2014年哈尔滨工业大学考博英语真题,真题解析,复试真题,真题笔记

2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业硕士学位联考英语试卷Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have _1_ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually _2_. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. _3_, among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an _4_ of good health.Of even greater _5_ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often _6_body mass index, or BIMI _7_ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BIMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 to 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, _8_ can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.While such numerical standards seem _9_, they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit. _10_ others with a low BMI may be in poor _11_. For example, many collegiate and professional football players _12_ as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a _13_ BMI.Today we have a(n) _14_ to label obesity as a disgrace. The overweight are sometimes _15_ in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes _16_ with obesity include laziness, lack of will power, and lower prospects for success. Teachers, employers, and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. _17_ very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.Negative attitudes toward obesity, _18_ in health concerns have stimulated a number of anti-obesity _19_, My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives, Michelle Obama has launched a high-visibility campaign _20_ childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat!1. [A] denied [B] conduced [C] doubled [D] ensured2. [A] protective [B] dangerous [C] sufficient [D]troublesome3. [A] Instead [B] However [C] Likewise [D] Therefore4. [A] indicator [B] objective [C] origin [D] example5. [A] impact [B] relevance [C] assistance [D] concern6. [A] in terms of [B] in case of [C] in favor of [D] in respects of7. [A] measures [B] determines [C] equals [D] modifies8. [A] in essence [B] in contrast [C] in turn [D] in part9. [A] complicated [B] conservative [C] variable [D] straightforward10. [A] so [B] unlike [C] since [D] unless11. [A] shape [B] spirit [C] balance [D] taste12. [A] start [B] quality [C] retire [D] stay13. [A] strange [B] changeable [C] normal [D] constant14. [A] option [B] reason [C] opportunity [D] tendency15. [A] employed [B] pictured [C] imitated [D] monitored16. [A] compared [B] combined [C] settled [D] associated17. [A] Even [B] Still [C] Yet [D] Only18. [A] despised [B] corrected [C] ignored [D] grounded19. [A] discussions [B] businesses [C] policies [D] studies20. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] withoutSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1What would you do with $559m? This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie, an 84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small, un-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. If she hopes her new-found fortune will yield lasting feelings or fulfillment. She could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dunn and Michael Norton.These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with these maternal purchases wears off fairly quickly. What was Once exciting and new becomes old hat; regret creeps in, It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms Dun and Mr. Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time–as stones or memories-particularly if they involve feeling more connected toothers.This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most “happiness bang for your buck.”It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it). Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reason McDonald’s restricts the availability of its popular McRib-a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.Readers of Happy Money are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfilment, not hunger. Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world. and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people. Not everyone will agree with the authors’ policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers, But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.21. According to Dumn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?[A] A big house.[B] A special tour.[C] A stylish car.[D] A rich meal.22. The author’s attitude toward Americans’ watching TV is.[A] critical[B] supportive[C] sympathetic[D] ambiguous23. Macrib is mentioned in paragraph 3 to show that .[A] consumers are sometimes irrational[B] popularity usually comes after quality[C] marketing tricks are after effective[D] rarity generally increases pleasure24. According to the last paragraph, Happy Money .[A] has left much room for readers’ criticism[B] may prove to be a worthwhile purchase[C] has predicted a wider income gap in the us[D] may give its readers a sense of achievement25. This text mainly discusses how to .[A] balance feeling good and spending money[B] spend large sums of money won in lotteries[C] obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent[D] become more reasonable in spending on luxuriesText 2An article in Scientific American has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think you're more beautiful than you are. We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing (to use the psychological terminology) strategies to achieve this. Social psychologists have amassed oceans of research into what they call 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving (across the ages and genders ) and 85% at getting on well others-all obviously statistical impossibilities.We rose-tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. We become defensive when criticized, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem. We strut around thinking we’re hot stuff.Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key study into self-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather than have people simply rate their beauty compared with others, he asked them to identify an original photograph of themselves from a lineup including versions that had been morphed to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an automatic psychological process, occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”.If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image-which most did-they genuinely believed it was really how they looked.Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there any evidence that those who self-enhanced the most (that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored pictures were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact, those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other markers for having higher self-esteem. “I don’t think the findings that we have are any evidence of personal delusion,”says Epley. “It’s a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves.” If you are depressed, you won’t be self-enhancing.Knowing the results of Eplet’s study, it makes sense that manypeople hate photographs of themselves so viscerally — on one level, they don’t even recognize the person in the picture as themselves. Facebook, therefore, is a self-enhancer’s paradise, where people can share only the flukiest of flattering photos, the cream of their wit style Beauty, intellect and lifestyles. It’s not that people’s profiles are dishonest, says Catalina Toma of Wisconsin-Madison University, “but they portray an idealized version of themselves”. (People are much more likely to out-and-out lie on dating websites, to an audience of strangers.)26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologists have found that .[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high[B] illusory superiority is baseless effect[C] our need for leadership is unnatural[D] self-enhancing strategies are ineffective27. Visual recognition is believed to be people’s .[A] rapid watching[B] conscious choice[C] intuitive response[D] automatic self-defense28. Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to .[A] underestimate their insecurities[B] believe in their attractiveness[C] cover up their depressions[D] oversimplify their illusions29. The word “viscerally” (Line 2, Para.6) is closest in meaning to .[A] instinctively[B] occasionally[C] particularly[D] aggressively30. It can be inferred that Facebook is self-enhancer’s paradise because people can .[A] present their dishonest profiles[B] define their traditional life styles[C] share their intellectual pursuits[D] withhold their unflattering sidesText 3The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial revolution, but this phenomenon tends to be most acutely felt during economic downturns and fragile recoveries. And yet, it would be a mistake to think we are right now simply experiencing the painful side ofa boom and bust cycle. Certain jobs have gone away for good, outmoded by machines. Since technology has such an insatiable appetite for eating up human jobs, this phenomenon will continue to restructure our economy in ways we can’t immediately foresee.When there is exponential improvement in the price and performance of technology, jobs that were once thought to be immune from automation suddenly become threatened. This argument has attracted a lot of attention, via the success of the book Race against the Machine, by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, who both hail from MIT’s Center for Digital Business.This is a powerful argument, and a scary one. And yet, John Hagel, author of The Power of Pull and other books, says Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the reason why these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.Hagel says we have designed jobs in the U.S. that tend to be “tightly scripted”and “highly standardized”ones that leave no room for “individual initiative or creativity.” In short, these are the types of jobs that machines can perform much better at than human beings. That is how we have put a giant target sign on the backs of American workers, Hagel says.It’s time to reinvent the formula for how work is conducted, sincewe are still relying on a very 20th century notion of work, Hagel says. In our rapidly changing economy, we more than ever need people in the workplace who can take initiative and exercise their imagination “to respond to unexpected events.”That’s not something machines are good at. They are designed to perform very predictable activities.As Hagel notes, Brynjolfsson and McAfee indeed touched on this point in their book. We need to reframe race against the machine as race with the machine. In other words, we need to look at the ways in which machines can augment human labor rather than replace it. So then the problem is not really about technology, but rather, “how do we innovate our institutions and our work practices?”31. According to the first paragraph, economic downturns would .[A] ease the competition of man vs. machine[B] highlight machines’ threat to human jobs[C] provoke a painful technological revolution[D] outmode our current economic structure32. The authors of Race Against the Machine argue that .