第一章 绪论
Because there are words in every language that imitate natural sounds, such as crash, bang in English .besides, some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary .these words cannot be made freely .
Because the details of any language are not genetically transmitted ,but instead have to be taught and learned anew . it is passed on from one generation to another through teaching
and learning rather than by instinct . in contrast ,animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species, so animals call system are genetically transmitted. The duality nature of language means that language is system ,which consists off two sets of structures ,or two levels ,one of sounds and the other of meanings . at the lower or the
basic level ,there is the structure of sounds , which are meaningless. At the higher
level ,the units can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences .
Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation
of new signal by its users. The users can send message which no one else has ever sent before. Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present ,real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future or in far-away
places . in other words language can be used to refer context removed from the immediate situation of the speakers. Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar . traditional grammar is prescriptive, it is based on high written language . it sets models for language users to follow . but modern linguistics is descriptive ,its investigation are based on authentic ,and mainly spoken language data. It is supposed to be scientific and
objective and the task of linguistics is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is correct or not. Language exists in time and changes trough time. The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study, the description of a language as it changes though time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describe a language as it is at some particular point in time ,while a diachronic study language is a historical stud ; it studies the historical development of language over a period.
speech and writing are the two major media of communication . modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary , but not the written form ,because the
spoken form is prior to the written form and most writing systems are derived from spoken form of language. Langue and parole are French words, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech communication ,and parole refers to the realization of langue in actural use. Langue is the set of
conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conversation and the application of the rules. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user ’s knowledge of the rules of his language
,and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistics
communication. 第二章 音系学
1. speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary ,but not the written form ,because the spoken for id prior to the written form and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of language.
the basic difference between a vowel and a consonant is that the pronunciation of a vowel,
the air stream from the lung meets no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose, or the mouth, while in the pronunciation of a consonant , the air stream from the lungs is obstructed in one way or another.
Which allophone is to be used is determined by the phonetic context in which it occurs. But the choice of an allophone is not random or haphazard in most cases; it is rule-governed . one of the tasks of the phonologist is to find out these rules.
The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental phonemes; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable , the word ,and the sentence. The main suprasegmental features
include stress, tone, and intonation.
第三章 形态学
Morphology is divided into sub-branches : inflectional morphology and lexical or derivational morphology. Free morphemes are the
morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes .bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined
with other morphemes, either free or bound ,to form a word.
derivational affixes are added to an exciting form to create a word . prefixes occur at the beginning of a word and. Prefixes modify the meaning of he stem .suffixes are added to the end of the stems ;they modify
the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.
Syntactically, the part of speech of the compound is generally determined by the part of speech o the second element, e.g. icy-cold adj. head —strong adv. Greenhouse n. but there are many exception ,especially with hose compounds ending with a verb or an adverb or a preposition . for example,follow up , crackdown ,kickoff are all
nouns instead of adverbs.and toothpick, snowfall,and facelift are
noun instead of verbs.
semantically, the meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, not always being the sum total of the meaning of its components. For example ,a greenhouse is not a house that is green .in order to find out the meaning of a compound, one sometimes has
to consult the dictionary instead of doing some guess work.
第四章 句法学 As a major component of grammar, syntax consists of a set o abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. A sentences is considered grammatical when it is in agreement with the
grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers. Universally found in the grammars of all human language ,syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic competence.
Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. The word language in this definition implies that linguistics studies not any particular language ,but investigate or examine. And the word scientific refers to the way in which language is studied.
Chomsky thinks that linguistics should study the ideal speaker ’s competence, but not his performance. For any natural language ,a set of syntactic rules are capable of yielding an endless number of sentences in that language .that is ,the syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.
Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences. They are simple sentence,coordinate sentence,and complex sentences.
When a sentence is uttered or written down ,the words of the sentences are produced one after another in a sequence. Meanwhile,they are heard or read as arranged one after another in a sequence.therfore, the structure of a sentence is linear.
major lexical categories are open categories in the sense that new words are constantly added. Minor lexical categories are closed categories because
the number of lexical items in this categories is fixed and no new members are allowed for.
