4.Inaugural Address
(January 20, 1961)
John F. Kennedy
目的/重点
Aims
1.To know how to make good conversation
2.T o trace the history of the King’s English
3.T o learn the methods in developing an expository writing,esp. the use of examples
4.T o analyse the features of spoken English
5.T o appreciate the language features
Teaching Contents
1. Exposition
2. History of Britain
3. Detailed study of the text
4. Organizational pattern
5. Language features
6. The characteristics of spoken English
Time allocation
1. Exposition and history (15 min.)
2. Detailed study of the text (105 min.)
3. Structure analysis (15 min.)
4. Language appreciation (15 min.)
5. The characteristics of spoken English (30 min)
课文内容
4. Inaugural Address
(January 20, 1961)
John F. Kennedy
1 We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom, symbolizing an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change. For I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three-quarters ago.
2 The world is very different now. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. And yet the same revolutionary belief for which our forebears fought is still at issue around the globe, the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state but from the hand of God.
3 We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution. Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans, born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.
4 Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or i11, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.
5 This much we pledge--and more.
6 To those old allies whose cultural and spiritual origins we share, we pledge the loyalty of faithful friends. United, there is little we cannot do in a host of co-operative ventures. Divided, there is little we can do, for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder.
7 To those new states whom we welcome to the ranks of the free, we pledge our word that one form of colonial control shall not have passed away merely to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny. We shall not always expect to find them supporting our view. But we shall always hope to find them strongly supporting their own freedom, and to remember that, in the past, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.
8 To those peoples in the huts and villages of half the globe struggling to break the bonds of mass misery, we pledge our best efforts to help them help themselves, for whatever period is required, not because the Communists may be doing it, not because we seek their votes, but because it is right. If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.
9 To our sister republics south of our border, we offer a special pledge: to convert our good words into good deeds, in a new alliance for progress, to assist free men and free governments in casting off the chains of poverty. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. Let all our neighbors know that we shall join with them to oppose aggression or subversion anywhere in the Americas. And let every other power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house.
10 To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations, our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace, we renew our pledge of support: to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective, to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak, and to enlarge the area in which its writ may run.
11 Finally, to those nations who would make themselves our adversary, we offer not a pledge but a request: that both sides begin anew the quest for peace, before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.
12 We dare not tempt them with weakness. For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.
13 But neither can two great and powerful groups of nations take comfort from our present course--both sides overburdened by the cost of modern weapons, both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom, yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind's final war.
14 So let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof. Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.
15 Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us.
16 Let both sides, for the first time, formulate serious and precise proposals for the inspection and control of arms and bring the absolute power to destroy other nations under the absolute control of all nations.
17 Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors. Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths and encourage the arts and commerce.
18 Let both sides unite to heed in all corners of the earth the command of Isaiah to "undo the heavy burdens...(and) let the oppressed go free".
19 And if a beachhead of co-operation may push back the jungle of suspicion, let both sides join in creating a new endeavor, not a new balance of power, but a new world of law, where the strong are just and the weak secure and the peace preserved.
20 All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. But let us begin.
21 In your hands, my fellow citizens, more than mine, will rest the final success or failure of our course. Since this country was founded, each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty. The graves of young Americans who answered the call to service surround the globe.
22 Now the trumpet summons us again--not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need; not as a call to battle, though embattled we are; but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle, year in and year out, "rejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation," a struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease and war itself.
23 Can we forge against these enemies a grand and global alliance, North and South, East and West, that can assure a more fruitful life for all mankind? Will you join in the historic effort?
24 In the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger. I do not shrink from this responsibility; I welcome it. I do not believe that any of us would exchange places with any other people or any other generation. The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it, and the glow from that fire can truly light the world.
25 And so, my fellow Americans ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.
26 My fellow citizens of the world, ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.
27 Finally, whether you are citizens of America or citizens of the world, ask of us here the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you. With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love, asking His blessing and His help, but knowing that here on earth God's work must truly be our own.
(from A Treasury of the World's Great Speeches, 1965)
NOTES
1. inaugural address: since 1937, Inauguration Day has been changed to Jan. 20. On this day every four years the newly elected president of the United States faces the people for the first time, takes the presidential oath of office and delivers his inaugural address.
2. solemn oath: the presidential oath, traditionally administered by the Chief Justice, is prescribed in Article II, section 1 of the Constitution of the United States. The oath runs as follows: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States. "
3. The belief that the rights of man.., hand of God: refers to a passage in the American Declaration of Independence: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. "
4. command of Isaiah: one of the greatest Hebrew prophets whose writings are extant (late 8th century B. C. ) ; venerated by rabbis as 2nd only to Moses. The Book of Isaiah, a book in the Old Testament of the Bible of the Christian, is believed to be a work of two authors of different periods; chapters 1--39 relate to the history of the Israelites; chapters 40--66 foretell the coming of the Messiah. The quotation in the text is taken from chapter 58, verse 6: "Is not this the fast that I have chosen? to loose the bands of wickedness, to undo the heavy burdens, and to let the oppressed go free, and that ye break every yoke?"