[A] technology is diminishing man’s job opportunities[B] automation is accelerating technological development[C] certain jobs will remain intact after automation[D] man will finally win the race against machine33. Hagel argues that jobs in the U.S. are often .[A] performed by innovative minds[B] scripted with an individual style[C] standardized without a clear target[D] designed against human creativity34. According to the last paragraph, Brynjolfsson and McAfee discussed .[A] the predictability of machine behavior in practice[B] the formula for how work is conducted efficiently[C] the ways machines replace human labor in modern times[D] the necessity of human involvement in the workplace35. Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the text?[A] How to Innovate Our Work Practices[B] Machines will Replace Human Labor[C] Can We Win the Race Against Machines[D] Economic Downturns Stimulate InnovationsText 4When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy.Housing is seldom mentioned.Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to jostle for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure projects, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged. This government does not want to see a return to large-scale provision of council housing, so it is naturally wary of measures that will lead us down that route.Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. The cap, introduced in 2012 as part of the Housing Revenue Account reform, hasbeen a major issue for the sector. Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.Finally, they should look at the way in which public sector land is released. Currently up-front payments are required, putting a financial burden on the housing provider. A more positive stimulus would be to encourage a system where the land is made available and maintained as a long-term equity stake in the project.But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing £4.5bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015, is unlikely to be extended beyond then. The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition's spending plans if it returns to power. The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to the era of large-scale public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate. This means that affordable housing specialists like Wates Living Space have to create a whole new way of working in partnership with registered providers. Wehave to be prepared to take on more of the risk during the development phase, driving down the cost to deliver high-quality affordable housing and, most importantly, developing alternative funding models to help achieve this.While the government's commitment to long-term funding may have changed, the very pressing need for more affordable housing is real and is not going away. The comprehensive spending review provides the opportunity to start moving us in the right direction - stimulating investment in new supply and quickly delivering tangible benefits to local economies. It also helps create the space to develop a long-term sustainable strategy for housing.36. The author believes that the housing sector .[A] has attracted much attention[B] has lost its real value in economy[C] shoulders too much responsibility[D] involves certain political factors37. It can be learned that affordable housing has .[A] suffered government biases[B] increased its home supply[C] offered spending opportunities[D] disappointed the government38. According to Paragraph 5, George Osborne may .[A] prepare to reduce housing stock debt[B] release a lifted GDP growth forecast[C] allow greater government debt for housing[D] stop local authorities from building homes39. It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would .[A] lower the costs of registered providers[B] relieve the minister of responsibilities[C] contribute to funding new developments[D] lessen the impact of government interference40. The author believes that after 2015, the government may .[A] implement more policies to support housing[B] stop generous funding to the housing sector[C] renew the affordable housing grants programme[D] review the need for large-scale public grantsPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked detailsgiven in the left column. There are two extra choices in the left column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Emerging in the late Sixties and reaching a peak in the Seventies, Land Art was one of a range of new forms, including Body Art, Performance Art, Action Art and Installation Art, which pushed art beyond the traditional confines of the studio and gallery. Rather than portraying landscape, land artists used the physical substance of eland itself as their medium.The British land artist, typified by Richard Long’s piece, was not only more domestically scaled, but a lot quirkier than its American counterpart. Indeed, while you might assume that an exhibition of Land Art would consist only of records of works rather than the works themselves, Long’s photograph of his work is the work. Since his “action” is in the past the photograph is its sole embodiment.That might seem rather an obscure point, but it sets the tone for an exhibition that contains a lot of black-and-white photographs and relatively few natural objects.Long is Britain’s best-known Land Artist and his Stone Circle, a perfect ring of purplish rocks from Portishead beach laid out on the gallery floor, represents the elegant, rarefied side of the form. The BoyleFamily, on the other hand, stands for its dirty, urban aspect. Comprising artists Mark Boyle and Joan Hills and their children, they recreated random sections of the British landscape on gallery walls. Their Olaf Street Study, a square of brick-strewn waste ground, is one of the few works here to embrace the mundanity that characterizes most of our experience of the landscape most of the time.Parks feature, particularly in the earlier works, such as John Hilliard’s very funny. Across the Park, in which a long-haired stroller is variously smiled at by a pretty girl and unwittingly assaulted in a sequence of images that turn out to be different parts of the same photograph.Generally however British land artists preferred to get away from towns, gravitating towards landscapes that are traditionally considered beautiful such as the Lake District or the Wiltshire Downs. While it probably wasn’t apparent at the time, much of this work is permeated by a spirit of romantic escapism that the likes of Wordsworth would have readily understood. Derek Jarman’s yellow-tinted film Towards Avebury, a collection of long, mostly still shots of the Wiltshire landscape, evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching from Samuel Palmer to Paul Nash.In the case of Hamish Fulton, you can’t help feeling that the Scottishartist has simply found a way of making his love of walking pay. A typical work, such as Seven Days, consists of a single beautiful black-and-white photograph taken on an epic walk, with the mileage and number of days taken listed beneath. British Land Art as shown in this well selected, but relatively modestly scaled exhibition wasn’t about imposing on the landscape, more a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art created passing through. It had its origins in the great outdoors, but the results were as gallery-bound as the paintings of Turner and Constable.Section III Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)Most people would define optimism as being endlessly happy, with a glass that’s perpetually half full. But that’s exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimism means being in touch with reality,”says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor. According to Ben-Shahar, realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.Ben-Shahar uses three optimistic exercises. When he feels down- say, after giving a bad lecturehe grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction. He analyzes the weak lecture, learning lessons for the future about what works and what doesn’t. Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the grand scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John,a local student. Write him an email to1) tell him about your living habits, and2) ask for advice about living there.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead.Do not write your address. (10 points)Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your essay, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments.You should write at least 150 words.Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业硕士学位联考英语试卷答案Section I Use of English1. [B] concluded2. [A] protective3. [C] Likewise4. [A] indicator5. [D] concern6. [A] in terms of7. [C] equals8. [C] in turn9. [D] straightforward10. [B] while11. [A] shape12.[B] quality13. [C] normal14. [D] tendency15. [B] pictured16. [D] associated17. [A] Even18. [D] grounded19. [C] policies20. [B] againstSection II Reading Comprehension21. According to Dumn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?[B]A special tour22. The author’s attitude toward Americans’ watching TV is[A]critical23. Macrib is mentioned in paragraph 3 to show that[D]rarity generally increases pleasure24. According to the last paragraph, Happy Money[B]may prove to be a worthwhile purchase25. This text mainly discusses how to26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologist have found that ______.[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high27. Visual recognition is believed to be people’s______[C] intuitive response28. Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to______[B] believe in their attractiveness29. The word "Viscerally"(Line 2,para.5) is closest in meaning to_____.[A]instinctively30. It can be inferred that Facebook is self-enhancer’s paradise because people can _____.[D] withhold their unflattering sides31. According to the first paragraph, economic downturns would _____.[B]highlight machines’ threat to human jobs32. The authors of Race Against the Machine argue that _____.[A]technology is diminishing man’s job opportunities33. Hagel argues that jobs in the U.S. are often _____.[D]designed against human creativity34. According to the last paragraph, Brynjolfsson and McAfee discussed _____.[D] the formula for how work is conducted efficiently35. Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the text?[C]Can We Win the Race Against Machines36. The author believes that the housing sector______.[D]involves certain political factors37. It can be learned that affordable housing has_____.[A]suffered government biases38. According to Paragraph 5, George Osborne may _____.[C]allow greater government debt for housing39. It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would _____.[C]contribute to funding new developments40. The author believes that after 2015, the government may _____.[B]stop generous funding to the housing sector41.Stone Cirele[D]represents the elegance of the British land art.42.Olaf Street Study[E]depicts the ordinary side of the British land art.43.Across the Park[G]contains images from different parts of the same photograph.44.Towards Avebury[C]reminds people of the English landscape painting tradition.45.Seven Days[A]originates from a long walk that the artist took.Section III Translation大多数人认为乐观主义就是无休止的开心，就像在看到一个装了一半水的杯子的时候，会认为还差半杯就满了，而非空了一半。

