Part II 句子翻译
Uint1
Do you see any green in my eye?
你以为我幼稚可欺吗？
Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it.
不必过早担心。/不必自寻烦恼。/ 船到桥头自然直。
One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.”
一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。
1.He was a dead shot. However, he met his Waterloo this time.
他是个神枪手，可这次却遭遇了滑铁卢（遭到惨败）。
2.After the failure of his last novel, his reputation stands on slippery ground.
他的上一本小说写砸了，名声从此岌岌可危。
3.Studies serve for delight, for ornament（装饰，美化）and ability. Their chief use for
delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability,
is in the judgment, and disposition（安排）of business.
读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博采也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。(王佐良译)
1. Diction 选词用字
the After-class Assignment-1
1.Microprocessors monitor tyre wear and brake power on cars. （根据词类选择词义）
微机监测、检测汽车轮胎的耐用性和制动力。
2.This university embraces all the arts and sciences. （根据上下文选择词义）
这所大学涵盖了文理各科。
3.Pushing or pulling, however, does not necessarily mean doing work. （根据专业
范畴选择词义）
然而推或拉不一定意味着做功。
4.Dumas admits that his approach wouldn’t work if everyone did it. （根据上下文选
择词义）
杜马斯承认，如果人人都这么做，也许这个方法就不会奏效了。
5.The justices dismissed all the charges against Mr.Smith out of hand. （根据专业
范畴选择词义）
法官立即驳回了对史密斯先生的全部指控。
6.In human communities, intent, belief, resources, preferences, needs, risks and a
number of other conditions may be present and common, affecting the identity of the participants and their degree of adhesion. （根据上下文、搭配选择词义）
在人类社会，普遍存在着各种意图、信仰、资源、偏好、需求、冒险行为以及许多其他状态，影响着参与者的认同和他们的凝聚程度。
7. Every life has its roses and thorns. （抽象化vs具体化引申）
人生总是有苦有乐。/人生道路上总是有鲜花也有荆棘。
8. Your name is well-known here. （内涵化引申）
久仰大名。/你在这儿大名鼎鼎。
9. Mr. Robert is an ambitious and aggressive young man. （词义本身有褒贬）
罗伯特先生是一位雄心勃勃、富于进取的小伙子。/……野心勃勃、咄咄逼人的……
10. What they are discussing is about the future of the bad guy in the play. （词义本身为中性）
他们正在讨论的内容是关于剧中那个坏家伙的下场。
Uint2pop culture
2. Amplification &Omission 增译& 省译
1.她的朋友们听到她家的困难情况后，都主动伸出援助之手。
After her friends heard about her family difficulties, they offered her a helping hand.
2.花园里面是人间的乐园，有的是吃不了的大米白面，穿不完的绫罗绸缎，花不完的金银财宝。
The garden was a paradise on earth, with more food and clothes than could be consumed and more money than could be spent.
After-class Assignment-2
https://www.doczj.com/doc/2415815058.html,'s strength of economic management, however, has not been its perfection, but its pragmatism and flexibiltiy.
亚洲经济管理向来不以完美见长，而是以务实和弹性取胜。
2.She was more royal than the royals.
她比皇室成员更有皇家气质/更具皇家风范。
3.Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.
从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训要更好。
4. I had experienced oxygen or/and engine trouble.我曾经遇到的情况，不是氧气设备
出故障，就是引擎出故障，或者两者都出故障。
5.The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets.
论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的新成就。
6.When the students finished all the books they had brought, they opened the lunch and ate it.
学生们看完了随身携带的书，就打开饭盒吃起来。
7.Like charges repel each other while opposite charges attract.
同性（电荷）相斥，异性（电荷）相吸。
8.The density of air varies directly as pressure, with temperature being constant.
温度不变，空气的密度和压力成正比。
9. Smoking is not allowed in the warehouse.
仓库重地，禁止吸烟。
10. Technology is the application of scientific methods and knowledge to industry to satisfy our material needs and wants.
技术就是在工业上应用科学的方法和科学知识来满足我们物质上的需求。
Unit3 food culture
1..Not everyone in our school is worth his salt.
我们学校不是每个人都能胜职。
2.One can't say nasty things about a man while eating his salt.
当你受某人恩惠时是不会说这人坏话的。
3.A talk full of Attic salt is worth listening to.