教学教案
背景知识
课文详解
文章结构
修辞学习
课文录像
课文录音
词汇短语
词汇(Vocabulary)
inaugural (adj.) : of an inauguration就职(典礼)的
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signify (v.) : be a sign or indication of；mean表明；意味
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almighty (adj.) : having unlimited power；all—powerful有无限权力的；全能的
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forebear (n.) : an ancester 祖先，祖宗
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prescribe (v.) : set down as a rule or direction；order；ordain；direct命令；指示；规定，订立
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generosity (n.) : the quality of being generous慷慨；宽宏大量
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heir (n.) : person who appears to get some trait from a predecessor or seems to carry on in his tradition继承者；后嗣
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foe (n.) : enemy；opponent敌人
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undoing (n.) : the act of bringing to ruin，disgrace，or destruction毁灭；破坏
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at odds : in disagreement；quarreling意见不一致；有争执
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asunder (adv.) : into parts or pieces分成碎片；分散
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prey (n.) : a person or thing that falls victim to someone or something牺牲品；掠夺品
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subversion (n.) : a subverting or being subverted．ruin 颠覆(活动)；破坏
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sovereign (adj.) : independent of all others独立自主的
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outpace (v.) : surpass；exceed在速度上超过；胜过
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invective (n.) : a violent verbal attack．strong criticism，insults, curses, etc.; vituperation 抨击；辱骂，谩骂
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shield (n.) : any person or thing that guards，protects，or defends; protection保护人；防护物；保护
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writ (n.) : a formal legal document ordering or prohibiting some action命令；律令；文书；传票
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adversary (n.) : a person who opposes or fights against another; opponent；enemy对手，反对者；敌手，敌方
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anew (adv.) : again重新，再
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unleash (v.) : release from or as from a leash(解开皮带以)释放
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engulf (v.) : swallow up；overwhelm 吞没，淹没，压倒
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civility (n.) : politeness．esp. in a merely formal way 礼貌，客气
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belabor (v.) : talk about at unnecessary length唠唠叨叨地反复讲
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formulate (v.) : put together and express (a theory．plan ,etc.)a systematic way系统地阐述(或提出)(理论、计划等)
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tap (v.) : draw upon；make use of开发、发掘
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heed (v.) : pay close attention to；take careful notice of注意, 留神，留心
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beachhead (n.) : a position established by invading troops on an enemy shore；a position gained as a secare starting point for any action；foothold滩头堡，登陆场；立足点
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endeavor (n.) : an earnest attempt or effort努力，尽力
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testimony (n.) : any form of evidence，indication. etc.；proof证明，证据
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embattle (v.): [常用于被动语态]prepare，array，or set in line for battle使准备战斗，使严阵以待
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tribulation (n.) : great misery or distress, as from oppression；deep sorrow苦难；困苦；忧伤
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forge (v.): move forward steadily，as if against difficulties; form；produce(似乎迎着困难)稳步前进；形成；结成
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alliance (n.) : a close association for a common objective as of nations，political parties，etc．联盟，联合，同盟
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短语(Expressions)
at issue : in dispute；to be decided；at variance；in disagreement意见不一致例：What is at issue is the extent to which exam results reflect a student’s ability.意见的分歧之处在于考试对于学生能力的影响程度。
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at odds : in disagreement；quarrelling；antagonistic意见不一致，有争执例：IHe was at odds with his colleagues．他与同事意见不合。
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east off : to discard；abandon；disown丢弃，摆脱
例：A haven of tranquility where you can cast off the strains and stress of life．一个可以摆脱生活重负的宁静港湾
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beyond doubt : certainly毫无疑问
例：She was beyond doubt one of the finest swimmers in the school．毫无疑问，她在学校里游泳游得最棒。
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课文翻译
第四课就职演说(1961年1月20日)
约翰?F?肯尼迪
我们今天举行的不是一个政党的祝捷大会，而是一次自由的庆典。这是一个承先启后、继往开来的大事件。因为刚才我已依照我们的先辈在将近一又四分之三个世纪以前拟好的誓言在诸位和全能的上帝面前庄严宣誓。
当今的世界已与往昔大不相同了。人类手中已掌握的力量，既足以消除一切形式的人类贫困，也足以结束一切形式的人类生活。然而，我们的先辈曾为之奋斗的革命信念至今仍未能为举世所公认。这信念就是认定人权出自上帝所赐而非得自政府的恩典。
我们今天仍未敢忘记我们是第一次革命战争的接班人。此时此地我谨向我们的朋友，同时也向我们的敌人宣告：火炬已传到我们新一代美国人手中。这一代人在本世纪成长起来，经受过战火的锻炼，经历过冷峻的和平的考验，以珍视古老的传统而自豪，又决不愿坐视或容许人权逐渐遭到践踏。美国对这些人权一向负有责任，今天我们也正在本国及全世界范围内为之奋斗。
必须让每一个友邦和敌国都知道：为维护自由，使其长存不灭，我们将会不惜付出任何代价，肩负任何重担，迎战一切困难，援助一切朋友，反击一切敌人。
以上这些是我们保证要做到的——但我们保证要做到的还不止这些。
对于那些与我们有着共同的文化和精神渊源的传统盟邦，我们保证将报之以真诚不渝的友谊。只要我们团结起来，我们在许多合作性事业中就会无往而不胜；而一旦彼此分裂，我们就会无所作为。因为我们之间若起争端，彼此离异，便难以与我们面临的强大对手抗衡。
对于那些我们欢迎其加入自由国家行列的各新兴国家，浅们发誓，一种形式的殖民统治的结束绝不应仅是为了被另一种远为残酷的暴政所取代。我们并不期望这些国家总是支持我们的观点，但我们希望他们始终能够坚决地卫护自己的自由，并时刻牢记，过去那些企图骑上虎背为自己壮声势的愚人结果都没能逃脱葬身虎腹的命运。
对于那些居住在遍布半个地球的茅舍荒村中，正奋力冲破集体贫困的桎梏的各民族，我们保证将尽最大努力帮助他们脱贫自救，不管这样做需要多长时间。这样做并不是因为怕共产党会抢先这样做，也不是因为我们想获得那些国家的赞成票，而是因为这样做是正确的。一个自由社会如若不能帮助众多的穷人，也就无法保全少数的富人。
对于我国边界以南的各姊妹国家，我们要作一项特别的保证：把我们美妙的言辞付诸行动，为谋求进步而进行新的合作。帮助自由的人民和自由的国家政府挣脱贫困的锁链。但我们绝不能让这个充满希望的和平革命成为敌对国家的牺牲品。要让所有的邻邦都知道，我们将和他们一起反对外国在美洲任何地区进行的侵略或颠覆。也要让所有别的国家知道，我们这个半球仍得由自己当家做主。
在一个战争因素远远超过和平因素的时代，对于我们唯一的最好的希望赖以寄托的世界主权国家的联盟组织一一联合国，我们重申对它给予支持的保证：阻止其成为一个仅供谩骂的讲坛，加强其对新兴国家及弱小国家的保护作用，并扩大其职能范围。
最后，对于那些不惜与我们为敌的国家，我们要提出的不是保证而是呼吁：希望双方重新开始努力寻求和平，不要等到科学所释放出来的可怕的破坏力将整个人类推向有计划的或偶然发生的自我毁灭之时。
我们不敢以示弱去诱惑他们。因为只有当我们有了无可置疑的足够的武力时，我们才能有无可置疑的把握避免使用武力。
然而，目前的局势使两大国家集团都感到不安——双方都因现代军备的庞大开支而感到
不堪重负，双方都为极端危险的原子武器的不断扩散而理所当然地感到惊慌不安，但双方又都在竞相谋求改变那种使双方都不敢轻易发动导致全人类毁灭的最后决战的小稳定的恐怖均势。
因此，让我们重新开始，双方都记住：礼让并不表示软弱，而诚意则永远需要验证。我们决不能因为惧怕而谈判，但我们也决不要惧怕谈判。
让双方寻求彼此的共同利益所在，而不要在引起分歧的问题上徒费精力。
让双方进行首次谈判，对监督和控制军备制订出严格可行的计划?并且把足以毁灭其他国家的绝对力量置于世界各国的绝对管制之下。
让双方致力于揭开科学的奥秘，而不是科学的恐怖。让我们共同努力去探测星空，征服沙漠，消除疾病，开发洋底，并促进艺术和贸易的发展。
让双方一起在世界各个角落听取以赛亚的指示，去“卸下沉重的负担……(并)让被压迫者获得自由”。
如果初次的合作能够减少彼此之间的疑虑的话，那就让我们双方进而开始新的合作吧，不是寻求新的力量均衡，而是建立一个有法制的新世界，使强者公正，弱者安全，和平得以维持。
所有这一切不会在第一个一百天内完成，也不会在第一个一千天内完成，不会在本届政府任期内完成，甚至也许不会在我们这一辈子完成。但我们要让它从我们手上开始。
同胞们，我们事业的成败关键不仅仅是握在我的手中，更大一部分是握在你们手中。自从我国建立以来，每一代美国人都曾应召验证自己对祖国的忠诚。应召服役的美国青年的坟墓已遍布全球。
如今那号角又在召唤我们了。它不是在号召我们扛起武器一一尽管我们也需要武器，不是在号召我们去参战——尽管我们也准备应战，而是在号召我们肩负起一场长期的艰苦斗争的重任，年复一年，“忍受困苦，向往未来”，为反对人类共同的敌人——暴政、贫困、疾病以及战争本身——而斗争。
我们能否建立一个把东西南北联在一起的伟大的全球联盟来对付这些敌人，以确保人类享有更为富有成效的生活呢?你是否愿意参加这一具有历史意义的行动呢?
在世界漫长的历史上，只有少数几代人能在自由面临极大危险的时刻被赋予保卫自由的任务。在这一重任面前，我不退缩，我欢迎这一重任。我认为我们中间不会有人愿意与别人或另一代人调换位置。我们从事这一事业的那种精力、信念和献身精神将照耀我们的国家和一切为此出力的人们。这一火焰所发出的光芒将真正照亮这个世界。
因此，美国同胞们，你们应该问的不是你们的国家能为你们做些什么，而是你们自己能为你们的国家做些什么。
和我处在同样地位的世界各国的公民们，你们应该问的不是美国会为你们做些什么，而是我们一起能为人类自由做些什么。
最后，无论你们是美国公民还是世界各国的公民，请以我们在此要求于你们的那种力量和牺牲的高标准反过来要求我们。良心是我们唯一可靠的报酬，历史是我们所作所为的最后裁判。让我们迈步向前，去领导我们所热爱的国家吧，我们祈求上帝的保佑和帮助，但我们知道，上帝在人间的工作就是我们自己的工作。
(摘自《世界著名演说集锦》，1965)
课文练习
EXERCISES 4
I. Write short notes on 1) John F. Kennedy's family background 2) his political career and election as president 3) his assassination.
[SRB]
1. The New Book of Knowledge
2. Encyclopedia Americana
3. Encyclopaedia Britannica
4. any history of the United States covering the 1960's
5. any biography or biographical sketch of John F. Kennedy
Ⅱ Questions on content:
1. Do you agree with Kennedy that the world is very different now? What differences does he have in mind? Do you agree with him?