考博详解与指导哈尔滨工业大学考博英语试题Passage1Highly successful scientists depend on special talents,like in arts,music,and so on.Nature produces them only very slowly,parsimoniously,and at a constant rate,one has to do more with both natural gifts and formal,extensive academic training.Their number cannot be increased under command;they develop spontaneously whenever the scientific training of community is adequate to provide the basic training they need-----which is today the case in several nations over the world,including many of the developing countries.The second element is the“collectivity effect”.Scientific progress is greatly enhanced by a nonlinear effect.Progress is much faster when many and different types of scientists interact closely together.This is particularly active at the“interface”between disciplines;for instance,a chemistry idea applied to biology,a mathematical concept applied to physics,and so on.Passage2The phrase“A Law of Nature”is probably rarer in modem scientific writing than was the case some generations ago.This is partly due to a very natural objection to the use of the word law in two different senses.Human societies have laws.In primitive societies there is not distinction between law and custom. Some things are done;others are not.This is regarded as part of the nature ofthings,and generally as an unalterable fact.If customs change,the change is too slow to be observed,later on kings and prophets could proclaim new laws,but there was no way of withdrawing old ones.The Greek democracies made the great and revolutionary discovery that a community could consciously make new laws and repeal old ones.So for us a human law is something which is valid only over a certain number of people for a certain period of time.Passage3Private enterprise will become the driving force behind space launches,the futurists mercial space activities will probably grow beyond the government’s civilian space program in the coming decades,remarks Charles Eldred of the National Aeronautics and space Administration.Businesses will launch their own space shuttles to create weightless factories in es could include manufacturing pharmaceutical drugs,making ball bearings and growing crystals for computer chips.There is even talk of eventually sending tourists on shuttle flight---though the airfare would be exorbitant.Scientists say that government construction of a multibillion-dollar,permanent space station will aid in detecting natural disasters on earth in advance,conducting medical research and collecting solar energy to transmit back.Pentagon officials hope to be able to send off rays from a space station to hit missiles fired from earth.The space station may be used as well to stage long–distance flights to the moon, mars and planets beyond.Passage4Laws and regulations are never to be forgotten in the development of the information superhighway although market forces will help keep the new technology affordable,we need laws to protect consumers when competition fails and because several companies will operate the superhighways,each must be required to interconnect with the others.Likewise,the new computers that will give access to the superhighway should be built according to commonly accepted standards.Also even an open competitive market will leave out organizations with limited resources such as schools and libraries.To compensate for market oversights,we must enforce regulations to ensure thatmoney-----whether through government support or a tax on the companies that will control the superhighway---is made available to these institutions,and will be used and operated accordinglySection Two Translation from Chinese into English(20points)Passage1当前人类文明对全球环境的威胁给我们提供了一系列问题。

育明考博免费咨询报名电话：400-668-6978咨询QQ：493371626（李老师）2015考博QQ交流群1056198202015考博QQ英语群3354889032015考博QQ专业课群1574604162015哈尔滨工业大学考博英语分析一、招考介绍从整体上看，由于博士生招生形势的不断发展各院校博士生入学考试的难度越来越大，对考生的外语水平要求也越来越高，特别是听、说能力。

