跨文化交际课程期末考试复习资料
I. Give a brief definitions of the following terms (名词解释)
1. Non-verbal communication
It refers to communication through a whole variety of different types f signal come into play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each other.
2. privacy
privacy: It could be understood as the right of an individual to self-determination as to the degree to which the individual is willing to share with others information about himself that may be compromised by unauthorized exchange of such information among other individuals or organizations.
3. slang
Words and expressions which are regarded as very informal and so are not considered suitable for formal social situations or serious writing.
4. collectivist culture
Collectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we” cultur es because basic unit is the
in-group or collective.
5. culture shock
culture shock：It is a psychological phenomenon that is experienced most often by those who, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, in the process of adjusting themselves to a new culture.
6. proverb
Proverbs are those popular short sayings containing words of advice or warning—are an important part of the language and culture of a society.
7. intercultural communication.
8. Individual Culture
Individuals tend to define themselves by the extent to which they are different from, rather than similar to other. People are encouraged to display self-confidence and assertiveness, disclosure of personal thoughts and feelings.
9. Culture
Culture means:
(a) The arts, customs, and habits that characterize a particular society or nation.
(b).The beliefs, values, behavior and material objects that constitute a people's way of life.
10. Proxemics
Proxemics refers to the study of spatial relations. The study of proxemics includes three aspects of space: (a) fixed features of space. (b) semifixed features of space, and
(c) personal space
11. Norms
Norms refer to rules for appropriate behavior, which provide the expectations people have of one another and of others. Norms are the outward manifestations of beliefs and values.
12. Individualism
Individualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence，individual expression, and even privacy.
13. Paralanguage
The set of nonphonemic properties of speech, such as speaking tempo, vocal pitch, and intonational contours, that can be used to communicate attitudes or other shades of meaning.
14.Low-context culture
Cultures in which little of the meaning is determined by the message is encoded in the explicit code are labeled low-context.
II. Answer the following questions(简答题)
1.Give some basic rules of boys or girls interaction
2. Describe the different ways in showing hospitality between Chinese culture and western culture
Chinese guests always refuse offer of drinks or food to demonstrate politeness in seeming not to wish to put their host to any trouble.Sometimes an offer is not a real offer but a polite remark. After we say 'no', we usually wait for the second and third offer. If the host just brings the food or drink and ignores 'no', we ill accept it. Chinese like to press their guests to drink or eat to show their hospitality. While westerners always accept or refuse offer of drinks or food very genuinely.Their refusal is accepted as genuine.Westerners don’t to press. To press people to have food or drink after they have refused is frowned upon and can cause embarrassments.
3. What are the differences on receiving gifts between Chinese and westerner?
In the West, it is regarded as polite to open gifts as soon as they are given to express appreciation. In China, the situation is quite the reverse. Normally we Chinese feel that if you open the gift as soon as it is given, you might embarrass the person who gives the gift and you might be thought greedy. Therefore, Chinese people tend to open the gifts after the visitors have left.
In China, many people send gifts without wrapping them, and if they wrap them, they usually tell the receiver what is inside, and the receiver will thank the sender and put the gift aside without unwrapping them since they already know what is inside. English receivers open the gifts in front of the senders of the gifts.
4. Explain the term “intercultural communication competence” and its three components.
The intercultural competence refers to the ability to understand and adapt the target culture. Intercultural communicative competence involves cognitive, affective and operational aspects, which are inseparable in reality. The interrelatedness of cognitive, affective, and operational components is very important in the improvement of the communicator?s intercultural communication competence. There are also three aspects in terms of affective components: adaptation motivation, Identity flexibility and esthetic co-orientation, The cognitive aspects of intercultural communication competence are the mental capacities of comprehension and ability to understand the meanings of various verbal and nonverbal codes. Operational components are that Individuals? capacity to express cognitive and affective experiences outwardly is shown through specific behaviors.
1. The obstacles of studying Intercultural communication
2. Why do many Chinese people tend to ask about age, martial status, and even salary when first meeting one another?
To them, these are open conversational topics. Knowing a person?s age helps them use appropriate terms of address. And Chinese people pay a lot of attention to family life, so naturally talk of family members features as a common topic. As to salary, since there is a national system of salarie s, people usually don?t consider it a secret and they talk about it openly.
3 . Analyze the cultural variations in selecting negotiators in America and Japan
4. What would you do if a stranger pronounced your name incorrectly?
5. What are the five basic themes in individualist culture?
1) There is a tendency for foreigners to treat strangers as equals, seen in the politeness with which foreigners treat out-group members and their willingness to follow public rules and laws that guarantee the rights of all. 2) There is a desire for independence and separateness, found in foreigners' needs for their own privacy and autonomy and in the freedom they give to children. 3) There is a lack of inhibition on the part of foreigners in terms of expressive behaviors, seen in their lack of concern about drawing attention to themselves and their willingness to disclose feelings and emotions. 4) There is a lack of understanding if the reciprocal bonds and duties that regulate in-group members, found in foreigners' casual attitudes towards hospitality. 5) There is a lack of concern at public displays of physical or sexual intimacy.
6. Analyze the characteristics in Masculine communication culture
7. What are the differences between Chinese and English Kin Terms?
In Chinese culture, people refer to people strictly according to the kin terms. It is completely unacceptable to refer to one's parents by using the names. When children address relatives, Chinese kin terms tell whether they are older or younger than their father or mother. Chinese kin terms tell whether the relatives are from the mother' or father's side and whether one's brother, sister or cousin is older or younger than he/she. Chinese kin terms are also to other people who are not one's relatives; kin terms are widely used to address known or unknown people
While in English culture, in some families in Western countries, some children
address their parents directly by their first names. In Britain, children are expected to address the parents' brother and sisters with the title of Uncle or Aunt plus their names and sometimes simply address them by first name without a title. English kin terms don’t tell whether the relatives are from the mother' or father's side ,and there are not distinct kin terms for elder brother or younger brother. Kin terms are not as frequently used as in Chinese. In all kinds of social situations, either formally or informally, people won't use kin terms to address each other if they are not relatives.
8. State six principles for effective cross-gender communication.
9. What is the significance of Nonverbal Communication?
Nonverbal behavior is a significant area of communication study for at least three reasons.
Nonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we get from conversations.
Nonverbal behavior spontaneously reflects the subconsciousness.
We cannot avoid communicating through nonverbal signals.
Besides, nonverbal behavior is significant because nonverbal communication can be open to many interpretations.
10.Describe the U.S. cultural patterns with the five value orientation categories.
People in the United States generally believe in a supreme God or universal spirit and believe that they can control nature. They have a lot of faith in science and technology and are materialistic. They get a sense of identity from work and generally separate work from play. People, in the United States are efficient, practical, and see progress and change as a good thing. They place a high value on time and have a future time orientation, although they often divide it into short-term goals.
People in the United States do not agree about whether humans are naturally good, bad, or a mixture of both. However, two beliefs related to human nature—rationality and mutability--- are still believed by many in the United States. One of the most fundamental beliefs of people is individualism. Associated with this belief are the ideas of self-motivation, competition, and responsibility for one?s own actions. People in the United States also have an unshakable belief in equality. They do not believe that everyone is the same, but they do believe that everyone does or should have the same opportunities as everyone else. Last, people in the United States are conformist—it is important to stay in touch with the latest fashion in hair, clothing, and so forth.
11. What does "gilding the lily" mean?
12.What are the communication differences between high-and low-context cultures?
13.What are the social functions of compliments
14. List some study area in nonverbal communication.
15. What would you do if someone asks you a question that you feel too personal?
16. Explain high-context culture and low-context culture.
Cultures in which little of the meaning is determined by the message is encoded in the explicit code are labeled low-context. Cultures in which less has to be said or written because more of the meaning is in the physical environment or already shared by people are labeled high context .
17. Explain the definition of “collect ivist culture”
a. Collectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we” cultures because basic unit is the
in-group or collective.
b. kindness to visitors: friendly, welcoming, and generous treatment offered to guests or strangers
c. Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that stresses "the moral worth of the individual". Individualists promote the exercise of one's goals and desires and so independence and self-reliance while opposing most external interference upon one's own interests, whether by society, or any other group or institution.
18. How do people from different cultures understand “silence”?
The use of silence in communication is different from culture to culture. Silence can communicate agreement, apathy, awe, confusion, contemplation, disagreement, embarrassment, obligation, regret, repressed hostility, respect, sadness, thoughtfulness, or any number of meanings. In eastern cultures, silence has long been regarded as a virtue. While in western cultures, silence has generally been considered socially disagreeable. To most people in the United States, silence means lack of attention and lack of initiative. To the Chinese, silence means agreement.
19. Analyze the characteristics in Feminine communication culture
20. Why do we need to study intercultural communication?
(1). Technological development
The development of new transportation and information technologies has connected all nations in ways that were possible before this century only in the imagination.
(2). Widespread population Migrations
(3). The changes in the international business community have compelled China to reexamine her business.
(4). Development of Multiculturalism. Cultural diversity or multiculturalism will become the norm; not the exception. The public must acknowledge and adjust to difference but build on commonality.
21. What are the characteristics in naming Chinese Given Names?
There have existed differences in naming given names to male and female throughout the Chinese history. If we get down to the classifications of the Given Names according to the different sexes, it is not difficult to see that the differences may lie in two categories, that is, in meanings and forms. Traditionally, male given names usually suggest steel and great strength, showing great concerns about the fate and future of the nation, while female given names impress people on their beauty, elegance, fragrance, loveliness, and gentleness. Shown in the following are the ten classifications of both the sexes showing different characteristics in given names:
22. State two typical situations to send flowers in business and social situations
There are two typical situations in which flowers can be useful to businesspeople. One is to help establish a good relationship with a secretary. The other is when an
executive is invited to someone's house. It is still more customary - all over the world - to give flowers to women rather than men, who in most cultures only receive flowers when ill. Here are some flower-giving guidelines which should keep you from falling foul of local taboos.