2. What belief is still at issue around the globe? Do you agree with him?
3. Whom does Kennedy consider as friends and whom as foes?
4. Name some old allies of the United States whose cultural and spiritual origins the United States share.
5. Name some of the new states whom Kennedy welcomes (para 7). What does he pledge to them?
6. Who are those peoples in huts and villages? Why does Kennedy want to help them?
7. What is his stated policy towards Latin America?
8. Sum up the policy Kennedy says he intends to pursue towards those nations whom he considers to be " our adversary".
9. What is his message to his fellow citizens? What does he mean by "a long twilight struggle"?
10. Do you agree that freedom was in its hour of maximum danger when Kennedy assumed office? Give your reasons.
Ill. Questions on appreciation:
1. Speeches are generally highly rhetorical. Point out some of the different rhetorical devices Kennedy employs to make his inaugural address as forceful and impressive as possible.
2. Is the address well organized? Comment on the order in which he addressed the different groups of nations and people.
3. Cite examples to show that Kennedy is very particular and careful in his choice and use of words.
4. Is his tone and message suited to the different groups he addresses? Give your reasons.
5. This inaugural address is regarded by many in the United States as a classical speech, and many passages are often quoted. Could you pick out some passages likely to be quoted by Americans? Give reasons for your choice.
6. Is Kennedy' s argument and persuasion based mainly on facts and logic or on an appeal to emotions? Would this type of speech be successful on all occasions?
IV. Paraphrase:
1. And yet the same revolutionary beliet for which our forebears fought is still at issue around the globe (para 2)
2. This much we pledge--and more. (para 5)
3. United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. (para 5)
4. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. (para 9)
5. our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace (para 10)
6. to enlarge the area in which its writ may run (para 10)
7. before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction (para 11)
8. yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind's final war (para 13)
9. So let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness (para 14)
10. Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors. (para 17)
11. each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty (para 21 )
12. With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love (para 27)
V Translate paras 23--26 into Chinese.
Ⅵ. Look up the dictionary and explain the meaning of the italicized words:
1. the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three-quarters ago (para 1)
2. for man holds in his mortal hands the power (para 2)
3. is still at issue around the globe (para 3)
4. disciplined by a hard and bitter peace (para 3)
5. to which we are committed today (para 3)
6. to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rights (para 3)
7. we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder (para 6)
8, to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny (para 7 )
9. struggling to break the bonds of mass misery (para 8)
10. to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective (para 10)
11. to enlarge the area in which its writ may run (paralO)
12. that stays the hand of mankind's final war (para 13)
13. tap the ocean depths (para 17)
14. not as a call to bear arms.., but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle (para 22)
Ⅶ. Discriminate the following groups of synonyms:
1. mortal, fatal, deadly, lethal
2. faithful, loyal, constant, staunch, resolute
Ⅷ. Give ten synonymous and/or related words of the word tyranny. Give words of the same part of speech.
[SRB]
1 . Rogers International Thesaurus
2. Webster’s Collegiate Thesaurus
Ⅸ. Give ten antonymous and/or contrasted words of the word poverty. Give words of the same part of speech.
[SRB]
1. Roget's International Thesaurus
2. Webster’s Collegiate Thesaurus
X. Match the verbs and nouns in the two columns.
pay the arts
bear foes
pledge friends
explore a (great) alliance
conquer (one' s) word
eradicate disease
tap proposals
encourage the stars
forge the (ocean) depths
support a price
oppose the deserts
formulate a burden
Ⅺ.Pick out as many antitheses as you can from the speech.
Ⅻ. The speaker employs repetition and parallel structures to gait force. Pick out at least ten places where repetition or parallelism occurs.
Models: 1. We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom, symbolizing an end as well a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change.
(parallelism)
2. To our sister republics south of our border, we offer a special pledge: to convert our good words into good deeds, in new alliance for progress, to assist free men and free governments in casting off the chains of poverty. (repetition)
ⅩⅢ. The following sentences all contain metaphors. Explain their meaning in plain, non-figurative language:
1. But we shall not always expect .. to remember that, in the past, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.
2. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.
3. And let every other power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house.
4. we renew our pledge of support: to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective, to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak
5.And if a beachhead of co-operation may push back the jungle of suspicion
6.The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it, and the glow from that fire can truly light the world.
ⅩⅣ. Read the following "catalogue" of transitional words and expressions. Explain what relationship each group brings out.
1. additionally, again, also, and also, and then, as well, besides, beyond that, equally important, first (second, third, finally, last, lastly, etc. ), for one thing, further, furthermore, in addition, likewise, moreover, next, now, on top of that, over and above that
2. in the same way, likewise, similarly
3. after all, although this may be true, and yet, be that as it may, but even so, for all that, however, in contrast, in other circumstances, in spite of that, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the other hand, otherwise, still, yet, on the contrary, whereas, conversely
4. above all, certainly, especially, in any event, in fact, in particular, indeed, most important, surely
5. as an example, as an illustration, for example, for instance, in other words, in particular, that is, especially, namely, to illustrate
6. above that, at this point, below that, beyond that, here, near by, next to that, on the other side, outside, within
7. for this purpose, for this reason, to this end
8. accordingly, as a consequence, as a result, consequently, for that reason, hence, inevitably, necessarily, that being the case, then, therefore, thus, so
9.as has been noted, as I have said, finally, in brief, in other words, in short, in sum, lastly, on the whole, to be sure, to sum up, to conclude, in conclusion
10 after a while, afterward, at last, at length, at once, briefly, by degrees, eventually, finally, first (second, third, etc. ), gradually, immediately, in a short time, in the future, in the meantime, instantaneously, later, meanwhile, prompt/y, soon, suddenly
ⅩⅤ. In the following paragraphs, list an appropriate transitional word or expression for each blank space. (Note: the bracketed word after the blank space indicates the relationship conveyed by the transitional expression. )
1. There are at least three reasons why a girl should have a college education: it can give her greater financial gain, a better family life, and richer personal resources.
(Enumeration), the girl who has a college education is likely to find a better job and make more money. A typist, ( Exemplification ), may earn only $ 300 a month. A research chemist, (Contrast), may earn more than $15, 000 a year. (Enumeration), the college-educated girl is likely to have a better family life. (Exemplification), she'll be able to communicate with her husband, since she knows more about ideas and about life than the woman who drops out of school in the tenth grade and spends most of her time washing diapers and watching television. (Exemplification), the college-educated woman can influence her children's education by taking an intelligent, informed interest in it. (Enumeration)--and perhaps most important of all--is the fact that a college education gives a woman richer personal resources than she would otherwise have. It gives her a taste for ideas and a knowledge of history, art, philosophy, music, science, and so on. (Reason)--greater financial gain, a better family life, and richer personal resources--every woman should try to get a college education.
2. In his poetry, W.B. Yeats often praised ritual and ceremony as civilized qualities, without which real civilization, (Emphasis), could not exist. Strangely, even as a child in a small town in Texas--where Yeats himself was quite unknown, I' m sure--I (Addition) was given to ritual and ceremony, as this small incident reveals. I had a dog, a red cocker named Irma, who had come to us as a bitch in heat, pursued by a pack of mongrels--and (Result) acquired by serendipity, just as I had acquired other strays, including my three greyhounds. That first day I sheltered her in my barn (Time) she gave birth to five black hounds, whose tails we duly severed with sharp scissors, as befitted even factitious cockers. (Contrast) one summer day, when I must have been all of twelve, Irma met a sad fate: I started up the '47 Studebaker, popped forward--and over something. It was Irma. Irma was dead .(Result) we needed a funeral befitting her status and dignity. (Time) I had rounded up my brothers and two of my cousins, and we had neatly boxed Irma, made a wooden cross, and left-with a shovel, a Bible, and my battered old trumpet—for Hidden Valley, a few miles out of town. Our Studebake stuttered down dirt roads, until we came (Time to our destination. (Time) we hacked out a hol under the cottonwood trees on the bank of a dry creek (Time) we gently lowered Irma's box, and with dignified ceremony passed the shovel as each of us, tearless but solemn, sprinkled dirt over the old box. Bible in hand, I turned to Ecclesiastes to read of the generation that passéaway and the generation that comes in its place. Then, (Time), trembling, I brought the trumpet to m: lips.
A thin, quivering, off-key tune sounded over Irma' grave as the cross was driven home. We knew, with childish certainty, that Irma rested at peace in Hidden Valley (Time)
ⅩⅥ. Topics for oral work:
1. To what, do you think, is the United States committed a home and around the world?
2. Comment on U.S. policies as laid down by Kennedy in hi, inaugural address
ⅩⅦ Write a sentence outline of the Address.
