2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题
Section IUse of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) foreach numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D onANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an import ant issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the r ule of law _2_ justicesbehave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justice s acted in ways that _3_ the court's reputation for being independent and i mpartial.
Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes itless likely that the court's decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem isthat the justices are not _5_by an ethics co de. At the very least, the court should make itself_6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.
This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_bet ween the courtand politics.
The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart fr om politics. Theygave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free t o _12_ those in power and haveno need to _13_ political support. Our legal s ystem was designed to set law apart from politicsprecisely because they are s o closely _14_.
Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in funda mental social _15_like liberty and property. When the court deals with soci al policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisi ons split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.
The justices must _18_ doubts about the court's legitimacy by making them selves _19_ tothe code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to b e seen as separate from politicsand, _20_, convincing as law.
1. [A]emphasize[B]maintain[C]modify[D] recognize
2. [A]when[B]lest[C]before[D] unless
3. [A]restored[B]weakened[C]established[D] eliminated
4. [A]challenged[B]compromised[C]suspected[D] accepted
5. [A]advanced[B]caught[C]bound[D]founded
6. [A]resistant[B]subject[C]immune[D]prone
7. [A]resorts[B]sticks[C]loads[D]applies
8. [A]evade[B]raise[C]deny[D]settle
9. [A]line[B]barrier[C]similarity[D]conflict
10. [A]by[B]as[C]though[D]towards
11. [A]so [B]since[C]provided[D]though
12. [A]serve[B]satisfy[C]upset[D]replace
13. [A]confirm[B]express[C]cultivate[D]offer
14. [A]guarded[B]followed[C]studied[D]tied
15. [A]concepts[B]theories[C]divisions[D]conceptions
16. [A]excludes[B]questions[C]shapes[D]controls
17. [A]dismissed[B]released[C]ranked[D]distorted
18. [A]suppress[B]exploit[C]address[D]ignore
19. [A]accessible[B]amiable[C]agreeable[D]accountable
20. [A]by all mesns[B]atall costs[C]in a word[D]as a result
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosi ng A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
Come on -Everybody's doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, iswhat most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressu re. It usually leads to nogood-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenbergcontends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations
and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individualsimprove their lives and possibly the word.
Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the s ocial cure inaction: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking progra m called Rage Against the Hazesets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South A frica, an HIV-prevention initiative known asLoveLife recruits young people t o promote safe sex among their peers.
The idea seems promising，
and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of thelameness of ma ny pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of p sychology.” Dareto be different, please don't smoke!” pleads one billboard ca mpaign aimed at reducing smokingamong teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg arguesconvincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled atapplying peer p ressure.
But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persua sive. Join the Clubis filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough ex ploration of the social and biologicalfactors that make peer pressure so po werful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it'spresented here is that it doesn't work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed oncestat e funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting chan ges is limited and mixed.
There's no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our beh avior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communic ation. This is a subtle form of peerpressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.
Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can s elect our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It's like the teacher who breaks up thetroublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that's the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: inthe real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.
21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as
[A] a supplement to the social cure
[B] a stimulus to group dynamics
[C] an obstacle to school progress
[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors
22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should
[A] recruit professional advertisers
[B] learn from advertisers' experience
[C] stay away from commercial advertisers
[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements
23. In the author's view, Rosenberg's book fails to
[A] adequately probe social and biological factors
[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure
[C] illustrate the functions of state funding
[D]produce a long-lasting social effect
24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors
[A] is harmful to our networks of friends
[B] will mislead behavioral studies
[C] occurs without our realizing it
[D] can produce negative health habits
25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressur
e is
[A] harmful
[B] desirable
[C] profound
[D] questionable
Text 2
A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Verm ont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commit ment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.
Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would n ot challenge theconstitutionality of Vermont's rules in the federal court, as p art of a desperate effort to keepits Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant run ning. It's a stunning move.
The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought V ermont's onlynuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval forthe sale, the company agreed to seek permiss ion from state regulators to operate past 2012.In 2006, the state went a ste p further, requiring that any extension of the plant's license besubject to Ve rmont legislature's approval. Then, too, the company went along.
Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it sim ply didn't foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including t he partial collapse of a coolingtower in 207 and the discovery of an undergr ound pipe system leakage, raised seriousquestions about both Vermont Yank ee's safety and Entergy's management- especially after thecompany made mi sleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy's behavior, theVerm ont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.
Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid bec ause of the 2006legislation, and that only the federal government has regul atory power over nuclear issues.The legal issues in the case are obscure: w hereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states dohave some regulatory aut hority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case willoffer a p recedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are validconcerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every stat e sets its own rules.But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be besi de the point.
The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is alre ady so damagedthat it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. B ut there should beconsequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 otherreactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nu clear station in Plymouth. Pledging to runPilgrim safely, the company has appl
ied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20years. But as the Nu clear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company's application, itsh ould keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.
26. The phrase“reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to
[A] condemning.
[B] reaffirming.
[C] dishonoring.
[D] securing.
27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to
[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.
[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.
[C] acquire an extension of its business license .
[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.
28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its
[A] managerial practices.
[B] technical innovativeness.
[C] financial goals.
[D] business vision
29. In the author's view, the Vermont case will test
[A] Entergy's capacity to fulfill all its promises.
[B] the mature of states' patchwork regulations.
[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .
[D] the limits of states' power over nuclear issues.
30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that
[A] Entergy's business elsewhere might be affected.
[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.
[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.
[D] Vermont's reputation might be damaged.
Text 3
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiti ng to be observedand collected by objective researchers who use the scientif ic method to carry out their work.But in the everyday practice of science, disc overy frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to b e objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experienc e. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what wethink o ur experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.
Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly stakedmining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collecti ve scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, throughwhich the individual researc her's me, here, now becomes the community's anyone, anywhere,anytime. O bjective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.
Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlikewith mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complexsocial structure of the scientific commun ity, researchers make discoveries; editors andreviewers act as gatekeepers b y controlling the publication process; other scientists use thenew finding to su it their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists)receiv es the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery c laim worksit through the community, the interaction and confrontation b etween shared and competingbeliefs about the science and the technology inv olved transforms an individual's discovery claim into the community's credibl e discovery.
Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focuson some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as inc omplete or incorrect. Littlereward accompanies duplication and confirmati on of what is already known and believed. Thegoal is new-search, not re-sear ch. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoverie s that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challen ge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second , novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologis
t Albert Azent-Gyorgyi oncedescribed discovery as “seeing what everybody ha s seen and thinking what nobody hasthought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missedmay not change their vi ews. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to beacce pted and appreciated.
In the end, credibility“happens” to a discovery claim - a process that corre sponds to whatphilosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of th e mind.
“We reason together,challenge, revise, and complete each other's reasonin g and each other's conceptions ofreason.”
31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its
[A] uncertainty and complexity.
[B] misconception and deceptiveness.
[C] logicality and objectivity.
[D] systematicness and regularity.
32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires
[A] strict inspection.
[B]shared efforts.
[C] individual wisdom.
[D]persistent innovation.
33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it
[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.
[B]has been examined by the scientific community.
[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.
[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.
34. Albert Szent-Gy?rgyi would most likely agree that
[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.
[B]discoveries today inspire future research.
[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.
[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.
35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?
[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.
[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.
[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.
[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.
Text 4
If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represe nt civil servant.When Hoffa's Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American governmentworkers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2 009 the number of unionists in America's publicsector passed that of their fell ow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half ofpublic-sector w orkers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.
There are three reasons for the public-sector unions' thriving. First, they can shut things downwithout suffering much in the way of consequences. Second , they are mostly bright andwell-educated. A quarter of America's public-secto r workers have a university degree. Third,they now dominate left-of-centre p olitics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain'sLabor Party, as its nam e implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, E d Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.
At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassar e of the PublicPolicy Institute of California points out that much of the state's budget is patrolled by unions.The teachers' unions keep an eye on schools, t he CCPOA on prisons and a variety of laborgroups on health care.
In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in th e private one. Butthe real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicia ns have repeatedly “backloaded”public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay incr eases modest but adding to holidays and especiallypensions that are already generous.
Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in educatio n, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battle
s. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers' unionshave fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.
As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to cla mp down. InWisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters agains t Scott Walker, the hardlineRepublican governor. But many within the public s ector suffer under the current system, too.
John Donahue at Harvard's Kennedy School points out that the norms of cultu re in Westerncivil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only Americanpublic-sector workers who earn well above $250 ,000 a year are university sports coaches andthe president of the United Stat es. Bankers' fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, buta public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem f orAmerica.