Part III Case Analysis (You are required to state cultural phenomenon in each case)(3*20’)
Case 1
Xiao LI and Xiao Wang were colleagues. Xiao LI gave a lot of help to Xiao Wang financially and socially. Recently Xiao LI would get married. But he forgot inviting Xiao Wang attend his wedding. Later Xiao Wang got information about Xiao LI? wedding and sent RMB 500 Yuan to Xiao LI.
Question: What cultural phenomenon can be reflected? Why?
In Chinese culture influenced by Confucianism, if someone does a favor for you, you should return the favor to them. This is very common for Chinese people..In the philosophy of Confucianism Reciprocity are the base of relationships. Gratitude and indebtedness are important parts of Chinese culture. If a person feels uneasy to be indebted of someone, payback is necessary to achieve balance in the relationshi p.
Case 2
An English guest: Each time a new dish arrived his parents would lean over and load my plate with tasty morsels. As they had taken all the trouble to cook it I just had to polish it off. As soon as my plate was empty they would put more on. Of course, I felt duty-bound to eat that too.
A Chinese guest: Can you imagine how many dishes I had? Only one -- a stew with meat and vegetables. The meat was over done and too hard to eat; green vegetables were no longer green. They never put food on your plate but just ask you to help yourself. If you, as a guest, are shy or modest, waiting for the food to be put on your plate, you will remain half-starved.
Question: Are there any differences in hospitality between a Chinese and English? What are the reasons?
Yes. The Chinese student felt disappointed at British hospitality because she used the Chinese way of showing hospitality to judge the British one. In the story taking place in China, the westerner couldn't imagine that there should be sixteen dishes prepared for her. When she ate from the eight cold dishes, she couldn't eat anymore. It is because a Western meal normally severs one main course plus a starter and sweets or desserts. The fact is that different people in the world show their different
hospitality in different ways.
Case 3
Li Lan had an American friend Susan. They usually had lunch together and Li Lan often asked Susan for advice on problems she faced adjusting to American society. Susan gave Li Lan a lot of advice and helped her to improve her English. Once Li Lan needed urgently a big sum of money to pay her tuition fee. Since she has no other friends in the States, she turned to Susan for help and promised that she would return the money soon.
To Li Lan?s great disappointment, this time Susan didn?t seem happy to lend the money to her. Though Li Lan returned the money as she promi sed, they didn?t get along well from then on.
Question: Why did Li Lan feel unpleasant?
Li Lan asked to borrow money from her American friend Susan, which is rarely part of Western friendship. Li Lan and Susan have different expectations of friendship.
In the West, people prefer to be independent and equal rather than dependent, so they don't feel comfortable in a relationship in which one person gives more and the other person is dependent on what is given. Among friends they mostly provide emotional support to each other and spend time together, so they rarely borrow or lend money to each other. They would ask for a loan from the bank rather than from their friends.
While in China, people expect their friends to be loyal to each other, and they even take risks for their friends. So they would give not only emotional support to each other but also concrete help to each other, such as helping to find a job, solving a problem, or even giving money to help one out over a long period of time. So when a friend is in need, the first person he or she wants to ask for help is naturally his/her friend.
Case 4
In 1997, a Danish woman from Copenhagen left her 14-month-old baby girl in a stroller outside a Manhattan restaurant while she was inside. Other diners at the restaurant became concerned and called New York City Police. The woman was charged with endangering a child and was jailed for two nights. Her child was placed in foster care. The woman and the Danish consulate explained that leaving children unattended outside cafes is common in Denmark. Pictures were wired to the police showing numerous strollers parked outside cafes while parents were eating inside. Question: What cultural phenomenon can be reflected?
This case reflects one of the barriers to the effective intercultural communication----assuming similarity instead of difference. In American culture, it is
illegal for parents to leave their baby alone. Whereas it is commonplace for parents to leave their baby alone in Danish culture.The Danish woman had assumed that Copenhagen is similar to New York, that what is commonly done in Copenhagen is also commonly done in New York.
Case 5
Describing the differences of verbal communication Styles between Chinese people and American people. Take examples to explain it.
The Chinese shout be loud when talking about everything. Direct eye-contact is rare when speaking person to person. Counting on your fingers is different. Instead of just holding out the number of fingers on two hands as in America, the Chinese have specific finger signs for numbers one to ten.
To indicate yourself, Americans tend to use their thumb or forefinger and point at or touch their chest. Chinese people usually point at their nose with their index finger to do so. Chinese people feel no compunction against staring at other people for long periods of time. Young people, both boys and girls up to the age of 21, engages in all manner of rough-housing, often hitting each other. Women often walk arm and arm down the streets. Men and men hold hands or embrace shoulders as they walk outside. Nothing is wrong with that if they are friends.
Case 6
Xie Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at a British university for some months. It has not been totally successful. They are discussing the situation in the laboratory.
Xie Li: I don?t know where it went wrong!
Tom: Don?t feel so bad. Cheer up; you?ve done your job.
Xie Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure.
Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I?ll face the music.
Xie Li: Tom, we are not playing children?s games here. This is a scientific experiment. Tom: I?ve never taken the experiment as child?s play and I?m playing the game.
Xie Li: You say you?re playing the game! It?s a rather important experiment!
Xie Li walks out of the laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled.
Question: What?s the problem in this case?
Idiomatic phrases are often misinterpreted.In English, face the music means: face reality and take the consequence and play the game means: abide competition rules. Here Xie Li misinterpreted two idiomatic phrases Tom used. First he thought that Tom didn?t take the failure of the experiment seriously and wanted to escape from it, because he would “face the music”; secondly, he misinterpreted Tom?s “playing the game” as that he hadn?t done the experiment seriously, which might lead to its failure.
A young Chinese officer, together with his wife, was meeting an American consultant at an airport. After phatic communication, the consultant complimented him on his wife out of politeness, “Your wife is beautiful!”The officer felt embarrassed and said, “Where! Where!”（哪里！哪里！）“Where! Where!”the consultant was puzzled and had to say,“From head to foot.”
Question: What went wrong in the case and Why?
In this case, the words of the Chinese conveyed a message quite different from what was intended. The Chinese officer would be suspected of “fishing for compliments”even though the remarks might have been quite sincere because the consultant was almost forced to say “Your wife is beautiful from head to foot.” Forced compliments like this can leave a bad taste in the mouth.Because as far as the responses to praise and compliments is concerned, there are great difference between Chinese people and native English speakers. Native English speakers, especially Americans tend to verbalize their compliments and accept them, whereas the Chinese tend to efface themselves to show modest. In contrast, native English speakers, in the same situation, will say Thank you or Thank you for saying so or Thanks a lot, etc. to acknowledge and accept the thanks as a kind of recognition of their individual efforts. Case 8
A young Chinese woman in U.S was complimented by an American woman for the lovely dress she was wearing: "It's exquisite. The colors are so beautiful!" she was pleased but somewhat embarrassed. In typical Chinese fashion, she replied, "Oh, it's just an ordinary dress I bought in China."
Question: What went wrong in the case and Why?
Case 9
A married couple are going to visit a friend. They have been driving around for some time looking for the street.
B is angry because A refuses to stop and ask direction of someone.
Question: What cultural phenomenon can be reflected?
This case reflects the masculine emphasis on maintaining autonomy and not appearing weak or incompetent. Men are less likely than women to seek directions from others. Part of the reason for this may well lie in sensitivity of men to issues of status. From the perspective to ask for information and help from others implies that the person asking is inferior. From a woman's point of view, however, sharing information is a way of cementing bonds.
Dedrick and Melita have been dating for two years and are very serious. To celebrate their anniversary Melita wants to spend a quiet evening in her apartment where they can talk about the relationship and be alone with each other. When Dedrick arrives, he's planned to dine out and go to a concert. Melita feels hurt that he doesn't want to talk and spend the evening alone with her.
Question: could you explain the differences in communication between men and women?
Case 11
A Filipino couple was vacationing in England. While they were strolling along one of the main streets of London with a British acquaintance, they met another Filipino who had been residing there for some time. He was a good friend from the past, who has not seen for several years. They greeted each other warmly and continued their conversation in a loud and animated fashion using their native language. After a while the British became noticeably agitated, and turned his head away and sighed. The
Filipinos noticed the reaction, and then resumed their conversation but in a quieter tone.
Question: Why did the British become agitated?
Case 12An American went to Chinese home. He was offered some tea. Just when the first cup was about to finish, more tea was added. The visitor drank the second cup. Then the cup was filled the third time. Then he drank it, then…until the visitor was quite full.
Question: Why did the American get quite full?
The culture for treating visitors varys from country to country.
In China, the Chinese host often constantly puts foot on the visitors' plate, which is an expression of hospitality. The visitors refusals are usually ignored. Westerners, on the other hand, usually leave the guest to help himself/herself and do not keep urging him/her to eat more. in China it is acceptable to leave unwanted food on the plate, whereas according to Western custom, it is impolite to do so. As result, misunderstandings occur. In this case, the American kept finishing all the tea in his cup to show his politeness. Therefore, the American got quite full.
