图）
④to a 3-dimensional object 3D 物体（立体几何图形构建）
The development of perception 知觉发展
Evidence supporting the role of nature: ①pattern and shape ②depth ③constancy 知觉发展先天性的证据：形状模式，深度知觉，恒常性
Individual, social and cultural differences in perception 知觉的个体、社会和文化差异
Individual difference: ①experience ②personality ③cognitive style
个体差异包括：经验，人格，认知风格
Social differences: ①social class ②gender ③ethnic group
社会差异包括：社会阶层，性别，种族
Cross-cultural differences: ①illusion studies ②size constancy ③depth perception 跨文化差异包括：错觉研究，大小恒常性，深度知觉
Section 2: Attention 注意
Attention 注意
Focused visual attention theory: ①zoom lens ②feature detection ③feature
integration ④attentional engagement
有关视觉注意力集中的理论：变焦镜头，特征觉察，特征整合，注意投入
Focused auditory attention 听觉注意力集中
Broadbent ’s filter theory: input stimulus →→→sensory register →→→selective filter →limited capacity
processor →output response processes
Broadbent 的过滤器理论：输入刺激→感觉登录器→选择过滤器→容量有限的处理器→输出反应器 Treisman ’s attenuation theory:
Channels of information Single selected channel
Attenuated Channels
Input stimulus →→→selective attenuating filter →semantic analysis →output responses process
特雷斯曼的衰减器模型：输入刺激→选择性衰减器→语义分析→输出反应器
Deutsch-Norman late selection theory: Input stimulus →→→→→→→→→→→→→→→semantic analysis →output responses process
诺曼的延迟选择模型：输入刺激→（所有通道）语义分析→（选中通道）输出反应器
Divided auditory attention 分听注意力
Three factors which affect the performance of dual tasks: ①task difficulty ②task practice ③task similarity.
影响分听双任务的三个因素：任务难度，任务练习，任务相似性
Theories:
①Kahneman ’s limited central capacity theory
有限的中央处理能力理论（右图）
②Allport ’s module resource theory
模块资源理论
③Baddeley ’s syntheses theory
整合理论
Automatic processing 自动加工理论
Schneider & Shiffrin :controlled processing, automatic processing
Schneider & Shiffrin 区分了控制加工与自动加工
Action slips 行动失误
Reason ’s theory-slip types:
①storage failures ②test failures ③sub-routine failures ④discrimination failures ⑤programme assembly failures
Reason 理论概括的五种失败类型：存储失败，测试失败，子程序失败，辨别失败，项目集合失败 Section 2: Memory 记忆
Types of memory 记忆的种类
Encoding types of memory: ①imagery memory ②procedural memory ③declarative memory 按编码类型分类：表象记忆，程序性记忆，陈述性记忆
Duration types of memory: ①sensory memory ②short term memory ③long term memory 按持续时间分类：瞬时记忆，短时记忆，长时记忆
Multi-store model of memory 记忆的多层储存模型
Shiffrin & Atkinson
Alternative models of memory processing 记忆的替代模型
People: Craik & Lockhart, Baddeley & Hitch
Working memory model: ①the central executive ②the phonological loop ③the
visuospatial sketchpad
工作记忆模型：中央执行系统，语音回路，视觉空间模板
Organization in memory 记忆的组织
Models: 模型
①hierarchical network model 等级网络模型
②the spreading activiation model 激活扩散模型
③connectionist networks 联结主义网络
④schemas 图式
⑤biological theories of memory organisation 生物学理论
Selected Channel Selected Channel Selected Channel All Channels
Retrieval 提取
Types: ①recall ②recognition ③re-learning ④reconstruction ⑤confabulation ⑥redintegration
提取的种类：回忆，识别，二次学习，重建，虚构，还原
Forgetting:
①availability: information not stored, information stored then permanently lost
②accessibility: information ‘hidden’, information awaiting a suitable prompt.