典雅而意义深刻的谈话是值得倾听的。
4. When I entered the banquet hall, they all stood up and asked me to sit above the salt.
当我进入宴会大厅，他们都站起来并请我坐上座。
5. You have to take everything he says with a grain of salt.
你对他说的话只能半信半疑。
6. Her boyfriend left her and rubbed salt in the wounds by laughing about it with his own friends.
她男朋友离开了她，还在她伤口上撒盐，在他的朋友面前嘲笑他们的分手。
7. I have to finish this report this week. Monday, it's back to the salt mines.
这周我不得不完成这个报告。周一，再回到令人痛苦的工作岗位。
1. He loved his sons, but his daughter was the apple of his eye.
他爱他的儿子，但他的女儿是他的掌上明珠。
2. The whole news story smacks of bread and circuses--a conspiracy to keep the voters' minds off the major issues of the day!
整个新闻故事有点小恩小惠的味道—图谋将选举人的注意力转移开那天的主要事件。
3. Playing cards isn’t her cup of tea. Let's watch television instead.
打牌她不感兴趣，我们看电视吧。
4. We shall operate on the Italian donkey at both ends, with a carrot and with a stick.
我们将对意大利傻瓜软硬兼施。
5. America is now the fancied land of milk and honey, but not for every American citizen.
美国不是对每位公民来说都是富饶之地。
6. Their plans to set up their own business are just a pie in the sky.
他们自己开公司的计划是渺茫的。
7. John said he was more interested in the competition itself than in the prize. Obviously, it was sour grapes to him.
约翰说他对奖金的兴趣胜过竞争。显而易见，这对于他来说是聊以自慰。
8. It's the kid's party today and they are full of beans.
今天是小朋友的聚会，他们兴高采烈。
9. Don't pay any attention to David. He's full of beans.
不要太在意大卫，他在胡言乱语。
10. I was in my salad days then, and fell in love easily.
当时我少不更事，很容易陷入早恋。
3.Conversion 转换
知其然，知其所以然。
Know the hows as well as the whys.
人生充满盛衰荣辱。
Life is full of ups and downs.
善有善报，恶有恶报。
Good is rewarded with good, and evil with evil.
他是同时代人物中的佼佼者。
He towers above his contemporaries.
火车在山区蜿蜒向前行驶。
The train snaked its way through the mountains.
The best books are treasuries of good words, the golden thoughts, which, remembered and cherished, become our constant companions and comforters.
最好的书蕴藏着金玉般的良言和闪闪发光的思想，将它们铭记于心、珍藏于心，这些良言和思想就会与我们朝夕相伴，使我们时时得到慰藉。
Londoners are great readers.
伦敦人酷爱读书。
Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.
火箭已经用于探索宇宙。
A glance through his office window offers a panoramic（全景的）view of the
Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.
透过他的办公室的窗口就可以瞥见华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆。
We also realize the growing need and necessity to industrialize certain sectors of the economy.
我们也认识到越来越需要使某些经济部门实行工业化。
The abuse of basic human rights in their own country in violation of the
agreement reached at Helsinki earned them the condemnation of freedom-loving
people everywhere.
他们违反在赫尔辛基达成的协议，在国内侵犯人权，因此受到了各地热爱自由的人们的谴责。
Even the best of children harbor the hope that if they ignore taking out the trash
long enough, or do it badly often enough, parents will give up and leave them to
their play.
I）甚至最听话的孩子也会期望，假如他们忘记倒垃圾，或者总是做不好这项工作的话，父母亲就会偃旗息鼓而让他们自己去玩。
II）甚至最好的孩子也会心存这样的希望，如果他们迟迟不倒垃圾，或者老是把这件事干得很糟糕，那么，父母就不会让他们再干而让他们去玩。
III）即使最乖的孩子也会心存侥幸，只要他们不乐意倒垃圾，或者总是干得很糟糕，父母就不再强求，索性放他们去玩耍了。
Once Clara was associated by an old lady, battered and ragged and bent, who said as she walked along, and in accents of refined madness, that once the
people that had lived there had held their heads up high.
I)有一次，一个萎靡不振、衣衫褴褛、弯腰驼背的老妇同克拉克搭话。她一边走一
边用一种典雅的迷恋之情的口吻说，过去住在这一带的人可都是些很神气的人。
II）曾经有位弯腰驼背、衣衫褴褛的老妇同克拉克搭话。以一种故作高雅的口气边走边说，过去住在这一带的人可是个个神气十足咧。
III）有一次，一位衣衫褴褛的老妇同克拉克搭话。她因年迈而显得干瘪，也有些驼背。
她边走边说，语调里隐隐约约地显示出贵妇人的神气。他告诉克拉克，过去住在这一
带的人可都是些有头面的人物。（李建军用例）
He was a clever man; a pleasant companion; a careless student; with a great prospensity for running into debt, and a partiality for the tavern.