Case 13
An American tourist and a Chinese couple met for the first time. They are introducing themselves like this:
American tourist: It was so nice to meet you both here. I'm Lucy Webster. Thank you very much.
Chinese woman: It's a pleasure. I'm Li Hong, and this is my husband. Welcome to China, Miss Lucy.
American tourist: Thank you, Mr. and Mrs. Li. Would both of you like a cup of coffee?
Chinese couple: No, thanks.
Question: What went wrong in the case and Why?
1)The American tourist thinks that Li Hongs surname is her husband's surname, because she is unaware of the fact that in China women still use their own surnames after marriage.
2) Li thinks that "Miss" is a respectful term of address for any female English speaker, but unaware of the fact that in America it is not used before someone's first name. She also mistakes the given name "Lucy' for the surname.
Case 14
Lee, an overseas student from China, once had a talk with his American classmate Tom.
Lee: It really puzzles me that you Americans thank people all day long: When the teacher answers your questions, when your mother buys you a book that you need, when a wife brings her husband a cup of coffee and so on.
Tom: Well, when I finished my tour in China, I said "thank you" to the interpreter who accompanied me during the tour. The interpreter replied, "It's my duty to do so."
I can't help thinking what he means, "I had no choice but to do it, because it is my duty. Otherwise I would not have done so."
Questions: What makes Lee puzzled and why? Is the interpreter's reply appropriate in the English context?
1) A Chinese student would always thank his/her teacher for the latter's help, but would seldom do so to his/her parents because Chinese people don't usually say "Thank you" to those who are very close. They would rather choose some implicit ways to show their gratitude and concern, such as saying something like "leile ba?"(累了吧) "Xingku le."( 辛苦了) "kuai xiexie ba," (快歇歇吧)etc. But one traditional Chinese concept holds that it is the duty of the young and the junior to do something for the elderly and the senior, and so the latter don't have to say thanks.
2) Saying "Thank you" is very common in America, even between parents and children, husband and wife for very small and ordinary things. So they thank all day long. They use words like "Please", "Excuse me", "Thank you" in daily conversation, whether between intimates or between strangers.
3) Both English and Chinese cultures require their members to respond to thanks. But they have different expressions. The interpreter's reply was far from the message he/she actually intended to convey.
Case 15
I felt exhausted after much sightseeing. I looked for a seat to rest my legs. It so happened that on the nearby roadside there was a two-person stone chair with one place already occupied by a charming young girl. I hesitated, but s till went over. “Is it occupied”? I asked. “No” was the answer. The moment I sat down, the woman stood up and left. I was a bit hurt by her instant departure.
Question ：Why was I a bit hurt?
When you are alone with no one else being present, you can do anything you like, because you are not in a social situation. Once another person joins you, or even comes close enough that you two can see each other, your behavior is affected by his or her presence. The girl might have taken it that the speaker was intruding into her territory with ill intentions. Or alternatively, she was aware of the official definition, and could not accept it. So she left. Then I did not feel well about her leaving.
Case 16
I have an American friend．I have invited him several times，and at last he invited me to his home one day．He told me to get there at 3 pm．I thought we could chat and have a meal together．I gave him a Chinese calendar，a woman’s scarf and a bottle of Chinese white wine．He only took out a dish of nuts，a plate of bread and a bottle of wine．After two hours chat，I found there was no hint of a meal and said good-bye to him．He only gave me a box of chocolate as a present for the New Year．After I got home，I found the box had already been opened．I was very surprised．
Question ：What surprised me and why?
In China，a visit to home always includes a meal．And the guest always brings a relatively rich present to the host. And the present should be well wrapped or untouched．2)In the west，a visit to home only means a meeting，not necessarily including a meal．And the present is treated not as importantly as it is in China．3)I acted in a way that was based on Chinese customs，So I felt the American way was very surprised．
Case 17
A British tourist is traveling by train in China. Sitting opposite him is a Chinese passenger. They introduce themselves to each other.
British tourist: Hello, I’m Eric Jackson. Glad to meet you.
Chinese passenger: Hello, my name is Liu Xin. I’m glad to meet you, too. Where do you come from, Mr. Eric?
British tourist: I'm from Britain. Please just call me Eric, Mr. Xin.
Chinese passenger: And you may just call me Liu Xin.
Question: What went wrong in the case and Why?
Both of them have taken each other's given name for the surname, since the order of the surnames of Chinese and English names are just the opposite. As in both cultures a title is usually used with the surname, they feel unnatural when their given names are used with the titles. According to British custom it's quite normal for persons who first meet to address each other by their given names alone, whereas here, when people first meet, they usually address each other by their full names and never by their given names alone.
Case 18
A British tourist is visiting a Chinese family. The Chinese hostess introduces herself and her husband to guest…
Chinese hostess: Welcome to my home. My name is Cai Hong, and this is my husband.
British tourist: Thank y ou, Mrs.Cai. It?s a pleasure to meet you, Mr s.Cai. I?m Lucy Taylor.
Chinese hostess: Have a seat, Madam Lucy.
Question: What went wrong in the case and Why?
The British tourist thinks that Cai Hong?s surname is her husband?s surname, since she is unaware of the fact that in China women still use their own surname after marriage. Cai Hong thinks that …madam? is a respectful term of address for any female English-speaker, unaware of the fact that in Britain it is usually used by someone who is providing a service such as a shop assistant to a customer or a policeman to a member of the public as in …Can I help you, madam?? It is never used as a title before someone?s name. She also mistakes the given name for the surname.
Case 19
Lin Mei is a Chinese student who is now studying at a university in America. Her seven-year-old daughter Jiajia is with her and studies in a primary school. They have been in America for three years. Wang Xiaohong is a Chinese visiting scholar at the same university as Lin Mei and the two get on well with each other. Wang Xiaohong sometimes feels lonely since she has been in America for only two months, so she sometimes visits Lin Mei?s family. One day she came to visit them. Below is their conversation.
Wang Xiaohong: 佳佳，你妈妈在家吗？
Jiajia: 在。妈妈，小红阿姨找你。
Lin Mei: 王教师您来啦，请坐。我女儿真不懂礼貌。佳佳，以后要叫王阿姨。Question: What went wrong in the case and Why?
The combination of the term of address Xiaohong Ayi (given name + Auntie) reflects the mixture of the two cultures. On the one hand we have the extended use of kin terms preceded by a person?s name, conventionally surname, e.g. Wang + Auntie, in Chinese culture. On the other we have the conventional use of kin terms followed by given names e.g. Auntie + Xiaohong, in the culture of English—speaking countries. In other words, it shows the combination of Chinese sequence, i.e. name + kin term and English use of given name. Since Jiajia has lived in America for three years, she must have been strongly influenced by the foreign culture despite the influence of Chinese culture from her mother and other Chinese. So from Jiajia?s point of view it is appropriate and polite to call Wang Xiaohong Xiaohong Ayi. However, Lin Mei, as an adult, still sticks to the Chinese culture when dealing with a Chinese who came to America only recently; and according to Chinese culture, it is impolite for child to address an adult by using his or her given name.
Case 20
In 1998 the World Cup was held in Japan and Korea and people argued whether to ban eating dogs in Korea at that time, because western people believe dogs are friends, but not food.
Question: What cultural phenomenon can be reflected respectively?
This case reflects the third process of perception --- interpretation. The meanings people attach to their perceptions are greatly determined by their cultural background. In western culture, people like dogs and they believe dogs are human?s best friends because they are faithful. They love dogs as pets. In some English- speaking countries, even eating dogs is illegal. But in some countries dogs are delicious food, such as in Korea.
Case 21
Rita is very bummed out when she meets Mike for dinner. She explains that she's worried about a friend who has begun drinking heavily. When Mike suggests she get her friend counseling, Rita repeats how worried she feels. Mike tells Rita to make sure her friend doesn't drive after drinking. At this point Rita explodes, saying that she doesn't need his advice. Irritated at her lack of appreciation for his help, Mike asks, " Then why did you ask for it?" Exasperated, Rita responds, " Oh, never mind. I'll talk to Besty. At least she cares how i feel."
Question: What cultural phenomenon can be reflected?
Case 22
Bill had just arrived from the United States to study engineering at a Chinese university. In the first few days he met and moved in with his roommate Zemin. Over the next few days he noticed that female students on campus frequently walked
arm-in-arm or even holding hands .He noticed, too, that students of both sexes, but especially the boys, would huddle around newspaper displays in a fashion of close contact. Bill felt rather uncomfortable and wondered how he would respond if one of his classmates were to put his arms around him…
Question: Why did Bill feel uncomfortable?
In English- speaking countries, body contact is generally avoided between the same sexes in public. Whereas in China, it is acceptable to have body contact between the same sexes in public. Bill felt uncomfortable because people are less concerned than Americans to maintain an invisible private zone around their bodies which others may not cross. The students of both sex walked arm-in-arm and huddled is much more acceptable in China than in America. This shows that he is also in the dark about Chinese behaviors.
Case 23
Litz is a professor of cross—cultural communication in a university in Finland. She invited her Chinese students home for an evening party.
Litz?s evening party was not very successful, because she was upset by one of her guests. Here was the initial conversation between Litz and Lin:
Litz: (opens the door) Oh, Lin, how nice you could come!
Lin: It?s not difficult to find your house.
Litz: Come on in.
Lin: (comes in)
Litz: Can I take your coat?
Lin: No, thanks.
Litz: Ok, this way please.
Lin: (take off her coat and hangs it)
Question: why was Litz hurt ?
