认知法
一、Brief introduction
认知教学法，又称认知-符号法，或认知-符号学习理论，是按照认知规律，调动学习者智力潜能，努力去发现和掌握语言规则，创造性地活用语言的一种外语教学法体系。
二、Basic theory
Like the Audiolingual Method, the Cognitive Approach looks for a rationale in linguistics and psychology.he Cognitive Approach seeks in transformational grammar and cognitive psychology a basis for second language teaching.
1 Transformational Grammar ：Chomsky maintained that language is an intricate rule-based system；Every normal human being is born with a LAD（language acquisition device）.It is competence that a child gradually acquires, and it is this language competence that allows the child to be creative as a language user.
2 Cognitive psychology: Cognitive psychology emphasis on the various mental processes used in thinking, remembering, perceiving, recognizing, classifying, etc.The Cognitive Psychologist hold that learning must involve organization of material and learning should be structured.Structure has given meaning to parts previously incomprehensible.
三、characteristics
1)认知法明确指出，外语教学应以学生的认知活动为主，而不应让
教师主宰课堂。采取直接法和听说法的教师往往主观设计各种教学环节，
认知法却要求教师的备课建立在学生认知的特点上，根据学生认知过程
进行教学。
2)认知法的一个重要特点是反对机械模仿，注重培养学生的创造性
思维，鼓励学习和使用外语中的创新精神。为此，认知法要求让学生明
确每堂课甚至每一练习的教学目的，无论是学习语言知识还是技能训练
都强调理解其中的内容，使学生能根据教学目标创造性地学习。
3) 认知法的教学重视语法，必要时可用母语进行教学。然而，认知
法的语法教学又与语法翻译法不同，它要求通过有意义的练习达此目的。
同时，认知法根据认知心理学的原理，强调教学必须遵循从学生已知，
即已掌握的知识，到未知，即新知识领域的认识过程，它不同于语法翻
译法大量使用的演绎法。
) Knowledge of language rules facilitates learning.
2) Rules are taught deductively.
3) Competence comes before performance.
4) The learner is the center of classroom teaching./learner-centered
class.
5) Language practice is the main form of classroom teaching.
6) Learning is based on understanding.
7) Cognitive Approach gives equal importance to all the four skills.
8) Mistakes are unavoidable.
1. The Cognitive Approach concentrates on the learner’s processes of knowledge rather than on mechanistic procedures imposed upon his by the teacher. At the level of linguistic theory, it signals a rejection of the view that language is external to the mind of the individual. Cognitivism states that ①knowledge of language rules facilitate learning.The basic tenet of the Cognitive Approach which is different from that of the Audiolingual Method is, while in the Audiolingual Method, teachers were warned not to tell the learner about the language, that is, not to teach grammar. ②Grammar are taught deductively.In the Cognitive Approach, teachers are required to tell the learner about the language, because knowledge of language rules facilitates learning.
1. The Cognitive Approach concentrates on the learner’s
processes of knowledge rather than on mechanistic procedures
imposed upon his by the teacher.
2. At the level of linguistic theory, it signals a
rejection of the view that language is external to the mind of the
individual.
3. At the level of phychological learning theory, it
signals a rejection of stimulus-response models.
4. At the level of teaching techniques, it signals the
environment of deliberate grammar teaching as an aid to learning.
5. Cognitivism states that ①knowledge of language rules
facilitate learning.
6. The basic tenet of the Cognitive Approach which is
different from that of the Audiolingual Method is, while in the Audiolingual Method, teachers were warned not to tell the learner about the language, that is, not to teach grammar. ②Grammar are taught deductively.
In the Cognitive Approach, teachers are required to tell the learner about the language, because knowledge of language rules facilitates learning.
8. It is believed that knowledge of language rules form
the learner’s language foundation. They must learn the rules of the language before applying them. ③Competence comes before performance.
9. The Cognitive Approach holds that grammar is
important, but is never taught for its own sake. The learning of grammar should be conducted in a functional way so that students may apply what they have learned to actual communicative
situations.
10. The Cognitive Approach believes that learners play a decisive
role in foreign language learning.
11. To achieve the teaching objectives, the teacher must
understand the psychology of the learner.
12. Positive attitude, confidence, strong motivation and correct
learning method all play a part in the success of language
learning.
13. Since ④the learner is the center of classroom teaching,⑤
language practice should be the main form of learning.
14. Opportunities should be provided so that students can develop
the ability of using the target language through active
participation in language communication.
