Everyday Use
by Alice Walker
I will wait for her in the yard that Maggie and I made so clean and wavy yesterday afternoon. A yard like this is more comfortable than most people know. It is not just a yard. It is like an extended living room. When the hard clay is swept clean as a floor and the fine sand around the edges lined with tiny, irregular grooves, anyone can come and sit and look up into the elm tree and
wait for the breezes that never come inside the house.
Maggie will be nervous until after her sister goes: she will stand hopelessly in corners, homely and ashamed of the burn scars down her arms and legs, eying her sister with a mixture of envy and awe. She thinks her sister has held life
always in the palm of one hand, that "no" is a word the world never learned to
say to her.
You've no doubt seen those TV shows where the child who has "made it" is confronted, as a surprise, by her own mother and father, tottering in weakly
from backstage. (A pleasant surprise, of course: What would they do if parent
and child came on the show only to curse out and insult each other?) On TV mother and child embrace and smile into each other's faces. Sometimes the mother and father weep, the child wraps them in her arms and leans across the table to
tell how she would not have made it without their help. I have seen these programs.
Sometimes I dream a dream in which Dee and I are suddenly brought together on a TV program of this sort. Out of a dark and soft-seated limousine I am ushered
into a bright room filled with many people. There I meet a smiling, gray, sporty man like Johnny Carson who shakes my hand and tells me what a fine girl I have. Then we are on the stage and Dee is embracing me with tears in her eyes. She pins on my dress a large orchid, even though she has told me once that she
thinks orchids are tacky flowers.
In real life I am a large, big-boned woman with rough, man-working hands. In the winter I wear flannel nightgowns to bed and overalls dur.ing the day. I can kill and clean a hog as mercilessly as a man. My fat keeps me hot in zero weather. I can work outside all day, breaking ice to get water for washing; I can eat pork liver cooked over the open fire minutes after it comes steaming from the hog.
One winter I knocked a bull calf straight in the brain between the eyes with a sledge hammer and had the meat hung up to chill before nightfall. But of course
all this does not show on television. I am the way my daughter would want me to be: a hundred pounds lighter, my skin like an uncooked barley pancake. My hair glistens in the hot bright lights. Johnny Carson has much to do to keep up with
my quick and witty tongue.
But that is a mistake. I know even before I wake up. Who ever knew a Johnson with a quick tongue? Who can even imagine me looking a strange white man in the eye? It seems to me I have talked to them always with one foot raised in flight, with my head fumed in whichever way is farthest from them. Dee, though. She
would always look anyone in the eye. Hesitation was no part of her nature. "How do I look, Mama?" Maggie says, showing just enough of her thin body enveloped in pink skirt and red blouse for me to know she's there, almost hidden by the door.
"Come out into the yard," I say.
Have you ever seen a lame animal, perhaps a dog run over by some careless person rich enough to own a car, sidle up to someone who is ignorant enough to be kind to him? That is the way my Maggie walks. She has been like this, chin on chest, eyes on ground, feet in shuffle, ever since the fire that burned the other house
to the ground.
Dee is lighter than Maggie, with nicer hair and a fuller figure. She's a woman now, though sometimes I forget. How long ago was it that the other house burned? Ten, twelve years? Sometimes I can still hear the flames and feel Maggie's arms sticking to me, her hair smoking and her dress falling off her in little black papery flakes. Her eyes seemed stretched open, blazed open by the flames reflected in them. And Dee. I see her standing off under the sweet gum tree she used to dig gum out of; a look of concentration on her face as she watched the
last dingy gray board of the house fall in toward the red-hot brick chimney. Why don't you do a dance around the ashes? I'd wanted to ask her. She had hated the house that much.
I used to think she hated Maggie, too. But that was before we raised money, the church and me, to send her to Augusta to school. She used to read to us without pity; forcing words, lies, other folks' habits, whole lives upon us two, sitting trapped and ignorant underneath her voice. She washed us in a river of
make-believe, burned us with a lot of knowledge we didn't necessarily need to know. Pressed us to her with the serious way she read, to shove us away at just the moment, like dimwits, we seemed about to understand.
Dee wanted nice things. A yellow organdy dress to wear to her graduation from high school; black pumps to match a green suit she'd made from an old suit somebody gave me. She was determined to stare down any disaster in her efforts. Her eyelids would not flicker for minutes at a time. Often I fought off the temptation to shake her. At sixteen she had a style of her own: and knew what style was.
I never had an education myself. After second grade the school was closed down. Don't ask my why: in 1927 colored asked fewer questions than they do now. Sometimes Maggie reads to me. She stumbles along good-naturedly but can't see well. She knows she is not bright. Like good looks and money, quickness passes her by. She will marry John Thomas (who has mossy teeth in an earnest face) and then I'll be free to sit here and I guess just sing church songs to myself.
Although I never was a good singer. Never could carry a tune. I was always better at a man's job. I used to love to milk till I was hooked in the side in
'49. Cows are soothing and slow and don't bother you, unless you try to milk them the wrong way.
I have deliberately turned my back on the house. It is three rooms, just like
the one that burned, except the roof is tin; they don't make shingle roofs any more. There are no real windows, just some holes cut in the sides, like the portholes in a ship, but not round and not square, with rawhide holding the
shutters up on the outside. This house is in a pasture, too, like the other one.
No doubt when Dee sees it she will want to tear it down. She wrote me once that
no matter where we "choose" to live, she will manage to come see us. But she
will never bring her friends. Maggie and I thought about this and Maggie asked me, "Mama, when did Dee ever have any friends?"
She had a few. Furtive boys in pink shirts hanging about on washday after school. Nervous girls who never laughed. Impressed with her they worshiped the well-turned phrase, the cute shape, the scalding humor that erupted like bubbles
in lye. She read to them.
When she was courting Jimmy T she didn't have much time to pay to us, but turned all her faultfinding power on him. He flew to marry a cheap city girl from a
family of ignorant flashy people. She hardly had time to recompose herself.
When she comes I will meet—but there they are!
Maggie attempts to make a dash for the house, in her shuffling way, but I stay
her with my hand. "Come back here, " I say. And she stops and tries to dig a
well in the sand with her toe.
It is hard to see them clearly through the strong sun. But even the first
glimpse of leg out of the car tells me it is Dee. Her feet were always
neat-looking, as if God himself had shaped them with a certain style. From the
other side of the car comes a short, stocky man. Hair is all over his head a
foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail. I hear Maggie suck
in her breath. "Uhnnnh, " is what it sounds like. Like when you see the
wriggling end of a snake just in front of your foot on the road. "Uhnnnh."
Dee next. A dress down to the ground, in this hot weather. A dress so loud it
hurts my eyes. There are yellows and oranges enough to throw back the light of
the sun. I feel my whole face warming from the heat waves it throws out.
Earrings gold, too, and hanging down to her shoulders. Bracelets dangling and making noises when she moves her arm up to shake the folds of the dress out of
her armpits. The dress is loose and flows, and as she walks closer, I like it. I
hear Maggie go "Uhnnnh" again. It is her sister's hair. It stands straight up
like the wool on a sheep. It is black as night and around the edges are two long pigtails that rope about like small lizards disappearing behind her ears.
"Wa-su-zo-Tean-o!" she says, coming on in that gliding way the dress makes her move. The short stocky fellow with the hair to his navel is all grinning and he follows up with "Asalamalakim, my mother and sister!" He moves to hug Maggie but she falls back, right up against the back of my chair. I feel her trembling
there and when I look up I see the perspiration falling off her chin.