Analysis: Litz was hurt because Lin did not let him hang her coat. Litz?s offering to hang Lin?s coat is one of Litz?s ways. In the west, if people go to visit someone, they are almost immediately asked if they would like to take off their coat. And it is polite to let the host hang the guests' coats.On Lin?s side, she thought that Litz was her supervisor and that it was inappropriate to let her supervisor hang her coat. Here we have an instance of one action attached with different cultural values.
Case 24
Jim and Li Zhen were students together at Leeds University in Britain. A year later, after graduating, Jim went to Shanghai as a visiting scholar on a year?s exchange Jim had never been to China before. Li Zhen took him to a classical piano concert performed by a famous Chinese pianist. During the performance people were talking and at one stage someone ran up onto the stage and presented the pianist with a bunch of flowers during the playing of a particular musical item. This happened several times during the evening. It also happened when two singers were on stage singing some songs that he was playing. Jim thought all these things quite strange. At the end of the performance the audience applauded the pianist and he applauded them. The audience began to leave while the pianist remained on the stage.
Question: What cultural phenomenon can be reflected?
In this situation, having known Li Zhen for a year it would have been expected that Jim would have learned some cultural differences between China and Britain. However it seems that the cultural communication between the two did not extend this far. The scenario enacted in the classical concert in Shanghai is a common phenomenon in China. In Britain there would have been several differences. First, the audience would remain silent when the pianist was playing, they would not talk because it is considered grossly impolite. Flowers are never given during the performance of the artists, only at the completion of the performance and then given only to the main performer. Upon completion of the performance the pianist would not clap his/her audience but be clapped by the audience and a proper response to the clapping would be a bow (male) or a curtsey (female). The performers would then leave the stage and the audience would exit after the performers had left. Not the other way around as in Shanghai. Concert performances are relatively serious affairs in Britain, and definitely not informal social occasions.
Case 25
A Chinese policeman (A)goes to his British superior (B) and asks leave to take hismother to hospital. Here is the conversation:
A:Sir?
B:Yes,what is it?
A:My mother is not very well. sir.
B:So?
A:She has to go into hospital, sir.
B:Well,get on with it.What do you want?
A:On Thursday,sir.
B:Bloody hell,man.What do you want?
A:Nothing, sir.
Question: What?s the problem in this case?
The cause of the trouble is obvious. The Chinese policeman makes the request by stating the reason only: his mother is ill and he has to ask leave to take her to hospital. In Chinese culture ,this is a clear contextual cue with which Hearer can perfectly get the message and as a superior, the officer should have shown his care for the policeman and taken the initiative to grant him a leave of absence. However, in English culture, “Your mother’s illness is your business, what you should make clear to your superior is what you want from him”.
Case 26
When I first went to Hong Hong a number of years ago, I had no idea about the Chinese language or the Chinese culture. Shortly after my arrival, I went to the bank on my way to school. I was extremely surprised when the bank clerk asked me if I had my lunch.I proceeded to school and was even more surprised when one of the teacher asked me the same question, but I was puzzled as to why they kept asking it.
Question: Why was "I" puzzled?
Case 26
In India, there are elaborate rules about how closely members of each caste may approach other castes, and Arabs of the same sex do stand much closer than North Americans. North Americans in an elevator maintain personal space if the physical space permits it. An Arab entering an elevator may stand right next to another person and be touching even though no one else is in the elevator.
Question: What cultural phenomenon can be reflected?
This case can reflect one nonverbal communication category ---Proxemics. How much space we each want between ourselves and others depends on our cultural learning, our upbringing in our families, the specific situation, and our relationship with the people to whom we're talking. The physical distance we want between ourselves and others does vary from culture to culture. In regard to body distance, anthropolodists distinguish two broad categories of culture: touch culture and nontouch culture. Touch culture thrives on body touch. Nontouch culture is not rich in body touch. Cultures of Arabs, Southern and Western Europeans, Jews and Latins fall into touch culture,and Cultures of Americans, Northern Europeans and Orientals belong to nontouch cultures