习题全解
Ⅰ.John F. Kennedy(1917--1963),35th President of the United States
A. His family background
John Kennedy, whose ancestors came from Ireland, was the first Roman Catholic to become president of the United States. At 43 he was also the youngest man ever elected to the highest office of his country, although he was not the youngest to serve in it. Theodore Roosevelt was not quite 43 when the assasination of President McKinley elevated him to the Presidency. John Fitzgerald Francis Kennedy was born on May 29,1917, in Brookline, Massachusetts. Brookline was the suburb of Boston where his grandfather had been elected to many public offices. Joseph P. Kennedy, father of the future presi- dent, was at 25 the youngest bank president in the country. He was to build one of the great private fortunes of his time. He and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy raised a family of nine children. John was the second born.
When the first Kennedy child, Joseph, Jr. , was born, father Joe was reported to have said, "He' 11 be the first Kennedy to become president of the United States. " But he was killed while piloting a bomber in World War Ⅱ , and the leadership of the rising Kennedy generation passed to John.
Thus young John Kennedy, often called Jack, inherited a background of polities, wealth and determination. The family circle was close and warm. The boys learned competition first in sports. They played hard to win, a family trait in sports and politics all their lives. Young Kennedy attended private schools in Brookline and New York City; and then, in 1931, he entered Choate School, in Wallingford, Connecticut to prepare for college. Young Kennedy, after a short spell at the London School of Economics and Princeton, entered Harvard. In 1940 he graduated from Harvard cure laude.
B. His political career and election as president
In 1945 the Hearst newspapers hired Kennedy to cover the United Nations preliminary conference in San Francisco. He covered the British elections that year, then decided he had had enough of journalism. He did not know whether he would like politics, but decided to try it. In 1946 he ran for Congress as a Democrat, in a Boston district. Though he did not live there, Kennedy, by hard compaigning, defeated a large field of rivals. He was re-elected twice. Then he tried for election to the United States Senate against Republican Henry Cabot Lodge, who was supposed to be unbeatable in Massachusetts. It was a big Republican year in 1952, in Massachusetts and elsewhere, but Jack Kennedy beat Lodge by 70,000 votes.
On September 12, 1953, Kennedy and Jacqueline Bouvier were married at Newport, Rhode Island. They had three children—Caroline; John, Jr. , whom his father called John-John; and Patrick Bouvier, who lived but a few days.
Kennedy missed being nominated for vice-president by a few votes in 1956. But he gained an introduction to millions of Americans who watched the Chicago Democratic Convention on television. When he decided to run for president in1960, his name was widely known. Many thought that his religion and his youthful appearance would handicap him. Kennedy faced the religion issue frankly. He declared his firm belief in the separation of church and state. His wealth enabled him to assemble a staff and to get around the country in a private plane.
Kennedy’ s four television debates with Republican candidate, Richard M. Nixon, were
a highlight of the 1960 campaign. The debates probably were important in Kennedy’s close victory electoral votes to 219 for Nixon. The popular vote was breathtakingly close Kennedy received only18,574 more votes than Nixon--a fraction of 1 precent of the total vote. (excerpts from the New Book of Knowledge)
C. Assasination
In November 1963, President Kennedy journeyed to Texas for a speech-making tour. In Dallas on November 22, he and his wife were cheered enthusiastically as their open car passed through the streets. Suddenly, at 12"30 in the after-noon, an assassin fired several shots, striking the president twice, in the base of the neck and the head, and seriously wounding John Connally, the governor of Texas, who was riding with the Kennedys. The president was rushed to Park-land Memorial Hospital, where he was pronounced dead about a' half hour later. Within two hours, Vice President Johnson took the oath as president. On November 24, amid national and worldwide mourning, the President’s body lay in state on the rotunda of the U. S. Capitol. The next day, leaders of 92 nations attended the state funeral, and a million persons lined the route as a horsedrawn caisson bore the body to St. Matthew’s Cathedral for a requiem mass. While millions of Americans watched the ceremonies on television, the president was buried on an open slope in Arlington National Cemetry. There an eternal flame, lighted by his wife, marks the grave.
On the day of the assasination, the police arrested Lee Harvey Oswald, a 24-year-old ex-marine, for the president’s murder. Oswald, who had lived for a time in the Soviet Union, killed Dallas policeman J. D. Tippit while resisting at-rest. Two days later, in the station, Oswald himself was basement of the Dallas police fatally shot by Jack Ruby, a nightclub owner. On November 29, President Johnson appointed a seven- member commission, headed by Chief Justice Earl Warren, to conduct a thorough investigation of the assassination and report to the nation. The commission’s report made public on Sept. 27, 1964, held that Oswald fired the shots that killed the president. Further, to allay suspicions that the murder was a conspiratorial plot, it stated that the committee "found no evidence" that either Oswald or Ruby "was part of any conspiracy, domestic or foreign, to assassinate President Kennedy".
Ⅱ. 1. Kennedy thinks the world is different now because man has made great progress in science and technology and has not only the power (scientific farming, speedy transportation, mass production, etc. ) to abolish poverty, but also the power(missiles，H_bombs，etc．)to destroy all forms of human life．I agree with him．2．According to Kennedy，the belief still at issue around the globe is the belief that all man are created equal and God has given them certain inalienable rights which no state or ruler can take away from them．
3．Kennedy considers as friends：
a)the old allies of the U．S．，such as Britain，Canada，Australia，New Zealand and the western European countries；b) the countries in South America and；c)many of the developing countries in Asia and Africa that rely on U．S．aid．He considers all socialist countries as foes(all that time the socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union)and those developing countries preparing to take the socialist road．
4．Britain，Canada，Australia，New Zealand．and in a wider sense one may also include France．
5．Many new nations were born after World WarⅡ．especially in Africa．In 1 960 alone，just one year before Kennedy’s inaugural speech，the following countries in Africa declared their independence：The Republic of Cen— tral Africa，The Republic of Chad，The Republic of Da-homey，The People’s Republic of the Congo。The(jabon Republic，The Republic of Ghana．etc．
6．The people who are in huts and villages are the poor people in backward developing countries in Africa and Asia．(Student give comments on the rest of the answer．) 7．The stated policy of Kennedy towards Latin America is summed up in the phrase “alliance for progress”．Kennedy pledged to take concrete steps to assist these governments and people in casting off the chains of poverty．
8．Kennedy’s policy towards “his adversary”is negotiation from a position of strength．The U．S．must first be strong enough to deter her adversary．From this strong position of absolute military superiority Kennedy proposes negotiating with the socialist camp(or the Soviet Union)on the following problems：a) arms control，b) cooperation in the fields of science，technology，arts and commerce，c)a new world system．9．He calls on his fellow—Americans to make new sacrifices．to do what his country calls on him to do．He should be prepared to sacrifice everything，even his life if necessary，to defend freedom，to wage constant war against tyranny，poverty，disease and war．The“long twilight struggle”is not a hot war but a constant，persevering fight against tyranny，poverty，disease and the threat of war．
10．There are probably some exaggeration in the claim that freedom was in its hour of maximum danger when Kennedy assumed office．However，it is historically justifiable that Kennedy assumed office at a time when freedom was in a most critical hour．The new president had to face many dangers and crises．At home，freedom was endangered by the witch hunting campaign against government workers accused of being communists started by Senator McCarthy．So Kennedy made himself a strong supporter of civil rights．
Ⅲ．1．The rhetorical devices employed included：figures of speech，parallel and ballanced structures，repetition of important words and phrases，and antitheses．2．Yes，the address is well organized．Kennedy addressed his old friends first with sweetest words and then his foes with sharp words．The order is clear and appropriate．3．In this highly rhetorical address，there are many examples to show that Kennedy is very particular and careful in his choice of and use of words as well as his choice of sentence patterns and structures. For example, in the sentence "To our sister republics south of our border, we offer a special pledge", the word "sister' is particularly chosen to connote equality and mutual good relations in his attempt to allay the traditional fears these countries have of their powerful big brother in the north. And in the sentence "Finally, to those nations who would make themselves our adversary, we offer not a pledge but a request", the phrase "would make them- selves our adversary" is again cleverly chosen to throw the blame for confrontation and world tension on the other party, It suggests that the United States has done nothing to create enemies. It is the other side that is challenging the U. S. , and the latter is forced to take the challenge although it really wants peace.