攻读博士学位的学生，一方面应该具备坚实的专业理论基础和扎实的科研能力，另一方面还应该具备较高水平的外语能力。

二、联系导师在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。

大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。

因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。

一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。

在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。

如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。

通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。

导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种：（1）、欢迎报考。

这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。

我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。

（2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。

很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。

其实这样还是比较好的一种回答，最起码导师没有骗你而且给你机会去证明自己，考的好就可以上。

(3）、你的研究方向和我一样......各种一大堆他的研究方向和你相关，欢迎报考什么的话。

不可否认，这是最好的情况，你可以放心的去考，一般不会出问题的。

但不排除偶然，像出现直博和本学校的硕转博名额问题，可能会给我们的报考和录取产生影响。

总之考博凭的是实力和自身的本事，关系只是占一部分，自己努力了就行，不用过分纠结于导师回复有没有啥隐含意思的。

General English Admission Test For Non-English MajorPh.D. program(Harbin Institute of Technology)Passage OneQuestions 1-7 are based on the following passage:According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granitelike bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This theory is contrary to the widely held view that the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks. The recently developed theory has considerable practical importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during the original gold rushes were exposed at the Earth’s surface and were found because they had shed trails of alluvial gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods. Although these same methods still leas to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they are buried and have no surface expression.The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals. Methods widely used today include analysis of aerial images that yield a broad geological overview, geophysical techniques that provide data on the magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties of the rocks being investigated, and sensitive chemical tests that are able to detect : the subtle chemical halos that often envelop mineralization. However, none of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized. Such ground selection relies to varying degrees on conceptual models, which take into account theoretical studies of relevant factors.These models are constructed primarily from empirical observations of known mineral deposits and from theories of ore-forming processes. The explorer uses the models to identify those geological features that are critical to the formation of the mineralization being modeled, and then tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many of the critical features as possible.1. The author is primarily concerned with .A. advocating a return to an older methodology.B. explaining the importance of a recent theory.C. enumerating differences between two widely used methodsD. describing events leading to a discovery2. According to passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems isthat such systemsA were formed from metamorphic fluids.B originated in molten granitelike bodiesC were formed from alluvial depositsD generally have surface expression3. The passage implies that which of the following steps would be the first performed byexplorers who wish to maximize their chances of discovering gold?A Surveying several sites known to have been formed more than two billion years ago.B Limiting exploration to sites known to have been formed form metamorphic fluid.C Using an appropriate conceptual model to select a site for further exploration.D Using geophysical methods to analyze rocks over a broad area.4. Which of the following statements about discoveries of gold deposits issupported by information in the passage?A The number of gold discover made annually has increased between the time of theoriginal gold rushes and the presentB New discoveries of gold deposits are likely to be the result of exploration techniquesdesigned to locate buried mineralizationC It is unlikely that newly discovered gold deposits will ever yield as much as did thosedeposits discovered during the original gold rushes.D Modern explorers are divided on the question of the utility of simple prospectingmethods as a source of new discoveries of gold deposits.5. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is easiest to detect?A A gold-quartz vein system originating in magma tic fluids.B A gold-quartz vein system originating in metamorphic fluids.C A gold deposit that is mixed with granite.D A gold deposit that has shed alluvial gold.6. The theory mentioned in line I relates to the conceptual models discussed in the passagein which of the following ways?A It may furnish a valid account of ore-forming processes, and hence, can supportconceptual models that have great practical significance.B It suggests that certain geological formations, long believed to be mineralized, are infact mineralized thus confirming current conceptual models.C. It suggests that there may not be enough similarity across Archean-age gold-quartzvein systems to warrant the formulation of conceptual models.D It corrects existing theories about the chemical halos of gold deposits, and thusprovides a basis for correcting current conceptual models.7. According to the passage methods of exploring for gold that are widely used today arebased on which of the following facts?A M ost of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are still molten.B Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are exposed at the surface.C Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are buried and have no surface expressionD Only one type of gold deposit warrants exploration. since the other types of golddeposits are found in regions difficult to reachPassage TwoQuestions 8-15 are based on the following passage:In choosing a method for determining climatic conditions that existed in the past, paleoclimatologists invoke four principal criteria. First, the material—rocks, lakes, vegetation, etc.—on which the method relies must be widespread enough to provide plenty of information,since analysis of material that is rarely encountered will not permit correlation with other regions or with other periods of geological history. Second in the process of formation, the material must have received an environmental signal that reflects a change in climate and that can be deciphered by modern physical or chemical means. Third, at least some of the material must have retained the signal unaffected by subsequent changes in the environment. Fourth, it must be possible to determine the time at which the inferred climatic conditions held. This last criterion is more easily met in dating marine sediments, because dating of only a small number of layers in a marine sequence allows the age of other layers to be estimated fairly reliably by extrapolation and interpolation. By contrast, because sedimentation is much less continuous in continental regions, estimating the age of a continental bed from the known ages of beds above and below is more risky.One very old method used in the investigation of past climatic conditions involves the measurement of water levels in ancient lakes. In temperate regions, there are enough lakes for correlations between them to give us a tenable picture. In arid and semiarid regions, on the other hand, the small number of lakes and the great distances between them reduce the possibilities for correlation. Moreover, since lake levels are controlled by rates of evaporation as well as by precipitation, the interpretation of such levels is ambiguous. For instance, the fact that lake levels in the semiarid southwestern United States appear to have been higher during the last ice age than they are now was at one time attributed to increased precipitation. On the basis of snowline elevations, however, it has been concluded that the climate then was not necessarily wetter than it is now, but rather that both summers and winters were cooler, resulting in reduced evaporation Another problematic method is to reconstruct former climates on the basis of pollen profiles. The type of vegetation in a specific region is determined by identifying and counting the various pollen grains found there. Although the relationship between vegetation and climate is not as direct as the relationship between climate and lake levels, the method often works well in the temperate zones. In arid and semiarid regions in which there is not much vegetation, however, small changes in one or a few plant types can change the picture traumatically, making accurate correlations between neighboring areas difficult to obtain.8. Which of the following statements about the difference between marine and continentalsedimentation is supported by information in the passage?A.Data provided by dating marine sedimentation is more consistent with researchers’findings in other disciplines than is data provided by dating continental sedimentation.B.It is easier to estimate the age of a layer in a sequence of continental sedimentation thanit is to estimate the age of a layer in a sequence of marine sedimentation.C.Marine sedimentation is much less widespread than continental sedimentationD.Marine sedimentation is much more continuous than is continental sedimentation.9. Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the passage as a whole?A.The author describes a method for determining past climatic conditions and then offersspecific examples of situations in which it has been used.B.The author discusses the method of dating marine and continental sequences and thenexplains how dating is more difficult with lake levels than with pollen profiles.C.The author describes the common requirements of methods for determining pastclimatic conditions and then discusses examples of such methods.D.The author describes various ways of choosing a material for determining past climaticconditions and then discusses how two such methods have yielded contradictory data.10. It can be inferred from the passage that paleoclimatologists have concluded which of thefollowing on the basis of their study of snow-line elevations in the southwest6ern United States?A.There is usually more precipitation during an ice age because of increased amounts ofevaporationB.There was less precipitation during the last ice age than there is today.ke levels in the semiarid southwestern United States were lower during the last ice agethan they are today.D.The high lake levels during the last ice age may have been a result of less evapo9rationrather than more precipitation.11. Which of the following would be the most likely topic for a paragraph that logicallycontinues the passage?A.The kinds of plants normally found in arid regions.B.The effect of variation in lake levels on pollen distribution.C.The material best suited to preserving signal of climatic changes.D.A third method fro investigating past climatic conditions.12. the author discusses lake levels in the southwestern United States in order toA.illustrate the mechanics of the relationship between lake level, evaporation, andprecipitationB.provide an example of the uncertainty involved in interpreting lake levels.C.Prove that there are not enough ancient lakes with which to make accurate correlationsD.Explain the effects of increased rates of evaporation on levels of precipitation.13. It can be inferred from the passage that an environmental signal found in geological materialwould no be useful to paleoclimatologists if it .A.had to be interpreted by modern chemical meansB.reflected a change in climate rather than a long-term climatic conditionC.was incorporated into a material as the material was formingD.also reflected subsequent environmental changes.14. According to the passage the material used to determine past climatic conditions must bewidespread for which of the following reasons?Ⅰ.Paleoclimatologists need to make comparisons between periods of geological history.Ⅱ. Paleoclimatologists need to compare materials that have supported a wide variety of vegetationⅢ. Paleoclimatologists need to make comparisons with data collected in other regions.A.I onlyB.ⅡonlyC.I and ⅡonlyD.I and Ⅲonly15. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the study of past climates inarid and semiarid regions?A.It is sometimes more difficult to determine past climatic conditions in arid and semiaridregions than in temperate regionsB.Although in the past more research has been done on temperate regions,paleoclimatologists have recently turned their attention to arid and semiarid regions.C.Although more information about past climates can be gathered in arid and semiaridthan in temperate regions, dating this information is more difficult.D.It is difficult to study the climatic history of arid and semiarid regions because theirclimates have tended to vary more than those of temperate regions.Passage ThreeQuestions 16-22 are based on the following passage:While there is no blueprint for transforming a largely government-controlled economy into a free one, the experience of the United Kingdom since 1979 clearly shows one approach that works: privatization, in which state-owned industries are sold to private companies. By 1979, the total borrowings and losses of state-owned industries were running at about ￡3 billion a year. By selling many of these industries, the government has decreased these borrowings and losses, gained over ￡34 billion from the sales, and now receives tax revenues from the newly privatized companies. Along with a dramatically improved overall economy, the government has been able to repay 12.5 percent of the net national debt over a two-year period.In fact privatization has not only rescued individual industries and a whole economy headed for disaster, but has also raised the level of performance in every area. At British Airways and British Gas, for example, productivity per employee has risen by 20 percent. At associated British Ports. labor disruptions common in the 1970’s and early 1980’s have now virtually disappeared. At British Telecom, there is no longer a waiting list—as there always was before privatization—to have a telephone installed.Part of this improved productivity has come about because the employees of privatized industries were given the opportunity to buy shares in their own companies. They responded enthusiastically to the offer of shares; at British Aerospace 89 percent of the eligible work force bought shares; at Associated British Ports 90 percent; and at British Telecom 92 percent. When people have a personal stake in something, they think about it, care about it, work to make it prosper. At the National Freight Consortium, the new employee-owners grew so concerned about their company’s profits that during wage negotiations they actually pressed their union to low er its wage demands. Some economists have suggested that giving away free shares would provide a needed acceleration of the privatization process. Y et they miss Thomas Paine’s point that ―what we obtain too cheap we esteem too lightly‖ In order for the far-ranging benefits of individual ownership to be achieved by owners, companies, and countries, employees and other individuals must make their own decisions to buy, and they must commit some of their own resources to the choice.16. According to the passage all of the following were benefits of privatizing state ownedindustries in the United Kingdom EXCEPTA.Privatized industries paid taxes to the governmentB.The government gained revenue from selling state-owned industriesC.The government repaid some of its national debtD.Profits from industries that were still state-owned increased17. According to the passage, which of the following resulted in increased productivity incompanies that have been privatized?A.A large number of employees chose to purchase shares in their companies.B.Free shares were widely distributed to individual shareholders.C.The government ceased to regulate major industries.D.Unions conducted wage negotiations fro employees.18. It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers labor disruptions to beA.an inevitable problem in a weak national economyB. a positive sign of employee concern about a companyC. a predictor of employee reactions to a company’s offer to sell shares to themD. a deterrence to high performance levels in an industry.19. The passage supports which of the following statements about employees buying shares intheir won companies?A.At three different companies, approximately nine out ten of the workers were eligible tobuy shares in their companies.B.Approximately 90%of the eligible workers at three different companies chose to buyshares in their companies.C.The opportunity to buy shares was discouraged by at least some labor unions.panies that demonstrated the highest productivity were the first to allow theiremployees the opportunity to buy shares.20. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the principle described in L25-26?A.A democratic government that decides it is inappropriate to own a particular industryhas in no way abdicated its responsibilities as guardian of the public interest.B.The ideal way for a government to protect employee interests is to force companies tomaintain their share of a competitive market without government subsidies.C.The failure to harness the power of self-interest is an important reason that state-ownedindustries perform poorlyernments that want to implement privatization programs must try to eliminate allresistance to the free-market system.21. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the privatization process inthe United Kingdom?A.It depends to a potentially dangerous degree on individual ownership of shares.B.It conforms in its most general outlines to Thomas Paine’s prescription for businessownership.C.It was originally conceived to include some giving away of free shares.D.It is taking place more slowly than some economists suggest is necessary.22. The quotation in L32-33 is most probably used to .A.counter a position that the author of the passage believes is incorrect.B.State a solution to a problem described in the previous sentence.C.Show how opponents of the viewpoint of the author of the passage have supported theirarguments.D.point out a paradox contained in a controversial viewpoint.Passage FourQuestions 23-30 are based on the following passage:Historians of women’s labor in the United States at first largely disregarded the story of female service workers—women earning wages in occupations such as salesclerk, domestic servant, and office secretary. These historians focused instead on factory work, primarilybecause it seemed so different from traditional, unpaid ―women’s work ‖in the home, and because the underlying economic forces of industrialism were presumed to be gender-blind and hence emancipation in effect. Unfortunately, emancipation has been less profound than expected, for not even industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segregation in the workplace.To explain this unfinished revolution in the status of women, historians have recently begun to emphasize the way a prevailing definition of femininity often determines the kinds of work allocated to women, even when such allocation is inappropriate to new conditions. For instance, early textile-mill e ntrepreneurs, in justifying women’s employment in wage labor, made much of the assumption that women were by nature skillful at detailed tasks and patient in carrying out repetitive chores; the mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been the purview of women. Because women accepted the more unattractive new industrial tasks more readily than did men, such jobs came to be regarded as female jobs. And employers, who assumed that women’s ―real‖ aspirations were for marriage and family life, declined to pay women wages commensurate with those of men. Thus many lower-skilled, lower-paid, less secure jobs came to be perceived as ―female.‖More remarkable than the origin has been the persistence of such sex segregation in twentieth-century industry. Once an occupation came to be perceived as ―female‖, employers showed surprisingly little interest in changing that perception, even when higher profits beckoned. And despite the urgent need of the United States during the Second World War to mobilize its human resources fully, job segregation by sex characterized even he most important war industries. Moreover, once the war ended, employers quickly returned to men most of t he ―male‖ jobs that women had been permitted to master.23. According to the passage, job segregation by sex in the United States was .A.greatly diminlated by labor mobilization during the Second World War.B.perpetuated by those textile-mill owners who argued in favor of women’semployment in wage laborC.one means by which women achieved greater job securityD.reluctantly challenged by employers except when the economic advantages wereobvious24. According to the passage, historians of women’s labor f ocused on factory work as a morepromising area of research than service-sector work because factory workA.involved the payment of higher wagesB.required skill in detailed tasksC.was assumed to be less characterized by sex segregationD.was more readily accepted by women than by men25. It can be inferred from the passage the early historians of women’s labor in the UnitedStates paid little attention to women’s employment in the service sector of the economy becauseA.fewer women found employment in the service sector than in factory workB.the wages paid to workers in the service sector were much more short-term than infactory workC.women’s employment in the service sector tended to be much more short-term thanin factory workD.employment in the service sector seemed to have much in common with the unpaidwork associated with homemaking26. The passage supports which of the following statements about the early mill ownersmentioned in the second paragraph?A.They hoped that by creating relativel y unattractive ―female‖ jobs they woulddiscourage women from losing interest in marriage and family life.B.They sought to increase the size of the available labor force as a means to keep men’swages low.C.They argued that women were inherently suited to do well in particular kinds offactory workD.They felt guilty about disturbing the traditional division of labor in family.27.It can be inferred from the passage that the ―unfinished revolution‖ the author mentions inL11 refers to theA.entry of women into the industrial labor market.B.Development of a new definition of femininity unrelated to the economic forces ofindustrialismC.Introduction of equal pay for equal work in all professionsD.Emancipation of women wage earners from gender-determined job allocation28. The passage supports which of the following statements about hiring polic ies in the United States?A.After a crisis many formerly ―male ‖jobs are reclassified as ―female‖ jobs.B.Industrial employers generally prefer to hire women with previous experience ashomemakersC.Post-Second World War hiring policies caused women to lose many of their wartimegains in employment opportunity.D.Even war industries during the Second World War were reluctant to hire women forfactory work.29. Which of the following words best expresses the opinion of the author of the passageconcerning the notion that women are more skillful than men in carrying out detailstasks?A.―patient‖ (line17)B.―repetitive‖ (line18)C.―hoary‖ (line19)D.―homemaking‖ (line19)30. Which of the following best describes the relationship of the final paragraph to thepassage as a whole?A.The central idea is reinforced by the citation of evidence drawn from twentieth-centuryhistory.B.The central idea is restated in such a way as to form a transition to a new topic fordiscussionC.The central idea is restated and juxtaposed with evidence that might appear tocontradict it.D.A partial exception to the generalizations of the central idea is dismissed unimportant.Passage FiveQuestions 31-36 are based on the following passage:Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women’s emancipation in Western societies. Arguments in what could be called the ―relational‖ feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of ―equality in difference‖, or equity as distinct for equality. They posit that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society and that women’s procreative labor is currently undervalued by society, to the disadvantage of women. By contrast, the individualist feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and celebrates women’s quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant responsibilities.Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, often within the writings of the same individual. Between 1890and 1920, however, relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still predominates among European and non-western feminists, lost ground in England and the United States. Because the concept of individual rights was already well established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in England-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcilable. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-blind system with equal educational and economic opportunities outside the home should be available for all women, continued to emphasize women’s special contributions to society as homemakers and mothers; they demanded special treatment including protective legislation for women workers. State-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework.Relational arguments have a major pitfall: because they underline women’s physiological and psychological distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women. If the individualist framework, with its claim for women’s autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists, a more fruitful model for contemporary feminist politics could emerge.31. The author of the passage alludes to the well-established nature of the concept ofindividual rights in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition in order toA.illustrate the influence of individualist feminist thought on more general inte llectualtrends in English history.B.Argue that feminism was already a part of the larger Anglo-Saxon intellectual tradition,even though this has often gone unnoticed by critics of women’s emancipationC.Explain the decline in individualist thinking among feminists in non-English-speakingcountries.D.Help account for an increasing shift toward individualist feminism among feminists inEnglish-speaking countries.32. The passage suggests that the author of the passage believes which of the following?A.The predominance of individualist feminism in English-speaking countries is ahistorical phenomenon, the causes of which have not yet been investigated.。

