世界水资源的缺乏World Water Shortage
A new study warns that about thirty percent of the world's people may not have enough water by the year 2025.
一项新的研究结果提出警告：到2025年，世界上将有30%的人没有足够的水饮用。
A private American organization called Population Action International did the new study. It says more than three-hundred-thirty-five-million people lack enough water now. The people live in twenty-eight countries. Most of the countries are in Africa or the Middle East.
这项研究是由美国一家名叫“人口行动”的私立机构进行的。报告说现在世界上有三亿三千五百万人没有足够的水。这些人主要分布在非洲或中东的28个国家。
P-A-I researcher Robert Engelman says by the year 2025, about three-thousand-million people may lack water. At least 18 more countries are expected to have severe water problems. The demand for water keeps increasing. Yet the amount of water on Earth stays the same.
人口行动组织的研究人罗博特.安格曼说，到2025年大约三十亿人缺水。至少还有其他18个国家将可能面临同样严重的水短缺问题。人类对水的需求不断上升，但地球上水的还是保持不变。
Mr. Engelman says the population in countries that lack water is growing faster than in other parts of the world. He says population growth in these countries will continue to increase.
安格曼先生说，水短缺的国家的人口增长率要高于世界其他地区的人口增长率。他还说这些国家的人口出生率将持续增长。
The report says lack of water in the future may result in several problems. It may increase health problems. Lack of water often means drinking waters not safe. Mr. Engelman says there are problems all over the world because of diseases, such as cholera, which are carried in water. Lack of water may also result in more international conflict. Countries may have to compete for water in the future. Some countries now get sixty percent of their fresh water from other countries. This is true of Egypt, the Netherlands, Cambodia, Syria, Sudan, and Iraq. And the report says lack of water would affect the ability of developing to improve their economies. This is because new industries often need a large amount of water when they are beginning.
报告表明，在未来，水资源的缺乏可能会导致一些严重的后果。首先它可能会产生更多的健康问题。水资源的缺乏就意味着饮用水不再有保障。安格曼先生说，诸如霍乱等在水中传播的疾病会使世界出现许多问题。水缺乏也会引起更多的国际纷争。各国可能由于水而发动战争。现在有些国家，例如埃及，荷兰，柬埔寨，叙利亚，苏丹和伊拉克等，60%的纯净水是从国外进口的。报告认为水缺乏将影响发展国家发展经济的能力。这是因为新工业在开始阶段经常需要大量的水。
The Population Action International study gives several solutions to the water problem. One way, it says, is to find ways to use water for more than one purpose. Another way is to teach people to be careful not
to waste water. A third way is to use less water of agriculture.
人口行动组织的研究报告为世界的水短缺问题提出了几个解决的办法。第一，找到多用途的用水方法。第二，教育人们不要浪费水资源。第三就是少用农业水。
The report also says long-term solutions to the water problem must include controls on population growth. It says countries cannot provide clean water unless they slow population growth by limiting the number of children people have.
报告同时表明，控制人口增长是长远解决水缺乏问题不可缺少的措施之一。它说除非各国能通过限制生育来降低人口的增长，否则它们不可能提供干净的水。
Global warming a bigger threat to poor全球变暖加剧贫穷气候变化急待控制
Global warming, modelled on computer here, kills more people than terrorism
Global warming threatens to reverse human progress, and make unachievable all UN targets to reduce poverty(联合国所有减少贫穷的目标), according to some of the world's leading international and development groups.
In a report published today, Oxfam, Greenpeace, Christian Aid, Friends of the Earth, WWF(英国牛津救济委员会、“绿色和平”组织、基督徒互援会、“地球之友”组织、世界野生动物基金组织) and 15 other groups say rich governments must immediately address(致力于) climate change to avoid even "obscene levels(无法忍受的程度)" of worldwide poverty.
"Food production, water supplies, public health and people's livelihoods are already being damaged and undermined," the report says. "There is no either/or approach possible(想找一个…非此即彼'的办法是不可能的). The world must meet its commitments to achieve poverty reduction and also tackle climate change. The two are inextricably linked(二者的联系是难解难分的)."
The report, which draws on UN predictions of the effects of climate change in poor countries over the next 50 years, says poor countries will experience more flooding, declining food production, more disease and the deterioration or extinction of entire ecosystems(整个生态系统的退化甚至消失) on which many of the world's poorest people depend.
"Climate change needs to be addressed now. The poor will bear the brunt of the impacts. The frontline experience of many of us working in international development indicates that communities are having to combat more extreme weather conditions."
Climate change will play havoc（大范围的破坏；浩劫）with agriculture and water supplies and will increase diseases. "By 2025 the proportion of the world's population living in countries of significant
water stress will almost double, to 6 billion people. Tropical and sub-tropical areas will be hardest hit - those countries already suffering from food insecurity(食品短缺)".
Poor communities mostly do not need hi-tech solutions, but would most benefit from education, research and being shown how to farm better. The report says unchecked global warming(尚未得到抑制的全球变暖), more than wars or political upheaval(政变), will displace millions of people and destabilise many countries.
参考资料：[英文荟萃网]
The environmental protection is the most major problem which in the modern life the humanity faces. Must solve this problem must start from foundation. First, must massively propagandize, enhances people's consciousness with understanding, strengthens the environmental protection consciousness. Next, must carry on waste recovery use, reduces to forest-tree's felling. Also must strengthen to white pollution processing, little uses the plastic product. Finally, must make improvement to clean aspect. Causes the city's appearance to be neater. For Earth's tomorrow, we must start from the now diligently, will want the well local constable to protect the environment. To this us proposes as follows suggests: Implementation trash classification packed in bags. Like this not only can reduce the environmental sanitation worker's work load, but also can even better basically arrive makes use of waste, to reduce the pollution, saves the resources.
Everyone knows how the work week can take a toll on employees, but new research suggests the
five-day slog may have even broader impacts - on climate. After examining more than 40 years of temperature data taken from roughly 10,000 surface stations,
researchers from the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration and from the University of Reading in the U.K. found that temperature
differences between day and night appear to follow distinct five-days-on, two-days-off patterns.
The scientists checked the data for all possible natural influences such as the lunar cycle as well as random variations and found neither to be at play. The only factor that could be causing the fluctuations was the Monday-through-Friday grind, they concluded in a recently published report in the 人们普遍了解工作日是如何影响上班族的，然而最新研究表明这五天的劳作对气候的影响更加显著。
英国国家海洋及大气管理局和英国国立瑞丁大学的研究员分析了约一万个地面气象站40多年来采集的气温数据。他们发现昼夜温差出现明显的五天大两天小的变化规律。
科学家们检查了所有可能造成
这种变化的自然因素，例如月亮运行周期和随机的变化，结果发现二者都不起作用。他们在最近召开的全国科学院研讨会上发表的报告中总结说：唯一可能解释这种温差变化的就
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. "There is nothing in nature that should cause these
data to be different," said Piers M de F. Forster, a meteorologist based at the University of Reading, England, who co-authored the study with NOAA's
Susan Solomon. "So whatever the cause we find has to be something that we're changing, ourselves."