I）他是一个聪明人，谈吐非常风趣（很好相处），可是学习却不肯用功；他老是东挪西借，又喜欢上酒店喝酒。
II）他人很聪明，容易相处，但学习粗心大意，喜欢借债，嗜好喝酒。
After-class Assignment-5
1. He has long been used to last-minute decisions.
他长期以来习惯在最后一分钟作出决定。（n. →v. )
2. The crowd waited for a sight of the queen passing by.
人群（一群人）都等着想在女王路过时能看一她眼（or 能看见她）。（n→v.)
3. A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American,
got into the car.
一个穿着讲究的人上了车，他的外表和谈吐都像个美国人。（v.→n.)
4. The country was in a financially difficulty situation .
当时这个国家的财政困难。(adv. → n.)
5.The paper said editorially that it is against the spirit of the
Central Committee of our Party.
这家报纸的社论说这是同党中央的精神背道而驰的。( a dv. →n.)
6.Official Moscow is going to object the proposal.
莫斯科官方准备反对此项提议。(adj. → n)
7.Securities laws require companies to treat all shareholders reasonably equally.
证券法要求公司给所有持股人既合理又平等的待遇。（v.→n. adv.→a.)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/2415815058.html,lions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty.
千百万山区人民终于摆脱了贫穷。(prep.→v.)
9.In both Japan and North American, people have very different ideas about the meaning of space and silence, and this is seen by the way we live, work and communicate.
在日本和北美，人们对空间和沉默的含义有不同的认识，这一点可以从我们的生活、工作和交际的方式上看出来。
10.Doctors confront such choices often and urgently. At times, they see important reasons to lie for the patient's sake; in their eyes, such lies differ sharply from self-serving ones.
医生常常面临这样非常紧迫的选择。有时候他们认为，为了病人自身的利益，撒谎很有必要，在他们看来，这种谎言与利己的谎言截然不同。(adv.→a.)
Unit4 film culture
4. Negation
反面着笔(正反译法)
After-class Assignment-4
1.Don’t draw your conclusion before the end of the year.
到年底再下结论吧。
2.Hitler’s undisguised effort to persecute the Jews met wi th worldwide
condemnation.
希特勒对犹太人进行了赤裸裸的大肆迫害，这种行为遭到了全世界人民的谴责。
3.The research group lost no time in carrying out their new plan.
研究小组立即(马上)执行他们的新计划。
4. Osborne was Sedley’s godson, and had been one of the family anytime these 23 years.
奥斯本是塞特利的教子。23年来，这家子一向没有把他当外人。
5.Do you know why she is always trying to avoid you?
你知道她为什么老是不想见到你？
6. I have read your article, I expected to meet an older man.
拜读了你的大作，没想到你这样年轻。
7.Adults only. 少儿不宜/严禁未成年人入内。
8.Keep Upright. 切勿倒置。
9.Agreeable Sweetness. 甜而不腻。
10.Inflammables– keep away from fire. 易燃物品，勿近烟火！
11.I dare him to jump. 我谅他也不敢跳。
12.You may leave at once for all I care.
你尽可立即离开，我才不管呢。
13.Keep it dark! 这事不可泄露出去！
14.She bears her age well. 她一点也不显老。
15.It’s anyone’s guess.这事谁也不清楚
16.Your question beats me.
你这个问题令我迷惑不解/难倒我了。
17.Catch me making the same error again. 我绝不会再犯同样的错误。
18.There will be a hell to pay. 后果不堪设想。
19.She is the last person I want to sit next to at dinner.
我最不愿意吃饭的时候挨着她坐了。
20. I felt incredible relief. 我感到如释重负。
More Examples:
1.Their hobby is to keep searching for more information about their past.
不断
2.Lose weight safely and forever.永不反弹
3.we may safely say so. 万无一失/保险
4.He is the last person to accept a bribe. 绝不可能
5.The organization has produced six murder-free years in America's capital: a
political leader's dream. 没发生过一起谋杀案
6.Good advice is beyond all price. 无价
7.What makes life dreary is the want of motive.没有，缺乏
8.Your temper is more than I can bear. 受不了
Unit5 travel culture
https://www.doczj.com/doc/2415815058.html,bination & Division 合译和分译
After-class Assignment-9
1.We scrimped and saved so we could keep up with the mortgage and our student
loans.