实用标准文档考研英语二真题及答案文案大全14SectionI Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Thinner isn't always better. A number of studies have __1___ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually ___2___. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. ___3___ among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an ___4___ of good health.Of even greater ___5___ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined ___6___ body mass index, or BMI. BMI ___7__ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, ___8___,can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.While such numerical standards seem 9 , they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, 10 others with a low BMI may be in poor 11 .For example, many collegiate and professional football players 12 as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a 13 BMI.Today we have a(an) _14 _ to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight aresometimes_15_in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes _16_ with obesity include laziness, lack of will power,and lower prospects for success.Teachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. _17_very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.Negative attitudes toward obesity, _18_in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity _19_.My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives. Michelle Obama launched a high-visibility campaign _20_ childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.1. [A] denied [B] conduced [C] doubled [D] ensured2. [A] protective [B] dangerous [C] sufficient[D]troublesome3. [A] Instead [B] However [C] Likewise [D] Therefore4. [A] indicator [B] objective [C] origin [D] example实用标准文档文案大全 5. [A] impact [B] relevance [C] assistance [D] concern 6. [A] in terms of [B] in case of [C] in favor of [D] in of 7. [A] measures [B] determines [C] equals [D] modifies 8.[A] in essence [B] in contrast [C] in turn [D] in part9. [A] complicated [B] conservative [C] variable [D]straightforward 10. [A] so [B] unlike[C] since [D] unless 11. [A] shape [B] spirit [C] balance [D] taste 12. [A] start [B] quality[C] retire [D] stay13. [A] strange [B] changeable [C] normal [D] constant 14. [A] option [B] reason [C] opportunity [D] tendency 15. [A] employed [B] pictured [C] imitated [D] monitored 16.[A] [B] combined [C] settled [D] associated 17. [A] Even [B] Still [C] Yet [D] Only18. [A] despised [B] corrected [C] ignored [D] grounded 19. [A] discussions [B] businesses [C] policies [D] studies 20. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] without3 R9E! u0 M& F; R) y' a1 X! gSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1What would you do with 590m? This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie, an84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small, tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. If she hopes her new-found for tune will yield lasting feelings of fulfillment, she could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dumn and Michael Norton.These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly what was once exciting and new becomes old-hat; regret creeps in. It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms Dumn and Mr Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time-as stories or memories-particularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most happiness bang for your buck. It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it).Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reason MacDonald's restricts the availability of its popularMcRib - a marketing实用标准文档文案大全trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.Readers of “HappyMoney”are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfillment, not hunger.Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world, and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people. Not everyone will agree with the authors' policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent. 21. According to Dumn and Norton,which of the following is the most rewarding purchase? [A]A big house [B]A special tour [C]A stylish car[D]A rich meal22.The author's attitude toward Americans' watching TV is[A]critical [B]supportive [C]sympathetic [D]ambiguous23.Macrib is mentioned in paragraph 3 to show that [A]consumers are sometimes irrational [B]popularity usually comes after quality [C]marketing tricks are after effective [D]rarity generally increases pleasure24.According to the last paragraph,Happy Money [A]has left much room forreaders'criticism[B]may prove to be a worthwhile purchase [C]has predicted a wider income gap in the us [D]may give its readers a sense of achievement 25.This text mainly discusses how to [A]balance feeling good and spending money [B]spend large sums of money won in lotteries [C]obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent[D]become more reasonable in spending on luxuries Text 2An article in Scientific America has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think you're more beautiful than you are. We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to research into what the call the “above average effect”, or “illusory superiority”, and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others—all obviously statistical impossibilities.We rose tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. We become defensive when criticized, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem, we实用标准文档文案大全stalk around thinking we're hot stuff.Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key studying intoself-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather that have people simply rate their beauty compress with others, he asked them to identify an original photogragh of themselves' from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an automatic psychological process occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”. If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image- which must did- they genuinely believed it was really how they looked. Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there anyevidence that, those who self-enhance the must (that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored picture were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other makers for having higherself-esteem. “I don't think the findings that we having have are any evidence of personal delusion”, says Epley. “It's a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves'. If you are depressed, you won't be self-enhancing. Knowing the results of Epley ‘s study,it makes sense that why people heat photographs of themselves Viscerally-on one level, they don't even recognise the person in the picture as themselves, Facebook therefore ,is a self-enhancer's paradise,where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit ,style ,beauty, intellect and lifestyle it's not that people's profiles are dishonest,says catalina toma of Wiscon—Madison university ,”but they portray an idealized version of themselves.26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologist have found that ______. [A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high [B] illusory superiority is baseless effect [C] our need for leadership is unnatural[D] self-enhancing strategies are ineffective27. Visual recognition is believed to be people's______[A] rapid watching [B] conscious choice [C] intuitive response [D] automaticself-defence28. Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tendedto______ [A] underestimate their insecurities [B] believe in their attractiveness [C] cover up their depressions [D] oversimplify their illusions29.The word “Viscerally”(Line 2,para.5) is closest in meaningto_____.[A]instinctively [B]occasionally [C]particularly [D]aggressively30. It can be inferred that Facebook is self-enhancer's paradisebecause people can _____. 实用标准文档文案大全[A]present their dishonest profiles [B]define their traditional life styles[C]share their intellectual pursuits[D]withhold their unflattering sides Text 3Crying is hardly an activity encouraged by society. Tears, be they of sorrow, anger, on joy, typically make Americans feel uncomforuble and embarrassed. The shedder of tears is likely to apologize, even when a devastating (毁灭性的) tragedy was the provocation. The observer of tears is likely to do everything possible to put an end to the emotional outpouring. But judging form recent studies of crying behavior, links between illness and crying and the chemical composition of tears, both those responses to tears are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive.Humans are the only animals definitely known to shed emotional tears. Since evolution has given rise to few, if any, purposeless physiological responset, it is logical to assume that crying has one or more functions that enhance survival.Although some observers have suggested that crying is a way to clicit assistance form others (as a crying baby might from its mother), the shedding of tears is hardly necessary to get help. Vocal cries would have been quite enough, more likely than tears to gain attention, So, it appears, there must be something special about tears themselves.Indeed, the new studies suggest that emotional tears may play a direct role in alleviating stress, University of Minnesota researchers who are studying the chemical composition of tears have recently isolated two important chemicals from emotional tears. Both chemicals are found only in tears that are shed in response to emotion. Tears shed because of exposure to =cut onion would contain no such substance.Researchers at several other institutions are investigating the usefulness of tears as a means of diagnosing human ills and monitoring drugs.At Tulane University's Teat Analysis Laboratory Dr.Peter Kastl and his colleagues report that they can use tears to detect drug abuse and exposure to medication(药物), to determine whether a contact lens fits properly of why it may be uncomfortable, to study the causes of “dry eye”syndrome and the effects of eye surgery, and perhaps even to measure exposure to environmental pollutants.At Columbia University Dt.Liasy Faris and colleagues are studying tears for clues to the diagnosis of diseases away from the eyes. Tears can be obtained painlessly without invading the body and only tiny amounts are needed to perform highly refined analyses. 31. It is known from the first paragraph that ________. A) shedding tears gives unpleasant feelings to American B) crying may often imitate people or even result in tragedy C) crying usually wins sympathy from other people D) one who sheds tears in public will be blamed32. What does “both those responses to tears”(Line 6, Para, 1) refer to? A) Crying out of sorrow and shedding tears for happiness.B) The embarrassment and unpleasant sensation of the observers.C) The tear shedder's apology and the observer's effort to stop the crying. D) Linking illness with crying and finding the chemical composition of tears.实用标准文档文案大全33. “Counterproductive”(Lines 6-7, Para,1) very probably means “________”.A) having no effect at all B) leading to tensionC) producing disastrous impact D) harmful to health34. What does the author say about crying?A) It is a pointless physiological response to the environment. B) It must have a role to play in man's survival. C) It is meant to get attention and assistance. D) It usually produces the desired effect.35. What can be inferred from the new studies of tears? A) Emotional tears have the function of reducing stress.B) Exposure to excessive medication may increase emotional tears.C) Emotional tears can give rise to “dry eye”syndrome in some cases. D) Environmental pollutants can induce the shedding of emotional tears. Text 4When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy. Housing is seldom mentioned.Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to shove for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure project, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been sopolitically charged.Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing ￡4.5bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015,is unlikely to be extended beyond then. The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition's spending plans if returns to power. The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to era of large-scale public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate. 36. The author believes that the housing sector__实用标准文档文案大全[A] has attracted much attention [B] involves certain political factors [C] shoulders too much responsibility[D] has lost its real value in economy37. It can be learned that affordable housing has__ [A] increased its home supply [B] offered spending opportunities [C] suffered government biases [D] disappointed the government38. According to Paragraph 5,George Osborne may_______. [A] allow greater government debt for housing [B] stop local authorities from building homes [C] prepare to reduce housing stock debt [D] release a lifted GDP growth forecast39.It can be inferred that a stable rental environmentwould_______. [A]lower the costs of registered providers [B]lessen the impact of government interference [C]contribute to funding new developments [D]relieve the ministers of responsibilities40.The author believes that after 2015,the governmentmay______. [A]implement more policies to support housing [B]review the need for large-scale public grants [C]renew the affordable housing grants programme[D]stop generous funding to the housing secto% ]/H0 e! `) Z O& c3 ~! Y9K# C# C6 e8 P) [) `( h( G* y.t8 p. n+ ASection IIITranslationDirections:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Writeyour translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Most people would define optimism as endlessly happy, with aglass that's perpetually half fall. But that's exactly the kind offalse deerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn't recommend.“Healthy optimists means being in touch with reality.”says TalBen-Shahar, a Harvard professor, According to Ben- Shalar,realisticoptimists are these who make the best of things that happen, butnot those who believe everything happens for the best.Ben-Shalar uses three optimistic exercisers. When he feelsdown-sag, after giving a bad lecture-he grants himself permissionto be human. He reminds himself that mot every lecture can be aNobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next isreconstruction, He analyzes the weak lecture, leaning lessons, forthe future about what works and what doesn't. Finally, there isperspective, which involves acknowledging that in the ground schemeof life, one lecture really doesn't matter.[page]实用标准文档文案大全1 s1F- ^ c3 ^1 ]- u; X. L! T& A w3 zc5 d5D/ n/ u# VSection IVWritingPart A47. Directions: Suppose you are going to study abroad and sharean apartment with John, a local student. Write him to emailto 1)tell him about your living habits, and 2)ask for advice about living there.You should write about 100 words on answer sheet. Do not use your own name. Part B48. Directions:Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET. (15 points) You shouldinterpret the chart, and give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15points)答案Section I Use ofEnglish1、【答案】Bconclude! j$F( d; f0 `& E# c! x( I1 ^7 ^【解析】题干中，一系列的研究已经_____，事实上，正常体重的人的患病风险要高于超重的人。

