浅析《野性的呼唤》中巴克从文明到野蛮的蜕化
摘要：《野性的呼唤》又名《荒野的呼唤》，是美国著名作家杰克·伦敦极地小说的代表作，题材新颖，故事围绕当时社会中盛行的淘金热，讲述一条名叫巴克的狗在大棒政策的打击和环境的变化中逐步恢复野性，被迫从文明的人类社会回到原始森林与狼群生活的故事。虽然写的是狗，但也反映了极地生活的人的世界。与此同时，借由巴克这一形象的遭遇来揭露当时资本主义社会的黑暗统治对文明的摧残。
关键词：《野性的呼唤》；文明中心；野性；适者生存；大棒和獠牙；蜕化
Abstract:The Call of the wild, also known as Call of the Wild, is a representative work of the famous American writer Jack London’s Polar fiction. The story surrounds the gold rush prevailing in the society at that time. It tells a story about a dog named Buck attacked by big-stick, gradually returned to savagery with environmental changes, and was forced to return to the primeval forest from the civilized society. Although the leading character is a dog, the fiction reflects the people’s life living in the Polar region, and exposes the dark rule of the capitalist society through the image of Buck.
Key words:The Call of the Wild; Centers of civilization; savagery; survival of the fittest; big-stick and Fangs; degenerate.
杰克·伦敦是20世纪初美国著名现实主义作家。他的《野性的呼唤》题材来源于1897年3月淘金之路中的亲身经历，讲述的是一只名叫巴克的狗从被人宠爱到辗转贩卖到气候恶劣、盛产黄金的阿拉斯加。其中，巴克在“大棒政策”下的屈服和改变，从另一层面反应“物竞天择，适者生存”即“弱肉强食”，使他明白“手拿大棒的人就是制定法律的人”，为了适应环境和残酷的现实不得不屈服，这也是当时底层生活的穷苦人民生活的写照。巴克因此在恶劣的生存环境中不断历练、不断成长，为了生存面对现实，并学会不顾道德、“不择手段”的斗争方式生存。在大棒政策的压制下，有恩于巴克的主人索恩顿遇害彻底促使巴克早已消失的本能、原始的野性和对蛮荒生活的依恋复活了，毅然走向荒野与狼群为伍，完成从文明到野蛮的蜕化过程。极具讽刺意味的是：造成巴克蜕化的是文明的人。下面且从五个方面分析造成巴克蜕变的原因。
一、被信任的人骗卖从而进入蛮荒
故事开始，讲述的是巴克在圣克拉拉谷米勒法官大屋的王国。在这里，巴克过着优裕的生活，良好的自然环境和遗传使他带上了十足的王室气派。“在脱离幼狗时期后的四年中过的是志得意满的贵族生活”[1]P3 。值得庆幸的是，巴克并没有因此而变得娇生惯养，狩猎等户外活动给了他足够的锻炼。这一系列的“基本功”使得巴克在之后的蜕化过程中不至于被虐待过度致死。如果人们不去北方淘金，或者庄园主的帮工薪水足够满足各方面生活需求，也许巴克会永远生活在这种舒适的环境下[2]。
在巴克的道德观里，对主人的信任和尽忠职守就能带来无限的满足和快乐。而巴克这种没有任何虚伪的信任却颠覆了他的一生。巴克因习惯性相信认识的人比自己更有头脑，而被花匠的一个助手偷偷骗卖给狗贩子来还赌债。这次骗卖使巴克原本自由安逸的生活权利被剥夺，从而进入残酷的斗争中，这也是巴克命运中的第一个转折点，也使巴克对人性有了新的接触和认识。