36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that
[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.
[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.
[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.
[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.
37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?
[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.
[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.
[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.
[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.
38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is
[A] illegally secured.
[B] indirectly augmented.
[C] excessively increased.
[D]fairly adjusted.
39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions
[A]often run against the current political system.
[B]can change people's political attitudes.
[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.
[D]are dominant in the government.
40. John Donahue's attitude towards the public-sector system is one of
[A]disapproval.
[B]appreciation.
[C]tolerance.
[D]indifference.
Part B
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose themost suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the num bered blanks. There are twoextra choices, which do not fit in any of the blank s. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）
Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise thatyou are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, th inner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your ha nd. Take a moment or two to wonder atthose marvels. You are the lucky inhe ritor of a dream come true.
The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, e ntrepreneurs andvisionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could fu nction as a typewriter andprinting press, studio and theatre, paintbrush an d gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well asthe mail carrier. (41)
The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, a nd place of praise and critique.The computer is the 21st century's culture ma chine.
But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tre ad with caution.
(42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise tha
t there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive con sumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked compute rs to upload are not even aware of thesignificance of what they are doing.
All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds m ake nests. Yet forthe most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools bu t then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paint ings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, liter ature, religion and philosophy. (43)
For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuc k in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a p yramid of production remains,with a small number of people uploading mater ial, a slightly larger group commenting on ormodifying that content, and a h uge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)
Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that tel evision asks ofanyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.
(45)
What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the co ncept of"stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.
[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human cul ture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming cult ure requires great skills, butfailing to move beyond downloading is to strip on eself of a defining constituent of humanity.
[B] Applications like https://www.doczj.com/doc/248805656.html,, which allow users to combine pictures, wor ds and other mediain creative ways and then share them, have the potentia l to add stickiness by amusing,entertaining and enlightening others.
[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millenniu m they had alsomanaged to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billi ons of people every day.
[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war betwee n downloadingand uploading - between passive consumption and active crea tion - whose outcome will shapeour collective future in ways we can only be gin to imagine.
[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little simila rity to one formatbeing replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.
[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the pasthalf-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium -television - and television is defined by downloading.
[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, m eaningful uploading.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments i nto Chinese. Yourtranslation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
(10 points)
Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterize d the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defin es science. Newton's laws ofmotion and Darwinian evolution each bind a hos t of different phenomena into a singleexplicatory frame work.
(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extr eme, and seeks atheory of everything-a single generative equation for all w e see.It is becoming less clear,however, that such a theory would be a simplifi cation, given the dimensions and universes thatit might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.
This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sci ences too.
(47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share com mon origins itseems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could als o be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variet y of human courtship rituals might allbe considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world's languages, music, social andreligious customs and even history are governed by universal features.
(48)To filter out whatis unique from what is shared might enable us to und erstand how complex cultural behaviorarose and what guides it in evolutio nary or cognitive terms.
That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits publis hed online todaysupplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Au ckland and his colleagues considerthe evolution of grammars in the light of t wo previous attempts to find universality inlanguage.
The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who sugge sted that humansare born with an innate language-acquisition capacity th at dictates a universal grammar. Afew generative rules are then sufficient t o unfold the entire fundamental structure of alanguage, which is why childr en can learn it so quickly.