我们省吃俭用，以便能按时还上房贷和我俩的学生贷款。（1）同义词合译
2. Uncle Tom screamed loudly，a cry of fear.
汤姆叔叔吓得大声尖叫了起来。（2）非同义词合译
3.Jimmy hugged his mother around the waist.（3）固定词组合译
吉米抱住妈妈的腰。
4.She wasn't really listening. She was thinking about something else.
她没认真听，脑子里想着别的事情。（4）单句合译
5. The judge said that it was difficult to comprehend why the police acted so in this matter.
法官表示难以理解警察这么做的动机。（5）复合句合
6. He stood uncomfortably close.
他站得很近，近得令人感到不舒服。（1）单词译成句子
7.Please reply at your earliest convenience.
您要是方便，请尽早回复。（2）短语译成句子
8. My father was not wrong in judging me too young to manage business of importance.
我父亲认定我太年轻，办不了大事。他算是没说错。（3）简单句译成两个以上句子
9. The young man was very miserable. He had no money about him. All his savings had been stolen.
这个年轻人很惨，已落到了身无分文的地步，因为他所有的积蓄被盗了。
10. He was understandably very angry.
他很气愤，这也是可以理解的。
After class Assignment-11
1.I know every place where a murder was committed or a ghost was seen.
什么地方发生过凶杀案，什么地方出没过鬼魂，我都知道。
2.It is easy to see what weight can be overcome and what thrust is necessary
to maintain flight.
要知道应该抵消多大的重力并需要多大的推力才能保持飞行，这很容易。3.The fear that their port would lose its importance also worried the people of
Baltimore.
巴尔的摩人也担心这样一来他们的港口就会失去其重要地位。
4.The professor was working with his assistants in the laboratory at the
moment.
此刻这位教授正和他的助手们在实验室工作着。
5.Formerly a worker himself ,he is now a well-known singer .
他过去当过工人，现在成了一位著名歌手。
6.It is not your fault that this has happened.
发生了这样的事情，这不是你的错。
7.Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may
result in serious disease if certain important elements are missing.
如今人们也知道，如果食物中缺少了某些重要的成分，即使其中不含任何有害的物质，也会引起严重的疾病。
8.EI Nino occurs when weather patterns in the tropical Pacific change
dramatically.
当热带太平洋地区的气候格局变化剧烈时，就会发生“厄尔尼诺”现象。
After class Assignment-13
1.Other aspects of culture must be researched and understood fi marketers
are to avoid blunders.
营销商想要避免重大失误，还须研究理解有关文化的其他方面。
2.Around 44% of children said their dream were affected by the books they
had been reading.
约44%的儿童认为阅读的书籍影响了他们的梦想。
3. A noted academician suggests that a publicity campaign needs to be done
to reassure the public about the use of genetically modified (GM) food.
一知名院士建议开展宣传活动，让公众放心使用转基因食品。
4.Most injuries and the deaths during earthquake occur when people are hit
by falling objects while entering or leaving buildings.
地震中大多数伤亡是在人们进出建筑物时被被坠物击中造成的。
5.She was loudly applauded. 她大受欢迎。
6.For a long period to come ,most of China’s elderly will continue to be
provided for by their families.
未来相当长的一段时间内，中国老年人仍旧要由家庭赡养。
7.Solutions to these problems cannot be achieved by any nation or region on
its own.
这些问题仅靠一个国家或一个地区的一己之力是得不到解决的。
8.An international student was set upon by the two masked men.
一个留学生遭到了两个蒙面男子的袭击。
9.The unpleasant noise must be immediately put to the end.
必须立即终止这种讨厌的噪声。
10.Salt is known to have a very strong corroding effect on metals.