巴克在被骗卖途中屡次受到残酷的折磨，反抗的成效并未对所处环境起到改善或缓解作用，反而更糟。后来，一位身穿红色绒线衫的训狗人买下了巴克，他用一根大棒来驯服巴克。一开始，巴克骄傲的拼死反抗只能换来一次比一次激烈的击打“反复进攻了十来次，却也被大棒打倒在地上十来次”[1]P8 。巴克最后冲刺后被打得完全失去知觉。醒来的巴克只能选择承受而非抗议，他明白自己的反抗失败了，但他并未因此被打倒。“大棒政策”给巴克上了精彩的一课，他接受了这次教训，学会了弱肉强食的原始统治法的入门课。与此同时，他深刻的体会到：“手拿大棒的人就是制定法律的人，就得服从，虽然未必能跟他和解，即使屈服也从来没有和解过”[1]P9 。大棒政策唤醒了巴克潜藏的野性和原始习性的记忆，也成为他最终回归自然，完成蜕化的重要原因之一。
二、大棒与獠牙法律的压迫
被从文明中心扔进原始中心的巴克再没有体会到之前在米勒法官大屋的优裕生活。这儿有的只是混乱和骚动，要时刻保持警惕对付那些只知道大棒和獠牙法律的野蛮东西。巴克在这里见识到狗与狗像那些狼一样的动物打架。其中一只叫鬈毛的狗惨死的场面一直使巴克魂梦不安。此后，他懂得了在这里是不存在公平的，只要你倒下，你就算完了。要想在这个弱肉强食、适者生存的严酷现实中生存，就必须要小心，要不断改变自己。所以巴克下定决心努力干活，面对从来没做过的事也只有卖力地学习，做得更好来努力迎合主人得需要，做一条有用的狗，这样才能存活。
为了适应这个冰天雪地的蛮荒社会，巴克学会了各种生存技能。首先在旁观者的嘲笑中认识雪，学会以雪解渴，并很快磨砺了脚，学会拉雪橇[3]。随后学会在雪地上挖洞睡觉，被雪埋的恐惧——野生动物对陷阱的恐惧，逐步唤醒了巴克的野性。其次，为了填饱肚子，保护自己的食物，巴克改变了过去生活的洁癖，变得狼吞虎咽。由于饿得厉害，他观察学习派克趁他人不备之时偷食。这次盗窃活动的成功说明巴克是能够在北国恶劣环境里存活下去的，这标志着他的学习和适应能力：能因环境变化而调整自己以适应生存。没有这个本领也意味着死亡。这也标志了他的道德本性的蜕化和解体。在北国的土地上，在大棒和獠牙的法律之下，只有强者和适者才能存活。巴克从观察中学习，各种野蛮的习性使得他早已消失的本能逐渐复活，以前的驯养也随之消失了，早已忘却的本性开始蠢蠢欲动。
三、原始动物间的争夺
雪橇路上严酷的条件使巴克原本强烈的原始动物的强悍习性不断秘密的发展。在这种恶劣的生存环境下，巴克的体能与野性不断地被激发，他调整自己以适应新的生活的速度不断加快。为了存活，他不仅不挑起争端，而且尽量避免打架。“他的神态特点是从容不迫。他没有鲁莽的倾向，从不仓促行动，对他跟斯匹茨之间的深仇大恨他没有表现丝毫急躁，对于一切能开罪斯匹茨的行动他都避免”[1]P23 。或许就是巴克这种从容的神态刺激到斯匹茨了，让他意识到巴克威胁到自己的地位，从而不断设法挑起争端。随之而来的不平常事件使得这场争端正式拉开帷幕。就在他们到达勒巴治湖岸荒凉阴冷的宿营地的那个晚上，巴克在避风的岩石下扒出属于自己的既温暖又舒服的窝。然而，就在他吃完定量回去时却发现窝被霸占了，入侵者正是斯匹茨。到目前为止，巴克都一直避免和他的冲突，这次“抢窝挑衅事件”使巴克胸中的兽性开始咆哮，间接地引发了二者之间的争夺战。
在佩里岛的早上，一向并不惹眼的达利突然发起疯来扑向巴克，斯匹茨趁机撕咬被达利追得筋疲力尽的巴克。此事之后，巴克与斯匹茨便时常干仗，争夺领导权的斗争已是无可避免。巴克总是在斯匹茨执意惩罚其他狗时插上一手，鼓励那些叛逆者做下种种违法乱纪的事，进而向斯匹茨的权威挑战。巴克那种使狗们在劳动中坚持下去的自豪感也公开威胁起斯匹茨的领袖地位。随后各种阴
险的叛变破坏了狗队原本的团结，影响了狗与狗之间的关系。
最后的争夺还是到来了。巴克虽然不像斯匹茨那样久经考验、经验丰富。但是，巴克具有一种可以通向伟大的品质，他有想象力，他凭本领和脑袋战斗，最终战胜了曾一度是最强壮的排头狗斯匹茨，成为了胜利者。之后又通过反抗索莱克斯占有本该属于自己挣来的位置，成功赢得排头狗的位置。这种为了生存而战斗的经历进一步激发了巴克内在的野性力量。