15. In a Cognitive classroom, it is the teacher’s responsibility
to teach the students not only language knowledge and language skills, but also the ability to learn by themselves.
16. The Cognitive Approach insists that ⑥learning is based on
understanding. Human type learning is different from animal type learning which is the result of stimulus-response. Language learning is a creative process. The students can only perform after they have understood the system of the language. We can’t imitate without activating a cognitive process.
17. The teacher should always make sure that students understand
what they are doing.
18. In a Cognitive Approach classroom, meaningful learning and
meaningful practice are emphasized during the entire learning process. In a meaningful process like second language learning, mindless repetition, imitation and other rotely oriented
practices have no place in the classroom.
19. The Cognitive Approa ch ⑦gives equal importance to all the
four skills. Any of them could get priority according to the goal of the course and the needs of the students. It is held that the receptive skills----listening and reading----should precede speaking and writing, because they are the means of developing and expanding competence, without which there will be no performance.
Especially in a Foreign Language learning situation, written materials can help learning.
20. When a foreign language learner can resort to all the possible
target language resources, learning will be more effective.
四、Principle
1以学习者为中心自学为主：以学生为中心教学为指导充分发挥学生自主性创造性
2理解基础上进行学与练：强化汉语环境，自觉学习与自然习得相结合
3认知法的教学目是为了使学生的语言能力能接近以所学语言为本族语的人的水平。认知法所指的“语言能力”是生成转换语法理论所主张的内化语法规则的能力，它体现在听说读写四种技能之中.要求听说读写全面训练：听说读写全面要求，分阶段侧重，口语、书面语协调发展。
4利用母语、对错误进行有分析的指导：利用母语进行与汉语的对比分析，严格使用母语或中介语
5运用电教手段营造教学情境：加强直观性充分利用现代教学技术
五、 comment
1 advantage and disadvantage
1） Advantage：
（1）认知法强调培养学生的创造性思维，这是传统外语教学法的薄弱之处。在外语教学中发展创造性思维和提倡创造性精神不仅能从根本
上提高学生的外语水平，而且有利于加强对学生总体的素质教育，符
合新世纪对人才的要求。
（2）认知法主张外语学习必须理解语言规则，语言练习必须有意义并结合学生的生活实际，有利于调动学生学习的积极性，也有助于提高
使用外语的准确性（accuracy）和得体性（appropriateness），这恰
恰是听说法所欠缺的。
2）Disadvantage：
（1）使用认知法时，讲解语法必须恰到好处。若费时过多或讲解过于详尽，就可能走到语法翻译法的老路上去。同时，认知法强
调语言练习必须有意义，全盘否定机械操练，在实际教学中并不可行。
特别是在初学阶段，一定数量的机械练习是不可避免的。因此，如何
处理语法教学和机械操练与有意义练习的比例仍然是认知法需要探
讨的问题。
（2) 认知法的另一个缺点是未强调培养学生的交际能力。在使用认知法时应多开展课外活动，为学生使用外语进行交际提供更多
的条件和机会。
（3)较多地运用在教本国人学外语上，缺乏用认知法教外国人学外语的实践，因此尚需在理论和实践上加以探索
2 Contribution
（1）最大的贡献是提倡以学习者为中心，注重调动学习者积极性
（2）对其他的教学方法进行了批判性的继承，把认知心理学及当代心理学引入对外语教学中。
英语教学法考试重点精 选文档 TTMS system office room 【TTMS16H-TTMS2A-TTMS8Q8-