The meteorologists propose the differences in
average temperatures between Saturdays as opposed to Thursdays, for example, may stem from
workweek-induced pollution. Forster explains that during the workweek more people commute and
more factories are in operation. Both contribute to the amount of particle pollution in the air. Particles can influence cloud cover, but the kind of particles released into the atmosphere can lead to different changes, says Forster. Lighter particles provide a surface for cloud droplets
to form. This leads to an increase in cloud cover,
which, in turn, can lead to an increase in temperature since clouds have an insulating effect. 是人们从周一到周五的辛苦劳
作。
英国国立瑞丁大学的气象学家
皮尔斯·
福雷斯特和国家海洋及大气管理局的苏姗·所罗门合作主持了这项研究。福雷斯特说：“自然界中没有什么能够造成这些数据差异，所以不管原因是什么，它一定与我们自己正在改变的某种东西有关。” 气象学家们提出平均气温的差异可能是工作日中产生的污染造成的，例如周六和周四相比，平均气温就有一定的差异。福
雷斯特解释说在五天工作日
中，乘车上下班的人多，进行生产的工厂也多，这都会增加空气中的微粒含量，对大气造
成污染。 微粒会影响云量，但是释放到
大气中的不同颗粒会造成不同
的变化，福雷斯特说。 较轻的微粒能够提供云滴形成
所需要的界面，这样会增加云
量，进而导致气温的升高，因
为云有保温的作用。
二氧化碳作怪，海洋开始变“酸”
The world's oceans are slowly getting more acidic, say scientists. The researchers from California say the change is taking place in response to higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. 科学家们说世界上的海洋正在慢慢变“酸”。
来自加利福尼亚的研究人员称这种变化是由于大气中二氧化碳含量过高造成的。
The lowering of the waters' pH value is not great at the moment but could pose a serious threat to
current marine life if it continues, they warn.
Ken Caldeira and Michael Wickett, from the
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, report their concerns in the journal Nature. Increasing use of fossil fuels means more carbon dioxide is going into the air, and most of it will
eventually be absorbed by seawater. Once in the water, it reacts to form carbonic acid.
Scientists believe that the oceans have already become slightly more acidic over the last century. But these researchers have tried to predict what will happen in the future by combining what we know about the history of the oceans with
computer models of climate change. "This level of acidity will get much more extreme in the future if we continue releasing CO2 into the
atmosphere," said Dr Caldeira. "And we predicted amounts of future acidity that exceed anything we saw over the last several
hundred million years, apart from perhaps after
rare catastrophic events such as asteroid
impacts."
If carbon dioxide release continues unabated,
ocean pH could be reduced by as much as 0.77
units, the authors warn.
It is not absolutely clear what that means for
marine life, however.
Most organisms live near the surface, where the 他们警告说，目前海水pH 值下降还不是非常严重，但是如果继续下降的话会对现存的海洋生物造成严重的威胁。
来自美国罗兰士利弗摩亚国家实验室的肯·卡尔代罗和迈克尔·维
克特在《自然》杂志上提出了他
们对此事的关注。
越来越多的石油消耗意味着更多的二氧化碳被排放到空气中，而且大部分最终将被海水吸收。二氧化碳一旦进入水中，就会发生反应形成碳酸。
科学家们认为海洋的酸性已经比上个世纪稍微大了一点。 这些研究者们结合所知的海洋历
史以及气候变化的电脑模型，试
图预测将来的变化。
“如果我们继续向大气中排放二
氧化碳的话，将来的酸性浓度会
远远超标。”卡尔代罗博士说。 “而且我们估计将来酸的总量会比过去几亿年中人类所见到的任何东西都大，更不用说可能发生类似小行星撞击地球等罕见的大灾难之后了。” 研究者们警告说，如果不减少二氧化碳的排放量，海洋的pH 值可能会降低0.77个单位。 尽管这对海洋生命来说意味着什
greatest pH change would be expected to occur, but deep-ocean lifeforms may be more sensitive to
pH changes.
Coral reefs and other organisms whose skeletons or shells contain calcium carbonate may be
particularly affected, the team speculate. They
could find it much more difficult to build these
structures in water with a lower pH.
In recent years some people have suggested
deliberately storing carbon dioxide from power
stations in the deep ocean as a way of curbing
global warming. But Dr Caldeira said that such a strategy should now be re-considered.
"Previously, most experts had looked at ocean
absorption of carbon dioxide as a good thing -
because in releasing CO2 into the atmosphere we warm the planet; and when CO2 is absorbed by the ocean, it reduces the amount of greenhouse warming.
么还不是很清楚。
大多数生物生活在海洋表面，而海洋表面正是pH 值预期变化最
大的地方，但是深海生物可能对pH 值的变化更加敏感。 研究组推测，珊瑚礁和其它骨架或外壳中含有碳酸钙的生物受到的影响可能会格外明显，在pH 值较低的水域中它们很难形成这些结构。 最近的几年中，有人蓄意建议将
发电站释放的二氧化碳储藏到深
海中，以此来抑制全球变暖。 但是卡尔代罗博士说现在应该重
新考虑这种策略。
“以前，
大多数专家都将海洋吸收二氧化碳看作一件好事——因为将二氧化碳释放到大气中会使大
气变暖，然而当二氧化碳被海洋吸收后，温室效应就会降低。”
空中有群水做的“象
Elephants in the Sky
想知道一朵云有多重吗？还有
飓风？一位气象学家做了大概
的估算，结果可能会让你大吃
一惊哦。
让我们先从一团很普通的蓬松
的白色积雨云算起。一朵积雨
Ever wonder how much a cloud weighs? What about a hurricane? A meteorologist has done some estimates and the results might surprise you. Let's start with a very simple white puffy cloud - a cumulus cloud. How much does the water in a
cumulus cloud weigh? Peggy LeMone, senior scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, did the numbers. "The water in the little cloud weighs about 550
tons," she calculates. "Or if you want to convert it to something that might be a little more
meaningful … think of elephants."
Assume an elephant weighs about six tons, she
says, that would mean that water inside a typical cumulous cloud would weigh about one hundred elephants.
The thought of a hundred elephants-worth of water suspended in the sky begs another question - what keeps it up there?
"First of all, the water isn't in elephant sized
particles, it's in tiny tiny tiny particles," explains
LeMone. And those particles float on the warmer air that's rising below. But still, the concept of so much
water floating in the sky was surprising even to a meteorologist like LeMone.
"I had no idea how much a cloud would weigh,
云所含的水有多重呢？科罗拉多州玻尔得国家大气研究中心
的资深科学家佩吉·莱蒙算出
了一组数据。
她推算：“一小片云大约含有
550吨水。如果你想把它转换
成更加实际一点的东西，那就
想想大象吧。”
她说，假设一头大象有6吨重，那么一朵普通的积雨云所含的水就相当于大约100头大象那
么重。
一想到100头大象那么重的水
悬在空中，你不得不考虑另一个问题——是什么让它牢牢的挂在天空中的呢? “首先，构成水的粒子并没有大象那么大，而是非常非常地小。”莱蒙解释说。 而且那些微粒漂浮在正在上升的暖空气上面。
但是尽管如此，想到有这么多水漂浮在空中，哪怕像莱蒙这样的气象学家也
会觉得不可思议的。
“当我刚开始计算的时候，我真
的不知道一朵云有多重。”她
说。
那么一块儿比“蓬松的”积雨云
大10倍的暴风云中含有的水相当于多少只大象呢？莱蒙再
次得出数据：大约是20万只。
actually, when I started the calculations," she
says. So how many elephant units of water are inside a
big storm cloud … 10 times bigger all the way
around than the "puffy" cumulus cloud? Again,
LeMone did the numbers: About 200,000
elephants. Now, ratchet up the calculations for a hurricane about the size of Missouri and the figures get
really massive. "What we're doing is weighing the water in one cubic meter theoretically pulled from a cloud and then multiplying by the number of meters in a
whole hurricane," she explains.