大家知道，盐对金属有很强的腐蚀作用。
Intercultural communication and translation Intercultural communication mainly refers to the communication between the native speakers and non-native speakers, as well as the communication between people who differ in any aspect of language or culture background. Due to the differences in surroundings, societies and religions of different ethnic groups, each language community results in its own code of language, social culture, customs and practices and so on. Intercultural communication studies situations when people from different culture backgrounds interact. Aside from language, IC focuses on social attributes, thought patterns and the cultures of different groups of people. IC also involves understanding the different cultures, languages and customs of people from other countries. There are three formats of IC: interracial communication (when source and receiver are different races), interethnic communication (situation in which the parties are of the same race but of different ethnic origins) and intracultural communication (communication between members of the same culture including racial, ethnic and other co-cultures). The term translation itself has several meanings: it can refer to the general subject field, the product (the text that has been translated) or the process (the act of producing the translation, otherwise known as translating). The process of translating between two different written languages involves the translator changing an original written text (the source text) in the original verbal language (the source language) into a written text (the target text) in a different verbal language (the target language). This type corresponds to “interlingual translation” and is one of the three Roman Jakobson in his seminal paper. Jakobson’s categories are: 1. Intralingual translation, or “rewording”– an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language; 2. Interlingual translation, or “translation proper”–an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language; 3. Intersemiotic translation, or “transmutation”– an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign systems. Intralingual translation would occur when we rephrase an expression or text in the same language to explain or clarify something we might have said or written. Intersemiotic translation would occur if a written text were translated, for example, into music, film or painting. It is interlingual translation which is the traditional, although by no means exclusive, focus of translation studies. It is easily seen that the three forms of intercultural communication and the three types of translation are partly corresponding to each other, especially interracial communication and interlingual translation which both attach attention on the communication between native and non-native, and where different cultures of different countries play more important role. To conduct effective intercultural communication, one has to understand the differences between the different nations and then to look for them and pay attention to in every cross-cultural communication situation. By doing this, the high-context communicators can learn to use and respond words, emotions, postures differently, and low-context communicators can learn to
1 Translation 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。 很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 2 Translation 文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，我们“头脑的软件”。但是，我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”（Windows）等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。 文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，因而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特征。社会按照文化设定的程序运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。 如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始，文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么，文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样。文化为我们提供超越个体经验可能的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事。文化为我们建立起行为准则，并视遵守这些准则的行为为正当、合法。 3 Translation 43
Unit 1 Settling down at college around the world 适应校园生活——来自世界各地的访谈 Tanya Zarutskaya Moscow, Russia 塔尼娅?扎茹茨卡娅莫斯科，俄罗斯 This time last year I was nervous about my new life. 去年的这个时候，我对新生活感到很紧张。 I didn't have any friends, and it was my first time away from home. 我没有朋友，也是第一次离开家。 At first I worked all the time, going to lectures and studying late into the night. 一开始，我一天到晚都在忙功课：上课，并且学习到深夜。 But then I realized I was missing out on so many other things at university. 可后来我意识到我错过了大学里许多其他活动。 One day a girl in my hall of residence invited everyone in the dorm to a dinner party. 一天，跟我住同一幢宿舍楼的一个女孩儿邀请全楼的人去参加一个晚宴。 I've no idea where she managed to buy the food, or how she had enough money. 我不知道她在哪儿买的那些吃的，也不清楚她怎么会有足够的钱。 And she dressed like a model. 