判断主张并简要说明理由： Structural view:The structure language sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems:phonology,morphology and syntax.To learn a language means to learn these structural items so as to be able to understand and produce language. Functional view: The functional view is not only sees language as a linguistic system but also a means for doing things,such as offering suggesting,etc.Leaners need to know how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to express notions that perform the functions. International view:The international view considers language to be a communicative tool,whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people.Leaners not only need to know the grammar and vocabulary but also need to know the rules for using them in a communicative contexts. What makes a good language teacher? These elements can be categorized into three groups:ethic devotion,professional qualities and personal styles. 教师的专业能力是如何发展起来的(How can be a good teacher/The development of professional competence) 答：The development of professional competence including three parts: Stage1,Stage2 and Goal. I. The first stage is language development.All English teacher are supposed to have a sound command of English,and language is always changing,language development can never come to an end. II. The second stage is the most important stage and it is more complicated because it involves three sub-stages:learning,practice,and reflection.(1)The learning stage is the purposeful preparation before a teacher starts the practice of teaching.It includes three parts:learning from other's experience,learning the received knowledge and learning from one's experiences.Both experience knowledge and received knowledge are useful when a teacher goes ton practice.(2)The term 'practice' can be used in two senses. One sense is also called pseudo practice.The other sense is the real classroom teaching.(3)Teacher benefit from practice if they keep on reflecting on what they've done,Not only after they finish their practice,but also while they are doing the practice, III. After some period of practice and reflection,a teacher should be able to reach his or her professional competence.As an final it shouldn't an end,one must be keep learning,practicing and reflecting. 真实应用语言&课堂语言的不同（The differences between language used in real life and language taught in the classroom.) Language used in real life differs from language learned under the traditional language teaching pedagpgy in the following aspects:
英语教学法教程教案 A Course in English Language Teaching 主讲：姚向礼 教材：《英语教学法教程》 主编：王蔷 出版社：高等教育出版社 绪论外语教学法主要流派 Teaching approaches & Methods Approaches & methods of Language Teaching 众说纷纭，现以学习理论作为分类标准，将学派分为认知性的，连接性的和综合性的三大类。并简介翻译教学法，自然教学法，直接教学法，认知教学法，功能教学法，在这之前首先概述一下拉丁语教学法、。 ①拉丁语教学法，指（15-16世纪）为欧洲语言的极盛时期，学校里教授作为外语之拉丁语的直觉模仿法。它在（15——16世纪）为语法模仿法：16世纪末到17世