Case 28
Anna asks her fiance, Ben, "Can we talk about us?" Immediately ben tenses up, sensing trouble. He prepares himself for an unpleasant conversation and reluctantly agrees. Anna then thanks Ben for being so supportive during the last few months
when she was under enormous pressure at her job. She tells him she feels closer than ever to him. Then she invites Ben to tell her what makes him feel loved and close to her. Although Ben is relieved to learn there is no crisis, he's also baffled: "If there isn't a problem, why do women need to talk about the relationship? If it's working, let it be."
Question: Could you explain why Ben was reluctant to have a talk with his fiancee?
Case 29
Li Lan had an American friend Susan. They usually had lunch together and Li Lan often asked Susan for advice on problems she faced adjusting to American society. Susan gave Li Lan a lot of advice and helped her to improve her English. Once Li Lan needed urgently a big sum of money to pay her tuition fee. Since she has no other friends in the States, she turned to Susan for help and promised that she would return the money soon.
To Li Lan's great disappointment, this time Susan didn't seem happy to lend the money to her. Though Li Lan returned the money as she promised, they didn't get along well from then on.
Question: What kind of advice would you give to both of them so that they could get to know each other?
Li Lan first should try to get to know American culture as much as possible. She may also need to have a discussion with Susan about the different ways of friendship in both cultures. If possible, she could try to ask for a loan from a bank.
Susan should also try to learn to understand Chinese culture. She could also have a discussion with Li Lan about the different expectation of friendship in both cultures. If she could understand the Chinese ways, she might help Li Lan out financially by lending her the money.
Intercultural Communication in Pushing Hands Pushing Hands is a maiden work of Ang Lee, one of the greatest Chinese directors. It is a film about culture shock and adaption. To some extent, the cultural differences between China and America are presented from different angles in the movie. It’s the movie I have watched by chance that impressed me and inspired my interest in intercultural communication. So I will show what I gained from my own perspective. The main plot of the film will be introduced as follow: Mr. Zhu, a retired Chinese Taichi professor went to America to live with his son, a computer doctor. Conflicts between the Chinese father and his American daughter-in-law, Marsha, a novelist, appeared and arose in their daily life. Finally, the two sides gradually understood each other’s culture after a painful process. Many comments and opinions about the film focus on culture shock and adaption that brings about the main contradiction in the movie. Nevertheless, I want to show the contrasts in family values between Chinese and Americans and a new analogy for intercultural communication. If it was a movie that describes a Chinese student studying abroad, the contradiction couldn’t be the same. What matters is just the identity of Mr. Zhu. He is an old man rooted in the Chinese traditional culture and
《企业文化》期末总复习试题 一、单选题 1、 ( )是企业识别系统的核心。 A.企业理念识别 B.企业制度 C.企 业信誉 D.员工素质 2、企业制度文化是（）的基础和载体。 A.企业理念 B.企业道德 C.企业 价值观 D.企业精神 3、企业文化的消极功能是企业文化在其 （）阶段所表现出来的文化惯性、习 惯和和习俗。 A.、成长 B、.发展 C.、衰落 D、.成熟 4、企业文化对外部社会的辐射功能主要通过产 品、企业理念和（）等途径实现。 A.、广告 B.、股东 C.、员工 D、.客户 5、企业文化建设初期，企业文化的航标是 （） A、别的企业的文化 B、企业领导者的言行和品貌 C、民族文化 D、大部分人的言行 6、企业文化的激励功能可分为（）和外激励。 A、.正激励 B.、负激励 C.、自我激励 D.、物质激励 7、从企业文化管理角度来看，下面哪些不是企业文化的内容？（） A、企业价值观 B、企业精神 C、企业激励 D、企业形象 8、企业识别，从含义上来理解，就是企业（）识别，或企业形象塑造。 A、理念 B、行为 C、形象 D、视觉 9、在企业导入CIS战略过程中，必须遵循一系 列原则，下列（）原则是错误的。 A．战略性 B．系统化 C．技术性 D．本土化 10、百事可乐公司进行视觉识别再设计，企业 形象由原来的红、白、蓝三色包装色调， 统一换成（）。 A、“绿色” B、“蓝色” C、“红色” D、“橙色” 11.文化是（） A、行为方式 B、是各种行为方式和思维方式之整体 C、两种方式总和 D、纹化 12.企业文化的宗旨是（） A、为了改进工作 B、为国家服 务C、为人民服务 D、为社会服务 13.日本企业文化的特点（） A、理性化 B、人情 化 C、家族主义 D、团队精神 14.企业文化将由“角色文化）转向（） A、员工取向 B、人际取 向 C、产品取向 D、物质取向 15.（）是企业文化的本质 A、以事为中心 B、以物为 本 C、以人为本 D、以工作为中心 16.（）是企业文化的核心，是观念形态的东西，是人的思考方式和行为方式深层动因 A、经验 B、价值 观 C、审美观 D、学识 17.一个企业的英雄人物是企业为了宣传和贯 彻自己的（）而为企业成员树立的可以直接仿效和学习的榜样
《管理心理学》总复习题（库） 一、填空题 1、客观地对现实发生的管理心理现象进行记录、观察的方法称为观察法。 2．梅奥是行为管理学派的代表学者。 3．请写出智商测验的公式IQ（智商）=MA（智力年龄）÷CA（实足年龄）×100。 4．心理学中的个性也可称为__人格__,是指一个人的基本精神面貌。 5、人的心理活动过程一般包括认识过程、情感过程和意志过程。6．个体在群体的压力下，在行为上趋向与其他人保持一致，这一现象称为从众。 7．人的典型的气质类型一般有多血质、胆汁质、粘液质和抑郁质四种。 8．成就需要（动机）理论的代表人物是麦克里兰。 9．在人性假设理论中，认为良好人际关系对于调动人的生产积极性是决定性因素的理论是社会人。 10、人的性格特征按机能划分一般可分为情绪特征、理智特征和意志特征。 11．当代提出的几种领导类型主要包括（领袖魅力型领导）、（变革型领导）、（交换型领导）和诚信型领导四种。 12．按照马斯洛的需要层次理论，人的需要从低级到高级可分为生理需要、（归属和爱）需要、（安全）需要、（自我实现）需要、（尊重）需要。
13．双因素理论所指的两类因素是（保健）因素与（激励）因素。 14．激励就是激发人的（动机）,诱导人的行为,使其发挥内在潜力,为实现所追求的目标而努力的过程。 15．能力测验一般包括（智力测验）、（特殊能力测验）、（创造能力测验）三种。 16．人格测验一般包括（量表测验法）、（情境测验法）、（投射测验法）三种。 17．影响期望形成的主要条件包括（目标，目标价值（外在因素））和实现目标的可能性的估计。 18. 四分图模型把描述领导行为的维度归为两个：一个是员工取向，一个是生产取向。 19.管理心理学的理论架构一般分为个体、群体、组织与领导三个层次。 二、判断题 1．企业或组织中的人-物关系主要是劳动心理学与工程心理学的对象，而人-人关系才是组织管理心理学的对象。（对） 2．霍桑实验表明，人不是“经济人”，而是“复杂人”。（错） 3．两个能力相当的员工，其工作的效果也一定是相同的。（错） 4．团体的异质性是因为团体任务的完成需要各种知识、技能。（错） 5．密西根模型把描述领导行为的维度归为两个：一个是员工取向，一个是生产取向。（对）