4.Nermedy carefully made his tone and message suited to the different groups he addresses. In his address there is proclaimed loyalty to old allies to sustain unity, assured
help and support to minor friends to keep them closely tied to the U. S. , warning advice to newborns to make them over, and veiled threat, warning and! advice to the enemy camp to check ambitions on the part of the enemies.
5. Among the passages most likely to be quoted: may be "we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty", as this is not only a carefully thought out, well-ballanced sentence easy to remember and elegantly pleasant to read aloud, but also a sentence that best expresses the proud feelings of the Americans as the self-appointed leader of the "free democracies "Kennedy's call for Americans to "ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country" is also very often quoted because it represents the enterprising spirit of the Americans of which Kennedy is a best example.
6. Kennedy' s argument and persuasion is based mainly on e-motional appeal rather than facts. This type of speech would not be successful on all occasions. It can be successful only when the audience is already excited and does not have much time to think or when the audience is already susceptible to the message of the speaker.
IV. 1. Our ancestors fought a revolutionary war to maintain that all men were created equal and God had given them certain unalienable rights which no state or ruler could take away from them. But today this issue has not yet been decided in many countries around the world.
2. This much we promise to do and we promise to do more.
3. United and working together we can accomplish a lot of things in a great number of joint undertakings.
4. We will not allow any enemy country to subvert this peaceful revolution which brings hope of progress to all our countries.
5. The United Nations is our last and best hope of survival in an age where the instruments of war have far surpassed the instruments of peace.
6. We pledge to help the United Nations enlarge the area in which its authority and mandate would continue to be in effect or in force.
7. before the terrible forces of destruction, which science can now release, overwhelm mankind; before this self-destruction, which may be planned or brought about by an accident, takes place
8. Yet both groups of nations are trying to change as quickly as possible this uncertain balance of terrible military power which restrains each group from launching mankind's final war.
9. So let us start once again (to discuss and negotiate)and let us remember that being polite is not a sign of weakness. 10. Let both sides try to call forth the wonderful things that science can do for mankind instead of the frightful things it can do.
11. Americans of every generation have been called upon to prove their loyalty to their country (by fighting and dying for their country's cause).
12.Let history finally judge whether we have done our task welt or not, but our sure reward will be a good con-science for we will have worked sincerely and to the best of our ability.
Ⅴ.See the translation of the text.
Ⅵ.1.prescribe, set down or impose
Lesson One 1.This picture brings back many pleasant memories of her Spanish holiday. 2.News and weather forecasts reports are staples of radio programmes. 3.By mere accident Tom met in a bar his long-lost brother who was thought to have been killed in action during the war. 4.Bill intuited something criminal in their plan. 5.They think that obsessive tidiness in factory is a bad sign . 6.Yesterday his mother sold several years’ worth of paper and magazines. 7.His heartening speech impelled us to (work with) greater efforts. 8.Those who enjoy pulling off a miracle often fail. 9.As language students we should have a sense of nuances of plain words and expressions. 10.The rude behavior of Mrs. Taylor’s ado pted son is driving her into a nervous breakdown. 11.I like to see films in general, and American Western and horrors in particular. 12.In some sense Mary saw in her aunt a surrogate of her mother. 13.My father never equivocated, and he always gave some brief but poignant opinions. 14.Though he disabled, he never tries of helping people. 15.In any country, those who are remiss in their duty must be severely punished. 16.Awareness of the fact that the child was in danger impelled the policeman to action. Lesson 2 1. A. The chances are that they will be held up by traffic on their way to the airport. B. the plane takes off at 6:35. It would be a pity if they couldn’t make it. 2.Another popular notion which is in fact a misconception is that expensive clothes invariably raise one’s status. 3.Can you imagine what kind of life a man has lived who aspires to excellence and abhors mediocrity? 4. A copy of our latest product catalogue will be sent free of charge if you will fill up the form on the reverse of this card and post it. 5.It will be an absurdity, if not a catastrophe. If half of the population of this city abandons their posts and goes in for business. 6.Because they want their kids to be somebodies, some well-intentioned parents exercise enormous pressures on their children and the results all too often prove the reverse. 7.The revered professor predicted that these brilliant young people would surely make their way in the scientific-technical realm in a few years. 8.Many writers have quitted writing stories because, as they say there is no market for them. Yet Lessing sticks and she would go on even if there really wasn’t any home for them but a private drawer. 9.Satire under his pen is only a means to an end, a form to expose social evils. 10.It seemed no body at the party, not even the reporters, made special note of the general’s absence which might have aroused the suspicion of his rivals.