纪，由于民族语渗入学校，拉丁语教学法主要为词汇模仿法。先后提出了自觉性原则和直观性原则。这一时期的两大代表人物①惜提哈（ratch1571-163500））②夸美纽斯教学法Conienius(1592_1670) ①德国论点是通过经验与分析去学习一切。认为只从理论途径得到的记忆才是可 靠的。词汇翻译法，自觉对比法，认真教学法。 二、联结性的教学法学派 特点：经验主义的哲学观点；重视外语话语与实物，观念，概念等外部世界与思维的直接联系；侧重口头操练。 自然教学法（绝对排斥本族语的教学法） 直接教学法（自然教学法发展起来的）（一种习惯） 听说教学法 视听教学法 功能教学法（又名意念法，交际法或意念——功能—交际法 三、综合性的教学法学派，来源于直接法与翻译的综合 自觉实践法 折衷法（又是极端） 分阶段教学法 一、语法翻译法(Translation Method) The grammar translation Method(Reading Method ,classical Method ).In China, it is called old method and is probably the most widely known and has been the most widely used of all approaches to language teaching .Although there have been many developments in language teaching, especially in the teaching foreign language ,grammar-translation method in still used today in various forms .And the main drill in translation. The mains features are as the followings. 1.Classes are taught in the mother tongue,with little active use of the target lauguage. 2.Much vocabulary is taught in the form of lists of isofated words. 3.Long elaborate explanations of the intricacies of grammar are given. 4.Little attention explanations of the intricacies of grammar are given. 5.Often the only drills are exercises in translation disconnecfecl sentences from the target language into the mother tongue. 6.little or no attention is given to pronunciation. 希腊文、拉丁文、通过翻译来学习外语。 认为背诵文法规则是学习外语的捷径，使用的课本，开始是孤立的单词和孤立的语法例句，都是从希腊文和拉丁文的名著里摘引出来的。 Advontedges： 1.在外语教学里创建了翻译的教学形式； 2.在外语教学里利用文法、利用学生的理解力，以提高外语教学的效果； 3.着重阅读，着重学习原文或原文文学名著； 4.使用方便。只要教师掌握了外语的基本知识，就可以拿着外语课本教外语，不需要什么教具和设备。 Disadvanfudges： 1.忽视口语教学。在教学里没有抓住语言的本质； 2.忽视语音和语调的教学； 3.过分强调翻译，单纯通过翻译手段教外语，不利于培养学生用外语进行交际的能力，易使学生在使用外语时对翻译有依赖性；
十八种常见的英语教学方法 我们都知道少儿时期是学英语的最好时光，所以这个阶段的英语学习很重要，作为少儿英语老师来说最重要的无非就是英语教学方法！ 1．童话剧教学法 教学内容直接决定了学生的学习欲望和制约着语言教师对教学方法的选用。学生用书主体部分为经典的英美英语童话故事。在英语课堂上，当孩子们遨游在光怪陆离的童话故事中，他们学习的英语积极性被充分地调动了起来，当他们和一个个栩栩如生的童话人物交上好朋友的时候，他们的英语也会取得长足的进步。 2．情景教学法 Fresh English 新鲜美语是我们英语日常用语专题部分。在英语课堂上，老师们为学生们模拟各种各样生活中的真实场景，以生动活泼的方式来呈现学生们感兴趣的单元主体，组织学生们在情景中不断地反复地操练新知，达到学以致用的学习效果。 3．音乐，律动教学法 Happy Melody 和 Motion Chant是我们课本里的英语歌曲和小诗歌。英语教学蕴含在“说，唱”英语中。以韵律式的“说，唱”形式，配合科学编排的韵律动作，全方位地调动视觉、听觉、言语能力和肢体动作，让孩子真正“懂得”英语，真正“脱口而出”纯正的英语，真正“学”会英语。昂立幼，少儿的学生用书中的英文歌曲和儿歌是一套真正为孩子设计的“看了就想学，一学就能跳”的英语韵律操。它充分考虑到孩子的动作特点，有机地与英语发音和节奏配合起来，易学易跳，协调的动作使孩子深深的感受到英语的优美和学英语的乐趣 4．直拼教学法 Funny phonics是一套根据英文字母本身的音源，总结出的一套，学生不学就能“看单词能读，听单词能写”的英语词汇教学方法。它用最简单、最实用、最直接的字母以及字母组合的基本发音，让学生们能很快地掌握陌生单词的认读技巧，并能迅速记忆单词和朗读文章。我们还给每一个音素配上了形象生动，简单易记的小手势，帮助学生们正确发音。 5. 联想教学法 Magic Structure是重点巨型扩充练习，但是它根据每个知识点之间的内在联系，充分调动学生的联想能力，通过引申、扩展、推理、想象等方式，引导学生用正确高效的方式来完成大脑中知识网络的建立，达到迅速把新知从短时记忆
英语教学方法之直接教学法 缘起（Origin） 顾名思义，直接教学法提倡在教室中直接以第二语或目标语(target language)来沟通或教 学。传统的文法翻译法(The Grammar-Translation、Method)往往过度强调母语在第一语 学习时的重要性，并且过于强调文法知识(linguistic knowledge)的记忆。在这样的学习方 式下，学生常常无法有效地运用所学的字汇或文法知识来沟通。直接教学法特别针对文 法翻译法的缺点，从一开始就很重视学生听说口语沟通能力的培养，拒绝填鸭式的文法 规则教学，强调语言的自然学习。因此，本教学法又叫做Anti-grammatical Method。 教学原则(Teching principles) 直接教学法认为第二语学习要成功就要遵循母语(第一语)的学习模式。因此，就听说读写的学习顺序而言，直接教学法的支持者强调学习第二语时，听说能力的培养应优先 于读写能力的培养(我们学习母语时，也是先学会听说，再去学习文字的读写)。也就是说’学生对一个字的发音很熟悉之后，老师才让他们学习如何认字阅读和书写。因此