二、单项选择题（在每小题的四个备选答案中 选出一个正确答案，并将其号码填在题干的 括号内。每小题1分，共24分） 1. 领导是对群体或个人施加心理影响， 使之努力实现组织目标， 程。 A.组织 B. 领导者 C. 群体 D. 并与（） 保持一致的过 2. 领导者的素质包括品质素质、知识素质、能力素质和 （） A.管理素质 B. 综合素质 C. 心理素质 3. 领导的传统品质理论把领导者的个人品质条件与人格特征定义为 A.天生的 B. 学习的 C. 培养的 4. 美国密执安大学的研究把领导者行为分为面向生产与 （ A.面向发展 B. 面向效益 C. 面向组织 5. 日本心理学家三隅二不二创建的 PM 领导行为类型中，把（ 效率最差的领导行为。 A.PW 型 B.pm 型 C.P 型 D.M 6. 人们在改造世界的过程中，寻求并实现某种最优化预定目标的活动称为 A.思维 B. 决策 C. 环境 四个方面。 D. （ D. 两个方面。 技术素质 ） ° 社会的 面向职工 类型的领导行为定义为 判断 D. 和精神文化 的总和。 社会文化 D. 分析 8. 冲突的过程可以分为五个阶段：潜在对立阶段、认知与个性化阶段、 阶段和结果阶段。 A.人际交往 B. 行为意向 C. 行为冲突 D. 行为矛盾 9. 勒温的参与改变态度理论认为：人的态度的改变离不开群体的规范和 A.信息 B. 价值 C. 人际关系 D. 情境 团队文化 （） 阶段、行为 宁波九三进修学校行政 08班、工商行政091、092班 管理心理学作业及参考答案 第一次作业及参考答案 一、名词解释（每小题5分，共25分） 1、 目标管理：对组织（或个人）活动的全过程实行全面综合管理的科学方法，它是管理者 以预定最优的最终效果为目标，并通过实施和评价等手段调动和激励组织成员的工作积极 性，使组织的各项管理都围绕目标的实现而统筹运动。 （第65页） 2、 管理人员良好思维品质的“四个学会 ”：一是指学会广泛地进行思维（又称思维广度的 训练）；二是指学会深入地进行思维（又称思维深度的训练） ；三是指学会快速地思维（又称 思维速度的训练）；四是学会有目的地进行思维（又称思维目的的训练） 。（第71-72页） 3、 企业的三大资源：一是人力资源；二是物质资源；三是信息资源。 （第91页） 4、 心理挫折：是指一种情绪状态，指个人在某种动机推动下所要达到的目标行为受到无法 克服的障碍而产生的紧张状态与情绪反应。 （第152页） 5、 跨文化管理：又称为交叉文化管理，指的是企业跨国经营。在这一领域中，企业经营哲 学与组织文化背景之间的相互关系显得格外重要。 （第359页）
最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作 1 《玛丽巴顿》和《南方与北方》中的劳资冲突比较分析 2 理解美式幽默的初步分析 3 从《在路上》解读“垮掉的一代”时代背景与主题 4 [毕业论文](经贸英语系毕业论文)草根营销以及策略 5 论托尼莫里森《宠儿》的哥特式元素 6 试析《弗兰肯斯坦》中的哥特风格 7 英语商业广告以及公益广告的语言特点比较 8 《紫颜色》中爱丽斯沃克妇女主义解读 9 英法词汇的比较研究 10 论《最后的莫西干人》中的印第安情结 11 英汉谚语中“爱”的情感隐喻对比研究 12 文档所公布均英语专业全英原创毕业论文。原创Q 805 990 74 9 13 The Self-image of Charles Dickens in David Copperfield 14 从女性主义视角解读《飘》中斯嘉丽?奥哈拉的性格特征 15 合作原则视角下的商务谈判委婉语研究 16 反复在格特鲁德斯泰因的作品《三个女人》中的运用 17 中西方社交礼仪差异研究——以商务礼仪为例 18 俄狄浦斯情结在劳伦斯及其作品《儿子与情人》中的体现 19 对外新闻的导语编译研究 20 从言语行为理论看商务沟通中的委婉语 21 《喜福会》中的文化身份分析 22 浅谈英语广告的特点及翻译 23 A Contrastive Study on the Cultural Differences between Chinese and Western Wedding Customs 24 从文化差异的角度看习语的翻译 25 《芭芭拉少校》中的现实主义 26 英语词汇教学中联想记忆法之研究 27 论格列佛人物形象在《格列佛游记》中所起的讽刺效果 28 中西广告语言中的文化差异 29 情感因素对外语教学的影响 30 A Comparative Study of Politeness Expressions in English and Chinese 31 从中美文化差异看中国人创新能力的缺失与培养 32 模糊语言在商务英语沟通中的语用功能 33 福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》中凯蒂的悲剧成因分析 34 跨文化交际在宝洁公司营销战略中的应用 35 论基督教对信徒的影响分析 36 托马斯哈代与张爱玲作品中女性悲剧命运对比研究——以苔丝和顾曼桢为例 37 The Charm of Female Independence in Jane Eyre 38 英汉恐惧隐喻对比研究 39 心理因素对提高英语口语的影响 40 现代美式英语和英式英语的比较研究 41 梭罗《瓦尔登湖》中的“简单”原则
《预防医学》“环境与健康”复习题 判断题： 1、评价氯化消毒效果的简便指标是细菌学指标。（ ） 2、具有杀菌作用的紫外线波长是C 段：200~275。（ ） 3、饮用水卫生要求在流行病学上安全，主要是为了确保不发生．．． 水型地方病。（ ） 4、红外线生物学作用的基础是热效应。（ ） 5、光化学烟雾是强还原物。（ ） 6、水俣病由汞污染引起。（ ） 7、引起沙门氏菌属食物中毒的食品主要是海产品。（ ） 8、水俣病是环境污染对人体的慢性损害。（ ） 9、肉毒毒素是一种不耐热的剧毒毒素。（ ） 10、我国居民热能和蛋白质的主要来源是粮谷类。（ ） 11、慢性苯中毒主要损害循环系统。（ ） 12、对机体具有抗佝偻病作用的紫外线是B 段。（ ） 13、儿童计划免疫属于二级预防措施。（ ） 名词： 1、硅沉着病（矽肺）： 2、合理膳食： 3、游离性余氯： 4、食物中毒： 5、环境污染： 6、生物富积作用： 7、食物中毒： 8、蛋白质的互补作用： 简答题： 1、简述我国新时期的卫生工作方针。 2、简述生活饮用水的基本卫生要求？饮水消毒使用最广泛的方法是什么？ 3、简述《中国居民膳食指南》的主要内容？ 4、简述食物中毒的特征？ 5、简述职业病的特点？ 选择题： 1、饮用水要求在流行病学上安全，主要是为了确保 A.不发生消化道疾病 B ．不发生食物中毒 C ．不发生介水传染病 D ．不发生急、慢性中毒 E ．不发生水型地方病 2、环境污染物经各种途径通过机体生物膜进入血液的过程被称为 A.吸收 B.蓄积 C.转移 D.代谢 E.分布 3、痛痛病由哪种环境污染物引起 A.锰 B.铬 C.镉 D. 铅 E.硒 4、饮用水净化的主要目的是为了 A.除去水中的有毒物质 B.杀灭水中的病原微生物 C.使水质达到细菌学检验项目的限值 D.降低水中的悬浮物质和胶体物质 E.除去水中有毒物质 5、我国集中式给水最常用的消毒方法是 A.氯化消毒 B.臭氧消毒 C.紫外线消毒 D. 碘消毒 E.物理消毒 6、对饮用水进行氯化消毒时，起杀菌作用的主要是 A.次氯酸 — ?? (OCl)2?????? ?? — E.以上都有效
学校管理心理学A 一、填空题（每空1分，共10分） 1．学校管理心理可分为个体心理、__________、领导心理和组织心理。 2．自我认知的成分包括认知、情感和________。 3．期望理论认为激励水平主要受效价和___________的影响。 4．教师的三种工作态度有工作满意度、工作参与和____________。 5．学校管理者经常面对的三个群体是学生群体、_______________和领导班子。 6．人际交往的两个特点是相互性和___________。 7．学生心理健康教育的主要内容有：学习指导___________________________和青春期教育。8．领导者的品德、才能属于____________影响力。 9．勒温的组织变革步骤是__________、变革、冻结。 二、选择题（每空1分，共10分） 1、最新管理理论阶段也被称为（）。 A、人际关系阶段 B、行为科学形成时期 C、“管理科学”阶段 D、综合的现代管理学派 2、独立型和顺从型是下列哪位心理学家提出的？（） A、阿德勒 B、荣格 C、威特金 D、卡特尔 3、阿Q被人打了以后说是儿子打了老子，这属于下列哪种防卫方式？（） A、反向行为 B、压抑 C、合理化 D、升华 4、挫折后嚎啕大哭、撕衣咬手……属于下列哪种反应？（）。 A、攻击 B、冷漠 C、退化 D、幻想 5、血压高、心脏病是压力的（）。 A、生理反应 B、心理反应 C、行为反应 D、情绪反应 7、“先入为主”说的是对人知觉的（）。
A、晕轮效应 B、首因效应 C、投射效应 D、近因效应 8、适应和（）是确定心理健康标准的基本立足点。 A、交往 B、发展 C、生存 D、学习 9、根据卡曼提出的生命周期理论，当职工比较成熟时，应采取（）。 A、命令式 B、说服时 C、参与式 D、授权式 10、管理心理学中的校园组织文化的含义是（）。 A、学校中的文娱活动是否多 B、学校中教师学历达到高标准 C、以价值观为核心的独特管理方式 D、学校具有悠久的历史 三、判断并改错（将√或×填在题后括号内，每小题2分．共20分） 1．胡萝卜加大棒的管理方式属社会人性假设。( ) 2．性格不具有社会性，没有好坏之分。( ) 3．奖金既是“激励因素”，又可变成“保健因素”。( ) 4．当认知和情感不一致的时候，一般是认知决定人的行为。( ) 5．根据认知不协调理论，要改变人的态度，先要使其产生认知不协调。( ) 6．从众心理往往不会影响组织成员的创造精神。( ) 7．课堂组织不紧凑本身就会诱发学生的纪律问题。( ) 8．当员工比较成熟的时候应采用命令式的管理方式。( ) 9．管理方格模式中的1.9属于乡村俱乐部型的领导。( ) 10．对学校教师应实行严密的管理。( ) 四、论述题 1．结合实际谈谈如何应用马斯洛的需要层次理论。 2．结合实际谈谈影响教师工作满意度的因素。 五、案例分析（20分） 基本要求： 1．根据所给的案例材料，运用本课程所学理论进行分析论证。 2．要说明自己的观点和认识，理论运用要恰当，逻辑阐述要清楚、观点陈述要明确。3．字数要符合答题要求，一般不少于300字。 甲、乙、丙、丁四人分别去听音乐会，但是都迟到了。甲对检票员不让进剧场的做法非常气愤并和检票员争吵了起来硬要往里边闯；乙对检票员的做法很理解，但随后又找到一个没有检票员的人口悄悄地进去听音乐；丙碰到检票员不让进场很理解，自我安慰，不着急，先到小卖部休息一下，等中场休息再进去I丁对自己迟到的行为很后悔，认为这个音乐会不该来，运气不好，于是扭身回家。请分析以上四个人分属哪种气质类型，为什么？
《管理心理学》复习资料 一、绪论 思考题 管理心理学的内容与特征 （一）内容 1+2+4维度 1=领导的事业 2=人性的估计文化心理 4=个体、群体、组织、领导 1.给出你对人或物的一个个判断，如人是自私的 2.自我思考：你的这个看法是如何得出？（重点） 二、研究方法 思考题 1.为什么说自变量与因变量之间的关系是管理心理学研究的操作重点？ 主要通过自变量和因变量来反映，无论是实验法、观察法、调查问卷法还是其他方法，研究组织行为学都以两量的考查 AHA12GAGGAGAGGAFFFFAFAF