The result? Forty million elephants. That means
the water in one hurricane weighs more than all
the elephants on the planet. Perhaps even more
than all the elephants that have ever lived on the
planet. 现在，逐步计算像密苏里飓风那样的热带风暴的含水量，数
据真是大的惊人。
“我们正在做的是从理论上测量一立方米的云所含的水的重量，然后再乘以整个飓风的体积。”她解释说。
知道结果吗?相当于4千万头大象。这就意味着飓风中所含的水比地球上所有的大象加到
一起还要重，也许会超过地球
上曾经有过的所有大象体重的总和。
世界最低点面临死亡危机 约以巴三方联手拯救死海
Jordan, Israel, Palestinians join forces to save Dead Sea (2003)
Jordan, Israel and the
Palestinians are hoping that world
leaders gathered on the
shores of the Dead Sea this weekend will back their efforts to help save the lowest body of water on Earth.
Over the past three years the Dead Sea has decreased by three meters and the whole 约旦、以色列和巴勒斯坦希望本周末
齐聚死海海岸参加世界经济论坛的各国领导人能够对他们的计划提供支持：拯救死海--这个地球的最低点。 专家称，在过去三年中，死海的水位
已经下降了3米。由于约旦河的水源
被改道以为灌溉所用，无法注入死海，因此同60年代相比，目前整个死海
水域的水量已经不足原先的三分之一。
area is currently one third less than it used to be in the 1960s due to the diversion of the Jordan River water for irrigation, experts
said.
A goldmine for potash extractors and a magnet for tourists who come to bathe in its salty waters, the Dead Sea could disappear in 50 years.
"The Dead Sea basin is facing an environmental decline and if it continues like this it will hit a catastrophe," Jordanian
Water Minister Hazem Nasser cautioned.
To contain the damage, Jordanian, Israeli and Palestinian officials will submit a project to channel water through a canal from the Red Sea to the Dead Sea, at the weekend
meeting here of the World Economic Forum (WEF). Nasser warned saving the mineral-rich Dead Sea was a large-scale project that would not just happen overnight.
"It needs a lot of studies and preparation
and huge financial resources," he said.
"We have to do a series of studies first:
environmental, social, technical. We did a
pre-feasibility study and we are now
shooting for a full feasibility study."
The project, which the sides hope to fund
through the World Bank and the private
sector, is estimated to cost 1.5 billion
dollars. 死海海水中蕴含大量碳酸钾；同时还是旅游胜地，吸引众多游客来此泡盐水浴。但是照此发展下去，未来50年内死海将会永远消失。 约旦水利部长那瑟警告说："死海正面临环境恶化。如果继续照此发展下去
的话，
灾难就会降临，死海将会消失。" 为了化解危机，环绕死海的三个国家：约旦、以色列和巴勒斯坦的官员们将会在本周末的世界经济论坛上提交一份计划，启动从红海通过运河往死海注水的工程。 那瑟说，此项拯救死海（这片矿藏丰富的海域）的计划是一项大规模的工程，不会在朝夕之间一蹴而就。 他说：
"我们必须首先做一系列研究工作：环境的、社会的、技术的。我们
已经做过一个前期的可行性研究，现
在我们正在努力进行一项全面的可行性研究。"
约旦、以色列和巴勒斯坦三方都希望
这项计划的实施能够从世界银行和私营行业中获得基金，预计将高达15亿美元。 译者注： 死海是位于巴勒斯坦、以色列和约旦之间的一片美丽而又神奇的水域，是一个内陆盐湖。因湖水中盐分极高、生物无法在里面生存而得名。死海的水面是地球上陆地的最低点，水面平均低于海平面约400米，因此死海还
有"地球肚脐"的别称。约旦河从其北
部注入。
科学家研究有新招 从火山样本推测火星文明
Scientists Seek Mars Clues in Chilean Volcano (2002)
Scientists hope that a remote lake on a
dormant Chilean
volcano can provide clues to what life may have been like in a
far more distant place -- the planet Mars. A 10-member team placed special plates in the lake on Licancabur volcano, at an altitude of 20,000 feet ，on Sunday to
measure the effects of ultraviolet light on
organisms living there.
The scientists, mostly from the United
States, think learning how Licancabur organisms protect themselves may help researchers understand how life survived on early Earth and perhaps on early Mars as well.
The damaging effects of UV radiation
intensify at altitude and the air is very thin. And the lake is covered with ice most of the year, as would have been bodies of water on Mars. "If there was life on Mars 3.5 billion years ago, it could have used defense mechanisms similar to those used by the organisms at Licancabur volcano to
在智利火山的顶端，
有一个静谧的湖泊。近来，科学家发现了它的新价值--也许，它能告诉人们在更遥远的火星，早期的生命是如何存在的。
11月10日，一个由10名科学家组成
的小组在海拔2万英尺的利坎卡武尔火
山顶端湖泊中放入了特殊的测量仪板，来测试紫外线照射当地的有机生物所产生的效果。 以美国科学家为主的许多科学家都认为，研究利坎卡武尔火山的有机生物如何自我保护能够启发人们认识在早期的地球，生物是如何生存下来的，甚至也可以由此类推到早期的火星生命形态上
去。 在利坎卡武尔火山顶，紫外线辐射相当密集，杀伤力很强。空气也因为海拔高而非常稀薄，湖面上常年结着厚厚的冰层，与火星上的水域环境非常相似。 研究小组的负责人纳塔莉·卡布罗尔说
:"如果35亿年前火星上有生物的话，情况应该与利坎卡武尔火山顶生物生存
survive," said team leader Nathalie
Cabrol. The group, which includes science
researchers from NASA and the SETI
Institute, planned to spend two days at
the lake, but weather conditions forced
them to give up some of their research, which included a planned dive into the
frigid lake.
The mission also included geological
experiments in the area around the
volcano and testing a two-wheeled vehicle called "MARVIN," which may be used in
future Mars missions.
One of the group members said the experiments, were "very promising" but sediment and water samples would have to be analyzed in a laboratory before
conclusions could be drawn. Another
expedition will recover the UV plates next
year.
下来所运用的防御机制大致相同。"
这个研究小组的成员主要来自美国国家
宇航局（National Aeronautics and Space Administration ）和美国寻找地外智能生命研究所(Search for Exterritorial Intelligence Institute, 简称SETI)。他们原计划在湖边度过两天，但迫于天气原因不得不放弃了部分研究项目，其中一项计划还要潜入到刺骨的湖水中完成。 原计划还包括在该火山地区进行地址勘测，以及测试一种名叫"MARVIN"的两轮运输车，这种车是为日后在火星进行勘测时使用而设计的。 一位研究组成员认为这次实验"非常有
前景"，
但沉淀物和水样必须在实验室中经过化验才能得出实验的最后结论。明年，另一支研究队将被派往该地，收回紫外线测量仪板。 海明威笔下美景不再 乞力马扎罗的雪即将消失
Kilimanjaro Snow Cap May Melt Soon
The snow cap of
Mount Kilimanjaro,
famed in literature
and beloved by
tourists, first formed some 11,000 years ago, but will be gone in two decades, according to researchers who say the ice fields on Africa's highest mountain shrank 乞力马扎罗山上的雪形成于大约11000多年前，不论在文坛上，还是在旅游观光业中，它都始终保持着一种独特的魅力。然而，科学家却告诉我们，在过去的一个世纪中，这座非洲最高山峰的"雪帽"已经"缩水"了80%
，再过
二十年，
乞力马扎罗山上的雪景就要消失了。
by 80 percent in the past century.
Lonnie G. Thompson of Ohio State
University said measurements using ice
corings and modern navigation satellites show that the oldest ice layers on the
famed mountain were deposited during an extremely wet period starting about
11,700 years ago.
The mountain is enshrined in literature,
most notably Ernest Hemingway's "The
Snows of Kilimanjaro" and some ancient beliefs in Africa hold the mountain to be a
sacred place. But a temperature rise in recent years is eroding the 150-foot-high blocks of ice that
gave Kilimanjaro its distinctive white cap. "The ice will be gone by about 2020," said Thompson. The diminishing ice already has reduced the amount of water in some Tanzanian rivers and the government fears that when Kilimanjaro is bald of snow the tourists will stop coming.