对直接教学法来说，四种语言技巧的学习顺序应该是：听→说→读→写。精确发 音的养成在一开始就很重视，若同时强调四种技巧的练习’将会对学生的学习造成困扰。这样的思考也表现在课堂活动的操作上，如听写活动(dictation)是直接教学法常用的 教室活动之一。老师会要求学生在“写”之前，先专心听一次内容；念第二次时再写下 他们所听到的课文内容。 此外，为了让第二语学习环境更接近母语学习环境，直接教学法还对课堂教学提出了三 点具体建议。第一，课堂中禁用母语。母语学习者因为没有其他语言的干扰’母语的学 习才能如此成功。因此，直接教学法的支持者认为第二语的学习也应将学生其他语言(母语)的千扰减到最低：老师不用母语来解释、翻译或分析。若老师允许学生遇到沟通困难时就依赖母语，那就剥夺了学生学习以第二语沟通的机会。 第二，就文法而言，外语学习应避免文法规则的解释或记忆’因为在母语的学习环境中’即使不特别去记忆或是分析文法规则，也能从单纯的自然接触中习得母语的文法规 则。因此，在学习第二语时，老师也应以同样的方式介绍文法： ●提供学生大量的范例(examples)和语料(input materials)’让学生自然而然从每天所接 触的语料资讯中直接归纳出文法(inductive way of learning grammar)。第二语学习
自考英语教学法知识点总结
自考英语教学法知识点总结： 中学英语教学指导思想：是对中学英语教学的总体科学认识，包括对教学目的，教学路子的认识以及科学观，学习观，教学观等。 智力因素主要包括：思维力，记忆力，想象力，观察力，注意力等。非智力因素包括：动机，兴趣，情感，意志，性格等。 语言是指语言系统，也就是语音，词汇，语法系统。 言语是指人们使用语言所进行的表示和理解的话语活动，也就是说听，说，读，写活动。 教学路子指的是达到教学目的基本途径或总路线，包括成体系的教学法。 语感是指学习者对语言信息的敏锐感知和理解，是自动化的意识活动。教学基本原则是教学指导思想的组成部分，是指导思想的具体化，条理化，在中学英语教学法科学体系中占有重要的地位。 语法是对语言的一般描述，主要是对其组织原则的理论描述, ______学，句法学，词汇学，语义学。 “双规”化简就是运用语音规则，把大量的表面看起来相当复杂的词的读音和拼写化繁为简，化难为易。 句型也叫句式，是从口语和书面语的无数实际句子中概括出来的句子模型或模式，句型是有代表性的，常见性的。 分析性听：是指在听的活动中有明显的语言分析，另外是指把听的材料分析为各个语言层次，让学生分步听，进行听的基本功训练。 综合性听：是指在听的活动中无明显的语言分析而直接达到对内容的理解，也指在听力基本功训练基础上所进行的整篇成文的听的练习。 话语结构就是说话的套路，说的各句子之间的联系规律。
泛读就是广泛地阅读，大量地阅读，快速地阅读。 默读泛指一切不出声地读，默读既包括不出声地“声读”，也包括直接理解文字地“视读”。 实行纵式阅读：真正的默读一般都是快速阅读，在阅读过程中，人的目光主要表现为上下移动，因而阅读有慢速的横向或横式转变为纵向或纵式。 写的含义：在教学中写有两个方面的含义，一是书写或书法，包括字母，单词，句子，标点符号，国际音标的正确写法；二是写作，即笔头表示，如作文，写信，写日记等。 心理控制法：即惊异，悬念，满足。 密度：指单位时间所授教学内容。 广度：这包括两个方面，一是学生的活动面要广，二是教学内容所涉及的面要广。 深度：就是课堂教学内容要有一定的难度。 灵活度：指在练习中学生所表现的理解的多层次程度和表示的多样化程度。 独立度：指教师指导的程度和学生独立的程度。 测试：主要是用来了解，检查和鉴定学习者掌握英语的实际水平的一种手段。 资质倾向测试：是指对学习者的天赋的测定，目的在于了解被测者今后学习外语时是否具有些较强的潜在的学习能力。 诊断测试：目的在于了解被测者在外语学习上的困难或缺陷或发现讲授上的薄弱环节，以便采取相应的补救措施。 综合性测试：目的在于测定被测者的语言知识和言语技能综合运用的能
Unit 1 Language and Language Learning Aims of the unit In this unit we will discuss some general matters about language learning and teaching. We are going to discuss five questions on particular: 1.How do we learn language 2.What are the common views on language 3.What are the common views on language learning 4.What are the qualities of a good language teacher 5.How can one become a good language teacher 1.1How do we learn languages Mach of human behavior is influenced by their experiences. The way language teachers teach in the classroom is to some extent influenced by the way they learned languages. This is especially true in foreign language teaching. Before we discuss language learning theories, let us first reflect on our own language learning experience. Task 1 Below is a list of interview questions on how people learn a foreign language. In the first column, write down your own responses. Then interview three other students in your class and enter their responses in the other columns. Discuss your findings in group of 4 and draw some conclusion.