③interference: permanent distortion/replacement, temporary confusion/bias
④amnesia: permanent destruction of memory, temporary concussion
遗忘：
①可用性：信息没有储存，信息储存后永久丢失了
②易得性：信息藏起来了，信息需要一个合适的提示
③干扰：永久的被扭曲或取代了，临时混乱或者缠身了偏差
④遗忘症：记忆被永久破坏了，临时脑震荡
Forgetting-availability problems 遗忘——可用性问题
信息没存在长时记忆中：多层存储加工模型的限制，信息处理不充分
Stored but permanently lost: prevention of consolidation, trace decay. 存了又丢了：没有巩固，记忆衰减
Forgetting-accessibility problems 遗忘——易得性问题
Information hidden: Freud and motivated forgetting, emotion and forgetting.
隐藏信息：Freud主动遗忘，情绪性遗忘
Information awaiting a prompt: the tip of the tongue phenomena, context dependent memory.
信息需要提示：舌尖现象的提示，依赖上下文的记忆
Forgetting-other problems 遗忘——其他问题
Types of amnesia: ①retrograde amnesia ②anterograde amnesia ③psychogenic amnesia 记忆缺失的种类：逆行性遗忘，顺行性遗忘，心因性失忆症
Types of interference: ①proactive interference ②retroactive interference
干扰的种类：前摄干扰，倒摄干扰
Practical applications of memory research-improving memory 记忆研究的实践应用——增强记忆
Recommendation: ①repetition ②elaboration ③memory cues ④organisation ⑤improving consolidation
推荐做法：复述，扩展，记忆线索，组织性，增强整合
Practical applications of memory research-eyewitness testimony 记忆研究的实践应用——目击者证词
Factors affecting input and storage of memory for events: 影响事件记忆输入和存储的因素
①nature of event: stress, content ,timing 时间的性质：压力，内容，时间
②nature of witness: expectations, type, confidence 目击者的性质：预期，类型，
信心
Factors affecting the retrieval of eyewitness testimony:①identification techniques
②hypnoses ③post event information
影响目击者证词检索的因素：识别技术，催眠，告知事件信息
Vocabulary of Chapter 3
Gestalt 完型（格式塔）Monocular 单眼
Binocular 双眼
Closure 闭合
Figure-ground 背景Proximity 接近
Ethnic group 种族
Filter 过滤器
Attenuation 衰减
Feature integration 特征整合
Syntheses 整合
Syntheses 模块Encoding 编码
Sensory memory瞬时记忆
Procedural memory 程序性记
忆
Declarative memory 陈述性
记忆
Rehearsal 练习（复述）
Phonological loop 语音回路
Hierarchical 等级的
Schema 图式
Retrieval 提取
Prompt 提示
Concussion 脑震荡
Amnesia 记忆缺失
Retrograde amnesia 逆行性
遗忘
Anterograde amnesia 顺行性
遗忘
Psychogenic amnesia 心因性
失忆
Proactive interference 前
摄干扰
Retroactive interference
倒摄干扰
Chapter 4——Developmental psychology 发展心理学
Section 1: Early socialisation 早期社会化
Sociability in infancy 婴儿期社会性
Social tendencies in perception: ①sight ②smell ③sound
感知觉社会能力趋向：视觉，嗅觉，听觉
Social tendencies in communication: ①crying ②smiling ③turn-taking
交流的社会能力趋向：哭，笑，轮换（指说话轮流）
Attachment in infancy 婴儿期依恋
Different kinds of attachment: ①anxious-acoidant/detached ②securely attached ③anxious-resistant/ambivalent
依恋的种类：焦虑-回避反应，安全性依恋，焦虑-矛盾型依恋
What causes the differences:
①parental sensitivity ②infant temperament ③family circumstances ④reliability of
classification
什么导致了不同的依恋种类：父母敏感性，婴儿气质类型，家庭环境氛围，分类的可靠性
Privation of attachment in infancy 婴儿期依恋匮乏
Major consequences of privations:
①intellectual retardation ②affectionless psychopathy ③anti-social
behaviour/delinquency
④enuresis ⑤developmental dwarfism
可能导致的后果：智力发展迟缓，情感缺乏的精神病，反社会行为或犯罪，尿床，侏儒症Mediating factors: ①type of childcare available ②the duration of the privation ③temperament and redilience of child
影响调解的因素：可用的育儿类型，匮乏时间长短，孩子的气质类型以及恢复性
Evidence: ①case studies of extreme privation ②isolated rhesus monkeys ③adoption studies
能回调的证据：极度匮乏依恋案例的个案研究，被孤立的猴子，领养研究
Cross-cultural differences in child raising 育儿的文化差异
Causes: ①environmental conditions ②social norms
产生差异的原因：环境条件，社会标准
Section 2: Cognitive development 认知发展
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development 皮亚杰的认知发展理论
Theory : 理论内容
①intellectual development occurs through active interaction with the world 智力
发展是靠与世界的积极互动
②intellectual development occurs as a process 智力发展是一个过程
③individuals construct their understanding of the world 个体构建他们对于世界的
理解
What they build: schemata, operations.