"Don't get up," says Dee. Since I am stout it takes something of a push. You can
see me trying to move a second or two before I make it. She turns, showing white heels through her sandals, and goes back to the car. Out she peeks next with a Polaroid. She stoops down quickly and lines up picture after picture of me
sitting there in front of the house with Maggie cowering behind me. She never takes a shot without mak' ing sure the house is included. When a cow comes nibbling around the edge of the yard she snaps it and me and Maggie and the house. Then she puts the Polaroid in the back seat of the car, and comes up and kisses me on the forehead.
Meanwhile Asalamalakim is going through motions with Maggie's hand. Maggie's hand is as limp as a fish, and probably as cold, despite the sweat, and she
keeps trying to pull it back. It looks like Asalamalakim wants to shake hands
but wants to do it fancy. Or maybe he don't know how people shake hands. Anyhow, he soon gives up on Maggie.
"Well," I say. "Dee."
"No, Mama," she says. "Not 'Dee,' Wangero Leewanika Kemanjo!"
"What happened to 'Dee'?" I wanted to know.
"She's dead," Wangero said. "I couldn't bear it any longer, being named after
the people who oppress me."
"You know as well as me you was named after your aunt Dicie," I said. Dicie is
my sister. She named Dee. We called her "Big Dee" after Dee was born.
"But who was she named after?" asked Wangero.
"I guess after Grandma Dee," I said.
"And who was she named after?" asked Wangero.
"Her mother," I said, and saw Wangero was getting tired. "That's about as far
back as I can trace it," I said. Though, in fact, I probably could have carried
it back beyond the Civil War through the branches.
"Well," said Asalamalakim, "there you are."
"Uhnnnh," I heard Maggie say.
"There I was not," I said, "before 'Dicie' cropped up in our family, so why
should I try to trace it that far back?"
He just stood there grinning, looking down on me like somebody inspecting a Model A car. Every once in a while he and Wangero sent eye signals over my head. "How do you pronounce this name?" I asked.
"You don't have to call me by it if you don't want to," said Wangero.
"Why shouldn't 1?" I asked. "If that's what you want us to call you, we'll call you."
"I know it might sound awkward at first," said Wangero.
"I'll get used to it," I said. "Ream it out again."
Well, soon we got the name out of the way. Asalamalakim had a name twice as long and three times as hard. After I tripped over it two or three times he told me
to just call him Hakim.a.barber. I wanted to ask him was he a barber, but I
didn't really think he was, so I didn't ask.
"You must belong to those beef-cattle peoples down the road," I said. They said "Asalamalakim" when they met you, too, but they didn't shake hands. Always too busy: feeding the cattle, fixing the fences, putting up salt.lick shelters,
throwing down hay. When the white folks poisoned some of the herd the men stayed up all night with rifles in their hands. I walked a mile and a half just to see
the sight.
Hakim-a-barber said, "I accept some of their doctrines, but farming and raising cattle is not my style." (They didn't tell me, and I didn't ask, whether Wangero (Dee) had really gone and married him.)
We sat down to eat and right away he said he didn't eat collards and pork was unclean. Wangero, though, went on through the chitlins and com bread, the greens and everything else. She talked a blue streak over the sweet potatoes.
Everything delighted her. Even the fact that we still used the benches her daddy made for the table when we couldn't effort to buy chairs.
"Oh, Mama!" she cried. Then turned to Hakim-a-barber. "I never knew how lovely these benches are. You can feel the rump prints," she said, running her hands underneath her and along the bench. Then she gave a sigh and her hand closed over Grandma Dee's butter dish. "That's it!" she said. "I knew there was something I wanted to ask you if I could have." She jumped up from the table and went over in the corner where the churn stood, the milk in it crabber by now.
She looked at the churn and looked at it.
"This churn top is what I need," she said. "Didn't Uncle Buddy whittle it out of
a tree you all used to have?"
"Yes," I said.
"Un-huh," she said happily. "And I want the dasher, too."
"Uncle Buddy whittle that, too?" asked the barber.
Dee (Wangero) looked up at me.
"Aunt Dee's first husband whittled the dash," said Maggie so low you almost couldn't hear her. "His name was Henry, but they called him Stash."
"Maggie's brain is like an elephant's," Wangero said, laughing. "I can use the chute top as a centerpiece for the alcove table," she said, sliding a plate over
the chute, "and I'll think of something artistic to do with the dasher."
When she finished wrapping the dasher the handle stuck out. I took it for a moment in my hands. You didn't even have to look close to see where hands pushing the dasher up and down to make butter had left a kind of sink in the wood. In fact, there were a lot of small sinks; you could see where thumbs and fingers had sunk into the wood. It was beautiful light yellow wood, from a tree
that grew in the yard where Big Dee and Stash had lived.
After dinner Dee (Wangero) went to the trunk at the foot of my bed and started rifling through it. Maggie hung back in the kitchen over the dishpan. Out came Wangero with two quilts. They had been pieced by Grandma Dee and then Big Dee and me had hung them on the quilt ftames on the ftont porch and quilted them. One was in the Lone Stat pattern. The other was Walk Around the Mountain. In both of them were scraps of dresses Grandma Dee had worn fifty and more years ago. Bits and pieces of Grandpa Jattell's Paisley shirts. And one teeny faded
blue piece, about the size of a penny matchbox, that was from Great Grandpa
Ezra's uniform that he wore in the Civil War.
" Mama," Wangro said sweet as a bird. "Can I have these old quilts?"
I heard something fall in the kitchen, and a minute later the kitchen door slammed.
"Why don't you take one or two of the others?" I asked. "These old things was
just done by me and Big Dee from some tops your grandma pieced before she died."
"No," said Wangero. "I don't want those. They are stitched around the borders by machine."
"That'll make them last better," I said.
"That's not the point," said Wangero. "These are all pieces of dresses Grandma used to wear. She did all this stitching by hand. Imagine!" She held the quilts securely in her arms, stroking them.
"Some of the pieces, like those lavender ones, come from old clothes her mother handed down to her," I said, moving up to touch the quilts. Dee (Wangero) moved back just enough so that I couldn't reach the quilts. They already belonged to
her.
"Imagine!" she breathed again, clutching them closely to her bosom.
"The truth is," I said, "I promised to give them quilts to Maggie, for when she marries John Thomas."
She gasped like a bee had stung her.
"Maggie can't appreciate these quilts!" she said. "She'd probably be backward enough to put them to everyday use."
"I reckon she would," I said. "God knows I been saving 'em for long enough with nobody using 'em. I hope she will!" I didn't want to bring up how I had offered Dee (Wangero) a quilt when she went away to college. Then she had told they were old~fashioned, out of style.
"But they're priceless!" she was saying now, furiously; for she has a temper. "Maggie would put them on the bed and in five years they'd be in rags. Less than that!"
"She can always make some more," I said. "Maggie knows how to quilt."
Dee (Wangero) looked at me with hatred. "You just will not under.stand. The
point is these quilts, these quilts!"
"Well," I said, stumped. "What would you do with them7"
"Hang them," she said. As if that was the only thing you could do with quilts. Maggie by now was standing in the door. I could almost hear the sound her feet made as they scraped over each other.
"She can have them, Mama," she said, like somebody used to never winning anything, or having anything reserved for her. "I can 'member Grandma Dee without the quilts."
I looked at her hard. She had filled her bottom lip with checkerberry snuff and gave her face a kind of dopey, hangdog look. It was Grandma Dee and Big Dee who taught her how to quilt herself. She stood there with her scarred hands hidden
in the folds of her skirt. She looked at her sister with something like fear but
she wasn't mad at her. This was Maggie's portion. This was the way she knew God to work.