The combinational pattern in a linear formula may be called a phrase structural rule. Syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. The operation of the transformational rules may chang the syntactic representation of a sentence.
parameters are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistics variation between and among natural language. Another parameter, the one that involves word order, concerns the directionality of case assignment ,i.e the directionality parameter. This parameter offers a neat and consist account for
the typological difference in the word order within the VP category between English and Japanese
第五章 语义学
Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. Two kinds of contest are recognized :the situational context and the Linguistic context.
Obviously, linguistic forms with the same sense may have different references in different situation. For example, in the following exchange, the two speakers are surely talking about two different references, i.e. two different gogs.
But because of their different
origin ,there are often subtle differences between these
synonyms .synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called complete synonyms . however, complete synonyms are rare.
Dialectal synonyms which are used in different regional dialects .stylistic synonyms which differ in style. Synonyms hat siffer in their emotive or evaluation meaning collocational synonyms
semantically different synonyms.
A polysemic word i.e. a word with several meanings, is the result of the evolution of the primary meaning o the word ,the various meaning of the word are related to some degree ,as is discussed in the previous section.
There is one advantage of componential analysis . by specifying the semantic features of certain words I will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning.
there are three kinds. they are gradable antonyms,
complementary antonyms and relational opposites. 第六章语用学
Without this shared knowledge, linguistics communication would be impossible, and without considering this knowledge , linguistics communication cannot satisfactorily accounted for in a
pragmatic sense.
If we regard a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication , it becomes an utterance ,and it should be considered in the situation in which it is actually uttered.
Therefore ,while the
meaning of a sentence is abstract ,and decontextualized, the meaning of an utterance is concrete ,and context-dependent. the act theory is the act of uttering words, phrases ,clauses. It is the ac of conveying literal meaning by meaning of syntax, lexicon and phonology.
第七章 历史语言
学
Researches in historical linguistics shed light on prehistoric development in the evolution of language and the connections of earlier and later variants of
the same language ,and
provide valuable insights into the kinship patterns of difference languages.
it is generally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into the period of old English ,middle English and modern English.
3.
The most vigorous and no-going change in the historical development of a language is the change in its vocabulary.
They are the Indo-European Family, The Sino-Tibetan Family, the Austronesian Family ,and the Afroasiatic Family.
Grimm ’s major contribution to historical is his explanation of the relationships among cognates in terms of a sound shift, the systematic modification of a series of phonemes.
Language do not change without reasons . a linguistics change is caused either by the inherent nature of language , or by external contacts of speakers of one language with the speakers of the other language.
第八章 社会语言学
Sociolinguistics is the study of language in social contexts. Sociolinguistics are also concern with the influence of extralinguistic factors on language use, such as age, gender, profession, and social statue.
Sociolinguistics is the study of language in social contexts . in view of language as a primary means of communication among individual speakers of a society , sociolinguists are concerned with he social significance of language variation and language
use indifferent speech communities including regional ,ethnic and social groups . sociolinguists are also concerned with the influence of extralinguistic factors on language use, such as age, gender,profession ,and social statue.
The important characteristic of a speech community is that the members of the group must ,in some reasonable way, interact linguistically with other members of the community .they may share closely related language varieties, as well
as attitudes towards linguistic norms.
they are regional dialects ,sociolects or social dialects ,and registers.
第九章 心理语言学
psycholinguistics is the study of language in relation to the mind. As the term suggests, psycholinguistics is viewed as the intersection of psychology and linguistics, drawing equally upon the language we acquire, produce and comprehend.
By mean of dichotic listening tests, we can analyze the characteristic of incoming stimuli processed by the individual hemispheres.
3. I has been proposed that the brain activity involved in hearing , understanding and
then saying a word would follow a definite pattern. 4.
A safe conclusion from Genie ’s case for the moment is that the labguage faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and consequently ,most linguistic skills cannot develop.
The most provocative position to date on the relationship between language and thought has been what is known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.
第十章 语言习得
the study of language acquisition enables linguistics ,psychologists and applied linguists to better understand the nature of human language and the developmental processes of
language acquisition.
The biological, or
nativist, view of language acquisition means that human are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use. 3.
In principle ,no human brain can store all the words and expressions of a language . what happens is that when processing the language the hear ,children construct the grammar and make sense of the expression according to the grammar . when producing utterances, they follow the internalized
grammatical rules.