为重点。 2.管理心理学研究方法的类型有哪些？ （1）实验法 （2）观察法 a.非参与观察法 b.参与观察 （3）调查方法 a.问卷调查法 通过统一设计的问卷向被调查者了解情况，根据人们的回答，对其态度与情况作一定数量方面的分析的方法。 b.问卷与量表的区别 问卷是根据研究目的、基础而设计的一套题目，答案往往是质上的区别。 量表是经过标准化的问卷及其使用标准，设计出的答案选择，答案往往是量上的区别。 三、个体心理与管理 思考题 AHA12GAGGAGAGGAFFFFAFAF
1.个体的心理构成要素有哪些？ （1）动力系统：需要、动机（成就动机）、态度、价值观、信仰 （2）心理过程：感知、记忆、思维 （3）个性心理特征：人格、能力 2.知觉如何应用在管理中？（可能会考） （1）绩效评估：较理性客观的过程，当然有距离 （2）招聘面试：第一印象，可改变的面试结构 （3）企业形象塑造：广告宣传、印象 （4）员工行为塑造：人对自己或他人的预期，通常会在以后的行为结果中应验 （希腊神话皮革马利翁） AHA12GAGGAGAGGAFFFFAFAF
Racial Discrimination from the Crash 【Abstract】As we all know that there are many differences between two different cultures. Through the film Crash, we can see the conflicts between blacks and whites. This paper will centers on the ethnic conflict in this movie. 【摘要】众所周知，不同的文化之间有许多差异。从电影《撞车》，我们可以看到白人与黑人之间发生的冲突。本文将以电影中的种族冲突为中心点展开论述。 【Key Words】culture; difference; crash; discrimination; race 【关键词】文化；差异；撞车; 歧视; 种族 1.Introduction The movie Crash mainly tells us several stories occurred in Los Angeles among some leading roles participating in a car crash about the topic of racial discrimination. It is a film linked with the backgrounds of the Los Angeles’s culture closely. As we all know, Los Angeles is covered with immigrants from various countries. Different cultures bump into each other and this may make big influence on our daily life. There are many conflicts between the blacks and whites, or even the Asian people. 2.Body The racial discrimination in this film is obvious. Crash is a film linked with the background of the Los Angeles’ culture. As we all know that Los
一、单项选择题 1 、环境污染对人群健康的影响主要是 A ：急慢性中毒、致癌作用 B ：慢性中毒、致癌作用 C ：急性中毒、亚急性中毒、慢性中毒 D ：致癌、致畸、致突变 正确答案：A 2 、公共场所室内空气清洁程度可以用（）指标进行估计。 A ：PM10 B ：细菌总数 C ：CO D ：CO2 正确答案：D 3 、不属于“条例”认定的监督管理范围的公共场所是 A ：写字楼 B ：宾馆饭店 C ：商场 D ：侯车室 正确答案：A 4 、发生光化学烟雾时受害者主要症状为 A ：咳嗽、胸痛、呼吸困难 B ：眼睛红肿、咽喉痛、流泪 C ：头痛、皮肤潮红、恶心 D ：呼吸急促、咳嗽、呕吐 正确答案：B 5 、商场书店的新风量应不低于： A ：30m3/（h.人） B ：20 m3/（h.人） C ：40 m3/（h.人） D ：10 m3/（h.人） 正确答案：B 6 、在卫生条件不完善的宾馆、旅店住宿的顾客容易患的疾病主要有
A ：寄生虫病 B ：军团病 C ：心脏病、高血压 D ：肺结核、中耳炎 正确答案：B 7 、《生活饮用水卫生监督管理办法》由（）批准颁布 A ：建设部 B ：卫生部 C ：建设部、卫生部 D ：卫生部、环保总局 正确答案：C 8 、当公共场所发生突发公共卫生事件，场所经营者应在（）内向所在地卫生行政部门报告。 A ：半小时 B ：1小时 C ：2小时 D ：4小时 正确答案：C 9 、公共场所发生健康危害事故的报告责任人是 A ：负责这一场所的卫生监督员 B ：场所的卫生负责人 C ：场所的员工 D ：A+B+C 正确答案：B 10 、清洁的茶具细菌总数为 A ：≤8cfu/cm2 B ：≤10cfu/cm2 C ：≤5cfu/cm2 D ：≤15cfu/cm2 正确答案：C 11 、游泳场所的泳池水应 A ：配有循环过滤设备 B ：通过人工泼洒消毒药消毒
《管理心理学》试卷A答题时间100分钟 班级: _________ 姓名： ____________ 班级序号：____________ 成绩：____________ 一、选择题（2*9=18） 1、管理的核心是（） A财的管理B物的管理C人的管理D时间的管理 2、在人的认识、情感、言语、行动中，心理活动发生时力量的强弱、变化 的快慢和均衡程度等稳定的动力特征是（） A性格B气质C能力D意志 3、“X理论”是对（）假设作了概括? A经济人”B社会人”C自我实现的人”D “复杂人” 4、重效率而不重效能是（）的典型特征 A视时间为主宰B视时间为敌人C视时间为神秘物D视时间为奴隶。 5、在科学管理理论中，提出五大管理职能和14条管理原则的是（） A.韦伯 B.法约尔 C.泰罗 D.古利克 6、个人从事有目的的活动时，由于遇到障碍和干扰，需要不能得到满足时 的一种消极的情绪状态称为（） A.挫折 B.公平 C.期望 D.强化 7、下列哪一种不属于过程激励型理论（） A弗鲁姆的期望理论B豪斯的路径---目标理论 C亚当斯的公平理论D海德的归因理论. &通过惩罚他人的不合心意的行为来影响他人行为的能力称为（）A强制权力B奖赏权力C合法权力D参照权力 9、下列哪一项不属于组织设计的趋势（） A组织结构扁平化B组织结构柔性化C组织界限明晰化D组织运营信息化 二、简答题（5 *7=35） 1、马斯洛的需要层次理论认为人的需要包括哪五个层次 2、什么是组织结构，其维度有哪些
3、如何才能制订出理想的目标. 4、什么是领导者的素质，领导者的素质应包括哪些方面. 5、简述流程再造的指导思想、基本原则和策略。 6、简述群体与团队的关系。 7、什么是组织文化，员工是怎样学习组织文化的？ 三、论述题（20 分） 1、试述如何对人力资本进行激励与约束（20分） 四、案例题（27 分）案例一（2 *6=1 2 ） 三个20 世纪60 年代名牌大学的大学生，毕业后各奔前程，少有来往，某天在党校学习时不期而遇，想不到由于工作的需要，他们都被推上了领导岗位，分别在三个局担任局长工作。B 约A、C 两位老同学星期回到家一叙。老同学聚会，自然而然地谈起了各自走马上任后的情况。 A 说，他上任后做的第一件事是，分头召集机关处室负责人的座谈会，通过这种座谈形式，让大家了解自己，也使自己熟悉各处室负责人，从而对局内的整个情况有个大概了解。B与A的情况不同，他选择的第一件事是， 与局领导班子的其他成员逐个谈心，向他们了解局里的情况，同时也谈了自己新上任的一些想法，借以沟通思想，使彼此有所了解，为今后顺利开展工作打下了基础。 C 走马上任后的第一件事是，通过多种渠道，采取各种形式，广泛地开展调查研究，在较短的时间内，基本上掌握了该局的历史、现状，以及当前面临的问题，同时与上下左右沟通了思想，建立了感情，密切了相互之间的联系。A 与B 两人对C 的做法很感兴趣，C 接着说，他上任后的第二件事是，要求全局各处室，群策群力，拿出“两制一规范” 的方案。所谓“两制”，就是岗位责任制、奖惩制；所谓“一规范” ，就是职位分类规范。C 亲自挂帅抓这项工作，他与各处室领导密切配合，分工合作，出主意，想办法，制定了岗位责任制，奖惩制，职位分类规范。使大家明确，局机关是为基层服务的，通过“两制一规范” 的制定，使局机关全体成员各司其职，各负其责，减少了扯皮现象，克服了官僚主义，提高了工作效率，做到优胜劣汰，奖罚分明。这样，逐步建立起一支素质好，技术过硬，清正廉洁，效率高，有实绩的干部队伍。C 上任后的第三件事是，提议创办一张（快讯）小报，他与大家一起讨论办报方针和信息输入、信息输出渠道等事宜，通过讨论使小报编辑人员明确，这是一张信息快报，要求编辑人员把从国外书报杂志中看到的有关新技术、新知识、新书目及时传递，其中，涉及到经济、科技、规划、管理等新动向的信息，要及时反映给局领导。 C 谈完后，三个老同学展开了热烈的讨论。 请根据上述情况，回答下列问题。 1.A、B、C三位局长上任后，A、B两人通过接触领导，C通过各种形式广泛调查研究开始各自上任后的第一件事，你认为哪种方式最好？（）
《跨文化交际》的电影 *《喜宴》本片是李安扬威国际影坛之作，曾获柏林电影节金熊奖及金马奖最佳影片，其特色是以中国人特有的伦理观点来处理同性恋问题，令同志与非同志都能接受编导的说法，将一椿可能的悲剧变成喜剧，世故得来皆大欢喜。故事描述伟同远在美国跟男朋友赛门同居，但却不断受到台湾的父母亲在电话中催促他结婚，更想不到的是父母竟突然亲临美国逼婚，伟同只好跟租住他房子的大陆女画家崴崴协定假结婚。在大伙闹洞房的情况下，伟同跟崴崴发生了关系，而且令她怀了孕。而本来观念传统的父母后来也接受了儿子是同性恋的事实，赛门也同意当崴崴孩子的干爸爸。 本片是李安首次扬威国际影坛之作，曾获柏林电影节金熊奖及金马奖最佳影片。影片的最大特色是以中国人特有的家庭伦理观点和中庸观念来处理同性恋问题，使这个几乎令所有家庭困扰的社会问题在影片中得以用一种喜剧的方式解决。这种处理方式和看待同性恋的理念，是东方式的，甚至可以在中国古典小说中找到类似的观点。但这个故事却又是在最繁华最现代的都市——纽约发生的，古典和现代在这里交汇，新旧观念在这里冲突后又包容。李安在娓娓道来的故事中，把一个传统中国家庭面对现代社会现代观念的困惑、无奈以及宽容传递出来。 当伟同的父母刚刚来到美国见到薇薇时，伟同母给了她以个红包，这是中国文化中的一个礼节。红包里的美金，又包含着冲突的象征。后来，桥边伟同的爸爸告诉赛门他已知道真相的时候，又送给赛门一个红包，里面装着依旧是美金。两个送红包的情景和人物各不相同，而第一次是一种暗含着的冲突，后一个则表示爸爸已经对儿子和赛门的恋情表示了认同。红包里的美金也不再显得突兀，与这个传统中国家庭格格不入。此时中西文化碰撞在这个家庭取得理解，认同，甚至达到一种共融。一切都变得合情合理。 《喜宴》将中西方文化差异融入到“喜宴”办理的前前后后，慢慢给观众呈现出中西方文化相识、冲击、及理解共融的过程。 这部影片反映了中西文化差异的几个突出方面，在此我想谈谈中西文化关于人与人的关系特别是家庭问题。综上所述，在对待中西文化差异上，我们要始终站在多元文化的立场，无论对待中国的儒家传统，还是看待西方的开放个体主义，均要采用一种“双焦透视”的视角，形成一种“文化和合主义”的中西文化观。正如赛珍珠预示，“人类社会发展的前途应是由东西方文化共融而致的‘文化和合’”①。‘和’并不意味着将一种文化强加于另一种文化， 而是在相互尊重的理解基础上的求同 存异，如中国先哲所说：“和实生物，同则不继”，“以同裨同，尽乃弃矣”②。因此求同存异并不意味着用中国文化取代西方文化。 &《推手》《推手》围绕一个移民美国家庭发生的一系列故事，表现了传统的中国文化与美国的风土人情之间的冲突。中西文化的背景是不同的，美国是青年人的天堂，老年人是坟墓，富裕的物质能够保障老年人的生活，然而，儿女的温情却不像中国人，美国人很难接受，上一代人与自己同住。在美国的法律中，儿女是自系亲属，生儿育女