When I looked at her like that something hit me in the top of my head and ran down to the soles of my feet. Just like when I'm in church and the spirit of God touches me and I get happy and shout. I did something I never done before: hugged Maggie to me, then dragged her on into the room, snatched the quilts out
of Miss Wangero's hands and dumped them into Maggie's lap. Maggie just sat there on my bed with her mouth open.
"Take one or two of the others," I said to Dee.
But she turned without a word and went out to Hakim-a-barber.
"You just don't understand," she said, as Maggie and I came out to the car. "What don't I understand?" I wanted to know.
"Your heritage," she said, And then she turned to Maggie, kissed her, and said, "You ought to try to make something of yourself, too, Maggie. It's really a new day for us. But from the way you and Mama still live you'd never know it." She put on some sunglasses that hid everything above the tip of her nose and chin.
Maggie smiled; maybe at the sunglasses. But a real smile, not scared. After we watched the car dust settle I asked Maggie to bring me a dip of snuff. And then the two of us sat there just enjoying, until it was time to go in the house and go to bed.
I．Definition of American Realism “Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable degree on the immediate, the here and now, the specific action, and the verifiable consequence” (William Harmon and Hugh Holman, A Handbook to Literature,p428 Realism is based on the accurate, unromanticized observation of human experiences. It insists on everyday scenes are represented in a straightforward or matter-of-fact manner on precise description, authentic action and dialogue, moral honesty and a democratic openness in subject matter and style. As a literary movement, realism refers to the approach of realist fiction occurred at the latter part of the 19th century. Realistic writers examine things in much detail, question the scene they’re talking about, question what they’re seeing, have critical sense, are truthful to life. Realism: try to educate people, to warn people, to be moral teachers, to benefit the society he criticizes so much, to deal with morality, to be more critical Characteristics of Writings (1) Realism is the theory of writing in which familiar aspects of contemporary life and everyday senses are represented in a straightforward or matter-of-fact manner. (2) In realist fiction characters from all social levels are examined in depth. (3) Open ending is also a good example of the truthful treatment of material. (4) Realism focuses on commonness of the lives of the common people who are customarily ignored by the arts. (5) Realism emphasizes objectivity and offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience. (6) Romanticism presents moral visions II. The reasons on the rise of American Realism ※more educated people; ※the development of industry; ※growth of population in city / urban; ※immigration: people move from the north to the south, from the east to the west; ※the Gilded Age: more and more people become rich, pleasure-seeking, self-contained . Political reason： ?the result of the American Civil War (1861--1865) : ?The victory of the North, to protect the integrity of the United