Starting from the prelinguistic cooing and babbling stage ,children move through the one-word ,two-word and multiword stage ,gradually acquiring
phonology ,morphology, syntax, vocabulary, semantics, and discourse skills of the adult language system as they grow.
Although SLA is not entirely different from FLA.some problems experienced in L2development by teenage or adult learners simply do
not exist in children ’s L1. According to
Krashen ,acquisition refers
to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative
situation .learning ,however,
is defined as a conscous process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.
It has been claimed that the optimum age for SLA is early teenage.
全国 2018 年 1 月自学考试现代语言学试题 课程代码： 00830 I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. ( 2%×10=20% ) 1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by many other factors over and above their linguistic ______. () A. system B. structure C. competence D. performance 2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our ______, which is a bony structure at the end of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. () A. larynx B. hard palate C. glottis D. vocal cords 3. The word “ manuscript ” is a two-morpheme cluster which contains ______. () A. two roots B. a root and a prefix C. a root and a suffix D. a root and a free morpheme 4. The grammatical knowledge is represented through Phrase Structure Rules,which state explicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a language, for example, in English, NP→ ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S).) A. phrases B. clauses C. sentences D. constituents 5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the“ situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer ” was proposed by ______. () A. Plato B. Ogden and Richards C. John Firth D. Bloomfield 6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the change brought about by the utterance. () 1
自考《现代语言学》复习讲义 一、常考题型 1.填空 2.单项选择 3.判断正误 4.解释词语并举例说明 对名词解释并举一两个例子进行说明 5.回答问题 做题要求：用英文进行答题。 二、各章节学习要点 Chapter 1 Introduction （绪论） 1.What is linguistics? 1.1 Definition （语言学的定义） P.1 Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. Linguistics studies not any particular language, e.g., English, Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, but in language in general. 1.2 The Scope of linguistics （语言学的研究范畴） P.2—4 The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics(普通语言学).This deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study, in contrast to those branches of study which relate linguistics to the research of other areas. Main branches of linguistics 语言学的主要分支： 1）phonetics（语音学） 2)phonology （音系学） 3)morphology （形态学） 4)syntax （句法学） 5)semantics （语义学） 6)pragmatics （语用学） The study of all these aspects of language forms the core of linguistics.
全国2018年10月自学考试现代语言学试题 课程代码：00830 I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20% ) 1. The purpose of Chomsky’s definition is to focus attention on the purely ______ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view. （）A. lexical B. grammatical C. semantic D. structural 2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.（） A. vowels B. consonants C. sounds D. speech sounds 3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added. （） A. root B. stem C. affix D. morpheme 4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure. （）A. linear B. hierarchical C. constituent D. syntactic 5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. （） A. argument B. subject C. object D. predicate 6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone? Speaker B: I’m in the bath. Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.（） 1
04年10月自考现代语言学试题(1) 课程代码：00830 ⅰ.directions: read each of the following statements carefully. decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter a,b,c or d in the brackets.(2%×10=20%) uses the term ( ) to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication. a. langue b. competence c. parole d. performance terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds share the feature of ( ). a. palatal b. alveolar c. bilabial d. dental generative grammar was introduced by ( ) in 1957. a. l. bloomfield b. f. saussure c. n. chomsky a. k. halliday languages are viewed to vary according to ( ) set on ug principles to particular values. a. adjacent condition b. parameters c. case condition d. case requirement
全国2002年10月高等教育自学考试 语言学概论试题 课程代码：00541 第一部分选择题 一、单项选择题(本大题共26小题，每小题1分，共26分)在每小题列出的四个选 项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。 1.关于口语和书面语的关系，下列说明不正确的一项是( ) A.任何一种语言总是先有口语，后有书面语 B.书面语是第一性的，口语是第二性的 C.在一个只有口语而没有书面语的社会中，社会交际存在着较大的局限 D.书面语是经过加工、提炼和发展了的口语的书面形式 2.区分“语言”和“言语”的主要目的是( ) A.明确语言学的研究对象 B.更好地研究书面语 C.强调在社会环境中研究语言 D.强调研究言语的个人特色 3.二十世纪语言学在索绪尔语言理论的影响下，集中主要精力研究的是( ) A.语言的历史演变 B.语言和民族的关系 C.语言和社会的关系 D.语言系统本身的内在规律 4.对人类语言而言，声音四要素中作用最重要的一个是( ) A.音高 B.音强 C.音长 D.音质