而且她穿得像个模特儿。 I don't know why she was bothering with university! 我真不知道她干嘛还要费那劲儿上大学！ I've got to know lots of interesting people and I now enjoy myself as well as study hard. 现在我结识了许多有趣的人，既努力学习，也快乐地生活。 Miguel Fonseca Guadalajara, Mexico 米古尔?方斯卡瓜达拉哈拉，墨西哥 When I first arrived at university, I tried to make notes about everything the professors said in their lectures. 刚上大学的时候，我尽量把教授们在课堂上说的每一句话都记下来。 But I ended up being too busy writing to listen. 结果是我光忙着记笔记，都顾不上听讲了。 I'm studying chemistry, and everything seemed more complicated than what we learned at school. 我现在学的是化学，现在学的东西似乎都比我们在中学里学的复杂。 But then I realized that here, you have to listen and think more. 现在，我已弄清新知识和过去所学知识之间的差别了。 I've now understood the difference between new information and things which I knew already. 不过我意识到，在大学里，你应该更多地去听、去思考。
广东职业技术师范学院学报 2002年第2期 Journal of Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University No 2,2002 汉英跨文化交际翻译中的C HINA ENGLISH 金惠康 (广东职业技术师范学院外语系,广东广州 510665) 摘 要:本文讨论什么是中国英语及其在汉英跨文化交际翻译中的功能。关键词:跨文化交际;汉英翻译;中国英语 中图分类号:H 315 9 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1009-2803(2002)02-0072-07 一、什么是中国英语 中国英语(China English)不同于中式英语(Chinglish),它既不是中国学生学习英语过程中所产生的 过渡语 ,也不是因英语不够表达而胡编乱造的英语。本文倡导的宗旨就是要使用规范英语来描述中华文化和社会,尽量避免中式英语。目前行之有效的手段之一就是使用和拓展中国英语。 1 从广义上来说,中国英语产生于国际英语对中华文明和华夏社会的描述,也源于中国人长期用英语对自己与世界描述,它是国际英语的拓展与延伸。中国英语以国际规范英语为共核,把中国独有的文化、语言、事物、意念和传统等通过音译、译借及语义再生等手段传入国际(英语)社会,同时也融入许多具有中国文化内涵和汉语言特色的表达方式。如别有风味的词汇、短语、句式、认知方式、修辞手段、行文风格和章法结构。因而,中国英语具有国际规范英语的共性,又具有汉文化的内涵和汉语言的一些个性特色。毫无疑问,中国英语是长期东西方跨文化交流的产物。从狭义的角度来说,中国英语指的就是:在描述(翻译)华夏文明、中国社会及汉语言中所拓展了的那部分英语。 有人说在汉译英中使用中国英语是不得已而为之,其实这句话也要从另一面理解为 非得如此不可 。社会发展与变革必然引起语言的变化发展并给语言注入新的文化内涵和新的表达方式,这是很值得深入研究和总结的。 中国英语的规范主要是来自现代中国官方媒体的英语文本典范和国际现代英文媒体的主流内涵;也来自汉英双语娴熟者描写华夏文明和中国社会的英文文本和由中国人用英语创作的文学作品等。这里使用 中国英语 这个词语(概念)来描述和记录国际英语在描述中华文明和社会、中国人民和政府用英语表达自己对世界事务的理解、看法和立场时,英语所发生的变化与发展。从这个意义上讲,凡是有中国文化内涵和汉语表达特色的、并能为国际英语读者所普遍理解和接受的英文(文本)都可称之为中国英语。 2 从社会语言学的角度来看,中国本土的社会文化环境造成了中国英语的中国特色,即本土化(nativization 或是indigenization)。社会语言学中的本土概念的实质是主张文化和语言的相对价值、尊重个性,并以此来促进不同文化和语言之间的彼此的适应与沟通。 72 收稿日期:2001-11-05 作者简介:金惠康(1950~),男,湖南邵东人,广东职业技术师范学院教授,研究方向为跨文化交际研究与应用语言学。
跨文化交际翻译作业10级中文系对外汉语 张妍 20101040022030
原文： If movie trailers supposed to cause a reaction, the preview for “United 93”more than succeeds .Featuring no famous actors, it begins with image of a beautiful morning and passengers boarding an airplane .It take you a minute to realize what the movie’s even about .That’s when a plane hits the World Trade Center .The effect is visceral .When the trailer played before “Inside Man”last week at a Hollywood theater, audience member began calling out, “Too soon !” In New York City , the response was even more dramatic .The Loews theater in Manhattan took the rare step of pulling the trailer from its screens after several complaints . 译文： 如果电影预告片能够引起一种反应，那么《93号航班》的试映不仅仅是成功了。（trailer译为预告片,suppose to译为应该做，能够做，cause译为引起，preview译为试映.n. more than 译为不仅仅.而且第一句为虚拟语气）这部电影没有著名的演员出演，他只是开始于在一个美丽的早晨乘客登机的画面。（feature译为由…主演,featuring no famous actors为状语从句,我译时将其主语译出来了,而面主语用“它”来代替了.登记用“board an airplane”）你只需要花费一分钟就会明白这部电影实际上讲的是什么（这句话有一个句型：it takes sb. Some
题名／责任者／语种：跨文化交际翻译／金惠康著／中文 出版发行／载体形态：北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2003 ／402页;20厘米ISBN／装订形式／定 价： ISBN：7-5001-1010-3／23.00元 索书号：H315.9/8050 丛编：翻译理论与实务丛书．－（） 附注：“十五”国家重点图书 附件： 文摘或提要：本书以实例描写为主，配以适量的理论指导与分析，收集了近二十年来大陆、港、台、澳及海外华人的精彩汉英翻译例证，形成了一个比较统一、规范的汉英对译系统。 跨文化交际翻译 作者:金惠康 书摘 a sea oI people／flames／blood／flags／flowers／happy faces如海般的／如潮一样的人群；火海；血海；旗海；花海；无数幸福的面孔 an ocean of trouble／time／space／cheering 无穷的麻烦；无休止的时间；浩瀚的宇宙；欢乐的海洋 a scene of great rejoicing一片欢腾 a chorus of protest／praise一片抗议之声／赞扬之声 a trove of Chinese porcelain一批中国磁器 a grove of coco(a)nut／hamboo一战挪椿}镌椿 a blaze of lights一片灯火
a mountain of debts／rubbish／money／dirty clothes 债台高筑／gr圾如山；家财万贯；一大堆脏衣服 a mass of images／facts／figures／data大量的图像／事实／数据等 a rain／storm of tears／ashes／arrows／bullets嚎啕大哭；尘土蒙蒙；一阵箭雨，一阵弹雨 a storm of applause／criticism／cheering 一阵暴雨般的掌声；激烈的批评；狂热的欢呼 a gale oflaughter／excitement阵阵欢笑；一阵激动 a flood of tears／words／light／terror 泪如潮涌；滔滔言辞；一片光明；一片恐惧 a store oflearnlng／experience知识渊博；经验丰富 a wealth of experience／data／troubles／good／goods 经验丰富；丰富数据；问题多多；大有好处；商品丰富 a sudeit offood／drug dosage 过量的食品；过量的药品 a succession of defeat接二连三的挫败 a world of goods／food／pleasure／meaning／to do s b a world of good／harm a forest of hllls／nags／chimneys／hands 这些表量的手法也可用复数，像10ts of，tho。。。。d。。f一样．如seas。f，mountains。f，st。r es。f，swamls。f，thunders。f。sh。wers of，in showers，in stores，in numbers。 a(great)number of books许多的书 numbers of peoples许多的民族 a quantity of energy大量的能量 quantities of oxidize大量的氧化酶 an amount of material大量的材料 small amount of water少量的水 l he。mount of energy possessed by a given quantity of radiation depends strictly on it s frequency．一定量的辐射所掘有的能量完全基于其频率。 The total amount of radiation辐射的总量 What’S the size?尺码多少?