States as an indivisible nation; ?Congress tried to press forward with its program of “Reconstruction”, or reform of the southern states; ?Slavery was abolished, however, the southern states passed laws to segregate whites and blacks in public places; To the end of the 19th century, the system of segregation grew more rigid; most southern blacks were still living a miserable life Economic Development： ?Northern industrialism had triumphed over Southern agrarianism农业的, and from that victory came a society based on mass labor and mass consumption. ?In the first decades after the Civil War, Americans ceased to be isolated from the world
外国文学之三大短篇小说家 契诃夫（1860年-1904年），俄国的世界级短篇小说巨匠，是 俄国19世纪末期最后一位批判现实主义艺术大师，与法国作家莫 泊桑和美国作家欧?亨利并称为“世界三大短篇小说家”，是一个 有强烈幽默感的作家，他的小说紧凑精炼，言简意赅，给读者以独 立思考的余地。他的作品的两大特征是对丑恶现象的嘲笑与对贫苦 人民的深切的同情，并且其作品无情地揭露了沙皇统治下的不合理 的社会制度和社会的丑恶现象。代表作品《变色龙》《装在套子里的人》《小公务员之死》《凡卡》《樱桃园》等。 《变色龙》作品简介 巡逻中的督警奥楚蔑洛夫和巡警穿过集市广场时，忽然听 见有人在尖声大喊，于是他们朝喧闹的人群走去。原来，金银 匠赫留金想用烟蒂去烫一只无主的小狗的鼻子，却被小狗咬了 手指。见来了督警，于是便向他告状。一开始，奥楚蔑洛夫很 是公正和严历，大声斥骂养狗的人，并要把小狗处死；当听到 有人说这好像是席加洛夫将军家的狗时，他立即改变态度，并 警告赫留金不要玩花样。这时巡警说，好像这不是将军家的狗。 他又开始“变脸”，说“这样的小贱种，怎么会是将军养的”，“是该对它进行惩罚的时候了”。但接着又有人说好像在将军家看到这条狗时，他又改口大骂赫留金。他对小狗的态度一变再变，当最后从将军家厨师口中得知这是将军哥哥的狗时，他马上大声赞扬小狗是“伶俐的”，“小坏包”。处置完“事件”后，他警告赫留金说：“我早晚要来收拾你的！”又继续巡逻了。 《变色龙》是契诃夫的许多短篇小说中脍炙人口的一篇。作家在描述一个警官偶然审理一件人被狗咬的案情中，只用寥寥几笔，就极其简练、锋利地为我们勾勒出一个灵魂丑恶，面目可憎的沙皇走狗——警官奥楚蔑洛夫的形象，寄寓着一个发人深思的主题。作品以善于适应周围物体的颜色，很快地改变肤色的变色龙作比喻，起了画龙点睛的作用。
第九章二十世纪现实主义文学 第一节概述 （一）、欧美现实主义文学 一、历史文化背景 ★1914――1918年的第一次世界大战； ★1917年俄国十月革命的成功和苏联的出现； ★20、30年代西方世界普遍的经济危机； ★1939－－1945年的第二次世界大战。 ★自然科学突飞猛进的发展也促成了20世纪文化观念的急速变化。 ★哲学流派非常活跃，其中影响较大的有弗洛伊德的精神分析学、萨特的存在主义。另外， 文艺批评新流派如符号学、结构主义、后结构主义、女权主义、后现代主义、新历史主义和后 殖民主义等等所尊奉的思想观念也造成了广泛影响。 二、基本特征 人道主义和民主主义仍然是作家们的重要思想武器。 作家们始终坚持真实性这一现实主义文学创作的基本原则。 频频出现“长河小说”，这种多卷本小说能够较好地反映每个历史时期的变迁。 描写重点的内向性和主观化，艺术形式上的不拘一格和兼容并蓄。 人物塑造上强调性格的多重性，淡化典型性格描写。 三、发展概况 1、英国：加强了对英国社会的保守性和虚伪性的批判，具有一种冷峻地直面人生的特点。 诺贝尔文学奖获得者： 高尔斯华绥：（1867—1933）代表作长河小说《福尔赛世家》（1932） 萧伯纳：（1856—1950）英国最有代表性的现实主义戏剧家，代表作《巴巴拉少校》（1925） 戈尔丁：（1911—1993）“寓言编撰家”，代表作《蝇王》（1983） 20世纪上半叶最有创作个性也最有争议的作家：劳伦斯（1885—1930） 跨越两个世纪：康德拉（1857—1924）:“航海小说” 毛姆（1878—1965）：《人生的枷锁》“英国的漠泊桑” 福斯特（1879—1970）：《小说面面观》 讽刺小说：乔治·奥维尔《一九八四》 赫胥黎《奇妙的新世界》 20世纪下半叶新一代作家：格林、艾米斯、戈尔丁 2、法国： 诺贝尔文学奖获得者： 罗曼·罗兰：《约翰·克里斯多夫》1915 法郎士：《诸神渴了》1921 马丁·杜伽尔：长河小说《蒂博一家》1937 安德烈·纪德：《伪币制造者》1947 弗朗索瓦·莫里亚克：心理现实主义大师《蝮蛇结》1952 20世纪下半叶：玛格丽特·杜拉斯：《琴声如诉》、《情人》
美国文学部分(American Literature) 一．独立革命前后的文学（The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence） 1．本章考核知识点和考核要求： 1)．殖民地时期的文学的特点 2)．主要的作家、其概况及其代表作品 2．独立革命前后时期的主要作家 本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林，散文家、科学家、社会活动家，曾参与起草―独立宣言。 《穷查理历书》Poor Richard’s Almanack 《致富之道》The Way to Wealth 《自传》The Autobiography 托马斯·潘恩Thomas Paine托马斯·潘恩，散文家、政治家、报刊撰稿人。 《税务员问题》The Case of the Officers of Excise 《常识》Common Sense 《美国危机》American Crisis 《人的权利》Rights of Man 《专制体制的崩溃》Downfall of Despotism 《理性时代》The Age of Reason 菲利普·弗伦诺Philip Freneau菲利普·弗伦诺，著名的―革命诗人‖。 《蒸蒸日上的美洲》―The Rising Glory of America‖