历年大学英语四级翻译真试题及范文答案、、、、
12月大学英语四级考试翻译题目 许多人喜欢中餐，在中国，烹饪不但被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。精心准备的中餐既可口又好看，烹饪技艺和配料在中国各地差别很大。但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养(nutrition)。由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡，因此中餐既味美又健康。 Most people like Chinese food. In China, cooking is considered as not only a skil l but also an art. The well-prepared Chinese food is both delicious and good-look ing. Although cooking methods and food ingredient vary wildly in different place s of China, it is common for good cuisine to take color, flavor, taste and nutrition into account. Since food is crucial to health, a good chef is insistently trying to se ek balance between cereal, meat and vegetable, and accordingly Chinese food is delicious as well as healthy. 信息技术(Information Technology)，正在飞速发展，中国公民也越来越重视信息技术，有些学校甚至将信息技术作为必修课程，对这一现象大家持不同观点。一部分人认为这是没有必要的，学生就应该学习传统的课程。另一部分人认为这是应该的，中国就应该与时俱进。不论怎样，信息技术引起广大人民的重视是一件好事。 As China citizens attaching great importance to the rapidly development of Info rmation Technology, some college even set it as a compulsory course. Regarding to this phenomenon, people holding different views. Some people think it is not n ecessary, for students should learn the traditional curriculum. Another part of p eople think it is a need, because China should keep pace with the times. Anyway, it is a good thing that Information Technology aroused public concern. "你要茶还是咖啡?"是用餐人常被问到的问题，许多西方人会选咖啡，而中国人则会选茶，相传，中国的一位帝王于五千年前发现了茶，并用来治病，在明清(the qing dynasties)期间，茶馆遍布全国，饮茶在六世纪传到日本，但直到18世纪才传到欧美，如今，茶是世界上最流行的饮料(beverage)之一，茶是中国的瑰宝。也是中国传统和文化的重要组成部分。 "Would you like tea or coffee?" That’s a question people often asked when having meal. Most westerners will choose coffee, while the Chinese would like to choose tea. According to legend, tea was discovered by a Chinese emperor five thousand years ago, and then was used to cure disease. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, tea houses were all over the country. Tea drinking spread to Japan in the 6th century, but it was not until th e 18th century does it spread to Europe and America. Nowadays, tea is one of th e most popular beverage in the world, and it is not only the treasure of China b ut also an important part of Chinese tradition and culture. 中国结最初是由手工艺人创造的，经过数百年不断的改进，已经成为一种优雅多彩的艺术和工艺。在古代，人们用它来记录事件，但现在主要是用于装饰的目的。“结”在中文里意味着爱情，婚姻和团聚,中国结常常作为礼物交换
英语四级翻译常用词汇：123个中文高频成语翻译 Automation 1502 YuDeyu 一、复习建议： 1. 加强历史、文化、经济以及社会发展相关热词的积累 2. 广撒网，学习、揣摩这些话题相关的难点单句训练 做这些单句训练时，先阅读1遍整个段落，专门挑出自己觉得比较难翻的句子，然后重点练习这一句的翻译。难句会了，简单句自然不在话下。 在做单句翻译时，先尝试自己翻，翻完以后，对照答案，看解析，总结和揣摩其中好的 词汇和表达。下面请大家跟着教研君给出的常考单句示例，具体学习吧~ 1. 对于大多数年轻人来说，结婚意味着独立组建家庭，然而物价的不断上涨使这一切 变得越来越困难。 参考译文：For most young people, marriage means s etting up a family independently, which has become increasingly difficult because of the constantly rising prices. 词汇点评： 组建家庭：set up a family。有同学容易使用start a family。start a family表示begin to have children“开始生儿育女”。 越来越：一般看到“越来越”大家习惯译为more and more，比如“越来越多的人”more and more people，但译为 a growing number of people可令人眼前为之一亮；而表达“变 得越来越”的含义时，使用become increasingly的译法更好。 物价的不断上涨：constantly rising prices，而不是price rising。 表达点评： 本句是一个表转折关系的并列句，后半句中的“物价的不断上涨使这一切……”中的“这一切”指代前半句中提到的“结婚意味着独立组建家庭”，因此，用which引导的非限制性定语从句，让整个句子简洁明了。 使字句的翻译：“物价的不断上涨”是“这一切变得困难”的原因，因此处理为原因状 语，用because of…来带出原因。 2. 过去十年中国房地产（real estate）行业高速发展。 参考译文：The past decade has witnessed a high-speed development in China's real estate. 词汇点评： 十年：decade 高速发展：develop rapidly; high-speed development 表达点评：
A d d r e s s (January 20, 1961) John F. Kennedy 目的/重点 Aims know how to make good conversation trace the history of the King’s English learn the methods in developing an expository writing,esp. the use of examples analyse the features of spoken English appreciate the language features Teaching Contents 1. Exposition 2. History of Britain 3. Detailed study of the text 4. Organizational pattern 5. Language features 6. The characteristics of spoken English Time allocation 1. Exposition and history (15 min.) 2. Detailed study of the text (105 min.) 3. Structure analysis (15 min.) 4. Language appreciation (15 min.) 5. The characteristics of spoken English (30 min) 课文内容 4. Inaugural Address (January 20, 1961) John F. Kennedy
1、Brief History 中国翻译的四大高潮 ?1、汉唐时期的佛经翻译 ?2、明清时期的西方近代科学的翻译 ?3、五·四时期的西方人文科学的翻译 ?4、建国以后，尤其是改革开放以来，对西方的全面译介 2、The standard of translation ?Faithfulness（信）Expressiveness （达）Elegance （雅） Faithfulness（信） ?the meaning in the target language should be faithful to the meaning of the original Expressiveness （达） ?the requirement of intelligibility(可理解性) of the target language text, the translated text should be in accordance with the language rules of the target language Elegance （雅） ?requires a translation to be esthetically pleasing From there I could see the whole valley below, the fields, the river, and the village. It was all very beautiful, and the sight of it filled me with longing. ?从那里，我可以看见下面的整个山谷，那田野、河流和村庄。这一切非常美丽，见到后使我心里充满了渴望。 ?从这里望下去，整个山谷一览无遗，只见那田野、河流和村庄，全都美不胜收，真叫我心驰神往。 ?忠实通顺 直译vs.意译 ?统一、结合举例： ?1.It’ s a Smoke Free Area. ?直译:它是个自由吸烟区。（×） ?意译:它是个无烟区。 ?2 .Shakespeare put his hometown on the map. ?直译:莎士比亚把他的家乡放在了地图上。（×） ?意译:莎土比亚使他的家乡声名远扬。 ?3. He is a rough-and-ready character. ?直译:他是个粗兽并有准备的人。（×） ?意译:他是个粗鲁但尚能顶用的人。 ?4 .Frank ran circles around the other boys on the basketball team. ?直译:弗兰克绕着篮球队的其他男孩儿转圈。（×） ?意译:在篮球队里弗兰克的技术最好。 ?5 .On a rainy day the children sometimes ran their mother ragged. ?直译:在雨天，孩子们有时候把他们的母亲跑得衣衫槛楼。（×） 意译:在雨天，孩子们有时候把他们的母亲闹得筋疲力尽。 ? 6 .The teacher sat on his student as soon as he began showing off. 直译:学生一开始炫耀，老师就坐在了他的身上。 意译:学生一开始炫耀就被老师打断了。 ?7. My father was a loyal member of his party and always voted the straight ticket. ?直译:我爸爸忠于他的党派，而且总是直接投票。（×） ?意译:我爸爸忠于他的党派，而且总是把票投给他那个党派的候选人。 3、Scope of translation ?In terms of language ?Native languages into foreign languages ?Foreign languages into native languages