常用英语教学方法 1、大小声：我读大声，你读小声 2、举一反三：我读一遍，你读三遍 3、单词拍拍拍：（①、②、③、④、⑤）拍这几就读出来 4、炸弹：练习单词时，把一个炸弹放在一个单词上，在读单词的过程中，不能把放有炸弹的单词读出来 5、手心手背：伸手心读，伸手背不读 6、金手指：几根手指就读几遍 7、麦克风：以采访的形式来提问学生，练习单词、句子 8、击鼓传球：传球老师击鼓喊停时，谁最后拿到球就站起来读单词或句子，读对时，老师输，学生是胜利者，然后老师表演动作，如：兔子跳、贴墙、眨眼睛、表演大茶壶 9、抢椅子：读单词或句子同时，绕着椅子转，当老师说停时看谁以最快的速度抢到椅子，抢到者加分 10、木头人：如：I can fiy I can jump 读句子的同时表演出动作，老师说停，不论你什么姿态，都不能动，老师挑选一名学生去逗表演的学生，看谁懂了谁犯规 11、说反语：I say sit down You say stand up 12、小手枪：指着谁，谁读单词的下一个单词 13、寻宝藏：选一名同学背对着大家，把卡片或别的东西藏到一个学生哪里，大家开始读单词或句子，当寻宝的学生离宝藏越近读声越大 14、萝卜蹲：用单词代替学生的名字一个接一个蹲 15、顶卡片：读句子单词的同时用头来顶卡片 16、互动记名字：给学生一个新名字（课中的单词）来互相提问及回答 17、警察抓小偷：选一名同学背对着大家，挑出两个学生，大家一起读单词，这两名同学读单词时不发音 18、单词转转转：人站词下，每个人代表一个单词，读到哪个单词，就迅速动一下，反应慢就下去换另一个人 19、加一法：我读一，你读二，我二你三，依此增加，练习单词句子 20 拍图片：把制作好的单词图片贴在黑板上，拍到哪一个读哪一个
小学英语教学法期末复习题库 一、填空 1、小学生具有无意注意占主导，有意注意有一定发展、注意不够稳定，常常带有情结色彩、注意的品质较差等特点和优越条件。 2、小学英语课堂教学的特点是重视培养和激发学生学习英语的深厚兴趣，在教学活动中要有和谐的语言教学氛围，要重视学生基本技能和学习习惯的培养。 3、基础教育阶段英语课程的总体目标是培养学生的综合语言运用能力。 4、《英语新课程标准》提出学生的发展是英语课程的出发点和归宿。 5、语言知识和语言技能是综合语言运用能力的基础，文化意识是得体运用语言的保证。情感态度是影响学生学习和发展的重要因素，学习策略是提高学习效率、发展自主学习能力的保证。 6、教学是教师的教和学生的学的统一活动。就英语教学而言，教学的实质就是一种特殊的认识过程。英语教学过程就是生生之间和师生之间的共同参与、合作、交流的活动过程。 7、学生认识的客体是英语，教师认识的客体是教学规律。教学双方都为对方提供信息，英语就是为了促进交流。 8、教学的最终任务是培养学习者的交际能力。 9、交际性原则提出的主要依据有三点：第一，语言是表达意义的体系；第二，语言的主要功能是交际功能；第三，语言的主要单位不仅是语法、结构特征，还包括功能范畴。 10、情景教学的原则提出的主要依据有三点：第一小学生的心理和年龄特点；第二，语言的习得规律；第三，小学生的学习规律。 11、语言教学的内容包括语言知识和语言技能两个方面 12、体态语是指说话时的表情、手势、动作等。 13、在教学中写有两方面的含义：一是书写，二是写作。 14、良好的课堂气氛是搞好课堂教学，保证教学质量的关键。 15、备课的主要任务是熟悉教材、写出具体教案、确定课时教学目标、教学方法、板书计划、课内练习题等。 16、教学效果不取决于教师,也不取决于学生,而是双方共同活动的结果. 17、小学英语教学的原则包括：交际性原则、听说领先的原则、情境教学原则和趣味性原则。 18、英语课堂教学的实质是交际。 19、遵循视听说与读写结合的原则，教学要采用听说领先、读写跟上的方法。 20. 小学阶段的英语小学目标（教学目标）是：通过听、说、玩、看等教学活动，激发和培养学生的学习兴趣，使其养成良好的学习习惯；通过学习使学生获取对英语的一些感性认识，掌握一定的语言基本技能，培养初步运用英语进行听、说的交际能力；开发智力，发展包括观察、记忆、思维和想象等内容的思维能力，培养学生建立科学的世界观、人生观、价值观、对通过英语传递的思想、文化、情感等有初步的跨文化认知的意识；培养学生的爱国主义精神以及世界公民的意识。 21、小学英语教学法是研究小学英语教学的理论和实践，是研究小学英语教学的全部过程及其规律的一个科学体系。 22、教师在教学活动之前主要应编写好三种计划：学期教学进度计划，单元教学计划，课时计划。 23、备好课，必须做好如下三方面的工作：了解学生，钻研教材，制定教学计划。 24、新课程设置是按九年一贯制设置义务教育阶段课程的方式，小学阶段以综合课程为主，
总目标是使学生在义务教育阶段英语学习的基础上，进一步明确英语学习的目的，发展自主学习和合作学习的能力；形成有效的英语学习策略；培养学生的综合语言运用能力。综合语言运用能力的形成建立在语言技能、语言知识、情感态度、学习策略和文化意识等素养整合发展的基础上。语言技能和语言知识是综合语言运用能力基础。情感态度是影响学生学习和发展的重要因素。学习策略是提高学习效率、发展自主学习能力的先决条件。文化意识则是得体运用语言的保障，这五个方面共同促进综合语言运用能力的形成。 Principles of communicative language teaching（CLT） Communication principle：activities that involve real communication promote learning Task principle：activities in which language is used for carrying out meaningful taskspromote learning Meaningfulness principle: language that is meaningful to the learner supports the learning process Listening and speaking skills need to be refined in terms of the real communicative use，Students should have the chance to listen to and produce what is meaningful, authentic, unpredictable, and creative if possible. Reading is extract meaning or information and the learning of grammar and vocabulary is to facilitate the process Writing：In CLT, students have the chance to write to express their own feelings or describe their own experiences, thus making the practice of writing meaningful and authenticLanguage content (to incorporate functions); CLT just has only expanded the areas Learning process (cognitive style and information processing); and Product (language skills). Task-based Language Teaching (TBLT) Task-based Language teaching is, in fact, a further development of Communicative Language