儿童建立的是什么：模式，和操作方法
How they build: assimilation, accommodation.
Assimilation→equilibrium→new situation→disequilibrium→accommodation→assimilation →……
儿童是怎么建立的：模仿，适应
模仿→平衡良好状况→新情况→平衡打破→适应→模仿→平衡…………
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development 皮亚杰的认知发展阶段
① the sensorimotor stage (0-2) 感知运动阶段
② the pre-operational stage (2-7) 前运算阶段
③ concrete operational stage (7-11) 具体运算阶段
④ formal operational stage (11 +) 形式运算阶段
Evaluating Piaget’s theory of cognitive development 皮亚杰认知发展理论的评价Theoretical criticisms: ①ages ②concepts ③neglects
对理论的批评：年龄，观念，忽视
Methodological criticisms: ①inappropriate tests ②demand characteristics ③overall methods
对方法论的批评：不恰当的测试，需求特征，笼统的方法
Strengths: ①theoretical importance ②productivity ③applications
优点：理论上很重要，多产，应用性
Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development 维果斯基的认知发展理论
Approach: ①social interaction ②internalisation and language ③zone of proximal development
理论：社会交互作用，内化和语言，新近发展区
Bruner’s theory of cognitive development 布鲁纳的认知发展理论
Modes: ①the enactive mode ②the iconic mode ③the symbolic mode
模式：动作性模式，形象模式，符号模式
The development of IQ test performance-nature/nurture approach 智商测试的发展——先天/后天研究
Nature: ① selective breeding studies ② genetic relatedness and IQ
先天：选择性育种研究，智商与遗传相似度
Nurture: ① effects of early privation on IQ ② environmental enrichment and IQ 后天：早期剥夺对智商的影响，智商与环境丰富度
Section 3: Later socialisation 后期社会化
Moral development-the psychoanalytic approach 道德发展——精神分析理论
Freud’s theory of moral development: ①development ②the superego ③predictions Moral development-the learning theory approach 道德发展——学习理论研究
Learning theories of moral development: ①classical conditioning ②operant
conditioning ③social learning theory
道德的学习理论：经典条件作用，操作性条件作用，社会学习理论
Moral development-the cognitive developmental approach 道德发展——认知发展研究*Cognitive developmental theories: Piaget’s theory, Kohlberg’s theory.