《英国囚船》―The British Prison Ship‖ 《纪念美国勇士》同类诗中最佳―To the Memory of the Brave Americans‖ 《野生的金银花》―The Wild Honeysuckle‖ 《印第安人殡葬地》―The Indian Burying Ground‖ 1二．美国浪漫主义文学（American Romanticism） 1．本章考核知识点和考核要求： 1)．美国浪漫主义文学产生的社会历史及文化背景 2)．主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画和语言风格 3)．清教主义、超验主义、象征主义、自由诗等名词的解释 2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家 华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文，美国著名小说家，被称为―美国文学之父‖.《瑞普·凡·温可尔》Rip Van Winkle 《纽约外史》A History of New York 《见闻札记》The Sketch Book 《睡谷的传说》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀开创了以《皮裹腿故事集》为代表的边疆传奇小说，其中最为重要的一部是《最后的莫西干人》。 《皮裹腿故事集》Leatherstocking Tales 《间谍》The Spy 《领航者》The Pilot
外国文学史20世纪欧美现实主义文学复习要点 现实主义的新特点？ 思想特点：①十月革命的胜利和国家无产阶级革命运动的蓬勃展开，使他们对现实有了更加深刻的认识。深入再现生活深层的内在方面，表现人的深层意识和微观心理世界；②着重刻画日常生活中真实、具有复杂个性的普通人。借鉴了19世纪现实主义文学的经验，力图全面地反映一个时代的社会生活。③无产阶级的生活和斗争越来越多地成为他们反映的对象。 艺术特点：①频频出现“长河小说”。②适应时代发展与人们的欣赏要求，吸收新的艺术表现手段，提高了艺术表现能力。③越来越淡化情节，越来越淡化塑造典型人物。 代表作品：英国作家劳伦斯的《虹》，美国作家海明威的《老人与海》，美国女作家米切尔的《飘》等。 英国文学 代表作家：劳伦斯，擅长社会批判和心理（主题：性爱和工业文明）成名作：《儿子与情人》；《虹》《恋爱中的妇女》（姐妹篇）。 约翰·高尔斯华绥《福尔赛世家》三部曲（揭露了英国资产阶级的“财产意识”）、《有产业的人》《骑虎》《出租》； 毛姆《人性的枷锁》；戈尔丁《蝇王》；莱辛《金色笔记》 萧伯纳《鳏夫的财产》《华伦夫人的职业》《巴巴拉上校》； 法国文学 马丁·杜伽尔《帝国一家》（《巨仆》《穷人》《首脑》）；莫里亚克（心理分析）《腹蛇结》 罗曼·罗兰成就最高，《约翰·克里斯多夫》开创长河小说先河。 德国文学 曼氏家族：亨利希·曼《帝国三部曲》；托马斯·曼《布登·勃洛克
一家》。 雷马克反战小说《西线无战事》；茨威格《一个陌生女人的来信》 美国文学 德莱塞《美国的悲剧》；塞林格《麦田里的守望者》；菲次吉拉德《了不起的盖茨比》。 什么叫“迷惘的一代”？ 20世纪20年代产生于美国的文学流派，海明威在《太阳照样升起》的题词中引用斯泰因的一句话：你们都是迷惘的一代，该流派因此而得名。特点是痛恨帝国主义战争，关心战后青年一代的命运，反映当时美国青年普遍的迷惘情绪，以此为出发点，表现帝国主义精神危机。代表作家海明威和菲次吉拉德。 什么叫“冰山原则”？ 1932年海明威在《午后之死》中第一次提出文学创作的“冰山原则”，即用简洁的文字塑造鲜明的形象，并且把自己的感受和思想最大限度地藏在形象中，使之情感丰富却含而不露，思想深沉且隐而不晦，让读者通过鲜明形象的感受去发掘作品的思想意义。简洁的文字、鲜明的形象、丰富的情感和深刻的思想构成冰山原则的四要素，也是海明威的基本创作风格。 海明威相关知识： 《太阳照样升起》开创“迷惘的一代”的宣言书。 1940年《丧钟为谁而鸣》标志着海明威战争观的转变，支持正义战争，摆脱迷惘。 长篇小说《永别了，武器》：把“迷惘的一代”文学推向了高峰。主人公：亨利·腓特力、英国护士凯瑟琳。 《乞力马扎罗的雪》：最成功的一个短篇。 代表作《老人与海》，思想意义？点警句“一个人并不是生来要给打败的，你尽可以把它消灭掉，可就是打不败它。”如何理解这句话？ 海明威的作品《老人与海》是一部寓意很深的作品。故事表现了“英雄与环境这个传统的主题。 象征意义：“老人与海”具有很强的象征性与寓意性。小说中的名言：“一个人并不是生来要给打败的，你尽可把他消灭掉，可就是打不败他”。是我们理解其思想意义的钥匙。老渔夫桑提亚哥实际上是抽象化的人类，作为人的对立面的大海、鲨鱼象征神秘的命运和不可知的自然力。老人在斗争中虽然失败了，但他坚忍不拔、不断抗争、奋力
世界经典短篇小说选读目录 《一碗清汤荞麦面》[日本] 栗良平 《法律门前》[德国] 卡夫卡 《免费》［美］雪莉·凯撒 《一天的等待》[美国] 厄内斯特·海明威 《没有锁上的门》[美国] 罗伯特·斯特恩德力 《小公务员之死》[俄国] 契诃夫 《穷苦人》[俄] 列·托尔斯泰 《“诺曼底”号遇难记》[法国] 雨果 《雨伞》[日本] 川端康成 《陈小手》汪曾祺 《陈奂生上城》高晓声 《没有完的故事》[美国] 欧·亨利 《热爱生命》[美国] 杰克.伦敦 《小丑》[俄国] 屠格涅夫 《半张纸》[瑞典] 斯特林堡 《饥饿艺术家》[奥地利] 卡夫卡 《罗生门》[日本] 介川龙之介 《桔子》[日本] 介川龙之介 《鱼服记》[日本] 太宰治 《柏林之围》 [法国] 都德 《夜》 [意大利]；路·皮兰德娄 《阿拉比》 [爱尔兰] 詹姆斯·乔伊斯 《羊脂球》 [法国] 莫泊桑
正文 一、推介原因 这个在日韩广为流传的真实故事，感动了亿万人，成为在逆境中奋起，决不向命运低头的精神象征。在日本，该书的出版被形容为掉进了“一亿泪的海”；《读者》总编彭长城认为《一碗清汤荞麦面》是该刊创刊以来刊出的最感人的作品之一。 二、作者简介 栗良平.本名伊藤贡，日本著名作家、演讲家。1943年5月生于日本北海道。曾经从事过十多种职业。在综合医院任职十年，高中时代曾翻译安徒生童话而引起对口述童话的创作兴趣.。他利用业余时间收集四百多篇民间故事以各地方言亲自巡回讲述。主要作品有《纺织公主》《又听到二号汽笛》《穿越战国时代的天空》，而以《一碗清汤荞麦面》而成为儿童类畅销作家。 [思考] 母子三人为什么要在顾客都散尽后，才去北海亭面馆吃面? 那女人购买清汤荞麦面时，为什么“怯生生地问……”“可以吗? ” [参考答案] 命运的不幸，生活的艰难，在母亲心中刻上了深深的伤痕，每当除夕夜来临，他都有一种难以述说的复杂心情，既要与孩子过年又不愿在人前表现家境的窘迫，以至伤害孩子的自尊心，只得在顾客散尽时候去。 三人要一碗面的尴尬，这样晚的时间因吃一碗面而麻烦人的歉疚，使得母亲每次都怯生生的发问。 推介理由 有人曾说鲁迅是中国最痛苦的文人，那么卡夫卡也许可以称作奥匈帝国最痛苦的文人了。卡夫卡短暂的一生是在痛苦和孤独中度过的。“孤独感”与“死亡意识”几乎成了他创作的永恒主题。无论主人公如何抗争努力，强大无形的外来力量始终控制着一切，
第一章20世纪欧美现实主义文学 1.20世纪现实主义文学有哪些特点？ 答：20世纪现实主义文学是对19世纪现实主义文学的继续和发展。 (1)这一时期文学思想的特点 1.1受到了社会主义思想的影响 十月革命和国际无产阶级革命运动的蓬勃展开，使20世纪的现实主义作家不同程度地受到了社会主义思想的影响，使他们对现实有了更为深刻的认识，批判意识进一步增强，常常从阶级观念或社会主义思想角度观察社会问题，描绘社会现实。 1.2继承了19世纪现实主义文学的创作经验 他们力图全面反映一个时代的社会生活，以当代社会为对象，或者对历史进行再认识，充分展开社会背景的描绘。有的作家别开生面，解剖一个家族的发展史或盛衰史，从一个家族的荣枯变迁去反映整个历史时代的变化，收到以小见大的效果。还有的作家索性将视野局限在一两个家庭中，描写其中各式各样的人物，以此去表现社会变化。 1.3无产阶级的生活和斗争，越来越多地成为现实主义文学反映的内容 无产阶级的贫困化与资产阶级的财富迅速增长，成为20世纪上半叶社会生活的突出现象。工人的斗争变得更有组织，他们的罢工从经济考虑出发发展为带有政治性质，而且与世界各国无产阶级的斗争结成一个整体，相互支持，相互促进。