"Kilimanjaro is the number one foreign
currency earner for the government of
Tanzania," said Thompson. "It has its own
international airport and some 20,000
tourists every year. The question is how many will come if there are no ice fields on the mountain."
Africa was not alone in the global drought.
Thompson said other records show that civilizations during this period collapsed in 俄亥俄州立大学的朗尼·汤普逊说，通过冰层取样和现代卫星定位系统的测量，研究人员发现这座名山上最古老的冰层是在约11700年前一段特别潮湿的时期形成的。 在文学史上，大名鼎鼎的海明威曾著有《乞力马扎罗的雪》一书，从而让人们对这片土地心存一份特殊的情结，再加上一些古老的非洲传说，更是令这座山显得神秘而令人向往。 但是近几年来，由于气温的不断上升，
乞力马扎罗山顶上厚达150英尺的积
雪正在一点一点溶化。
汤普逊预言说：
"所有的冰层将在2020年融化掉。"由于积雪大大减少，长久以来依靠这座山积雪溶化供给的坦桑
尼亚境内，
一些河流的水量已经开始减少。当地政府担心，当"雪帽"被摘掉，当地的旅游业就会遭遇灭顶之灾。 汤普逊还说："乞力马扎罗的旅游资源是坦桑尼亚政府最主要的外汇来源。当地建有国际机场，每年约有2万游客慕
名而至。如今的问题是，如果没有了山顶积雪，恐怕就没人会去了。" 在全世界，并不只有非洲遭受了这样的一种干旱枯竭。汤普逊说统计表明，同
India, the Middle East and South America. Researchers put markers atop the ice field
blocks in 1962 and Thompson said
measurements using satellites show the
summit of the ice has been lowered by
about 56 feet in 40 years. The margin of the ice also has retreated more than six
feet in the past two years.
"That's more than two meter's worth of ice lost from a wall 164 feet (50 meters) high," said Thompson. "That's an enormous
amount of ice."
期的文明在印度、
中东和南美洲地区都出现了衰退现象。
汤普逊说，1962年研究者在冰层上做了标志，现在发现，山顶的积雪厚度在40年中下降了56英尺。仅仅两年时间，冰层的边缘就"缩水"了至少6英
尺。 他说："这绝不是一面50米（164英
尺）高的冰墙降低2米那么简单，这个数字意味着大量的冰雪已经消失了。" 环保终见成效，南极臭氧空洞50年内"填满"
Ozone hole to start shrinking and will close in 50 years, say scientists
(2002)
The hole in the
ozone layer over Antarctica is about to start shrinking and
will close by 2050, Australian researchers say.
Government scientists in T asmania said scientific data showed the level of ozone-depleting chlorine in the atmosphere was declining because of the
澳大利亚一研究小组9月17日向全世
界报告了一条好消息：南极洲上空的臭氧层空洞呈现出缩小的趋势，预计到
2050年之前，这个巨大空洞就可以完
全恢复了。
据塔斯马尼亚的科学家介绍，数据表明在大气层的消耗臭氧物质中，氯的含量正在下降。这应该归功于自1987年通过《蒙特利尔议定书》以来，人们在冰
ban on the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in fridges and air conditioners, agreed under the Montreal Protocol in 1987.
Dr Paul Fraser, the chief atmospheric
research scientist with the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organisation, said: "This is big news. We have been waiting for this. We think the trend is definite now. It is very significant." Dr Fraser said that after the ban was adopted, the atmospheric level of chlorine continued to rise, peaking in 2000. "That was simply due to old refrigerators and old air-conditioners in cars," he says.
Since then, the level had stabilised and was now declining, albeit slowly, Dr Fraser
said. He predicted that the hole in the
ozone layer would contract steadily from about 2005 and disappear by mid-century, although the ozone would be vulnerable for a decade.
Under the Montreal Protocol, developing
countries committed themselves to halving consumption and production of CFCs by 2005 and achieving an 85 per cent cut by 2007. The hole in the ozone layer, which protects Earth from the Sun's ultraviolet
rays, was first detected nearly 30 years
ago. It was then three times the size of
Australia, itself covering nearly 3 million
square miles.
箱和空调设备中对吞噬臭氧的罪魁祸首--氟氯碳化物(CFCs) （一种含有氯、氟、碳三种元素的有机化合物，俗称"氟里昂"）实行了全面的控制。 澳洲科学及工业研究机构（CSIRO ）大气研究的主要负责人保罗·弗雷泽博士说："这是个激动人心的消息。我们一直盼望着这一天。毫无疑问现在我们正在朝着这个方向前进，这个意义非比寻常。"
弗雷泽博士还介绍说，即便在控制使用
氟里昂后，
大气中的氯含量还是在不断攀升，
并在2000年达到了顶峰。他说："这主要是由于冰箱和车载空调的普及所造成的。"
直到2000年以后，氯气含量才停止增加并呈现缓慢下降的趋势。
弗雷泽博士预测说，
臭氧空洞将于2005年开始收缩变小，直到本世纪中期被完全填满，
但填满后仍有十年属于比较容易被破坏的过渡期。
根据
《蒙特利尔议定书》，到2005年，发展中国家氟里昂产品的消耗量和生产量都将减半，到2007年则减少85%，以此来保护我们的大气层。人们是在约30年前发现这个臭氧层空洞的。而臭氧层的作用主要是保护我们不直接受到太阳的紫外线辐射。30年来，臭氧层的这个空洞面积达到澳大利亚本土面积的3倍。而澳大利亚的本土面积为300万平方英里。
"亚洲褐云"来势汹汹 引起世界一片恐慌
'Asian Brown Cloud' poses global threat (2002)
A dense blanket of
pollution, dubbed
the "Asian
Brown Cloud,"
is hovering
over South Asia, with scientists warning it could kill millions of people in the region, and pose a global threat. In the biggest-ever study of the
phenomenon, 200 scientists warned that the cloud, estimated to be three
kilometers thick, is responsible for hundreds of thousands of deaths a year from respiratory disease.
By slashing the sunlight that reaches the ground by 10 to 15 percent, the choking smog has also altered the region's
climate, cooling the ground while heating
the atmosphere, scientists said.
The potent haze lying over the entire Indian subcontinent -- from Sri Lanka to Afghanistan -- has led to some erratic
weather, sparking flooding in Bangladesh, Nepal and northeastern India, but drought in Pakistan and northwestern India. "There are also global implications, not
由于环境污染严重，如今亚洲南部的上
空笼罩着污浊不堪的空气层，被称作"亚洲褐云"。科学家警告说这种情况将造成亚洲地区上百万人丧生，同时还会对全世界的环境造成威胁。 在这次大规模的研究中，200位科学家提出警告，认为这朵厚达三公里的"亚洲褐云"正是导致每年成千上百人死于呼吸道疾病的真正"杀手"。
科学家们说，这层令人窒息的烟雾阻挡
住了10％到15％射向地面的阳光，而
且业已改变了南亚地区的气候，使得地面温度下降而大气温度升高。 这一大片黑压压的烟雾笼罩了从斯里兰
卡到阿富汗的整个印度半岛，导致了该
地区气候反常，造成的直接恶果是孟加
拉、尼泊尔和印度东北部洪水泛滥，相反巴基斯坦和印度西北部却是大旱成灾。
联合国环境署主席克劳斯·特普费尔8月11日在伦敦一个新闻发布会上说："全世界范围内的环境污染已经初见端倪，仅仅亚洲上空这一片三公里厚的乌云，就可以在一周之内迅速蔓延，笼罩
半个地球。" 8月26日将要在南非约翰内斯堡召开地球首脑会议，届时与会各国将共同商讨如何为我们生活的星球"减负"。联合国的初步环境调查报告将于大会召开前
least because a pollution parcel like this, which stretches three kilometers high, can
travel half way round the globe in a week, " U.N. Environment Program chief Klaus Toepfer told a news conference in London on Sunday. The U.N.'s preliminary report comes three weeks before the Earth Summit in
Johannesburg, which opens on August 26, where all eyes will be on how not to
overburden the planet.