第一课中东的集市 中东的集市仿佛把你带回到了几百年、甚至几千年前的时代。此时此刻显现在我脑海中的这个中东集市，其入口处是一座古老的砖石结构的哥特式拱门。你首先要穿过一个赤日耀眼、灼热逼人的大型露天广场，然后走进一个凉爽、幽暗的洞穴。这市场一直向前延伸，一眼望不到尽头，消失在远处的阴影里。赶集的人们络绎不绝地进出市场，一些挂着铃铛的小毛驴穿行于这熙熙攘攘的人群中，边走边发出和谐悦耳的叮当叮当的响声。市场的路面约有十二英尺宽，但每隔几码远就会因为设在路边的小货摊的挤占而变窄；那儿出售的货物各种各样，应有尽有。你一走进市场，就可以听到摊贩们的叫卖声，赶毛驴的小伙计和脚夫们大着嗓门叫人让道的吆喝声，还有那些想买东西的人们与摊主讨价还价的争吵声。各种各样的噪声此伏彼起，不绝于耳，简直叫人头晕。 随后，当往市场深处走去时，人口处的喧闹声渐渐消失，眼前便是清静的布市了。这里的泥土地面，被无数双脚板踩踏得硬邦邦的，人走在上面几乎听不到脚步声了，而拱形的泥砖屋顶和墙壁也难得产生什么回音效果。布店的店主们一个个都是轻声轻气、慢条斯理的样子；买布的顾客们在这种沉闷压抑的气氛感染下，自然而然地也学着店主们的榜样，变得低声细语起来。 中东集市的特点之一是经销同类商品的店家，为避免相互间的竞争，不是分散在集市各处，而是都集中在一块儿，这样既便于让买主知道上哪儿找他们，同时他们自己也可以紧密地联合起来，结成同盟，以便保护自己不受欺侮和刁难。例如，在布市上，所有那1些卖衣料、窗帘布、椅套布等的商贩都把货摊一个接一个地排设在马路两边，每一个店铺门面前都摆有一列商品的搁板桌和一些存放货物的货架。讨价还价是人们习以为常的事。头戴面纱的妇女们迈着悠闲的步子从一个店铺逛到另一个店铺，一边挑选一边问价；在她们缩小选择围并开始正儿八经杀价之前，往往总要先同店主谈论几句，探探价底。 对于顾客来说，至关重要的一点是，不到最后一刻是不能让店主猜到她心里究竟中意哪样东西、想买哪样东西的。假如让店主猜中了她所要买的商品的话，他便会漫天要价，而且在还价过程中也很难作出让步。而在卖主那一方来说，他必须竭尽全力地声称，他开出的价钱使他根本无利可图，而他之所以愿意这样做完全是出于他本人对顾客的敬重。顾客有时来了又去，去了又来，因此，像这样讨价还价的情形有可能持续一整天，甚至好几天。 集市上最引人注目、给人印象最深刻的地方之一是铜器市场。你一走近这里，耳朵里便只听得见金属器皿互相碰击时所发出的一阵阵砰砰啪啪、丁丁当当的响声；走得越近，响声便越来越大，越来越清晰。直待你走到拐角处一转弯，眼前便出现了锃亮的铜器，它们映照着无数盏明灯和火盆，流光飞舞，有如仙境。每个铜匠铺子里都有几个徒工——他们都是一些男性青少年，其中有的年龄小得让人难以置信——在那里不停地锤打着一些形状各异、大小不一的铜器，而铺子的老板则在一旁指点着，有时也亲自操锤敲打几下。铺子的后边，还有一个小不点儿的徒工在那里用一根拴在大脚趾上的绳子鼓动着一个巨大的皮风箱，煽着一大炉炭火——燃烧着的木炭随着风箱的鼓动而有节奏地变得忽明忽暗。 在这里，你会看到许多精美的锅碗瓢盆，上面雕刻着各种精细复杂的传统图案，也能看到一些当地人日常使用的质朴无华的厨房用具，虽无花纹图案，但造形美观，经济实用。再走一处便是地毯市场。这儿有各种质地的地毯，它们色彩斑炯，花纹图案富有地方特色—
2017年大学英语四级翻译练习题--唐装 请将下面这段话翻译成英文： 唐朝是中国古代最繁荣、兴旺、灿烂、光荣的时期。因此，中国人穿的传统服装就被称为“唐装(Tang suit)”。实际上，“唐装”并不是唐朝的服装。它的起源可以追溯到清朝，由马褂(Chinese jacket)演变而来。唐装的颜色多种多样，最常见的是红色、深蓝色、金色和黑色。唐装上一种常见的设计是使用汉字来表达好运和祝福。今天，仍然有很多人会在传统的节日里穿唐装。 参考翻译: The Tang Dynasty was the most thriving, prosperous, splendid and glorious period in ancient China.As a result, the traditional clothing worn by the Chinese is called “Tang suit”.Actually, "Tang suit”is not the clothing of the Tang Dynasty.Its origin can be traced back to the Qing Dynasty, evolving from Chinese jacket.Tang suit is made in different colors, the most common are red, dark blue, gold and black.One common design is the usage of Chinese characters to convey good luck and wishes.Today,there are still many people who would wear Tang suit during traditional festivals. 1.唐朝是中国古代最繁荣、兴旺、灿烂、光荣的时期:该句的翻译重点是几个形容词的翻译，因此，考生应注意平时形容词的积累。这几个形容词可翻译为thriving, prosperous,splendid and glorious。 2.因此，中国人穿的传统服装就被称为“唐装”:“因此”可译为
高级英语第二册课文翻译 Unit1 Pub Talk and the King's English 酒吧闲聊与标准英语 亨利?费尔利 人类的一切活动中，只有闲谈最宜于增进友谊，而且是人类特有的一种活动。动物之间的信息交流，不论其方式何等复杂，也是称不上交谈的。 闲谈的引人人胜之处就在于它没有一个事先定好的话题。它时而迂回流淌，时而奔腾起伏，时而火花四射，时而热情洋溢，话题最终会扯到什么地方去谁也拿不准。要是有人觉得“有些话要说”，那定会大煞风景，使闲聊无趣。闲聊不是为了进行争论。闲聊中常常会有争论，不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。闲聊之中是不存在什么输赢胜负的。事实上，真正善于闲聊的人往往是随时准备让步的。也许他们偶然间会觉得该把自己最得意的奇闻轶事选出一件插进来讲一讲，但一转眼大家已谈到别处去了，插话的机会随之而失，他们也就听之任之。 或许是由于我从小混迹于英国小酒馆的缘故吧，我觉得酒瞎里的闲聊别有韵味。酒馆里的朋友对别人的生活毫无了解，他们只是临时凑到一起来的，彼此并无深交。他们之中也许有人面临婚因破裂，或恋爱失败，或碰到别的什么不顺心的事儿，但别人根本不管这些。他们就像大仲马笔下的三个火枪手一样，虽然日夕相处，却从不过问彼此的私事，也不去揣摸别人内心的秘密。 有一天晚上的情形正是这样。人们正漫无边际地东扯西拉，从最普通的凡人俗事谈到有关木星的科学趣闻。谈了半天也没有一个中心话题，事实上也不需要有一个中心话题。可突然间大伙儿的话题都集中到了一处，中心话题奇迹般地出现了。我记不起她那句话是在什么情况下说出来的——她显然不是预先想好把那句话带到酒馆里来说的，那也不是什么非说不可的要紧话——我只知道她那句话是随着大伙儿的话题十分自然地脱口而出的。 “几天前，我听到一个人说‘标准英语’这个词语是带贬义的批评用语，指的是人们应该尽量避免使用的英语。” 此语一出，谈话立即热烈起来。有人赞成，也有人怒斥，还有人则不以为然。最后，当然少不了要像处理所有这种场合下的意见分歧一样，由大家说定次日一早去查证一下。于是，问题便解决了。不过，酒馆闲聊并不需要解决什么问题，大伙儿仍旧可以糊里糊涂地继续闲扯下去。 告诉她“标准英语”应作那种解释的原来是个澳大利亚人。得悉此情，有些人便说起刻薄话来了，说什么囚犯的子孙这样说倒也不足为怪。这样，在五分钟内，大家便像到澳大利亚游览了一趟。在那样的社会里，“标准英语”自然是不受欢迎的。每当上流社会想给“规范英语”制订一些条条框框时，总会遭到下层人民的抵制 看看撒克逊农民与征服他们的诺曼底统治者之间的语言隔阂吧。于是话题又从19世纪的澳大利亚囚犯转到12世纪的英国农民。谁对谁错，并没有关系。闲聊依旧热火朝天。 有人举出了一个人所共知，但仍值得提出来发人深思的例子。我们谈到饭桌上的肉食时用法语词，而谈到提供这些肉食的牲畜时则用盎格鲁一撒克逊词。猪圈里的活猪叫pig，饭桌上吃的猪肉便成了pork(来自法语pore)；地里放牧着的牛叫cattle，席上吃的牛肉则叫beef(来自法语boeuf)；Chicken用作肉食时变成poultry(来自法语poulet)；calf加工成肉则变成veal(来自法语vcau)。即便我们的菜单没有为了装洋耍派头而写成法语，我们所用的英语仍然是诺曼底式的英语。这一切向我们昭示了诺曼底人征服之后英国文化上所存在的深刻的阶级裂痕。 撒克逊农民种地养畜，自己出产的肉自己却吃不起，全都送上了诺曼底人的餐桌。农民们只能吃到在地里乱窜的兔子。兔子肉因为便宜，诺曼底贵族自然不屑去吃它。因此，活兔子和吃的兔子肉共用rabbit
2 015年6月13日全国大学英语四级翻译真题及答案 大米 在西方人心目中，和中国联系最为密切的基本食物是大米。长期以来，大米在中国人的饮食中占据很重要的地位，以至于有谚语说“巧妇难为无米之炊”。中国南方大多数种植水稻，人们通常以大米为食；而华北大部分地区因为过于寒冷或过于干燥，无法种植水稻，那里的主要作物是小麦。在中国，有些人用面粉做面包，但大多数人用面粉做馒头和面条。 In the mind of Westerners,Chinese people have the closest connection to rice,basic food for the Chinese.For a long time,rice occupies a very important position in the Chinese diet.There is even a saying that "even a clever housewife cannot cook a meal without rice".People in south China plant and live on rice,while people in the most parts of North China cannot plant rice due to excessively dry and cold weather. The main crop there is wheat. In China, some people use flour to bake bread,while most people make steamed bread and noodles with flour. xx 中国是世界上最古老的文明之一。构成现代世界基础的许多元素起源于中国。中国现在拥有世界上发展最快的经济，并正经历着一次新的工业革命。中国还启动了雄心勃勃的太空探索计划，其中包括到20年建成的一个太空站。目前，中国是世界最大的出口国之一，并正在吸引大量外国投资。同时，它也在海外投资数十亿美元。2011年，中国超越日本成为世界第二大经济体。 快递 据报道，今年中国快递服务（courier service）将递送大约120亿件包裹。这将使中国有可能超越美国成为世界上最大的快递市场。大多数包裹里装着网上订购的物品。中国给数百万在线零售商以极具竞争力的价格销售商品的机会。仅在11月11日，中国消费者就从国内最大的购物平台购买了价值90亿美元的商品。中国有不少这样的特殊购物日。因此，快递业在中国扩展就不足为奇了。