这种变化必然进入现实主义作家的视野之中。 1.4战争或反法西斯成为一个重要主题 两次世界大战，因其规模的巨大，战斗的激烈，残杀和迫害犹太民族的酷烈，政治斗争的复杂等，使人们更深刻地认识到战争的灾难性后果，战争或反法西斯成为一个重要主题。现实主义作家纷纷表现反法西斯的主题，抒发爱国主义激情。 （2）这一时期文学的艺术特点 2.1 频频出现“长河小说” 这种多卷本小说能够深入地反映每个历史时期的变迁。这种写法较为集中精炼，内涵丰富，容量更大。“长河小说”深得现实主义作家的喜爱，20世纪上半叶，长篇小说的繁荣与此密切相关。 2.2 创作明显表现出内向化、主观化特征 20世纪的现实主义文学无疑受到现代主义思潮的影响，从而使现实主义文学产生了巨大变化。在新的文化背景中进行艺术探索的现实主义作家，较之19世纪作家更倾向于人物的心灵世界的开掘，他们的创作明显表现出内向化、主观化特征。心理描写的手法更为丰富。同时，现实主义作家也不时探索人物的潜意识，以反映人物完整的内心世界。此外，对现代主义的其他表现技巧，诸如内心独白、梦幻描写、时空颠倒、象征手法、荒诞意识、多层次多角度的描写，等等，都有所吸取，并从其他艺术形式如电影、电视、新闻报道中借鉴了一些有益的方法，丰富了艺术表现的技巧与手段。 2.3 越来越淡化情节，越来越淡化塑造典型人物 他们往往描写某一种社会现象、某一种社会心理、某一种犯罪动机，更注重心理变态的描写，而不是情节的曲折。这是向现代主义学习的结果，与传统现实主义有显著不同。 2.谈谈20世纪现实主义文学与19世纪现实主义文学的异同。 答：20世纪现实主义文学是对19世纪现实主义文学的继续和发展，但同时又不固步自封。 (1)20世纪现实主义文学继承了19世纪现实主义文学人道主义精神内核 1.1 20世纪现实主义作家谴责统治者的残忍和法西斯主义的暴行，猛烈抨击非人道的社会现实，揭露社会对 人的异化，并对受侮辱、受损害的下层人民表示了深切同情。 1.2 20世纪现实主义文学继承了19世纪现实主义文学重视真实客观性的创作原则 20世纪现实主义文学力图展现现实生活的真实图景，注重从人与周围环境的关系中探讨人生的意义，生动形象地反映了生活的本质。
外国文学经典书目推荐 一、古希腊文学至19世纪浪漫主义文学推荐阅读书目 《希腊神话故事》 《荷马史诗》（《伊利昂记》《奥德修记》） （古希腊）索福克勒斯《俄底浦斯王》 （意大利）但丁《神曲》 （意大利）薄伽丘《十日谈》 （西班牙）塞万提斯《堂吉诃德》 （英）莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》《哈姆莱特》《奥瑟罗》《麦克白》《李尔王》（法）莫里哀《伪君子》《吝啬鬼》 （德）歌德《浮士德》《少年维特之烦恼》 （法）卢梭《新爱洛依丝》 （英）菲尔丁《汤姆·琼斯》 （法）雨果《悲惨世界》《巴黎圣母院》 （美）麦尔维尔《白鲸》 （美）霍桑《红字》 二、19世纪现实主义文学推荐阅读书目 （法）司汤达《红与黑》 （法）梅里美《卡门》 （法）巴尔扎克《高老头》《欧也妮·葛朗台》 （英）简·奥斯丁《傲慢与偏见》 （英）狄更斯《双城记》 （英）勃朗特姐妹《简爱》《呼啸山庄》
（英）乔治·爱略特《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》《米德尔马契》（法）小仲马《茶花女》 （法）福楼拜《包法利夫人》 （法）莫泊桑《羊脂球》 （英）哈代《德伯家的苔丝》 （美）马克·吐温《哈克贝利·芬历险记》 （美）欧·亨利《短篇小说集》 （挪威）易卜生《玩偶之家》 （俄）普希金《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金》 （俄）果戈理《死魂灵》 （俄）屠格涅夫《贵族之家》 （俄）托尔斯泰《安娜·卡列尼娜》《战争与和平》 （俄）陀思妥耶夫斯基《罪与罚》《白痴》《卡拉马佐夫兄弟》（俄）契诃夫《短篇小说集》 （英）王尔德《道林·格雷的画像》 三、20世纪现实主义文学推荐阅读书目 （英）D·H·劳伦斯《虹》《查泰莱夫人的情人》 （法）罗曼·罗兰《约翰·克利斯朵夫》 （美）海明威《老人与海》 （美）菲茨杰拉德《了不起的盖茨比》 （法）玛格丽特·杜拉斯《情人》 （捷克）米兰·昆德拉《生命中不能承受之轻》 （美）德莱塞《美国的悲剧》 （美）塞林格《麦田的守望者》
外国文学专题之现实主义文学篇 主要内容 第一讲法国现实主义文学 第二讲英国现实主义文学 第三讲美国现实主义文学 第四讲俄国现实主义文学 第五讲德国现实主义文学 第一讲法国现实主义文学 第一节概述19世纪现实主义文学的基本特征 第一、客观性，即强调客观真实地反映生活，认为作家应该“按照生活本来的样子去反映生活”。 第二、批判性，即以人道主义思想为武器，深刻地揭露与批判社会的黑暗，同情下层人民的苦难，提倡社会改良。 第三、典型性，即重视对人与社会环境的关系的描写，塑造典型环境中的典型性格。法国是欧洲现实主义文学的发源地法国现实主义由浪漫主义转变而来，又向前发展为自然主义，因此，在法国，现实主义和自然主义也没有明确的界限。到了福楼拜时代，现实主义正式打出了自己的旗号，成为一种自觉的运动。 法国文学的特征： 反映资产阶级与贵族阶级的矛盾 揭露了金钱的罪恶 描写了个人反抗者形象 法国现实主义的发展阶段 法国是欧洲现实主义文学的发源地，现实主义在法国的发展可分为两个阶段： 一、前期(30、40年代)：以描写封建贵族与新兴资产阶级的矛盾以及资产阶级内部矛盾为主批判性和揭露性,对封建时代
的依恋之情,代表作家斯丹达尔、巴尔扎克 二、后期(50年代后)：以福楼拜为转折，以自然主义为主体，70年代前后出现了巴黎公社文学这一现象。比较有名的作 家有阿尔封斯·都德。 斯丹达尔 我曾经是谁，现在是谁，我将难以回答。 ——斯丹达尔 你很丑，可是你相貌非凡。 ——加尼翁舅舅 巴尔扎克是个中等身材的人,体格魁梧，双肩开阔，晚年有点肥胖。他的颈脖健壮、厚实，白皙有如女性，是他值得骄傲的地方。头发又黑又粗，粗得像马的鬃毛；那双眼睛像一对黑宝石那样闪闪发光——那是驯狮者的眼睛，这种眼睛能透过房屋的墙壁看见里面发生的一切，能透过人的肌体，洞察人的肺腑，像阅读一本打开的书。他的整个仪表显示出一个劳苦不息的西西弗斯的形象。勃兰兑斯《十九世纪文学主流》 福楼拜 19世纪中期法国的重要作家，他起着承前启后的作用，对自然主义和20世纪作家产生了重大影响。在艺术上，福楼拜提出和实践了一套新主张：一是追求真实性；二是追求客观态度；三是追求艺术美。 第二节阿尔封斯·都德 “五人聚餐会”的成员，他非常接近左拉，崇信龚古尔兄弟和左拉的美学原则。为此，左拉将他归入“自然主义小说家”之列。 创作 都德一生写了13部长篇，4部短篇小说集和一部诗集。长篇小说的代表作是《小东西》（1868），主人公为少年爱赛特，是一部半自传性的作品，笔调清淡，带有幽默和含蓄的感伤，即“含泪的微笑”。为此，都德亦有“法国的狄更斯”之称。
年轻人必读的29本英文短篇小说，分分钟刷新你三观 本周，著名网站Buzzfeed 罗列了一份年轻人必读的29 篇短篇小说书单，这份书单的作者覆盖了英语世界，尤其是美国文学界最富盛名的小说家。《外滩画报》精选出10 篇已经翻译成中文的小说作重点推荐。 编辑：谭浩制图：唐卓人部分图片来自Buzzfeed 2013年，瑞典学院将诺贝尔文学奖颁给了以写作短篇小说见长的加拿大作家爱丽丝·门罗，这在某种程度上褒扬了中短篇小说为世界文学做出的重要贡献。阿根廷女作家萨曼塔·施维伯林甚至说：“门罗能够得到诺贝尔文学奖，让我们这些写作短篇的都松了一口气。”虽然很多人不一定赞同顾彬关于“长篇小说已经没落”的论调，但是短篇小说作为一种更为有力凝练的文学形式，确实更加符合如今这个时代的节奏。本周，著名网站Buzzfeed 罗列了一份年轻人必读的29 篇短篇小说书单，这份书单的作者覆盖了英语世界，尤其是美国文学界最富盛名的小说家。《外滩画报》精选出10 篇已经翻译成中文的小说作重点推荐： 1. 弗兰纳里·奥康纳：《流离失所的人》 《流离失所的人》选自小说集《好人难寻》在弗兰纳里·奥康纳的小说里，尽管大部分时间故事里的人物都被堕