(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many lan guage which are considered torepresent biases that result from cognitive co nstraints
Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family tr ees that betweenthem represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky's grammar should show patterns oflanguage change that are independent of t he family tree or the pathway tracked through it.Whereas Greenbergian univ ersality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular typesof word-o rder relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggest ing thatthe structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governe d by universals
Section III Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an e mail in the name ofthe Students' Union to
1)extend your welcome and
2)provide some suggestions for their campus life here.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your nam e at the end ofthe letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address(10 points)
Part B
52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawi ng. In your essayyou should
1) describe the drawing briefly
2) explain its intended meaning, and
3) give your comments
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）
2012年考研英语完形填空 The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. Thecourt cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourt’sreputationfor beingindependent and impartial. Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activitymakes itless likely that the court’s de cisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part ofthe problem is thatthe justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to thecode of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary. This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court andpolitics. TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrompoliti cs.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12_thoseinpower andhavenoneedto_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfro mpoliticsprecisely because they are so closely _14_. Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit_16 _isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_17_asunjust. Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemselves_19_ tothecode of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and,_20_, convincing as law. 1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize 2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless 3. [A]restored [B]weakened[C]established [D] eliminated
小学英语测试题 考试时间40 分钟试卷满分100分姓名__________总分_________ Listening Test(20分) I. 选择你所听到的单词或音标(10分) （）1.A. Thursday B. Monday C. Friday （）2.A. Sandy B. Sunday C. Sunny （）3.A. rice B. nice C. price （）4.A/a:/ B. /i/ C. /u:/ （）5.A. /s?up/ B./ su:p/ C. /ɡru:p/ （）6.A. cheese B. geese C.look （）7.A. [bi:n] B. [kli:n] C. [?:n] （）8.A. nose B. lose C. close （）9.A. /trai/ B. /drai/ C. /bai/ （）10.A. lights B. night C. bright II. ○1听问句，选答语. 念一次(5分) （）1.A. I am 11 years old B. I’m French C. It’s London （）2.A. Yes, I am. B.I am a student. C. It’s all right （）3.A.It’s Saturday. B. It’s half past 9:00. C.No, she isn’t. （）4.A. They are here. B. I am swimming C. He is my uncle. （）5.A.You’re welcome. B. Bye-bye! C. Good evening. ○2听句子，将图片排序. (5分) 1. （） 2. （） 3. （） 4. （） 5. （） 笔试（80分） I. 选出划线部分发音不同于其他两者的选项(10points) （）1.A. up B. cup C. student （）2.A. home B. stone C. clock （）3.A. sat B. wash C. clap
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试 英语（一）试题 时间:2012年1月7日 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Y et, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial. Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary. This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics. The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_. Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust. The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law. 1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize 2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless 3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated 4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted 5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded 6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone 7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies 8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle 9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict 10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards 11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though 12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace 13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer 14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied
Straightforward Quick Placement & Diagnostic test 麦克米伦出的题。有50个问题，每个问题只有1分。前40个是语法问题，后10个是词汇问题。 要确定您的水平，请使用下面的转换表。 Grammar 1. I ________________ from France. Beginner Unit 1 a) is b) are c) am d) be 2. This is my friend. _____________ name is Peter. Beginner Unit 1 a) Her b) Our c) Yours d) His 3. Mike is ______________. Beginner Unit 4 a) my sister’s friend b) friend my sister c) friend from my sister d) my sister friend’s 4. My brother is ______________ artist. Beginner Unit 2 / Elementary Basics 2 a) the b) an c) a d) 5. _______________ 20 desks in the classroom. Beginner Unit 7 / Elementary Unit 3 a) This is b) There is c) They are d) There are