1.纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，各民族与文化由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解，无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解－－从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义甚至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往日益增多，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解与我们有着天壤之别信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 2.文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，也即我们“头脑的软件”。但是，我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持软件运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”(Windows)等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它我们可以审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是大不一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，从而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对我们了解自我是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特征。社会按照文化设定的程序来运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之涵义的相似性阐释。如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始，文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么以及做些什么。文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样的。文化为我们提供超越个体经验的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑什么。文化为我们建立起行为准则，并解释为什么符合这些准则的行为正当、合法。 3.虽然，我们每个人都有各自一套独特的价值观，但在每一文化里，总有弥漫于整个文化之中的普遍的价值观。这些被称作文化价值观文化价值观通常是规范性的，它使文化的成员知道什么是好的和坏的、什么是正确的和错误的、什么是真的和假的、什么是积极的和消极的，等等。文化价值规定了什么是值得为之献身的，什么是值得维护的，什么会危及人们及其社会制度，什么是学习的恰当内容，什么是可讽刺嘲笑的，什么是形成群体团结的途径。文化价值观也指明了文化中的什么行为是举足轻重的，哪些是应当尽力避免的。价值观是人们在做出抉择和解决争端时作为依据的一种习得的规则体系。 跨文化交际的参与者所具有的价值观是十分重要的，因为价值观产生出决定何为正当或不正当社会行为的标准。换言之，价值观有助于人们决定他们的行为方式，以符合他们的价值系统所期望的行为准则。由于文化价值系统之间存在差异，我们可以预见，在相似的情境中，跨文化交际的参与者会表现出并期待着不同的行为。 4. 我们说语言总是模糊的，指的是我们所说所写的东西总不能完全表达我们的意图。我们通过说话和写作所传达的意思不仅仅由词语和句子本身决定，听众和读者的理解也起到了一定的作用。换言之，是交际双方共同创造了语言所表达的意思。语言的模糊性是与生俱来的。为了沟通，我们必须自己推断出对方的意思，除此之外别无他法。在理解别人说话时，我们必须推测这些话的意思。这些推测主要基于以下两个来源：（1）他们所使用的语言；（2）我们的世界知识。
Translation1 The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view of history that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a persistent inability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by space, ideology, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about many of human civilization’s failure is that they appear to be personal as well as global. The story of humankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as well as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from simple name-calling to isolationism tr even armed conflict. It is obvious that increases contact with other cultures and subcultures make it imperative for us to make a concerted effort to understand and get along with people whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, through increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neighborhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining would peace. 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，各民族与文化由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解，无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解－－从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义甚至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。 很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往日益增多，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解与我们有着天壤之别信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 Translation 2 Culture is something referred to as our mental programming, our “software of the mind.”But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows:it is what enables us to process information in various specific applications. The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture：culture is a mental set of windows through which all of life is viewed. It varies from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with members of a society. Culture is like the water fish swim in--a reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. It is in the air we breathe and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life. Culture is the property of a community people, not simply a characteristic of individuals. Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean. If culture is mental programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from early childhood what matters, what o prefer, what to avoid, and what to do. Culture also tells us what ought to be . It gives us assumptions about the ideal beyond what individuals may experience. It helps us in setting priorities. It establishes codes for behavior and provides
Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese. 1. People in Paris eat snails, but people in San Diego put poison on them. Why? People in Tabriz or Tehran sit on the floor and pray five times each day, but people in Las V egas stand up all night in front of slot machines. Why? Some people speak Tagalog, others speak English. Why? Some people paint and decorate their entire bodies, but others spend millions of dollars painting and decorating only their faces. Why? The general answer to these questions is the same. People learn to think, feel, believe, and strive for what their culture considers proper. People respond to the world through the messages they receive, but it is culture that determines, to a large extent, the form, pattern, and content of those messages. Culture also determines the content and conformation of the messages we send. This omnipresent quality of culture leads Hall to conclude that “there is not one aspect of human life that is not touched and altered by culture.” In many ways, Hall is correct: culture is everything and everywhere. And more importantly, at least for our purposes, culture and communication work in tandem. In fact , they are inseparable: it is often difficult to decide which is the voice and which the echo. 2. There are six barriers to communication----anxiety, assuming similarities instead of differences, ethnocentrism, stereotypes and prejudice, nonverbal misinterpretations and language problems. Anxiety is feeling nervous, which can affect communication when you focus so much on your own feelings that you do not pay attention to what other people are telling you. If you are speaking to someone in your second language, you may worry that the other person may speak too fast or will use words you do not understand. Anxiety may also affect your ability to communicate your ideas to others. If you are in a situation where you feel very nervous, such as talking to your boss, you may find yourself saying awkward things or even making mistakes in grammar that you never do when talking with your friends. Individualism-oriented cultures hold individual interests and goals as most important while in collectivism-oriented cultures group interests and goals precede over those of the individual. Most Western countries value individualism and people strive hard to achieve individual identity in terms of possessions and achievement in their professions. Many eastern countries place high value on the collective. Sometimes individuals have to sacrifice their own interests to achieve what is good for the group. 3. When studying stereotypes, prejudice, and racism, you may be struck with the role that communication can play in either spreading the beliefs or stopping their spread. Prejudice and racism are commonly viewed as being rooted in the child’s early socialization and fostered in communication with other people who are prejudiced or racist. 4. Here is an important point to bear in mind. Chinese learners of English tend to assume that when it is their turn to speak, they must speak accurately, completely, fluently and without any hesitation. If they cannot do so, they begin to blush and lose confidence. In actual fact they have made a unreasonable demand on themselves. In natural conversation, it is quite common that native speakers of English make grammatical mistakes, hesitate a lot, make a false start, use words or expressions that they regret using them later. The point you should bear in mind is that when you are engaged in spontaneous conversation (i. e. natural conversation), your goal is to get your ideas across. Do not worry about hesitation, misuse of words, too many pauses, etc. Nobody, not even a native speaker, is free from these flaws. Y ou can use those meaningless but useful syllables to gain time.
Intercultural Communication and Translation of Culture-loaded Words of the West and East Abstract:As a new marginal discipline, intercultural communication became an important separate discipline in the 1970s. It emerged in America and has been developing quickly and greatly in the western world. While in China, the discipline was first introduced in the 1980s. Nowadays, with the increasing exchange of the West and East, intercultural communication becomes increasingly frequent against the background of economic globalization. So it needs corresponding more translation activities. Against the background of economic globalization, we should be fully aware of intercultural communication, especially the conflicts and exchanges between Western and Eastern, the mixture of both and the work of translation. We should both learn the essence of Western culture and keep up the splendid cultural tradition of China. In the course of the intercultural translation, culture-loaded words contain cultural connotation and mirror cultural characteristics, so they are often considered difficult to translate. This thesis studies approaches of translating culture-loaded words in the broad context of intercultural communication by exploring the relation between culture and translation. This thesis argues that by adopting proper translating approaches, culture-loaded words should achieve both semantic and pragmatic