落、自私、愚昧、自负、欺骗或冷漠所掌控，但是，总有那么一个时刻（往往在接近小说结尾处），奥康纳会安排上帝的恩惠（或曰天惠）降临到他们身上。在这圣灵显现的一瞬间，这些人物突然受到某种精神上的启迪，进而达到某种“顿悟”，他们也许会接受这一天惠，也许会拒绝它，但不管怎样，这一灵光闪现的“天惠时刻”会使他们的内心发生改变。——比目鱼，书评人 2. 朱诺?迪亚斯：《沉溺》 选自小说集《沉溺》《沉溺》里面的九个小短篇和一个准中篇都是以朱诺?迪亚斯自己和他的家庭的真实经历为蓝本书写出来的半自传作品，它所处理的是一个移民家族心灵史上最特殊的时段：移民前在多米尼加共和国的等待期和移民初期在美国的无望岁月。朱诺?迪亚斯在写这些“少作”的时候，还没有获得他后来的作品中罗伯特?波拉尼奥式的喷薄的语言强度，但这种语流清浅、句法简朴的写法与作者的青春期原型所附体的叙述者尤尼尔非常合拍：如此“低限度”的风格，恰好能够为那些在生理、心理与地理的转换交接处所蛰伏的晦暗不明的能量提供随机释放的可能性。——胡续东，作家 3. 米兰达·裘丽：《楼梯上的男人》
世界经典短篇小说选读 目录 《一碗清汤荞麦面》[日本] 栗良平《法律门前》[德国] 卡夫卡《免费》［美］雪莉·凯撒 《一天的等待》[美国] 厄内斯特·海明威 《没有锁上的门》[美国] 罗伯特·斯特恩德力 《小公务员之死》[俄国] 契诃夫《穷苦人》[俄] 列·托尔
斯泰 《“诺曼底”号遇难记》[法国] 雨果《雨伞》[日本] 川端康成《陈小手》汪曾祺《陈奂生上城》高晓声《没有完的故事》[美国] 欧·亨利《热爱生命》[美国] 杰克.伦敦《小丑》[俄国] 屠格涅夫 《半张纸》[瑞典] 斯特林堡《饥饿艺术家》[奥地利] 卡夫卡《罗生门》[日本] 介川龙之介《桔子》[日本] 介川龙之介
《鱼服记》[日本] 太宰治《柏林之围》[法国] 都德《夜》[意大利]；路·皮兰德娄《阿拉比》[爱尔兰] 詹姆斯·乔伊斯《羊脂球》[法国] 莫泊桑 正文 一、推介原因 这个在日韩广为流传的真实故事，感动了亿万人，成为在逆境中奋起，决不向命运低头的精神象征。在日本，该书的出版被形容为掉进了“一亿泪
的海”；《读者》总编彭长城认为《一碗清汤荞麦面》是该刊创刊以来刊出的最感人的作品之一。 二、作者简介 栗良平.本名伊藤贡，日本著名作家、演讲家。1943年5月生于日本北海道。曾经从事过十多种职业。在综合医院任职十年，高中时代曾翻译安徒生童话而引起对口述童话的创作兴趣.。他利用业余时间收集四百多篇民间故事以各地方言亲自巡回讲述。主要作品有《纺织公主》《又听到二号汽笛》《穿越战国时代的天空》，而以《一碗清汤荞麦面》而成为儿童类畅销作家。 一碗清汤荞麦面 [日本]栗良平
一 对于面馆来说，生意最兴隆的日子，就是大年除夕了。 北海亭每逢这一天，总是从一大早就忙得不可开交。不过，平时到夜里12点还熙攘热闹的大街，临到除夕，人们也都匆匆赶紧回家，所以一到晚上10点左右，北海亭的食客也就骤然稀少了。当最后几位客人走出店门就要打烊的时候，大门又发出无力的“吱吱”响声，接着走进来一位带着两个孩子的妇人。两个都是男孩，一个6岁，一个10岁的样子。孩子们穿着崭新、成套的运动服，而妇人却穿着不合季节的方格花呢裙装。 “欢迎！”女掌柜连忙上前招呼。 妇人嗫嚅地说：“那个……清汤荞麦面……就
《英美经典短篇小说赏析》课程教学大纲 A Guide to Classic British and American Short Stories 学分：2 总学时：32 课程性质：选修课 考核方式：考查适用专业：各类专业 一、课程性质、目的与任务 1. 课程性质：本课程是高等学校非英语专业的一门选修课，是为培养学生了解英国和美国文学短篇小说知识而设置的一门选修课程。 2. 教学目的：本课程旨在帮助学生全面了解英国和美国在不同历史时期所出现的重要作家与作品、风土人情与习俗、历史与文化等，通过经典短篇小说的分析，让学生能欣赏原作的风格、语言等，从而更好地把握英语，更全面地了解英国和美国的政治、经济与传统，扩大知识面，提高文学修养。 3. 教学任务：通过对英国文学和美国文学发展的主要阶段中的著名作家的短篇作品的分析，使学生掌握基本的短篇小说构成要素、在英美文学史上著名的短篇小说家以及分析小说的基本方法。本门课虽然是一门选修课程，但是，它对学生进一步学习和掌握英美文学有着重要的辅助作用。因此，要求学生在培养自己学习兴趣同时，增加短篇小说理论知识，更重要的是，加强学生对短篇小说理解及分析能力。 二、教学基本要求 1. 重点掌握：所选短篇小说涉及到的著名作家的写作特色，短篇小说的重要因素包括主题，内容，写作技巧，象征意义等。 2. 一般了解：作者的生平，所选短篇小说涉及的与英国和美国文化相关的背景知识。 三、课程内容与学时分配 第一讲英美短篇小说简介（4学时） 1. 重点：短篇小说的概念、短篇小说的基本要素、Rip Van Winkle和The Minister's Black Veil的基本要素及主旨内涵。 2. 难点：短篇小说的基本要素、Rip Van Winkle和The Minister's Black Veil主旨内涵。 3. 主要内容 3.1、短篇小说的概念
当代外国文学 回忆 理解 想像 知识 ———论美国后现代现实主义小说 王守仁童庆生 内容提要 本文将德里罗的《国际大都市》(2003)、罗斯的《反美阴谋》(2004)、多克特罗的《进军》(2005)、沃尔曼的《欧洲中区》(2005)视为后现代现实主义小说,认为这四部小说均采用现实主义的叙事手法,追求细节的真实,营造出逼真的外表,但虚构的故事本身又对这种逼真进行了颠覆,从而使作品表现出现实主义的真实细节与反现实主义情节之间的反差与张力。后现代现实主义小说不同于传统的现实主义小说,也有别于后现代前卫小说,是对现实主义的一种创新。 关键词 美国文学当代小说后现代现实主义现实主义 《哥伦比亚美洲小说史》在“20世纪下半叶文学”部分辟三章讨论当代小说:“后现代现实主义”(Post m odern Realis m)一章称莫里森、汤亭亭、多克特罗等人为“后现代现实主义作家”;①“后现代小说”(Post m odern Ficti on)一章选择纳博科夫、霍克思、巴思、库弗、品钦、德里罗、巴塞尔姆、冯尼格特等12位“主流的前卫”作家,②总结“后现代”小说的特征;“前卫小说”(The Avant2Garde)一章则避免使用“后现代”而采用“前卫”这一术语来把握霍克思、巴思、库弗、加斯、巴塞尔姆等人的小说创作。③成书于15年前的这部美洲小说史,一如讲述“很多个不同的故事”④的《哥伦比亚美国文学史》,也从多个角度审视美洲大陆小说特别是美国小说,同一位作家会出现在不同章节中,各章撰稿人对作家贴上不同标签,虽然有些观点在今天看来不免存在偏颇之处,但该书不乏真知灼见,对我们学习和研究美国文学具有启迪意义。 《哥伦比亚美洲小说史》中“后现代现实主义”一章撰稿人萨迪瓦(JoséDavid Saldívar)是研究墨西哥裔美国文学与文化的专家。也许是由于专业背景的关系,他努力将后现代现实主义与发轫于拉丁美洲的魔幻现实主义联系起来,称莫里森等后现代现实主义作家促使魔幻现实主义进入“第四时期”,⑤从而将美国当代小说纳入美洲大陆 ? 8 4 ?