Global threat
While haze hovers over other parts of the world, including America and Europe, what surprised scientists was just how far the cloud extended, and how much black carbon was in it, according to India's National Physical Laboratory.
A cocktail of aerosols, ash, soot and other particles, the haze's reach extends far beyond the study zone of the Indian subcontinent, and towards East and Southeast Asia.
While many scientists once thought that
only lighter greenhouse gases, such as
carbon dioxide, could travel across the
Earth, they now say that aerosol clouds
can too.
"Biomass burning" from forest fires, vegetation clearing and fossil fuel was just as much to blame for the shrouding haze as dirty industries from Asia's great cities, the study found. 三周提交。
全球风声鹤唳
印度国家物理实验室称，如今这片污浊的烟雾已经蔓延到了世界其他地区，包括美洲和欧洲，科学家们对这片褐云能够覆盖如此大的范围深感吃惊，此外，
还有烟雾里面的黑色碳的含量之高也是让人触目惊心的。
这片烟雾里夹杂着悬浮颗粒、灰尘、煤烟灰和其他污染物。如今这片褐云的覆盖范围早已超出了印度半岛的研究地带，正在向亚洲东部和东南部蔓延。 从前许多科学家认为只有那些较轻的能够引起温室效应的气体，例如二氧化碳，才能够围绕地球游动，但是现在看来带有悬浮颗粒的烟雾也是可以的。 研究发现，除了亚洲大城市中一些污染环境的工业之外，森林大火、植被清除和燃料燃烧对环境同样造成了严重的污染，因而也是这片亚洲褐云形成的原因之一。 这片烟雾中的悬浮颗粒主要是由于燃料的不充分燃烧造成的，因为亚洲许多地区人们还在使用牛粪和煤油作燃料来做饭，这样的燃料往往是不能充分燃烧的。 酸雨横行肆虐
科学家们通
过飞船、飞
机和卫星发
回的
1995
A large part of the aerosol cloud comes
from inefficient cookers, where fuels such as cow dung and kerosene are used to
cook food in many parts of Asia.
Acid rain
Using data from ships, planes and
satellites to study Asia's haze during the northern winter months of 1995 to 2000, scientists discovered not only that the
smog cut sunlight, heating the
atmosphere, but also that it created acid rain, a serious threat to crops and trees, as well as contaminating oceans and
hurting agriculture. The report suggested the pollution could be cutting India's winter rice harvest by as much as 10 percent. The report calculated that the cloud could cut rainfall over northwest Pakistan,
Afghanistan, western China and western central Asia by up to 40 percent.
While scientists say they still need more scientific data, they suggest the regional and global impact of the haze will intensify over the next 30 years.
In the next phase of the project, scientists will collect data from the entire Asian
region, over more seasons with more
observation sites and refine their
techniques.
But because the lifetime of pollutants is
short and they can be rained out, 年到2000年亚洲北部冬季期间的有关气象数据来对亚洲脏雾进行分析研究。研究发现，这片烟雾不仅仅能阻断阳光射入和引起大气层升温，而且还能够引起酸雨，这就对农作物和树木构成了威胁，而且还会对海洋造成污染，对农业造成伤害。
研究报告分析这样的环境污染能够造成印度冬季稻米减产10％。 此外，据报告统计，这片脏雾能够使得巴基斯坦西北部、阿富汗、中国西部和中亚西部的降雨量减少40％。 尽管对脏雾的研究还需要更多的科学数据，但是科学家们认为这片亚洲脏雾对亚洲地区乃至全球的恶劣影响将会在今后的30年内逐渐恶化。
这项研究计划的下一个阶段中，科学家
们将从整个亚洲地区收集数据，扩大观测季节和观测地点的范围，并且使用更
先进的科技手段。 但是由于污染物的存活时间短，而且能够被雨水冲洗掉，因此科学家们认为，如果亚洲人民在使用燃料的时候能够换
用更为有效的方法，例如使用更高级一些的火炉，改用更为清洁的能源等等，
这样人类就还能有时间拯救我们的地球。
scientists are hopeful that if Asians use
more efficient ways of burning fuel, such
as better stoves, and cleaner sources of
energy, time has not run out.
全球变暖加剧贫穷 气候变化急待控制
Global warming a bigger threat to poor
Global warming threatens to reverse human
progress, and make unachievable all UN targets
to reduce poverty(联合国所有减少贫穷的目标),
according to some of the world's leading
international and development groups.
In a report published today, Oxfam,
Greenpeace, Christian Aid, Friends of the
Earth, WWF (英国牛津救济委员会、“绿色和平”组织、基督徒互援会、“地球之友”组织、世界野生动物基金组织) and 15 other groups say rich governments must immediately address (致力于) climate change to avoid even "obscene levels (无法忍受的程度)" of
worldwide poverty. "Food production, water supplies, public health and people's livelihoods are already being damaged and undermined," the report says. "There is no
either/or approach possible (想找一个…非此即彼'的办法是不可能的). The world must meet its commitments to achieve poverty reduction and also tackle
climate change. The two are inextricably linked (二者的联系是难解难分的)." The report, which draws on UN predictions of the effects of climate change in poor countries over the next 50 years, says poor countries will experience more flooding, declining food production, more disease and the
deterioration or extinction of entire ecosystems (整个生态系统的退化甚至
消失) on which many of the world's poorest people depend.
"Climate change needs to be addressed now. The poor will bear the brunt of the impacts. The frontline experience of many of us working in international development indicates that communities are having to combat more extreme
Global warming, modelled on
computer here, kills more people
than terrorism
weather conditions."
Climate change will play havoc（大范围的破坏；浩劫）with agriculture and water supplies and will increase diseases. "By 2025 the proportion of the world's population living in countries of significant water stress will almost double, to 6 billion people. Tropical and sub-tropical areas will be hardest hit - those countries already suffering from food insecurity(食品短缺)".
Poor communities mostly do not need hi-tech solutions, but would most benefit from education, research and being shown how to farm better. The report says unchecked global warming(尚未得到抑制的全球变暖), more than wars or political upheaval(政变), will displace millions of people and destabilise many countries.
圣海伦斯火山18年后再次喷发
Mount St. Helens shoots out more steam
导读：
美国西北部、西雅图市以南大约150公里处的圣海Array伦斯火山平静了18年以后10月1日再次爆发。
爆发前，地质勘探局连续几天监测到数千次地震活
动。
爆发时，火山喷射出白色蒸汽和火山灰，在空中形
成庞大的烟柱。蒸汽升腾处，是火山口内305米高熔
岩喷口的南侧边缘。
这次爆发持续了大约20分钟。随后，山体复归平
静，烟柱逐渐消散。事先听闻火山即将爆发，一些人赶
到当地观看。
该火山杀伤力最强的一次爆发发生在1980年。当时，圣海伦斯火山如今相距海平面
2549米的顶峰喷射出熔岩，致使57人丧生，火山灰散播到了400多公里外。
美国国家气象局向航空部门通报了这次火山活动，以便民航飞机改道绕行。
Mount St. Helens vented a new column of steam October 10, a lazy plume(烟
柱) that rose out of the crater of the snow-dusted volcano.