6. Paul ________________ romantic films. Beginner Unit 5 a) likes not b) don’t like c) doesn’t like d) isn’t likes 7. Sorry, I can’t talk. I _____________ right now.Beginner Unit 11 a) driving b) ‘m driving c) drives d) drive 8. She _________________ at school last week. Beginner Unit 8 / Elementary Unit 5 a) didn't be b) weren’t c) wasn’t d) isn’t 9. I _________________ the film last night. Beginner Unit 9 / Elementary Unit 5 a) like b) likes c) liking d) liked 10. __________________ a piece of cake? No, thank you. Elementary Unit 1 a) Do you like b) Would you like c) Want you d) Are you like 11. The living room is ___________________ than the bedroom. Elementary Unit 10 / Pre-int Unit 6 a) more big b) more bigger c) biggest d) bigger 12. The car is very old. We’re going ____________________ a new car soon.Beginner Unit 12 / Elementary Unit 11 a) to buy b) buying c) to will buy d) buy
绝密☆启用前 2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试 英语（一）试题及答案解析 （科目代码：201） 考生注意事项 1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生姓名和考生编号；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位，考生姓名和考生编码，并涂写考生编号信息点。 2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响试卷结果的，责任由考生自负。 3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题纸指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。 4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔或者钢笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。 5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。 （以下信息考生必须认真填写）
2020年考研英语一真题答案及解析 Section I Use of English Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Even if families are less likely to sit down to eat together than was once the case, millions of Britons will none the less have partaken this weekend of one of the nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. __1__ a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can __2__it. Yet as we report now, the food police are determined that this __3__ should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure __4__ to damage our health. The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has __5__ a public warning about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked __6__ high temperatures.This means that people should __7__ crisping their roast potatoes, spurn thin-crust pizzas and only __8__ toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advice? __9__ studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no __10__ evidence that it causes cancer in humans. Scientists say the compound is "__11__ to be carcinogenic" but have no hard scientific proof. __12__ the precautionary principle, it could be argued that it is __13__ to follow the FSA advice. __14__, it was rumored that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a __15__. Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be __16__ up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables,without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? __17__, the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods __18__, but to reduce their lifetime intake. However, their __19__ risks coming across as exhortation and nannying. Constant health scares just __20__ with no one listening. 1. A In B Towards C On D Till 2. A match B express C satisfy D influence 3. A patience B enjoyment C surprise D concern 4. A intensified B privileged C compelled D guaranteed 5. A issued B received C ignored D canceled 6. A under B at C for D by 7. A forget B regret C finish D avoid 8. A partially B regularly C easily D initially 9. A Unless B Since C If D While 10. A secondary B external C inconclusive D negative 11. A insufficient B bound C likely D slow 12. A On the basis of B At the cost of C In addition to D In contrast to 13. A interesting B advisable C urgent D fortunate 14. A As usual B In particular C By definition D After all 15. A resemblance B combination C connection D pattern 16. A made B served C saved D used 17. A To be fair B For instance C To be brief D in general 18. A reluctantly B entirely C gradually D carefully 19. A promise B experience C campaign D competition
小学英语水平调查测试卷 I. 请将下列单词分类。(15分) 1 科目类： 2 星期类： 3身体部位： 4 食物类： 5 家具类： A math B Monday C chair D leg E cheese F Friday G bed H P.E I egg J arm K ear L Wednesday M cake N Chinese O endtable 二、请为下面句子选择适当疑问词，每词只限用一次。（10分） 1 day is it today? 2 is the mirror? 3 rice do you want? 4 doctors are there in the hospital? 5 will your mother come here? 三、请根据所给选项完成对话。（10分） （今天莉莉到姑姑家，感到饿了……）（Lily—L Aunt—A） L: I am hungry. Please give me something to eat. A: __________________ Array L: I like chicken very much. A: ___________________ L: Can you buy some for me? A: ____________________ L: About half a kilo. A: __________________ L: Thank you ! I’m waiting for you. 四、根据句意选择单词填空(注意大小写)。（12分） ( who blackboard eyes teacher an there ) 1 I can see with my _______. 2 _______is that? That’s Jim’s father. 3 Miss Li is our Chinese_________. 4 Clean the __________,please. 5 What’s this? It’s ________ eraser. 6. ________ is a pen on the desk. 五、按下列情景选择句子，将其标号填入括号内。（20分） （）1 当你向别人介绍自己时，说 A This is Peter. B I’m Peter. C Nice to meet you. ( ) 2 当你想知道别人认识多少单词时，问 A How much English words do you know? B How many English word do you know? C How many English words do you know?