5.下列各组中，都是前元音的一组是( ) 6.下列各组辅音中，发音部位相同的一组是( ) A.[p,k] B.[n,b] C.[ts,s] D.[d,f] 7.语音不同于一般声音的本质属性是( ) A.物理属性 B.社会属性 C.生理属性 D.心理属性 8.常用语汇和非常用语汇主要是从下列哪个角度区分出来的( ) A.词的使用场合 B.词的专业特色 C.词的使用频率 D.词的历史来源 9.汉语经常用四字格表示而且使用最多的熟语形式是( ) A.成语 B.谚语 C.惯用语 D.歇后语 10.“最小的有意义的能独立使用的语言单位”是( ) A.语素 B.词 C.词组 D.字 11.英语动词“唱”的原形是sing，过去时形式是sang，这在语法手段的词形变化中叫作( ) A.附加 B.屈折 C.异根 D.零形式 12.英语句子“我看电视”有时写作I watch TV，有时写作I watched TV。其中动词 “watch(看)”的词形变化反映了语法上哪一种谓词属性范畴( )
自学考试《现代语言学》模拟试题及答案2017 2017 年自学备考正在开展中，考生们要扎扎实实地复习，一步一步地前进，以下是搜索整理的一份《现代语言学》模拟试题及答案，供参考练习，希望对大家有所帮助!想 了解更多相关信息请持续关注我们! I .Multiple Choice Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2% x 10=20%) 1. The pair of words “lend”and “borrow”are ___.( ) A. gradable opposites B.relational opposites C.co-hyponyms D.synonyms 2. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar .( ) A. Jacob Grimm B.Rasmus Rask C.Franz Bopp D.Sir William Jones 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __.( ) A.unusual B.something to be feared C.abnormal D.natural 4. __produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense,often as unintelligible.( ) A.Broca's aphasic B.The linguistic deprivation C.The damage on the angular gyrus D.Wernicke's aphasic 5.Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night ” as “light ”.This shows: .( ) A. They cannot pronounce/n/ B. Interlangue interference because there is notthe sound /n/in their mother tongue C. The teachers do not have a good teaching method D. They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds 6. A word with several meanings is called __word.( ) A.a polysemous B.a synonymous C.an abnormal D.a multiple 7. The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it? ” is __.( ) https://www.doczj.com/doc/2f5895853.html,rmative B.phatic C.directive D.performative
全国2013年1月自学考试现代语言学试题 课程代码：00830 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。 选择题部分 注意事项： 1.答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。 2.每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。 Ⅰ. Directions： Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (2%×10=20%) 1. Which of the following does NOT account for the fact that modern linguistics gives priority to the spoken form of language? A. Speech precedes writing. B. There are still many languages that have only the spoken form. C. People were encouraged to imitate the “best authors” for language usage. D. The spoken is used for a wider range of purposes than the written. 2. In terms of manner of articulation, the English consonants ［s］and ［z］are classified as ______. A. liquids B. affricates C. stops D. fricatives 3. Which of the following words has four morphemes? A. Undoubtedly. B. Instrument. C. Astonishing. D. Thermometer. 4. The word very in the phrase “very curious of the answer” is a ______ in terms of X-bar schema. A. specifier B. head 1 全国2013年1月自学考试现代语言学试题
现代语言学名词解释 现代语言学 一绪论 1 Linguisitics :Linguistics is generally defined as the scientic study of language 2 Phonetics : The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants 3 Phonology” : T he study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone. 4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher. 5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.” 6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things. 7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means d ifferent context. 8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language. 9Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 二音系学 1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t. 4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 5 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. 6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are
现代语言学试题 题型举例 Ⅰ. Define the following terms, giving examples for illustration (20%; 5 terms ): 1.duality----- 2.free morpheme---- 3.phonology ------ 4.context------- 5.polysemy ------ Ⅱ. Indicate the following statements true or false (20%; 20 statements): ( )1. While language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary. ( )2. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence pattern of a language. ( )3. Phonemes are the smallest meaningful unit of language. ( )4. Modern linguists regard the written language as primary, not the spoken. ( )5. English is a typical tone language. Ⅲ. Fill each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given (20%; 20 blanks): 1. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the a_________ of that phoneme. 2. A linguistic study is d___________ if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is p___________ if it tries to lay down rules for correct behavior. 3. Competence is the ideal language user’s knowledge of his l____________, while p____________ is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances. 4. The two subtypes of affixes are p____________ and s_____________. 5. The description of a language at some point in time is a s______________ study. 6. P_______________ can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. 7. The notion of c______________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.