四、雪路苦役
狗队在斯卡格卫大街上易主了，一个苏格兰混血儿接管了巴克和他的伙伴们。他们每天拖着沉重的邮件艰难地跋涉，巴克不喜欢这种工作却依然做得很不错。“生活很简单但很机械，每一天的情况大体相同”[1]P42 。拖着邮件的行程很苦，沉重的工作把巴克和他的伙伴们累垮了。加上残酷的天气状况，雪路对行程的阻碍使大多数雪橇狗精疲力竭。三十天后到达斯卡格卫时，情况很糟，长期缓慢的苦役使巴克和他的伙伴们疲倦得要命，甚至没有恢复体力的能力。一批批哈德逊湾的新狗取代了他们的位置。既然钱比狗重要，那么只要这些精疲力尽的狗还值一分钱的话，就会被卖掉。巴克被不懂得旅行的两男一女低价拥有（至少巴克这样认为），之后旅行路程中证明巴克的看法是对的。“他们不仅什么都不会，还不会学习，办事也马马虎虎，毫无章法可言”[1]P53 。因此狗群时常受到哈尔残酷无情的鞭打，尤其是对困顿不堪的狗。
在整个过程中，受尽折磨的巴克跌跌撞撞坚持在排头狗的位置上，仿佛做着噩梦。能拉他就拉，拉不动他就倒下，直到鞭子或大棒赶他起来。最终狗群因长期苦役及哈尔用大棒的残酷压制一只只倒下。这是巴克第一次没有在鞭子的抽打下站起来，他在大棒的打击下逐渐麻木。那个时候阳光下的生活已经离巴克越来越遥远，回忆对他已没有当初的吸引力了，相对有吸引力的是遗传中的记忆，那种原始的本能，那后来已泯灭的本能，在巴克身上苏醒、活跃了过来。
五、恩主索恩顿的遇害
在新主人约翰·索恩顿的精心护理下，巴克在顽皮嬉闹中渡过养病时期进入新生活。同时，他不曾体会过的感情第一次出现在他心里——真正的充满激情的爱。首先是因为索恩顿救了他的命；其次索恩顿是个理想的主人，他给了巴克无微不至的照顾，“不像别人是因为责任和工作方便而照顾狗的，他照料狗是情不自禁，就有如照料自己的孩子，他的感情更深”[1]P63 。尽管巴克对索恩顿有着巨大的爱，这爱似乎说明文明使他产生了温情，但北方土地在他心中所唤起的原始本能仍然存在而且活跃。那种原始的永恒强有力的节奏一直在他体内跳动着，或许压过了那份温情。
巴克对索恩顿的感情不断增长。只要是索恩顿的命令，什么艰巨的活儿他都干。巴克前后两次不顾生命危险救了索恩顿的命，并在索恩顿和别人打赌时，为索恩顿赚了一大笔钱，使他可以还清债务，然后跟伙伴们一起到东部寻找一个传说中的失踪的金矿。随着时间的流逝，对巴克来说，这
种漫游带给了他无穷无尽的快乐，同时他感受到从密林深处发出的呼唤，那呼唤使他产生了种种狂野的渴望和激动，追求着某种他不知道的东西。于是，他开始试着多次进入到森林中去寻找那种狂野的呼唤。接下来的日子，巴克依靠他的力量与技巧，在弱肉强食的敌对环境中不断成长、变强。
不幸的是，约翰·索恩顿被印第安人杀死了，狂怒之下的巴克咬死了那些罪魁祸首。这是他平生最后一次让激情压倒了绞狯和理智，他对索恩顿的爱使他失去了理智。恩主的死切断了最后的纽带他对人和人的要求再也没有了责任。他开始响应那不断在他记忆里出现的另一个世界的声音。可以说有恩于巴克的主人索恩顿遇害是他蜕变的最终导火索。巴克回应了荒野中的呼唤，他的野性也被彻底唤醒，最终回归到那个原始的狼群，完成蜕变。
六、结语
《野性的呼唤》中大棒政策是成功的，因为他的对象是狗。巴克就是在大棒的打击和环境的变化下，逐渐恢复野性，唤起对原始本能的回忆，回到蛮荒，成为狼的伙伴。巴克在蜕化过程中明白达尔文进化论“适者生存”的“适者”只会是“强者”，要想存活下去，就只有不断变强。大棒和獠牙使他明白竞争和强大的生存之道，也逐渐激发了原始的野性。内心深处原始而神秘的呼唤和主人索恩顿遇害，彻底切断了巴克对人类世界的最后纽带，最后回归原始森林。其实，在巴克蜕化过程中，那些拐卖者和淘金者起到直接影响作用，他们对待动物的残酷手段和使用大棒打击方式，使他在恶劣的生存环境下为适者生存而不断学习、改变，最终蜕化成“异类”。如果巴克一开始没有被骗卖或是遇到的主人都可以像索恩顿一样善待动物，给予他们尊重，或许结局会大不一样，巴克也许就不会离开人类世界，进入蛮荒与狼为伍。
参考文献：
[1]杰克·伦敦.野性的呼唤[M].孙法理译.南京：译林出版社，2011.