高级英语写作1-10课翻译
The Delicate Art of the Forest 库珀的创造天分并不怎么样；但是他似乎热衷于此并沾沾自喜。确实，他做了一些令人感到愉快的事情。在小小的道具箱内，他为笔下的森林猎人和土人准备了七八种诡计或圈套，这些人以此诱骗对方。利用这些幼稚的技巧达到了预期的效果，没有什么更让他高兴得了。其中一个就是他最喜欢的，就是让一个穿着鹿皮靴的人踩着穿着鹿皮靴敌人的脚印，借以隐藏了自己行踪。这么做使库珀磨烂不知多少桶鹿皮靴。他常用的另一个道具是断树枝。他认为断树枝效果最好，因此不遗余力地使用。在他的小说中，如果哪章中没有人踩到断树枝惊着两百码外的印第安人和白人，那么这一节则非常平静/那就谢天谢地了。每次库珀笔下的人物陷入危险，每分钟绝对安静的价格是4美元/一分静一分金，这个人肯定会踩到断树枝。尽管附近有上百种东西可以踩，但这都不足以使库珀称心。他会让这个人找一根干树枝；如果找不到，就去借一根。事实上，《皮袜子故事系列丛书》应该叫做《断树枝故事集》。 很遗憾，我没有足够的篇幅，写上几十个例子，看看奈迪·班波和其他库伯专家们是怎样运用他的森林中的高招。大概我们可以试着斗胆举它两三个例子。库伯曾经航过海—当过海军军官。但是他却一本正经/煞有介事地告诉我们，一条被风刮向海岸遇险的船，被船长驶向一个有离岸暗流的地点而得救。因为暗流顶着风，把船冲了回来。看看这森林术，这行船术，或者叫别的什么术，很高明吧？库珀在炮兵部队里待过几年，他应该注意到炮弹落到地上时，要么爆炸，要么弹起来，跳起百英尺，再弹再跳，直到跳不动了滚几下。现在某个地方他让几个女性—他总是这么称呼女的—在一个迷雾重重的夜晚，迷失在平原附近一片树林边上—目的是让班波有机会向读者展示他在森林中的本事。这些迷路的人正在寻找一个城堡。他们听到一声炮响，接着一发炮弹就滚进树林，停在他们脚下。对女性，这毫无价值。但对可敬的班波就完全不同了。我想，如果班波要是不马上冲出来，跟着弹痕，穿过浓雾，跨过平原，找到要塞，我就再也不知道什么是“和平”了。是不是非常聪明？如果库伯不是对自然规律一无所知，他就是故意隐瞒事实。比方说，他的精明的印地安专家之一，名叫芝稼哥（我想，该读作芝加哥）的，跟踪一个人，在穿过树林的时候，脚印就找不到了。很明显，脚印是再也没法找到了。无论你还是我，都猜不出，怎么会
2019年6月大学英语四级翻译练习题：七夕2019年6月大学英语四级翻译练习题库 英语四级翻译练习题：七夕 每年农历七月初七是中国的情人节(Valentine's Day )。关于这个节日有一个美丽的传说：王母娘娘(the Queen ofHeaven )最年幼的女儿“织女”爱上了人间的男子“牛郎”，王母反对仙女与凡人相爱，就用银河(Milky Way)将他们隔开。但牛郎和织女的爱情感动了人间的喜鹊(magpie)，每年七月初七这一天，喜鹊会搭起一座鹊桥让这对情侣相见。而如今在这一天，年轻的女子常在月下向织女祈祷，期望得到美满的姻缘。 参考翻译: Chinese Valentine's Day The seventh day of the seventh month in the lunarcalendar is Chinese Valentine's Day. There is abeautiful legend about this festival: Zhi Nu, theyoungest daughter of the Queen of Heaven, fell inlove with Niu Lang, a cowherd on earth. Zhi Nu's mother was opposed to the love between afairy and a human, so she separated the two lovers with the Milky Way. However, their lovestory moved the magpies on earth. Those magpies gather together annually on the seventhday of the seventh lunar month to form a “magpie bridge”，so that the couple can meet eachother once in a year. Today, on this day, young
E n g l i s h T r a n s l a t i o n f o r S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y I n t r o d u c t i o n t o T r a n s l a t i o n C r i t e r i a o f T r a n s l a t i o n ?玄奘：既须求真，又须喻俗 ?严复（1853-1921）：T r i p l e P r i n c i p l e o f T r a n s l a t i o n ?信（f a i t h f u l n e s s）：忠实准确 ?达（e x p r e s s i v e n e s s）：通顺流畅 ?雅（e l e g a n c e）：文字古雅 ?鲁迅 ?信（F a i t h f u l n e s s） ?顺（S m o o t h n e s s） ?林语堂 ?忠实（f a i t h f u l n e s s） ?通顺（s m o o t h n e s s） ?美（b e a u t i f u l n e s s） ?傅雷 ?神似（R e s e m b l a n c e i n s p i r i t）： ?以效果而论，文学翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。 ?钱钟书 ?化境（r e a c h i n g t h e a c m e o f p e r f e c t i o n）： ?文学翻译的最高境界是“化”，把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原有的风味。 ?刘重德 ?信、达、切(f a i t h f u l n e s s,e x p r e s s i v e n e s s a n d c l o s e n e s s): ?信于内容(t o b e f a i t h f u l t o t h e c o n t e n t o f t h e o r i g i n a l); ?达如其分(t o b e a s e x p r e s s i v e a s t h e o r i g i n a l); ?切合风格(t o b e a s c l o s e t o t h e o r i g i n a l s t y l e a s p o s s i b l e). 英语科技文献的翻译标准 ?科技翻译可以理解为一种科学的“语码转换”，科学性是第一位，科技译文的正确性是最重要的。
Chinese-English Translation Course Unit One Error Analysis: Part One On the test paper I. Choose the one which is proper and idiomatic . 1. Our home, once full of laughters, now deafens us with its silence. 译文A: 我们的家，曾经充满了欢声笑语，现在却充满了令人震耳欲聋的沉寂。 译文B: 我们的家，曾经充满了欢声笑语，现在却十分安静。 2. There are few of us but admire his courage. 译文A: 我们人人都佩服他的勇气。 译文B: 我们中很少有人佩服他的勇气。 3. All cities did not look like as they do today. 译文A: 在过去，城市面貌并不都像今天这样千篇一律。 译文B: 过去，城市面貌与现在完全不同。 4. To starve oneself emotionally is a mistake. 译文A: 不满足自己感情上的需要是一种错误。 译文B: 使自己的感情挨饥受饿是一种错误。 5.The boss‘s girl Friday called me. 译文A: 老板的女儿星期五打电话给我了。 译文B: 老板的女秘书打电话给我了 6. Marriage bed is full of roses and thorns. 译文A: 婚姻总是有苦有甜。 译文B: 婚姻的花坛里既长鲜花也生荆棘。 7. I never go past that kindergarten but think of my happy childhood there. 译文A: 每当我走过那所幼儿园，我就回想起在那里度过的幸福童年。 译文B: 尽管我从未经过那所幼儿园，但是我回想起在那里度过的幸福童年 8. And soon over the whole surface of the marsh, a great cloud of birds hung screaming and circling in the air. 译文A: 很快就有一块乌云似的一大群野鸟在沼泽上空惊叫着，盘旋着。 译文B: 很快就有黑压压的一大群野鸟在沼泽上空惊叫着，盘旋着。 9. SS guards then shoved each prisoner in the direction the doctor had indicated. 译文A: 希特勒的党卫军按医生所指的方向推着被监禁者。 译文B: 希特勒的党卫军按医生所指的方向推着犯人。 10. Thus it was that our little romantic friend formed visions of the future for herself. 译文A: 我们的小朋友一脑袋幻想，憧憬着美丽的未来。 译文B: 我们浪漫的小朋友憧憬着美好的未来。 II. Improve the Chinese version. 1. He was wrinkled and black, with scant gray hair. 译文：他又皱又黑，头发灰白稀疏。 2. Wall Street is a dog-eat-dog place. 译文：华尔街是个狗咬狗的地方。 3. All freely falling bodies descend from the same height in equal time. 译文：一切自由降落的物体，从同样的高度，以相等的时间下降。 4. Why waste breath on them, who have turned such an unwilling ear? 译文：为什么对他们浪费口舌呢？他们又不愿意听。 5. We have plenty of company in the way of wagonloads and mule-loads of tourists — and dust. 译文：跟我们做伴的人真不少，有乘马车的，有骑骡子的——一路尘土飞扬。 6. His speech leaves no room to improvement. 译文：他的演讲没有改进的余地。 7. He thought, not very vividly, of his father and mother. 译文：他并不是很鲜明地想到了他的爸爸和妈妈。 8. Casualties were taken to several hospitals in southwestern Georgia, some of which operated on backup generators. 译文：伤亡人员被送往佐治亚州西南部的几所医院里，其中一些伤者在备用发电机的帮助下动了手术。 9. To cure his patients, he relied on a palette of remedies that included modern science, folk medicine and plain common sense. 译文：为了治疗患者，他运用了调色板方法，其中包括现代科技、民间药物和自己的直觉。