“浙江大学英语水平考试”大纲 编辑：bksk2 时间：2014年09月25日访问次数:2293 一．概述 “浙江大学英语水平考试”大纲由浙江大学外国语言文化与国际交流学院大学英语教学中心和浙江大学本科生院制定。本考试考核学生掌握和运用英语的能力，尤其是英语的输出能力。该考试为1个学分，所要求的词汇量约6500个单词和1200个词组，其中约2200个单词为积极词汇。该学分为必修学分。 二．考试方法 “浙江大学英语水平考试”为标准化考试，包含听力和阅读、写作以及口语三个部分。听力和阅读部分以及写作部分均采用机考形式。听力部分和阅读部分各占总分的30%，写作和口语部分各占20%。 听力和阅读、写作这两项将先后进行机考，通过这两项者方可参加口语考试。听力和阅读、写作考试和口语考试这三项均设及格线，即听力和阅读36分，写作考试12分，口语考试12分。学生通过所有单项考试才能视为通过浙江大学英语水平考试，否则要重新参加未通过的那项考试。 该考试每年举行两次，分别在4月和10月，由外国语言文化与国际交流学院和本科生院负责实施。学生可从第三学期开始报名参加“浙江大学英语水平考试”。次数不限，合格为止，合格后不可再考。 三．考试内容 1.听力和阅读考试 听力和阅读考试部分包括听力理解和阅读理解，旨在测试学生通过听力和阅读获取信息的能力，既要求准确，也要求有一定的速度。
听力理解分两个部分，共30题,考试时间约30分钟，每题一分。第一部分含15个短对话，每个短对话后有一个问题。第二部分含三篇听力短文或长对话，每篇短文或长对话后有五个问题。每个问题后有约15秒的间隙，要求考生从试卷所给出的四个选择项中选出一个最佳答案。录音的语速为每分钟150-180词，对话或短文以及题目只念一遍。 阅读理解的考试时间为25分钟。阅读理解共分两部分。第一部分要求考生阅读两篇短文。每篇短文的长度约350字。每篇短文后有五道题目。考生应根据短文内容从每题四个选择项中选出一个最佳答案。每题2分。第二部分要求考生阅读一篇300词左右的文章，文章中有10个空。考生从15个备选项中选择正确答案补全短文。每题1分。 听力和阅读考试采用机器自动评分。每题只能选择一个答案，多选作答错处理。 2. 写作考试 写作考试共1题，考试时间为30分钟。要求考生写出一篇不少于160词的短文，试卷上或给出题目，或规定情景，或要求看图作文，或给出段首句要求续写;或给出关键词要求写成短文。要求内容完整，观点明确，条理清楚，语句通顺。 写作考试按照科学的评分标准进行评分，分别由机器和人工进行评分，综合两者的评分确定最后得分。 1）写作考试评分原则： i) 水平考试作文题采用总体评分方法。阅卷人员根据总的印象给出奖励分,而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。 ii) 从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容,而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题,
2012考研阅读真题解析 Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1 Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word. Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers. The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure. But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very we ll for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.
姓名＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿班级＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 一，将下列名词变为复数形式： 1.sheep_______ 2.shoe_______ 3.fish_______ 4.people_______ 5.strawberry____ 6.cherry_________ 7.peach_________ 8.mango___________ 9.this___________ 10.that________11.bus______12.box_________13.foot________14.foot______ 15.knife________16.glass_________17.boot______ 18.child________19radio__ 二，按实际回答下列问题： 1.What’s your name? ______________________________________________ 2.How are you?___________________________________________________ 3.What’s this?(一块橡擦)__________________________________________ 4.I can swim. What about you?______________________________________ 5.Who’s she? (我的兄弟)________________________________________ 6.What does he do ?(老师)_______________________________________ 7.Is this a panda?(不是)___________________________________________ 8.What color are your clothes?(白色) __________________________________ 9.What color is your bag? ___________________________________________ 10.How old are you? ___________________________________________ 11.How old is your father? ___________________________________________ 12.How many cups can you see?（12个）________________________________ 13.How many dogs are the re in the room?(20只) ________________________ 14.I like salad. What do you like? ______________________________________
2012年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial. Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the cour t’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary. This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics. The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.
测测你的英语水平 Let’s check how well you have learned English! Ⅰ. How large is your vocabulary?（测下你的英语学习基本功！）1.Pronunciation and your spoken language. （牢记：语音是学好任 何一门外语的基础！） (判断下列句子中单词划线部分的读音是否一致。如一致在括号内写上“√”，否则写上“×”。) （）1、I like my white bike. （）2、They will meet at the gate of the school at eight. （）3、Dad has made friends with many of the Canadians there. （）4、Can you see a doctor and a worker in the picture? （）5、Did you see a dog running in the street with a piece of meat in its mouth? （）6、He looked out of window and saw a lot of flowers in the garden behind the house. （）7、I hear they have worked here for nearly ten years. （）8、This Saturday the nurse is going to the farm to learn how to keep birds. 2. the following words and write them out according to the phonetics. (根据所给的音标拼写出相应的单词。) 1、/???? _________ /????__________ /???? __________ /???? __________ 2、/????? __________ ????? ___________ ●???? ___________ ? ●??? __________ 3、/ ?????/_________ /????/________ / ???/__________ /?◆???/_________ 4、/????/ ___________ /????/ _________/???/ _________/ ??/ __________ 5、/???/ ___________ / ??/ __________ /????/ __________ /????/ __________ 6、/???? __________ /???? ___________ /●?◆?? __________ /●?◆?? ____________ 7、 ?????●?? _________ ???????? ________ ??????? _________ ??????? _________ 8、 ????●?????____________ ??????◆??? ____________ ?????????????_____________ 9、 ?????????_____________ ?????●?????____________ ???●??? ?_______________