[2]耿霞.适析《野性的呼唤》中巴克野性的回归[J].新乡学院学报（社会科学版）.2009，23（2）
[3]买春艳.对《野性的呼唤》中巴克形象的再解读[J].盐城师范学院学报（人文社会科学版）.2005,25(3)
野性的呼唤英文读后感 篇一：野性的呼唤读后感英文 Alostworldoflife ——AboutTheCalloftheWild CouldyouremembertheexcerptofTheCalloftheWildinourExtensiveR eadingI?Couldyoustillremembertheplot?Doyouknowwherethecalli sfrom?That’stheverybeginningoftheCalloftheWild. Ichoosethisbookfortworeasons,thatthebeginningattractsmeandt hatIoncereadabookaboutwolffamilyofthreegenerations,whichisa ninterestingstoryaboutthenature. Abouttheauthor,JackLondon TheCalloftheWildisLondon’
smost-readbook,andgenerallyconsideredhisbest,themostmasterp ieceofhisso-called “earlyperiod”.Thestorywassetin19th-centuryKlondikeGoldRus h,inwhichsleddogswereboughtatgenerousprices. BuckwasadomesticdoginJudgeMiller’shomeandlivingacomfortablelifeuntilhewassoldsecretlybythepo orgardenerandbecameasleddog.BuckwasaBernarddogweighedonehun dredandfortypounds,tall,strong,andheavymuscled.Hecouldn’taccommodatetotheharshconditionatfirst.Andhewantedtofight,t oescape,togobacktohiscozyhome,butinvain. Themaninredtaughthimthelawofstickandclub—onemustfirstadjusthimselftohissurroundingsandlearntherules, andonlyafterthathecandowhathewantstodo.Theclubofthemaninred calledbackBuck’snatureasadog.
2010-2011学年度下学期四年级必读书目考级试题 班级姓名等级 一、填空 1、《野性的呼唤》这部作品的作者是，故事叙述一名叫的狗历经磨难，最终回到自然的野生环境的故事。 2、巴克的第一任主人是名叫的法官。 3、由于体力超群、机智勇敢，巴克最终打败成为狗群的领队狗。 4、巴克有一种造就伟大的品质是。 5、在艰辛的拉雪橇途中，主人几经调换，巴克与最后的一位主人结下了难分难舍的深情厚谊。 6、在桑顿和马修森的打赌中，巴克五分钟内拉动了磅的雪橇，为桑顿赢得了美元。 7、巴克在离开营地，在入海的河流里捕捉，在这里他还杀死了一头被蚊子盯瞎了眼睛的。 二、选择： 1、在登上迪亚海滩的第一天，（）几乎被众狗撕成了碎片而丧命。 A、弗朗索瓦 B、索尔雷克 C、柯莉 2、在狗队中是（）至死也不放弃职责，坚持拉雪橇，以至于被混血儿用左轮手枪打死。 A、巴克 B、德夫 C、派克 3、在塔基拿河口，一天晚饭后，达布发现了一只（） A、雪兔 B、灰兔 C、山猫 4、巴克杀死了（），为它最后一任主人报了仇，回归森林。 A、爱斯基摩人 B、印第安人 C、美国人 5、在贝利河口，一向不声不响的（）突然疯了。 A、多丽 B、斯比茨 C、库那
二、判断： 1、佩罗是一名淘金者。（） 2、一年秋天，在一处凶险的河道里，桑顿掉进了水里。（） 3、巴克的第三任主人是苏格兰混血儿。（） 4、巴克最喜欢躺在火堆旁边，后腿盘在身下，前腿朝前伸着仰着头，眼睛望着火苗梦幻般眨着。（） 5、巴克在山涧源头遇到的巨大的雄性麋鹿有九英尺高。。（） 三、问答题 通过阅读《野性的呼唤》，你对巴克有哪些了解，你的读书收获是什么？并说说你的感受！ 附加题：还读了哪些书？可以介绍一下书的主要内容或者书中最喜欢的人物吗？
1 J ack London was born in San Francisco on January 12, 1876, the illegitimate son of Flora Wellman, the rebellious daughter of an aristocratic family, and William Chaney, a traveling astrologer who abandoned Flora when she became pregnant. Eight months after her son was born, Flora married John London, a grocer and Civil War veteran whose last name the infant took. London grew up in Oakland, and his family was mired in poverty throughout his youth. He remained in school only through the eighth grade but was a voracious reader and a frequent visitor to the Oakland Public Library, where he went about edu-cating himself and laying the groundwork for his impending literary career. In his adolescent years, London led a rough life, spending time as a pirate in San Francisco Bay, traveling the Far East on sealing expeditions, and making his way across America as a tramp. Finally, temporarily tired of adventure, London returned to Oakland and graduated from high school. He was even admitted to the University of California at Berkeley, but he stayed only for a semester. The Klondike gold rush (in Canada’s Y ukon Territory) had begun, and in 1897 London left college to seek his fortune in the snowy North. The gold rush did not make London rich, but it furnished him with plenty of material for his career as a writer, which began in the late 1890s and continued until his death in 1916. He worked as a reporter, covering the Russo-Japanese War of 1904 and the Mexican Revolution in the 1910s; meanwhile, he published ov er fifty books and became, at the time, America’s most famous author. For a while, he was one of the most widely read authors in the world. He embodied, it was said, the spirit of the American West, and his portrayal of adventure and frontier life seemed like a breath of fresh air in comparison with nineteenth-century V ictorian fiction, which was often overly concerned with what had begun to seem like trivial and irrelevant social norms. The Call of the Wild, published in 1903, remains London’s most famous work, blending his experiences as a gold prospector in the Canadian wilderness with his ideas about nature and the struggle for existence. He drew these ideas from