Teaching. It shares the same beliefs, as language should be learned as close as possible to how it is used in real life. It has stressed the importance to combine for m-focused teaching with communication-focused teaching Four components of a task A purpose: making sure the students have a reason for undertaking the task. If the students don't understand why they undertake the task, they will lost interest and the task will face failure. A context: the task can be real, simulated or imaginary, and involves sociolinguistic issues, such as the location, the participants and their relationships, the time and other important factors. A process: getting the students to use learning strategies such as problem solving reasoning, inquiring, conceptualizing and communicating. A product: there will be some form of outcome, either visible (a written plan, a play, a letter. etc.) or invisible (enjoying a story, learning about another country, etc.） The PPP Model & The 5-step teaching method 3p：Step I. Presentation Step II. Practice Step III. Production 5-step Model：Step I. Revision Step II. Presentation Step II. Presentation Step IV. Practice Step V. Consolidation Differences between PPP and TBL：1.The way students use and experience language in TBL is radically different from PPP 2.TBL can provide acontent for grammar teaching and form-focused activities.PPP is different in this aspect. Steps of designing a tasks：
18种常用英语教学法 标签：教育 我们都知道少儿时期是学英语的最好时光，所以这个阶段的英语学习很重要，作为少儿英语老师来说最重要的无非就是英语教学方法！ 1．童话剧教学法 教学内容直接决定了学生的学习欲望和制约着语言教师对教学方法的选用。学生用书主体部 分为经典的英美英语童话故事。在英语课堂上，当孩子们遨游在光怪陆离的童话故事中，他们学习的英语积极性被充分地调动了起来，当他们和一个个栩栩如生的童话人物交上好朋友的时候，他们的英语也会取得长足的进步。 2．情景教学法 Fresh English 新鲜美语是我们英语日常用语专题部分。在英语课堂上，老师们为学生们模 拟各种各样生活中的真实场景，以生动活泼的方式来呈现学生们感兴趣的单元主体，组织学生们在情景中不断地反复地操练新知，达到学以致用的学习效果。 3．音乐，律动教学法 Happy Melody 和Motion Chant是我们课本里的英语歌曲和小诗歌。英语教学蕴含在“说， 唱”英语中。以韵律式的“说，唱”形式，配合科学编排的韵律动作，全方位地调动视觉、听觉、言语能力和肢体动作，让孩子真正“懂得”英语，真正“脱口而出”纯正的英语，真正“学”会英语。昂立幼，少儿的学生用书中的英文歌曲和儿歌是一套真正为孩子设计的“看了就想学，一学就能跳”的英语韵律操。它充分考虑到孩子的动作特点，有机地与英语发音和节奏配合起来，易学易跳，协调的动作使孩子深深的感受到英语的优美和学英语的乐趣4．直拼教学法 Funny phonics是一套根据英文字母本身的音源，总结出的一套，学生不学就能“看单词能读 ，听单词能写”的英语词汇教学方法。它用最简单、最实用、最直接的字母以及字母组合的基本发音，让学生们能很快地掌握陌生单词的认读技巧，并能迅速记忆单词和朗读文章。我们还给每一个音素配上了形象生动，简单易记的小手势，帮助学生们正确发音。 5. 联想教学法 Magic Structure是重点巨型扩充练习，但是它根据每个知识点之间的内在联系，充分调动学 生的联想能力，通过引申、扩展、推理、想象等方式，引导学生用正确高效的方式来完成大脑中知识网络的建立，达到迅速把新知从短时记忆转化为永久记忆。 6. 语言经验教学法 如果我们把英语学习的基础建筑在学生自己的经历和兴趣之上，学习效果就会更好。教材中 的Story DIY 的环节，就是调动学生回忆自己的生活经历和兴趣爱好，然后编成故事说出来，写下来。语言经验教学法可以帮助学生在一个很自然的过程中由口头语言进步到书面语言。7．三维重现教学法 艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线表明人们在学习中的遗忘是有规律的，遗忘的进程不是均衡的：在记忆的 最初阶段遗忘的速度很快，后来就逐渐减慢了，到了相当长的时候后，几乎就不再遗忘了。昂立教材的编写，针对“遗忘规律”，把重要的知识点在课与课、单元与单元、书与书之间
Unit 1 Language and Learning 1.1 How do we learn language？ We learn language at different ages People have different experiences People learn languages for different reasons People learn languages in different ways People have different capabilities in language learning Learning can be affected by the way how language is taught Learning is affected by the degree of success one is expect to achieve. Thus the challenge confronting language teaching is how teaching methodology can ensure successful learning by all the learners who have more differences than the commonality. 1. 2 What are the major views of language? 1) Structural view: Language is a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: phonology, morphology, lexicology and syntacx. To learn a language is to learn its vocabulary and structural rules. 2) Functional view: Language is a linguistic system as well as a means for doing things. Learners learn a language in order to be able to do things with it (use it). To perform functions, learners need to know how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to express notions that perform the functions. 3) Interactional view:
英语教学法 1语法翻译法Grammer Translation Method 2直接法Direct Method 3听说法Audio-lingual Method 4情景法又称视听法the situational approach 5认知法cognitive approach 6交际法communicative approach 功能法functional approach 意念法notional approach 功能-意念法functional-notional approach 7 任务型教学法task-based language approach 任务前Pre-task 任务环task-cycle :task, planning, reporting 语言聚焦languaga focus: analysis, practice (types of tasks: brainstorming tasks；jigsaw tasks;information-gap tasks; problem-solving tasks;decision-making tasks;opinion exchange tasks) 英语语言知识教学 一、语音教学teaching pronunciation 语流层次的语音教学 stress of sentences; rhythms ;sense-group and pause ;liaison and loss of plosion ;intonation three ways to show the stress patterns of words, phrases and sentences: use gestures; use the voice; use the blackboard 口语中: elision and assimilation 二、词汇教学teaching vocabulary 词汇教学模式： PPT模式：presentation, practice, testing LBLT模式：task based language teaching Ways of presenting vocabularyf 1.try to provide a visual or physical demonstration to show meaning. 2.Provide a verbal context to demonstrate meaning. https://www.doczj.com/doc/2511027724.html,e synonyms, antonyms, to explain meaning https://www.doczj.com/doc/2511027724.html,e lexical sets or hyponyms to show relations of words and their meanings. 5.Translate and exemplify. https://www.doczj.com/doc/2511027724.html,e word foemation rules and common affixes to build new lexical knowledge on what is already known. 7.Teach vocabulary in chunks. 8.Think about the context in real life where the word might be used. 9.Think about providing different context for introducing new words. 10.Prepare for possible misunderstanding or confusion that students may have. Ways of consolidating vocabulary https://www.doczj.com/doc/2511027724.html,belling 2.Spot the differences 3.Describe and draw
《小学英语教学法教程》期末复习知识点 Unit1 children as language learners 1、How do children acquire their first language in general?（p2） By imitations 、repetitions 、listening to stories ...... Discussion point : language learning is a socializing process,interaction and experimenting with the language in communication are important ways for language learning 2、What are the differences and similarities between learning L1 and L2?(p6 D:the length of time 、 opportunities for experimenting with language S:Rich context and input ,opportunities for using the language ,interaction with others ,etc.are important in learning any languages . 3、Children ’s characteristics/suggestions for teachers(p10) 4、Ways to nurture children ’s motivation (p11 五点会判断即可 ) 5、P12 discussion point 、p20 1.5.1 (理解、会判断即可 ) 6、How do you understand humanistic education?(p21-22 ) Humanistic education requires teachers to treat children as human beings who have their own thoughts and needs.Teachers should never try to force their ideas into children ’s minds and should always try to think the same level as children. Discussion point : Children need to learn to try new languages and