《预防医学》试题库及答案（包括全书六个章节） 第一部分基本理论 一、填空题 1．整体健康具有多维性、连续性、健康描述的功能性的特征。2．影响健康的四大因素是环境因素、生物因素、行为和生活方式、卫生服务。 3．生物医学模式的三要素是病因、宿主、环境。 4．健康教育传播的基本要素有传播者、信息、传播途径、受传播者、传播效果。 5．预防工作可分为个人、家庭、社区、国家、国际五个层次。三、判断题 （√）1．新时期的卫生方针特别提出“动员全社会参与”。 （×）2．健康教育包含健康促进。 （×）3．疾病是一种生物学尺度，病患是一种行动尺度。 （√）4．健康效应谱第二个谱级属于生理效应。 （√）5．医学模式是医学观的一种高度的哲学概括。 （×）6．一级预防亦称临床前期预防。 （√）7．预防医学是一门应用性学科。 （√）8．生物医学模式过分强调了人类的自然属性和生物学属性。（×）9．无病就是健康。 （×）10．社区预防及第四层次预防。 （×）11．健康教育的传播过程中有四个基本要素。 （√）12．对病程不可逆转的一些疾病要加强一级预防。 （×）13．整体健康观强调人的多维属性。 四、选择题 1．预防医学的对象：D．确定的群体 2．预防医学是：C．医学的一门应用学科。 3．生态健康模式是（E） E．环境－生物－健康 4．预防医学经历了（C ） C．个体—群体—社区医学阶段 5．在疾病三级预防中，健康促进的重点在（A ） A．第一级预防甚至更早阶段 6．以下哪一项不是预防医学有别于临床医学的特点（A ）A．具有临床医学更大的人群健康效益 7．第一次卫生革命的主要任务是预防（A ） A．传染病 8．个体的免疫接种（A ） A．仅起到保护个体的作用 9．以下各项中不适合采取第一级预防的是（ C ） C．病因不明，难以觉察预料的疾病 10．健康促进的核心策略是（C ） C．强化社区行动 11．以下哪些属于公共卫生措施（ABCD ） A．预防性卫生服务 B．疾病的预防和控制 C．健康教育及健康促进 D．社区建设 12．生物医学模式的特点（ABCE） A．承认人的生物属性 B．承认其社会属性 C．重视机体的生理活动 E．致力于寻找疾病的生理病理变化 13．现代医学模式的特点是（ACE） A．强调了人类疾病与生物因素的关系 C．提示医生诊疗模式的需调整 E．预防为主方针能得到更好的贯彻 14．影响健康的主要因素为（BCDE） B．社会经济、教育、文化等 C．各种有害健康的行为 D．卫生服务 E．生物遗传 15．我国新时期工作方针是（ABCDE） A．预防为主 B．中西医并重 C．依靠科技与教育、动员全社会参与 D．大力发展城市医院 E．加强农村工作 16．公共卫生的使命包括（ABCE ） A．预防疾病的发生和传播 B．正确处理疑难病症 C．促进和鼓励健康行为 D．保证卫生服务的有效性和可及性 E．对灾难做出应急反应，并帮助社会从灾难中恢复 二、名词解释 1．医学模式：是指在一定的社会历史阶段，人们对于生命过程、健康和疾病的特点和本质的认识及概括，使人们观察、分析和处理医学问题的基本思想和主要方法。 2．预防医学：预防医学是研究环境因素对健康的影响、疾病的分布规律，以及制定防治疾病、提高生命质量、延长寿命的对策和措施的一门学科。 3．secondary prevention：二级预防，是临床前期预防，即在 疾病的临床前期及时采取早期发现、早期诊断、早期治疗的〝三早〞预防措施。 4．整体健康：健康不仅是没有疾病和虚弱现象，而且是一种躯体上、心理上和社会适应的完好状态。 5．健康促进：是指通过各种社会保健措施，增强人们控制影响健康的因素，改善自身健康的能力的过程。 五、简答题 1．试述三级预防的应用原则。 答：一般对疾病采用一级预防有效果的就用一级预防；一级预防效果不明显的，可采用二级预防或三级预防。如对预防某些传染病，预防接种是一级预防的主要策略和措施。对确定其他疾病在三级预防中应以哪一级为重点，一般可依据两点： 病因：病因明确且是人为所致的，只要主动地采取一级或二级预防措施，就可以较容易地控制这一类疾病的发生和发展。对某些病因不清楚的恶性肿瘤防治，则采用二级和三级预防，特别是以二级预防为重点；也有一些疾病无发病预兆，则只有采用三级预防方法。 疾病的可逆性：对病程可逆的疾病，如大多数常见疾病，以一级和二级预防为主；对病程不可逆转的一些疾病，如矽肺，更要加强一级预防。 2．健康教育的基本要素。 答：传播者：传播者的声誉在传播过程中构成特殊的心理定势。传播者要对所传播的信息进行选择、取舍、加工制作，将科学知识转化为易于理解的信息，以提高传播效果。 信息：健康教育在传播疾病预防信息时，从传播心理分析，受传播者一般对危害性信息比对保健知识更感兴趣。但是，一般在宣传中对正反论证要合理安排。 传播途径：传播的途径可分为个体传播、团体传播和大众传播三大类。 受传播者：择或接受某一信息是受心理因素支配的，针对受传播者中共同的心理因素，选择传播内容更易为受传播者接受。 传播效果：传播效果可分为以下四个层次：健康信息知晓；健康信念认同；健康态度转变；健康行为采纳。 3．我国新时期的卫生方针。 答：以农村重点；预防为主；中西并重；依靠科技与进步；动员全社会参与；为人民服务；为社会主义现代化服务。 4．试述预防医学的特点及与临床医学的区别。 答：（1）工作贯穿于疾病发生发展的全过程，但侧重于疾病的预防和健康促进。（2）工作对象包括个体和群体病人和健康人，但侧重于健康人群。 （3）研究重点为人群健康与环境的关系，注意宏观与微观相结合的研究方法。（4）卫生部门起骨干作用，更需要全社会参与和多个部门协调工作。 第二部分环境与健康 一、填空题 1．大气的自净作用有扩散作用、沉降作用、氧化作用、中和作用、植物的吸收作用。 2．天然水资源可以分为降水、地面水、地下水三大类。 3．影响氯化消毒效果的因素有加氯量和接触时间、水的ph值、水温、水的混浊度、水中微生物的种类和数量。 4．土壤污染的主要来源有生活污染、工业和交通污染、农业污染。 5．目前人们十分关心注的的全球性环境问题有全球气候变暖、臭氧层破坏、酸雨。 6．环境污染对人体健康影响的基本特征有广泛性、多样性、复杂性、长期性。 三、选择题（每题1分，共21分） 1．除（C）外，是人类生活环境中的四大要素 A.空气 B.水 C.森林 D.土壤 E.食物 2．化学污染物在人体内的蓄积是产生那种类型毒作用的前提（A）A.慢性中毒 3．环境因素的联合作用最常见的是（A ）A.相加作用 4．光化学烟雾事件的主要污染物是（D）D.臭氧和氧酰基硝酸酯5．飘尘的直径在（C ）C. 5微米以下 6．大气污染物的自净作用的方式不包括（C ）C.转移 7．SO2的主要作用部位（B）B.上呼吸道
第一章绪论 第一节企业文化的历史发展与重要意义 一,企业伦理道德与企业文化 企业伦理道德是企业文化的重点 首先，职业道德文化是企业文化之本，是企业文化建设的主干；其次，只有社会，对企业带来利益，给人们带来的幸福的行为，是企业文化建设的精神层面的实际内容，是企业文化建设健康发展的一个重要精神动力；再次，是完善企业文化建设的基因 二,加强企业文化建设的重大意义 1.企业文化建设的重要性 1）在新时代培养现代企业“四有”新人的重要措施 2）提高企业员工道德水平与企业文化素养的有效手段 3）有利于在企业领域反腐倡廉，纠正企业不正之风 2.企业文化建设的客观必然性 第二节企业文化的概念，内容与功能
文化有广义和狭义之分，《辞海》讲文化定义为：从广义来说，指人类社会历史实践过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。从狭义来说，指社会的意识形态，以及与之相适应的制度和组织结构 企业文化的核心是企业价值观，特别是作为企业心理习惯的企业价值观 一, 企业文化的要素： 1.中心要素（价值要素） 2.品质要素 3.物质化要素 4.催化要素 5.习俗化要素 二, 企业文化的结构 1.企业文化的物质层，即企业物质文化 2.企业文化的行为层，即企业行为文化 3.企业文化的制度层，即企业文化制度文化 4.企业文化的精神层，即企业精神文化 三, 企业文化的功能
1.导向功能 2.辐射功能 3.激励功能 4.教化功能 5.约束功能 6.协调功能 7.优化功能 8.凝聚功能 第三节企业文化的类型，模式与特征 一, 企业文化的类型与模式 1.迪尔和肯尼迪的四类型学说 美国学者迪尔和肯尼迪在《企业文化---现代企业的精神支柱》一书，将企业文化划分为硬汉式，努力工作尽情享受，赌博式和过程式四个类型。 硬汉式：风险高，反馈快的企业，如建筑，广告 努力工作尽情享受：风险低，反馈极快的企业，如计算机，汽车批发
成人高等教育201 年第学期 《管理心理学》课程考试试题 姓名年级层次专业学号 一、单项选择题(在 每小题的四个备选答案 中选出一个正确答案，并 将其号码填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分) 1、管理心理学的研究内容包括( )、群体心理与组织心理三个方面。 A.组织文化 B.领导心理 C.激励心理 D.个体心理 2、1927年到1932年，以哈佛大学心理学家梅奥为首的一批学者，在美国西方电器公司下属的霍桑工厂所进行的一系列实验总称为( )。 A.电器实验 B.梅奥实验 C.霍桑实验 D.系列实验 3、按古希腊医生希波克拉特的气质类型理论，最不适宜做会计的是（）类型人。 A多血质B胆汁质C粘液质D抑郁质 4、人类行为目标的激励作用主要体现在（）方面。 A动机 B 活动目的 C 目的与动机的区别D目标选拔的标准 5、按照沟通的方法不同，可以分为（）。 A正式沟通和非正式沟通B单向沟通和双向沟通C口头沟通和书面沟通D言语沟通和非言语沟通 6、人际关系的类型比较复杂，根据（），可把人际关系划分为合作型、竞争型和分离型。 A交往关系大小B人际交往需要不同 C 交往双方的相互关系状况D交往动机 7、领导者的任职素质是指领导者应具备的基本品质和条件，总的来说就是对某个领导岗位的德才要求，下列不属于才的方面的是（）。 A政治思想作风品质B基本的知识素养C良好的人际关系D身体素质 8、考察领导干部的方法很多，（）是指那些对组织目标产生重大积极或消极影响的行为。 A 情境模拟法 B 360度测评法 C 关键事件法 D 目标考核法 9、关于团体对个人的影响中，（）是指个人在大众面前由于心理不自在，其行为表现拘谨，反应效果下降的现象。 A从众行为倾向B社会标准化倾向C社会顾虑倾向D社会助长作用 10、（）的心理特点是“喜欢支配别人，自信而精力旺盛，有冒险精神”。 A社交型B传统型C企业型D艺术型 二、填空题（每空1分，共10分） 1 及标志着管理心理学的正式诞生。 2 管理心理学是一门研究过程中的科学。 3 双因素理论是心理学家______提出的，这两个因素是_______和_______。 4 提出了“经济人”的假设及理论，被誉为。 三、判断题（请在各题中作出正确与错误的判断，若正确请在题后的括号内打上“√”，若错误则打上“×”。每小题1分，共15分） 1、管理心理学是自然性和社会性交叉以自然性为主的一门带理论性的应用心理学。（） 2、知觉的恒常性消失，人对事物的认识就会失去确定性。（） 3、对角色行为标准的不同认知会影响一个人在社会上采取不同的角色行为。（） 4、能力和知识技能只有区别而不会有联系。（） 5、气质是以活动目的和内容为转移的心理活动的典型的、稳定的动力特征。（） 6、在一般情况下，态度的三种成分是协调一致的。（）