全国2011年1月高等教育自学考试 现代语言学试题答案及解析点评 （课程代码：00838） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2% ×10=20%) 1. C 【解析】句意：语言使用者所知道的语言能力，与我们在实际生活中对语言的产出和理解的具体运用之间存在着区别。因此应当选C。参考书本第7页。 【点评】本题考查语言学中语言能力与语言运用的区别，属重点，应识记。 2. A 【解析】The letter “ch” in the word “church” pronounces /t?/, while the letter “dge” in “judge” pronounces /d?/. /t?/ and /d?/ are all affricates. Affricates means “赛擦音”. 【点评】本题考查英语语音的分类。属概念题，应理解记忆。 3. D 【解析】能够表示如数，时态，级，格这样的语法关系或语法范畴的语素是曲折词缀。曲折词缀——inflectional morpheme 相见书本第52页。 【点评】本题考查形态学中的语素特性，应了解。 4. D 【解析】X-标杆理论中XP可能不仅仅只包含X，它通常包含核心语（head），补语（complement），另外还有指示语（specifier），故选D specifier 详见书本80页。 【点评】本题考查X-标杆理论中XP包含的成分，应了解。 5. C 【解析】意义是词汇内在的，抽象的，游离于语境之外的，是词汇所有特征的集合，而词汇所制成的客观世界中的事物，所指讨论的是语言形式和非语言世界之间的关系。详见书本第96页。 【点评】本题考查意义与所指两个术语的概念，属于常考点，应识记。 6. C 【解析】言外行为是表达说话人意图的行为，是在说话过程中完成的行为。 【点评】本题考查奥斯汀语言实施行为的3种行为中的言外行为。属重点，应牢记。 7. C 【解析】语音系统的变化包括元音的变化，语音的丧失，元音的增加，语音移位。语音的丧失中的尾音脱落（apocope）指词尾语音成分的去除。如name在古英语中发音为/nɑ:ma: /，而在中世纪英语中发音是/nɑ:m? /,再到现代英语中的/neim/, name 的发音在英语发展中词尾的发音脱落掉了。
现代语言学自考题-3 (总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、{{B}}PART ONE{{/B}}(总题数：0，分数：0.00) 二、{{B}}Ⅰ{{/B}}(总题数：10，分数：20.00) 1.A linguistic theory is constructed about what ______ is and how it works. ? A. langue ? B. linguist ? C. language ? D. learning （分数：2.00） A. B. C. √ D. 解析：[解析] 语言的研究过程可以总结为：首先，要观察某些语言材料，从而发现一些共性并对其加以总结；其次，根据这些总结提出一些假设来解释这些语言材料，然后再通过进一步的观察来验证这些假设的正确性；最后建立一套语言学理论来说明语言的本质内容以及这些语言是如何发挥作用的。 2.We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______. ? A. vowels ? B. consonants ? C. sounds ? D. speech sounds （分数：2.00） A. B. C. D. √ 解析：[解析] 在语言交际中占有一席之地、由人类的发音器官所发出来的声音在数量上是有限的。这些范围有限，但对人类交际活动意义重大、对语言学研究价值不菲的声音就是语言的音响媒介，凡是在这个范围内的每个单个的声音都叫做语音。 3.The basic unit in the study of morphology is ______. ? A. the internal structure ? B. morpheme ? C. the rules by which words are formed ? D. word
全国2006年10月高等教育自学考试 现代语言学试题 课程代码：0830 Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%) 1．Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of（） A．all consonants B．vowels only C．all consonants and some vowels D．all vowels and some consonants 2．The negative prefix“ in-”in English, when added to the adjective “possible”, is actually pronounced/im/,and spelt as “im”. This is the result of the ______________rule at work. （） A．deletion B．assimilation C．phonetic D．sequential 3．The word “ecology” is a two-morpheme cluster that contains_______________.（）A．two roots B．a root and a suffix C．a root and a free morpheme D．a prefix and a root 4．When we move the adverbial phrase “every day” in the sentence “Every day, we study English” to the end of the sentence, we are now ______________ the phrase to the right.（）A．rewriting B．preposing C．postposing D．maintaining 5．Antonyms are divided into several kinds .Which of the following is NOT a kind of antonyms? （） A．complementary B．relational C．superordinate D．gradable 6．In terms of predication analysis , the utterance“ Is it going to snow this afternoon?” is a______________（） A．one-place predication B．two-place predication C．three-place predication D．no-place predication 7．In Old English, word order was freer because the case endings were rich. So in Old English, word orders included SVO, VSO, SOV and OSV. However, Modern English has a much weaker case system, so its sentences have to follow a basic word order of________________.