10部必读美国文学经典作品 1. The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Howthorne《红字》霍桑著小说惯用象征手法，人物、情节和语言都颇具主观想象色彩，在描写中又常把人的心理活动和直觉放在首位。因此，它不仅是美利坚合众国浪漫主义小说的代表作，同时也被称作是美利坚合众国心理分析小说的开创篇。 2. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》马克·吐温著《哈克》是美国文学中的珍品，也是美国文化中的珍品。1984 ,美国文坛为《哈克》出版一百周年举行了广泛的庆祝活动和学术讨论，这在世界文坛上也是少有的盛事。这是因为《哈克》的意义不一般。美国著名作家海明威说：“一切现代美国文学来自一本书，即马克·吐温的《赫克尔贝里芬历险记》……这是我们所有书中最好的。一切美国文学都来自这本书，在它之前，或在它之后，都不曾有过能与之媲美的作品”。 3. The Portrait of a Lady by Henry James《贵妇画像》亨利·詹姆斯著美国小说家亨利·詹姆斯的《贵妇画像》自问世以来一直受到文学评论界的关注，专家学者已从各个不同角度对女主人伊莎贝尔·阿切尔作了深入细致的研究。本文试图从一个全新的视角，即跨文化交际角度，剖析伊莎贝尔在婚姻方面所作的选择。文章指出她是该小说中跨文化交际的最大失败者，并对其失败原因作了分析。希望在跨文化交际日益频繁的今天我们都能从伊莎贝尔的生活经历中得到某种启发。 4. Moby Dick by Herman Melville《白鲸》麦尔维尔著小说描写了亚哈船长为了追逐并杀死白鲸莫比·迪克的经历，最终与白鲸同归于尽的故事。故事营造了一种让人置身海上航行、随时遭遇各种危险甚至是死亡的氛围，是作者的代表作。小说场面宏阔博大，思想内涵复杂，哲理性很强，而且文笔沉郁瑰奇，堪称杰作。 5. Martin Eden by Jack London《马丁.伊登》杰克.伦敦著在美国文学发展史上，《马丁·伊登》起着先驱作用，后来不少描写“美国梦”破灭的作品都或多或少地受到它的影响。围绕这部书引起的争论首先是在主题上，按照杰克·伦敦的本意，写这部属的宗旨之一乃是攻击个人主义，但大多数评论家都认为他是在为个人主义辩护，而相当多的读者是把马丁·伊登当作“个人奋斗”的典型来接受的。其次是语言，有人认为“充满元气和力量”，也有人认为“粗糙”、“变化少”。杰克·伦敦是以“超人”自居的，他并没有成为超人，但《马丁·伊登》的确是一部超越了时代的作品。 6.The Great Gatsby by F.S. Fitzgerald《了不起的盖茨比》菲茨杰拉德著二十世纪的二十和三十年代是美国小说的黄金时代，群星璀璨，各放异彩。先是作家德莱塞出版了一部又一部长篇巨著，并且在一九二五年又发表了他的代表作《美国的悲剧》。同年四月，《了不起的盖茨比》在纽约出版，著名诗人兼文艺评论家T·S ·艾略特立刻称之为“美国小说自亨利·詹姆斯以来迈出的第一步”。海明威在回忆菲氏时写道：“既然他能够写出一本像《了不起的盖茨比》这样好的书，我相信他一定能够写出更好的书。”艾略特和海明威都是以苛刻闻名的批评家，因此我们就不难领会这些评价的分量了。直到今天，《了不起的盖茨比》还是美国一部家喻户晓的经典。
契诃夫短篇小说答案 1、契诃夫是俄国的世界级短篇小说巨匠和19世纪末期最后一位批判现实主义小说家。 2、他与法国的莫泊桑，美国的欧亨利并称“世界三大短篇小说家” 3、他坚持现实主义传统，注重描写俄国人民的日常生活，塑造具有典型性格的小人物，借此反映出当时俄国社会的状况。 4、他创造了一种风格独特、言简意赅、艺术精湛的抒情心理小说。 5、他截取片段平凡的日常生活，凭借精巧的艺术细节对生活和人物作真实描绘和刻画，从中展示重要的社会内容。 6、这种小说抒情气味浓郁，抒发他对丑恶现实的不满和对美好未来的向往，把褒扬和贬抑、欢悦和痛苦之情融化在作品的形象体系之中。 7、他的小说再现了小人物的不幸和软弱，劳动人民的悲惨生活和小市民的庸俗猥琐。 8、他的作品的特征是对丑恶现象的嘲笑与对贫苦人民的深切的同情。 9、其作品无情地揭露了沙皇统治下的不合理的社会制度和社会的丑恶现象。 10、他被认为19世纪末俄国现实主义文学的杰出代表。 11、他的代表作有《套中人》、《小公务员之死》、《变色龙》等 12、《凡卡》这篇小说写得真实感人，也使我们从中看到旧俄时代穷苦劳动人民的悲惨生活。 13、《预谋犯》是契诃夫的许多短篇小说中脍炙人口的一篇。本文揭露了沙俄社会对人的青春、才能、幸福的毁灭。 14、《未婚夫和爸爸》以夸张的手法反映了沙皇俄国时不合理社会制度给人的恐惧。 15、《胖子和瘦子》反映十九世纪末沙皇专制制度下整个俄国社会现实，抨击形式那种世俗的不合理的社会制度。 16、《小公务员之死》是俄国作家契诃夫的代表作品之一。这个故事既反映了由于当时社会的极端恐怖所造成的人们的精神异化、性格扭曲、心理变态与行为荒诞，也表现了一个下等官员可悲的屈从、可鄙的奴性与可怜的结局。 17、《变色龙》是俄国作家契诃夫早期创作的一篇讽刺小说。 18、奥楚蔑洛夫的性格特征是对上诌媚，对下欺压。但他却要装出一副正义、公允的面孔，总想以美遮丑，因此往往丑态百出，令人发笑。契诃夫为了彻底剥下他的假面具，采用对比的方法，对他进行了无情的鞭挞。 19、在契河夫的经典短篇小说《变色龙》里，相对于奥楚蔑洛夫，叶尔德林是个次要角色，他除了端醋栗、帮警官脱大衣、穿大衣三个动作、以及吞吞吐吐、欲言又止的四句话外，不再有其他描写。 20、《苦闷》写出了沙皇俄国时期社会的死气沉沉和冷漠。 21、《第六病室》这部严峻深沉、震撼人心的小说无疑是作家契诃夫一生所写的最富反抗精神的作品之一，它揭露了沙皇俄国像监狱一般阴森可怕，批判了勿以暴力抗恶的主张。22、契诃夫的短篇小说《带小狗的女人》叙述一对相爱的男女在充满虚伪的社会中艰辛的情感历程。 23、在《装在套子里的人》中，契诃夫塑造了一个性格孤僻，胆小怕事，恐惧变革，想做一个纯粹的现行制度的“守法良民”别里科夫。 24、。《农民》（1897）极其真实地描述了农民在80、90年代极度贫困的生活现状，表现了他对农民悲惨命运的关心同情。 25、《普里希别叶夫中士》（1885）中，作者鞭挞了忠实维护专制暴政的奴才及其专横跋扈、暴戾恣睢的丑恶嘴脸，揭示出黑暗时代的反动精神特征。
The Romance of a Busy Broker by O. Henry Pitcher, confidential clerk in the office of Harvey Maxwell, broker, allowed a look of mild interest and surprise to visit his usually expressionless countenance when his employer briskly entered at half past nine in company with his young lady stenographer. With a snappy "Good-morning, Pitcher," Maxwell dashed at his desk as though he were intending to leap over it, and then plunged into the great heap of letters and telegrams waiting there for him. The young lady had been Maxwell's stenographer for a year. She was beautiful in a way that was decidedly unstenographic. She forewent the pomp of the alluring pompadour. She wore no chains, bracelets or lockets. She had not the air of being about to accept an invitation to luncheon. Her dress was grey and plain, but it fitted her figure with fidelity and discretion. In her neat black turban hat was the gold-green wing of a macaw. On this morning she was softly and shyly radiant. Her eyes were dreamily bright, her cheeks genuine peachblow, her expression a happy one, tinged with reminiscence. Pitcher, still mildly curious, noticed a difference in her ways this morning. Instead of going straight into the adjoining room, where her desk was, she lingered, slightly irresolute, in the outer office. Once she moved over by Maxwell's desk, near enough for him to be aware of her presence. The machine sitting at that desk was no longer a man; it was a busy New York broker, moved by buzzing wheels and uncoiling springs. "Well--what is it? Anything?" asked Maxwell sharply. His opened mail lay like a bank of stage snow on his crowded desk. His keen grey eye, impersonal and brusque, flashed upon her half impatiently. "Nothing," answered the stenographer, moving away with a little smile. "Mr. Pitcher," she said to the confidential clerk, did Mr. Maxwell say anything yesterday about engaging another stenographer?" "He did," answered Pitcher. "He told me to get another one. I notified the agency yesterday afternoon to send over a few samples this morning. It's 9.45 o'clock, and not a single picture hat or piece of pineapple chewing gum has showed up yet." "I will do the work as usual, then," said the young lady, "until some one comes to fill the place." And she went to her desk at once and hung the black turban hat with the gold-green macaw wing in its accustomed place. He who has been denied the spectacle of a busy Manhattan broker during a rush of business is handicapped for the profession of anthropology. The poet sings