various influential figures, including Charles Darwin, an English naturalist credited with -developing theories about biological evolution, and Friedrich Nietzsche, a prominent German philosopher. Although The Call of the Wild is first and foremost a story about a dog, it displays a -philosophical depth absent in most animal adventures. London was married twice—once in 1900, to his math tutor and friend Bess Maddern, and again in 1905, to his secretary Charmian Kittredge, whom he considered his true love. As his works soared in popularity, he became a contradictory figure, arguing for socialist principles and women’s rights even as he himself lived a materialist life of luxury, sailing the world in his boat, the Snark, and running a large ranch in northern California. Meanwhile, he preached -equality and the brotherhood of man, even as novels like The Call of the Wild celebrated violence, power, and brute force. London died young, on November 22, 1916. He had been plagued by stomach problems and failing kidneys for years, but many have suggested that his death was a suicide. Whatever the cause, it is clear that London, who played the various roles of journalist, novelist, prospector, sailor, pirate, husband, and father, lived life to the fullest. 1
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A review of The Call of the Wild 《野性的呼唤》影评 The Call of the Wild,novel by Jack London, published serially by The Saturday Evening Post in 1903 andthen as a single-volume book by Macmillan & Co.thesame year. It is often considered to be his masterpiece and is the most widelyread of all his publications. Summary The story follows Buck— a mix of St. Bernard and Scotch collie—throughout hisjourney as a sled dog. Buck’s story begins at the house of Judge Miller inSanta Clara,California. Here, Buck is abeloved domesticated pet, living comfortably. However, after gold is discoveredin the Yukon territory of Canada,Buck is stolen by one of Miller’s gardeners as thedemand for sled dogs increases. The gardener sells Buck to dog traders andmakes a profit, and Buck is soon shipped north, abused and beaten as he goes.Along with a sweet, unassuming dog named Curly, Buck is sold to two governmentcouriers, Fran?ois and Perrault, who put
野性的呼唤英文阅读报告 A Report on 《The call of the wild 》 Introduction At the beginning of this century, many new writers emerged with the introduction of many new ideas. Jack London stories successfully reflect the contradictory views of man’s nature and destiny in and against the wild, and his "fight to survive" notion has gained him and his works timeless popularity, particularly, the Call of the Wild His most famous novel is the call of the wild . Although it is a story about a dog, Buck, it vividly depicts the life in the primitive North where people rushed for gold and fortune. Buck, used to belong to a judge, was kidnapped and sold to North. Then he became a member of a dog-team pulling a sled (雪橇). In the days of pulling a snow-sled, he learned to conform to the law of nature and obey the master. Finally, he found a basic instinct hidden inside him, which enabled himself to survive the tough environment. This is the call of the wild. Brief introduction
【标题】《荒野的呼唤》主题分析 【作者】龚琳 【关键词】适者生存；人性；自然主义 【指导老师】张亚军 【专业】英语 【正文】 I. Introduction Before there was Hemingway, Steinbeck, Kerouac, and Mailer, there was Jack London. Perhaps no other American writer led a life as exciting as that described in his fiction. Born in San Francisco to an unwed mother from a wealthy background. Jack London grew up in the slum area of Oakland, California, a place which he later called “the cellar of society.” Born out of wedlock on January 12, 1876, he never knew his father, William Henry Chaney, who had left Jack’s mother, Flora Wellman, before Jack’s birth. On September 7, 1876, Flora Wellman married John London, from whom her son Jack took his name. By the age of fifteen, London had turned delinquent. Barely seventeen, he signed aboard the schooner Sophie Sutherland, bound for Japan and the Bering Sea. Returning from the voyage in 1894, London began to be interested in the plight of the underprivileged and working