Gender development-terms and issues 性别发展——术语和问题
Unusual: adrenogenital syndrome, testicular feminizing syndrome. 非常态：肾上腺性征综合征，睾丸女性化综合征
Gender roles: ①masculine ②feminine ③androgynous 性别角色：男性化，女性化，双性化Gender development-psychological theories 性别发展——心理学理论
Theories: ①psychoanalytic theory ②social learning theory ③cognitive developmental theory
理论：精神分析，社会学习，认知发展
Gender development-biological based theories 性别发展——以生物学为基础的理论Approach: ①the biological approach ②the biosocial approach 研究：生物学，生物社会学
The development of the self 自我的发展
Sequence of development: ①body image ②categorical self ③psychological self
发展顺序：身体形象，绝对的自我，心理性自我（过程如右下图，像填空）
Theories on the development of the self concept 关于自我概念发展的理论
Individual based theories: ①Piaget’s cognitive theory ②Freud’s psychoanalytic theory 个体基础的研究
Society based theories:
①symbolic interactionism ②role theory ③social identity theory ④phenomenological
theory⑤social learning theory
社会基础的研究：符号互动论，角色理论，社会认同，现象学理论，社会学习理论
Vocabulary of Chapter 4
Infancy 婴儿期
infant temperament 婴儿气质类型
Privation 缺乏
Affectionless 情感缺乏
Enuresis 尿床
Mediating 调解
Isolate 孤立
Sensorimotor stage 感知运动阶段
Pre-operational 前运算阶段
Concrete operational 具体运算
Formal operational 形式运算
Superego 超我
Categorical self 绝对的自我
Chapter 5——Social psychology 社会心理学
Section 1: Social influence 社会影响
Social power 社会力量
The strength of influence felt by a target is determined by three factors: ①strength
②number ③immediacy
对目标影响大小取决于：影响与被影响双方力量或重要程度，双方数量，二者距离
Types of power: ①reward ②coercive ③referent ④legitimate ⑤expert ⑥informational
社会力量的种类：奖励，压制性的，敬仰，合法权利，专家，信息
Theories of leadership 领导理论
*Approaches: ①personality trait approach 人格特性研究
②situational approach: (role theory, informal emergence, formal
appointment)
情况研究（角色理论，非正式出现，正式见面）
③interactionist approach 交际研究
Milgram’s study of obedience 米尔格拉姆服从研究
Factors explaining obedience: ①the social situation ②the authority figure ③the apparatus ④the subject
解释服从的因素：社会形势，权威人物，仪器，对象
Theories of conformity 顺从的研究
*Individual explanations: Crutchfield’s conforming personality theory 个体解释：顺从人格理论
*Social theories of conformity:
①informational social influence ②normative social influence ③ingratiational social
influence
社会顺从理论：信息性社会影响，规范性社会影响，讨好性社会影响
Collective behaviour-group behaviour 集体行为——小组行为
Group thinking: ①groupthink ②brain storming ③group polarisation
小组思考：小组思考，头脑风暴，群体极端化
Group behaviour: ①conformity ②social facilitation ③social loafing
小组行为：一致性，社会促进，社会惰化
Collective behaviour-crowd behaviour 集体行为——人群行为
Type: loss of control and rationality, rule-governed and rational.
两种情况：失控并没有理性，有规则并有理性
Following or resisting influence 从众或者坚持
Following-the degree of influence achieved: ①compliance ②internalisation ③
identification
从众影响的程度：顺从，内化，自居
Following-the psychological effects of yielding to power:
①behavioural commitment ②momentum of compliance ③loss of responsibility
从众产生的心理影响：行为投入，服从的趋势，失责
Following-reasons for following: ①achieving goals ②group identity ③socialisation 从众原因：达到目的，小组同一性，社会化
Resistance-types: ①independent behaviour ②anticonformity 坚持种类：独立行为，反从众性
Resistance-examples: ①rebellion ②minority influence 坚持的例子：反抗，少数效应Resistance-reasons:①psychological reactance ②socialisation 坚持的原因：心里抗拒，社会化
Section 2: Pro- and Anti-social behaviour 亲社会行为与反社会行为
Pro-social behaviour 亲社会行为
Definitions: ①helping behaviour ②altruism 亲社会行为包括：助人行为、利他行为Altruism debate: ①emotional arousal ②empathy 利他行为原因的争论：情感唤起，移情The situational determinants of helping behaviour 助人行为的情境决定因素