The billow of steam(翻滚的蒸汽) rose from an area where a large upwelling or bulge of rock has been growing on the dome-shaped formation of rock in the crater(火山口的圆顶状岩石). The plume rose several hundred feet above the 8,364-foot volcano, and light wind slowly blew it toward the south and southeast.
The venting reminded scientists of the volcano's activity 20 years ago, when it built the dome following its catastrophic 1980 eruption.
"It's a view very, very reminiscent(令人回想的) of the years in the 1980s during dome-building and a few years after when the system(整座火山) was hot and water was being heated and vapor was rising and steam clouds were forming," said Willie Scott, a geologist with the U.S. Geological Survey.
The plume appeared to be mostly steam, and scientists said any volcanic ash that was included was probably from past eruptions during the 1980s.
Scott described the emission as a "very lazy conductive rise(缓缓升起) of this warm, moist air," unlike previous weeks' bursts characterized by more vigorous jetting that threw up ash, large pieces of rock and glacier ice(冰川的冰块).
The steam emission followed an increase in earthquake activity over the previous two days, with quakes of magnitude 2.4(里氏2.4级) occurring every two minutes until Sunday, when the vibrations were more frequent but weakened to magnitude 1 or less.
"What has been peculiar about these earthquakes is that there seems to be a disproportionate number of them that are uniform in size(这些地震的特别之处在于它们在规模上一致，数量上却不成比例)," said seismologist Tony Qamar at the University of Washington's seismic lab in Seattle.
It indicates that pressure in the system is very uniform, which may suggest magma is constantly moving upward, he said. "The pressure will build up, the rock will break, and then you'll get an earthquake," Qamar said.
Geologists do not anticipate anything similar to the May 18, 1980, blast that killed 57 people, blew 1,300 feet off the top of the peak.
Unit 4 Electronic Information (Robots) Part I EST Reading Reading 1 Section A Pre-reading Task Warm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions. 1.How does a QB work? QB has a speaker, microphone, camera, and video screen. It connects to the internet over Wi-Fi. You control it from your computer in a web browser, using a headset and screen. If you have a camera you can show live video of yourself, or you can show a still picture on bad hair days. 2.Is driving a QB difficult? Is there a hand-held control device I can use with my computer to control the Anybot? It's pretty easy. You use the 4 arrow keys to make it turn, go forward or back. Its built-in guidance system takes care of the rest by avoiding furniture and people, and gliding straight through doorways. All the time you’re seeing real-time video from the robot’s head, so you know where you are. Most people get used to it in a few minutes. Not necessary, all you need is your keyboard. 3.Is a Wi-Fi network in the home or business needed? Yes. You should have 802.11g access points for best results. You should use encryption –WPA2 is easiest. We find Meraki business-class access points work well and are affordable and easy to set up. They have long-range and outdoor models too. 4.What kind of sensors does the Anybot have, and what is the resolution on the Anybot camera? Two cameras, 3 microphones, lidar, a 3-axis gyroscope and encoders on the wheels. The main camera is 5 megapixels. 5.How do you control or drive the Anybot? You should control or drive it through a web browser. You don't need any special equipment, but you’ll sound better with a headset. Section C Post-reading Task Reading Comprehension 1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea.
阅读英語科技文章的技能和技巧简述 当代科学技术发展迅速，每天有大量的英语科技文章、新闻及其它科技资料发表在各类报 刊和网络上，要想把这些英语科技文献资料都及时翻译成中文是不可能的。如果想要及时 掌握最新的科技信息，把握住现代科技发展的脉搏，最好的解决办法是自己直接阅读英语 文献资料，获得第一手信息。只要有较好英语的基础，再掌握英语阅读的技巧，做到这一 点并非很难。 阅读技能是学习任何语言的基本技能之一。语言技能有四种，即听、说、读和写，其中说 和写的技能属于主动性技能，比较难掌握，而听和读的技能属于被动性技能，比较容易掌 握。阅读技能相对来讲是最容易掌握的技能。为什么阅读技能会比较容易掌握，因为人们 在阅读时，可以自己控制阅读速度，可以查阅字典，压力较少，因此比较容易达到人们的 阅读目的。本文将以一些阅读实例，来讨论英语阅读技能和技巧，及其掌握学习的方法。 英语语言教学和研究人员对英语阅读技能和技巧的分类有所不同，但基本上可分为四种。 第一种是精读(intensive reading skill)；第二种是泛读(extensive reading skill)； 第三种是略读(skimming reading skill)；第四种是掠读(scanning reading skill)；每 种阅读技能和技巧都有其特点和要求，下面分别对这四种阅读技能和技巧做一些介绍。 精读技能 精读(Intensive Reading)在四种阅读技能和技巧中要求最高，对所阅读的文章，要做到逐 字细读，不但要了解文章的主题思想和内容，了解文章的文法结构，而且要掌握每个字词 的意义和用法，必要时还需要把文章翻译成中文。精读阅读技能是学习和研究英语的人或 从事翻译人员必需要掌握的技能，但对只需要查阅英语科技文献和信息的科技工作者，在 多数情况下不需要使用精读技能。运用精读技能，不是看文章的长短，而在于是否需要对 所阅读的英语资料文章做深度了解和研究。 下面以一则英语新闻为例，来简要说明通过精读，要到达什么样的标准？
《科技英语阅读》参考答案 Text 1： I. Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? FTTFT FF Ⅱ. For questions 1-4 below, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, D. CBDC Text 2: I. Complete the following sentences with the information given in the text. 1.calculation / classification / comparison 2.plotting the course of rockets, preparing bank statements, predicting elections, forecasting weather, and so forth 3.if without the help of computers 4.the message of a familiar advertisement is that machines should work, but men should think https://www.doczj.com/doc/245694452.html,puters perform very complex operations in a very short time 6. a very large adding machine 7.traffic lights / telephones 8.two / input / processing / output II. Fill in the blanks in the following text. Pay attention to the verb forms. be sharply replaced / recognize / access / convert / book / pay / interacting / be used / dealing / solving III. Translate the following phrases into Chinese. 1.处理数据 2.计算器 3.计算机科学 4.计算机技术 5.电子计时脉冲 IV. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. 1.数据处理就是以计算、分类、比较的方式来处理那些预先存放到机器中的资料。 2.电脑是由数以百万的电子装置组成的，能够通过具有不同功能的闭合电路，以令人难以置信的高速 存储或转换数据。 3.我们都听说电脑用于火箭路线的设计、银行文件的处理、选举预测、天气预报等。 4.这可能是因为电脑可以在极其短暂的——几秒甚至是不到一秒的时间里完成非常复杂的运行。 5.他的工作就是决定计算机需要什么信息，必须要完成哪些运行才能解决一个问题。 Text 3: I. Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? TFTFF TFT Ⅱ. For questions 1-3 below, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, D. CCA Text 4: I. Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. F 6. T 7.F 8. T II. Complete the following sentences with the information given in the text. 1.it involves a lot of complicated computer processing 2.their positions / the location of the moving camera 3.work at 200 frames a second on a camera tossed from hand to hand 4.generate a 3D map of a player’s room III. Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets. 1.provided its brain can think fast enough 2.involves collecting and integrating images taken from different angles 3.the less time there is to do this work 4.an affordable, dust-fighting robot that can see where it is going Text 5: I. Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? 1-5 FTFFF 6-10 TTFFT 11-12 FT
（江苏专版）2019年高考英语总复习微专题训练第27练科技类 （一） Ⅰ.语境填词 1．He is a great ________(succeed) as a writer，but a failure as a father. 2．A small，________(brilliant) colored bird flashed into view. 3．He found he could no longer cope with his ________(demand) job. 4．My ________(实验) show that light or heat is attractive. 5．We must make sure that public facilities in the newly-built buildings，like the restroom and the lift，are ________ (access) to disabled visitors. Ⅱ.单项填空 6．When first ________ to the mainland market，the fruits from Taiwan Island enjoyed a great success immediately. A．introducing B．introduced C．introduce D．being introduced 7．The experiment that he ________ was ________.