classes, so he joined a group of militant workers who were going to Washington to protest the wretched working conditions in the country, caused by the Depression of 1894. He did not reach Washington, however; he deserted this “Industrial Army” in Hannibal, Missouri, and for a time he traveled around the country as a hobo. At Niagara Falls, he was arrested for vagrancy and sentenced to the Erie County Penitentiary. He was released after thirty days, and he quickly caught the first train heading West, arriving eventually in Oakland. It was probably soon after his release from the penitentiary that London became seriously interested in politics, and as a result, he joined an Oakland branch of the Socialist Labor Party in April 1896. Then soon afterward, he enrolled as a student at the University of California at Berkeley, where he attempted to further his studies in the most influential scientific and philosophic theories of the late nineteenth century—Darwinism, Social Darwinism, Nietzscheism, and Marxism. He soon became restless, though, and he left the university during his second semester as a student. From California, he went North, to the Klondike to search for gold, and his adventures there became the basis of many stories. In fact, two of his most famous novels, The Call of the Wild and White Fang,
野性的呼唤英文读后感 篇一：野性的呼唤英文>读后感 At the beginning of this century, many new writers emerged with the introduction of many new ideas. Among them, Jack London was the most popular one. His most famous novel is the call of the wild . Although it is a story about a dog, Buck, it vividly depicts the life in the primitive North where people rushed for gold and fortune. Buck, used to belong to a judge, was kidnapped and sold to North. Then he became a member of a dog-team pulling a sled . In the days of pulling a snow-sled, he learned to conform to the law of nature and obey the master. Finally, he found a basic instinct hidden inside him, which enabled himself to survive the tough environment. This is the call of the wild. When you read the story, you will feel that Buck is a man instead of a dog, struggling with his fortune and conforming to the law of nature. Though short, it is really a thrilling story. What you never forget is the tough life in the nature, the brave and crafty dog. Maybe the wild is calling you to go ahead. While writing for only 16 years throughout his life, London produced an amazing body of work among which, White Fang, Martin Eden, the Valley of the Moon are representative. 篇二：野性的呼唤英文读后感 In the 19th century ,the west of America was under cultivation .Hundreds of adventurers were moving to the west .At the same time ,it was said that gold had been found in large quantity in Northern California ,so thousands of people went to the west for gold .There were so many people ,but in the freezing cold North ,transportation was the biggest problem .At such situation ,dogs and sleds was the best choice ,so in the North ,dogs and sleds was the main transport tools then .Of course ,millions of dogs were needed urgently ,from then on ,there were plenty of dogs like Buck began their unfortunate difficult journey life. The author Jack London was one of the members who went to the North for gold ,he went through the hardships of the journey himself ,witnessed the cruel and miserable life of dogs .According to his this experience ,the story of buck
The Call of the Wild 野性的呼唤 1 To the north Buck did not read the newspapers． He did not know that trouble was coming for every big dog in California． Men had found gold in the Yukon， and these men wanted big， strong dogs to work in the cold and snow of the north． Buck lived in Mr Miller's big house in the sunny Santa Clara valley There were large gardens and fields of fruit trees around the house， and a river nearby． In a big place like this，of course， there were many dogs There were house dogs and farm dogs， but they were not important．Buck was chief dog；he was born here， and this was his place ．He was four years old and weighed sixty kilos ．He went swimming with Mr Miller's sons，and walking with his daughters ．