全国2005年1月高等教育自学考试 现代语言学试题 课程代码：00830 一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题 干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分) 1.The description of a language as it changes through time is a ( ) study. A. comparative B. diachronic C. up-to-date D. descriptive 2. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is ( ) phonetics. A. auditory B. acoustic C. articulatory D. none of the above three 3. What the element ‘-es’indicates is third person singular, present tense, the element ‘-ed’past tense, and ‘-ing’progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also ( ). A. phonemes B. morphemes C. allophones D. phones 4. Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generatvie linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the ( ) theory. A. speech act B. TG C. principles-and-parameters D. minimalist programme 5. One way to analyze lexical meaning is ( ). A. predication analysis B. stylistic analysis C. componential analysis D. proposition analysis 6. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ( ) because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention. A. locutionary act B. illocutionary act C. perlocutionary act D. constative act 7. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar ( ). A. Sir William Jones B. John Firth C. M. A. K. Halliday D. F. D. Saussure 浙00830# 现代语言学试题第1 页共4 页
2011年10月现代语言学自考试题 全国2011年10月自考 现代语言学试题 课程代码:00830 I .Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. ( 2% 10=20% ) 1.Often referred to as a design feature of language, ________ enables speakers to produce and understand an infinite number of sentences that they have neither spoken nor heard before. ( ) A.duality B.productivity C.displacement D.arbitrariness 2.________ phoneticians study speech sounds from the speaker’s point of view.They study the process of how a speaker uses his/her speech organs to produce sounds.( ) A.Articulatory B.Auditory C.Acoustic D.General 3.Morphemes such as -er, -en, in-are all called ________.( ) A.free morphemes B.inflectional morphemes
全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题 I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20% ) 1. The purpose of Chomsky’s definition is to focus attention on the purely ______ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view. A. lexical B. grammatical C. semantic D. structural 2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______. A. vowels B. consonants C. sounds D. speech sounds 3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added. A. root B. stem C. affix D. morpheme 4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure. A. linear B. hierarchical C. constituent D. syntactic 5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. （） A. argument B. subject C. object D. predicate 6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone? Speaker B: I’m in the bath. Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.（） A. quantity B. quality C. relation D. manner 7. New words may be formed from existing words by the removal of a suffix thought to be part of the old word. Such a process is called ______, e.g., caretake from caretaker. A. back-formation B. clipping C. blending D. abbreviating 8. It is insulting to a woman to be called a spinster, but it is not insulting to a man to be called a bachelor. There is nothing inherently ______ about the word spinster. The connotations reflect the sexist views society has about an unmarried woman as opposed to an unmarried man. A. important B. unusual C. pejorative D. commendatory 9. Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human ______. （） A. brain B. vocal cords C. tongue D. articulatory organs 10. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with more complex grammatical structures. （） A. prelinguistic B. one-word C. two-word D. multi-word Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% ) 11. D linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic changes through time. It studies the historical development of language over a period of time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergone since the time of Shakespeare would be a diachronic study. 12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung together in any random order to form words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other, in other words, there are s rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. 13. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and d morphology. 14. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise a speaker’s system of i linguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence. 15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexical items are called r opposites. 16. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of m , but what distinguishes them is whether the context of use is considered.