A．did；successfully B．made；successfully C．carried out；a success D．set out；a success 8．Apparently，due to the new policy，________ years before，food waste has much decreased since last year. A．to compare with B．comparing with C．being compared with D．compared with 9．They now have a good government，________ by all the people. A．having supported B．supporting C．supported D．to be supported 10．—It’s a good idea.But who’s going to ________ the plan. —I think Tom and Greg will. A．set aside B．carry out C．take in D．get through Ⅰ.阅读理解 A Scientists can figure out a movie’s emotional tone from the gasps of its audience.Sure，the sounds are a clue，but so are the chemicals that viewers breathe in each time they sigh and scream，a new study suggests. “You hear the music and see the pictures，but you don’t realize there’re chemical signals in the air，” says Jonathan Williams，who led the study and works at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz，Germany. Williams started out measuring the air in a soccer stadium.He wanted to see if the fans’ exhaled(呼出的) breaths might affect levels of greenhouse gases in the air.Carbon dioxide, which people breathe out，is one example.And he found the answer was no at least on a small scale.But he noticed levels of carbon dioxide shifted wildly whenever the crowd cheered.That got him wondering：Could the gases people exhale be influenced by emotions? So Williams went to the movies.He and his coworkers measured air samples collected over six weeks in two movie theaters.Overall,9,500 moviegoers watched 16 films including a mix of comedy，romance，action and horror films.Then they looked for hundreds of chemicals in the air that showed up as people were watching particular
Choose Y our One-Day-Tours! Tour A - Bath &Stonehenge:including entrance fees to the ancient Roman bathrooms and Stonehenge -￡37 until 26 March and ￡39 thereafter. Visit the city with over 2,000 years of history and Bath Abbey, the Royal Crescent and the Costume Museum. Stonehenge is one of the world's most famous prehistoric monuments dating back over 5,000 years. Tour B - Oxford & Startford : including entrance fees to the University St Mary's Church Tower and Anne Hathaway's house----￡32 until 12 March and ￡36 thereafter. Oxford:Includes a guided tour of England's oldest university city and colleges. Look over the "city of dreaming spires(尖顶）"from St Mary’s Church Tower. Stratford: Includes a guided tour exploring much of the Shakespeare wonder. Tour C - Windsor Castle &Hampton Court : including entrance fees to Hampton Court Palace -￡34 until 11 March and ￡37 thereafter. Includes a guided tour of Windsor and Hampton Court, Henry VILL's favorite palace. Free time to visit Windsor Castle (entrance fees not included).With 500 years of history, Hampton Court was once the home of four Kings and one Queen. Now this former royal palace is open to the public as a major tourist attraction. Visit the palace and its various historic gardens, which include the famous maze(迷宫)where it is easy to get lost! Tour D –Cambridge: including entrance fees to the Tower of Saint Mary the Great -￡33 until 18 March and ￡37 thereafter. Includes a guided tour of Cambridge, the famous university town, and the gardens of the 18th century.(2015全国2) 33. Which tour will you choose if you want to see England’s oldest university city? A.Tour A B. Tour B C. Tour C D. Tour D 34. Which of the following tours charges the lowest fee on 17 March? A. Windsor Castle & Hampton Court B. Oxford & Stratford C. Bath & Stonehenge D. Cambridge 35. Why is Hampton Court a major tourist attraction? A. It used to be the home of royal families B. It used to be a well-known maze C. It is the oldest palace in Britain D. It is a world-famous castle
高中英语阅读理解科技类一 Excused from recycling(回收利用) because you live in a high rise with a rubbish chute(垃圾道)? You won't be for long. Miami's Mark Shantzis has made it simple for those living in tall buildings to use the chute and recycle too . In Shantzis' Hi-Rise Recycling System, a chute leads to a pie-shaped container with six boxes that can turn around when operated. The system, which fits in the same space as the chute and container now in use, enables glass, plastic, paper, metal, and other rubbish to go into separate boxes. The system is controlled from a board next to the chute door. The board has a button for each class of recycling materials (as well as for unrecyclables). At the press of a button, a microcomputer locks all other floors' chute door and sets the recycling container turning until the right box comes under the chute. The computer also counts the loads and gives a signal by phone when the box is full. And a particular piece of equipment breaks up the nonrecyclables Sorting(分类) recyclables before they are collected saves the use of expensive materials recovery equipment which otherwise has to do the sorting. Such equipment often makes recycled materials very expensive, so expensive that tons of recyclables remain wasted. Shantzis believes his system could help recycled materials become more cost-effective. 1．The purpose in writing this text is _________. A．to encourage people to recycle their rubbish B．to introduce a recycling system for high rises C．to describe the use of computer technology in recycling D．to explain the need for rubbish collection in high rises 2．When he says "You won't be for long" the writer means that _______. A．you'll soon be living in a cleaner building B．rubbish chutes will become out of date before long C．you won't wait long for your turn to recycle rubbish D．it won't be long before you'll have to recycle your rubbish 3．Before dropping rubbish into the chute you have to ___________ A．lock the other floors' chute doors B．check if the container is full C．press the correct button D．break up the rubbish 4.．The biggest advantage of this new system is that _________ A．it reduces the cost of recycling B．it saves time and space C．it saves money for people living in high rises D．it makes better use of the existing recovery equipment B According to the US government, wind farms off the Pacific coast could produce 900 gig watts of electricity every year. Unfortunately, the water there is far too deep for even the tallest windmills (see picture) to touch bottom. An experiment under way off the coast of Norway, however, could help put them anywhere. The project, called Hywind, is the world’s first large-scale deepwater wind turbine(涡轮发电机). Although it uses a fairly standard 152-ton, 2.3-megawatt
1．语言特点：语言简练，就其用词来看，文章里有大量生僻的专有名词，如地名、人名、机构名、组织名、书名、作品名等。 2．结构特点：应用文主要用于传递信息，高考卷中所采用的应用文通常有两种行文方式。一种是文中的几则信息构成平行并列结构，即每一则信息中的项目及其位置有一致性和对应性，几则信息前有时会用一个段落对文章信息做整体上的说明；另一种是针对某一主题分项、分条目地呈现信息，每个段落围绕小标题呈现某一方面的信息。 3．答题误区：应用文阅读理解试题难度不大，故答题时要谨防过于草率。出错的原因有可能是看信息时看错位置，也有可能是为了追求速度只凭大致印象答题。因此，做题时一定要看准信息并在文章中找出相关信息以确保万无一失。另外，不要一字不落地阅读全文，这样会浪费很多时间，而是应该有选择性地快速筛选和获取答题所需要的信息。 4．阅读策略 应用文阅读理解总体上要做到稳、准、快，在确保准确率的基础上提高阅读速度，以节省时间。解题时，要做到： (1)快速浏览知主题。快速浏览加粗字体的标题、小标题或加下划线的语句等最重要的信息，以了解语篇提供的是哪方面的信息，并判定行文方式。 (2)速读题干，跳读定位信息。接下来阅读每一道试题，根据题干定位信息区间，并在文章中找出答案或相关信息。在定位和寻找信息区间的时候，可以充分利用加粗字体的标题、小标题、加下划线的语句等重要信息提高阅读和解题速度，如果每则信息的项目及其位置具有一致性和对应性，就可利用其一致性和对应性快速查找答案，查找信息时不一定要读完全文。 (3)细读解题信息。最后，根据查找的相关信息，经过比对选项选出正确答案。 文体分类练(一)——应用文 (限时25分钟) A (2019·南昌二模)From Antigua to Zanzibar, these spots promise an incredible trip for 2020.