He carried the grandchildren on his back， and he sat at Mr Miller's feet in front of the fire in winter． But this was 1897， and Buck did not know that men and dogs were hurrying to north-west Canada to look for gold．And he did not know that Manuel， one of Mr Miller's garden－ers， needed money for his large family． One day，when Mr Miller was out， Manuel and Buck left the garden together．It was just an evening walk， Buck thought．No one saw them go， and only one man saw them arrive at the railway station．This man talked to Manuel， and gave him some money ．Then he tied a piece of rope around Buck's neck． Buck growled， and was surprised when the rope was pulled hard around his neck．He jumped at the man．The man caught him and suddenly Buck was on his back with his tongue out of his mouth． For a few moments he was unable to move， and it was easy for the two men to put him into the train． When Buck woke up， the train was still moving． The man was sitting and watching him， but Buck was too quick for him and he bit the man's hand hard．Then the rope was pulled again and Buck had to let go． That evening， the man took Buck to the back room of a bar in San Francisco． The barman looked at the man's hand and trousers covered in blood． ‘How much are they paying you for this？’he asked． ‘I only get fifty dollars．’ ‘And the man who stole him—how much did he get？’ asked the barman． 第 1 页 共 42 页
Study on the Causes of Buck’s Returning the Wild 摘要：本文运用马克思主义辩证关系原理，科学地探索了巴克回归自然的内因和外因，并对人类进行了深刻的反思。淘金热是巴克转变的一个间接原因，也是一个大背景。巴克凭着先天优势在残酷的不断变化的环境中，学得了重要的生存法则，即“适者生存”。由此发现，虽然外部环境在不断变化，但巴克凭着自己的能力掌握规律，以另一种方式生存。这表明外因在一定程度上影响了事物的发展，而事物的发展是由内因决定的。 关键字：内因;外因；生存法则；适应能力。 Abstract: On the basis of Marxist dialectic, this passage makes a study on the internal and external causes of buck’s returning to the wild, and makes a reflection of human beings as well. Prevailing phenomenon of seeking gold is an indirect cause as well as a big backdrop of the time. Buck, learning against his superior advantages, learned a critical law of existence, that is, survival of the fittest. In this sense, in spite of the various environments, Buck mastered the law against his own adaptability and led a different way of life. That indicates the external causes have an effect on the development of things, while it is the internal cause that decides the final implementation of things. Key words: external causes; internal causes; law of existence; adaptability 1.Introduction: The call of the wild, one of the representative works, written by Jack London, reveal many realities and truths that deserve ponder and study. On the ground of Marxist dialectic, we choose to the causes, internal and external, that push Buck to return to the wild. Any implementation of phenomenon is formed by the combined effect of internal and external causes, thus, to know the process and results of development in things, finding out the reasons is necessary. At the same time, thoughts should not be confined in things themselves, but touch the lessons and experience hiding in the development of things, that is, in the call of the wild, we should see the illumination from Buck’s shift of life, and make self-reflection. In this sense, reflection on human beings being the third part of this passage, apart from external causes and internal causes. 2.External Causes 2.1 The Found of Yellow Metal It is a direct reason that leads to Buck′s hardship. It is the found of gold that increase the demand for dogs of strong muscle and long hair, which can according make them pull sled protect them from frost. Also it is the found that offers Manuel, one of the gardener′s helpers an opportunity to reduce his debt, that is to sell Buck. Buck was betrayed and forced to begin his shift of life. 2.2.The Big Contrast in Living Conditions Buck had lived the sun-kissed santé clara valley，where was beautiful and peaceful. “It stood back from the road, half-hidden among the trees, through which glimpses could be caught of the wide cool veranda that ran round its four sides. The house was approached by graveled drive ways which wound about through wide spreading lawns and under the interlacing boughs of tall poplars. At
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