1.How common are other civilizations in the universe? This question has fascinated humanity for centuries, and although we still have no definitive answer, a number of recent developments have brought it once again to the fore. Chief among these is the confirmation, after a long time wait and several false starts, that planet exist outside our solar system. 外星文明在宇宙中是普遍存在的吗？这个问题已经困扰了人类几个世纪。虽然我们到现在也不能给出一个确定的回答，但是最近的一些科技进展再一次把这个问题推到了风口浪尖。其中最重要的，就是经过了漫长的等待和无数错误的尝试，我们终于确认了地外行星的存在。 2.By the time the debris settled and the collective misery was tallied, the devastation had in some respects exceeded even that of El Nino of 1982-1983, which killed 2,000 worldwide and caused about 13 billion dollars in damage. 一切尘埃落定之后，人们开始统计此次厄尔尼诺现象造成的损失。这次毁灭性的灾难造成的损失在某些方面更甚于1982到1983年间的厄尔尼诺现象，那次在世界范围内有2000余人遇难，导致的经济损失高达130亿美元。 3.The sun had set 12 minutes earlier, and twilight was waning on the northern coast of Papua New Guinea. It was July 17, 1998, and another tranquil Friday evening was drawing to a close for the men, women and children of Sissano, Arop, Warapu and other small villages on the peaceful sand spit between Sissano Lagoon and the Bismarck Sea. 太阳在12分钟前就已经落山了，铺洒在巴布亚新几内亚北岸的暮色渐渐的减弱。那是1998年7月17日，对生活在Sissano、Arop、Warapu和其他位于俾斯麦海和Sissano泻湖之间安静的沙滩上的村庄的村民来说，只不过是又一个宁静周五傍晚即将来临。 4.To the extent that planets are necessary for origin and evolution of life, these excitingdiscoveries certainly argue well for the widely held view that life pervades the universe. 如果说行星是生命诞生和进化的必要条件，那么这些令人振奋的发现为生命在宇宙中是普遍存在的论调提供了有力的佐证。 5.There is no specific technology, no silver bullet to extend the oil supplies. But there are sure an awful lot of copper bullets lying around. 没有什么特别的科技，也没有什么灵丹妙药可以增加石油供给。但是，肯定有许多其他的办法等待着我们利用。 6.Many people have argued that once primitive life has evolved, natural selection will inevitably cause it to advance toward intelligence and technology. But is this necessarily so? That might be something wrong with this argument was famously articulated by nuclear physicist Enrico Fermi in 1950. If extraterrestrials are commonplace, he asked, where are they? Should their presence not be obvious? This question has become known as Fermi Paradox. 许多人认为一旦原始生命产生了，自然选择必定使他进化为智慧生命和科技文明。但是事实真的如此吗？这个问题已经被核物理学家恩里克·费米在1950年十分清晰的阐述了。他问道，如果地外文明是十分普遍的，那么，他们在哪儿呢？难道他们的存在没有办法观测吗？这就是著名的费米佯谬。 7.Even though the link between birds and dinosaurs is family established, the definition of birds has become a difficult problem. The fact is that it is hard to draw a line between birds and dinosaurs that is anything other than arbitrary. 尽管鸟类与恐龙的联系已经牢牢地建立起来了，但鸟类的定义仍然是一个难题。事实上，
阅读英語科技文章的技能和技巧简述 本文从网络收集而来，上传到平台为了帮到更多的人，如果您需要使用本文档，请点击下载按钮下载本文档（有偿下载），另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意！ 当代科学技术发展迅速，每天有大量的英语科技文章、新闻及其它科技资料发表在各类报刊和网络上，要想把这些英语科技文献资料都及时翻译成中文是不可能的。如果想要及时掌握最新的科技信息，把握住现代科技发展的脉搏，最好的解决办法是自己直接阅读英语文献资料，获得第一手信息。只要有较好英语的基础，再掌握英语阅读的技巧，做到这一点并非很难。阅读技能是学习任何语言的基本技能之一。语言技能有四种，即听、说、读和写，其中说和写的技能属于主动性技能，比较难掌握，而听和读的技能属于被动性技能，比较容易掌握。阅读技能相对来讲是最容易掌握的技能。为什么阅读技能会比较容易掌握，因为人们在阅读时，可以自己控制阅读速度，可以查阅字典，压力较少，因此比较容易达到人们的阅读目的。本文将以一些阅读实例，来讨论英语阅读技能和技巧，及其掌握学习的方法。英语语言教学和研究人员对英语阅读技能和技巧的分类有所不同，但基本上可分为四种。第一种是精读(intensive reading skill)；第
二种是泛读(extensive reading skill)；第三种是略读(skimming reading skill)；第四种是掠读(scanning reading skill)；每种阅读技能和技巧都有其特点和要求，下面分别对这四种阅读技能和技巧做一些介绍。精读技能精读(Intensive Reading)在四种阅读技能和技巧中要求最高，对所阅读的文章，要做到逐字细读，不但要了解文章的主题思想和内容，了解文章的文法结构，而且要掌握每个字词的意义和用法，必要时还需要把文章翻译成中文。精读阅读技能是学习和研究英语的人或从事翻译人员必需要掌握的技能，但对只需要查阅英语科技文献和信息的科技工作者，在多数情况下不需要使用精读技能。运用精读技能，不是看文章的长短，而在于是否需要对所阅读的英语资料文章做深度了解和研究。下面以一则英语新闻为例，来简要说明通过精读，要到达什么样的标准？英语原文：(此文摘自2000年3月25日美国加利福尼亚州硅谷地区一份非常具有权威性的，以科技消息为主的报纸《圣荷西水星报(San Jose Mercury News)》商业版C1科技新闻部分) IBM Developing chips for TV set-top boxes Computer giant IBM said Friday it is developing chips for televison set-top boxes that will transform TV sets into interactive, two-way information appliances. By
（现代科技） 李仕才 【话题导读】灯柱伞是一种有雨水感应伞的灯柱，这样人们在忘记带雨伞时就不会挨淋了。 Lampbrella You can’t always predict a heavy rain or remember your umbrella. ①But designer Mikhail Belvacv doesn’t t hink that forgetting to check the weather forecast before heading out should result in you getting wet. That’s why he created lampbrella, a lamp post with its own rain sensing umbrella. The designer says he ②come up with the idea after watching people get wet on streets in Russia. “Once, I was driving on a central Saint Petersburg street ad saw the street lamps ③lighting up people trying to hide from the rain. I thought it would be appropriate to have a canopy built into a street lamp.” he said. The lampbrella is a standard-looking street lamp fitted with an umbrella canopy. It has a built-in electric motor which can open or close the umbrella ④on demand. Sensors then ensure that the umbrella offers p edestrians shelter whenever it starts raining. ⑤In addition to the rain sensor, there’s also a 360° motion sensor on the fiberglass street lamp which detects whether anyone’s using the lampbrella. After three minutes of not being used the canopy is closed. According to the designer, the lampbrella would move at a relatively low speed, so as not to cause harm to the pedestrians. Besides, it would be grounded to protect from possible lighting strike. Each lampbrella would offer enough shelter for several people. Being installed at 2 meters off the ground, it would only be a danger for the tallest of pedestrians. While there are no plans to take lampbrella into production, Belyacv says he recently introduced his creation one Moscow Department, and insists this creation could be installed on my street where a lot of people walk but there are no canopies to provide shelter. 灯柱伞 你不会每次都预测到大雨到来或者记得带上雨伞。但设计师Mikhail Belvacv认为出门前忘记看天气预报不应该导致你淋湿。这就是他创造灯柱伞的原因，一种有雨水感应伞的灯柱。