英语试卷一【±q461533046】Part I Answer Dialogue Completion1. We will be shown around the city : schools , museums , and some other places , _________ othe r visitors seldom go .A. whatB. whichC. whereD. when2．The famous basketball star . __________ tried to make a comeback , attracted a lot of attention .A. whereB. whenC. whichD. who3．He is only one of the students who _________ a winner of scholarship for three years .A. isB. areC. have beenD. has been4. Is this the reason __________ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work ?A. he explainedB. what he explainedC. how he explainedD. why he explained5. The result of the experiment was very good , __________ we hadn’t expected .A. whenB. thatC. whichD. what6. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase . ________ was very reasonable .A. which priceB . the price of whichC. its priceD. the price of whose7. Caral said the work would be done by October , ________ personally I doubt very much .A. itB . thatC. whenD. which8. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play , __________ , of course , made the others unhappy .A. whoB. whichC. thisD. what9. John said he’d been working in the office for an hour , __________ was true .A. heB. thisC. whichD. who10. He must be from Africa, _________can be seen from his skin.A. thatB. asC. whoD. what11. Have you seen the film “Titanic”, _________ leading actor is world famous ?A. itsB. it’sC. whoseD. which12. He was very rude to the customs office , _________ of course made things even worse .A. whoB. whomC. whatD. which13. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town __________ he grew up as a c hild .A. whichB. thatC. whereD. when14. I don’t like _________ you speak to her .A. the wayB. the way in thatD. the way of which15. All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those _________ in the forest .A. once they growB. they grew onceC. they once grewD. once grew16. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 pm , ________ many people have got h ome .A. whose timeB. thatC. on whichD. by which17. _________ we know , China will be an __________ powerful country in 20 or 30 years’ time .A. That ; advancingB. This ; advancedC. As ; advancedD. It ; advancing18. I shall never forget those years __________ I lived in the country with the farmers , ________ has a great effect on my life .A. that ; whichB. when ; whichC. which ; thatD. when ; who19. The weather turned out to be very good , ________ was more than we could expect .A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it20. In the dark street , there wasn’t a single person __________ she could turn for help .A. thatB. whoC. from whomD. to whom21. He made another wonderful discovery , __________ of great importance to science.A. which I think isC. which I think itD. I think which is25. His son has become a doctor, ________ he wanted to be.A. whichB. thatC. whoD. what26. She said she was busy, _________ was a lie.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. that。

2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试新课标2卷英语本试卷分第I卷（选择题）和第II卷（非选择题）两部分。

考试结束后，将本试卷和答案卡一并交回。

注意事项：1．答第I卷前考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。

2．选出每小题答案前，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号框,不能答在本试卷上，否则无效。

第一部分阅读理解（共两节，满分40分）第一节(共15小题；每小题2分，满分40分)阅读下列列短文，从学科网每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出最佳选项。

并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑．AArriving in Sydney on his own from India, my husband ,Rashid, zxxkstayed in a hotel for a short time while looking for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children.During the first week of his stay, he went out one day to do some shopping. He came back in the late afternoon to discover that his suitcase was gone. He was extremely worried as the suitcase had all his important papers, including his passport.He reported the case to the police and then sat there，lost and lonely in strange city, thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organized again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one.Late in the evening, the phone rang. It was a stranger. He was trying to pronounce my husband’s name and was asking him a lot of questions. Then he said they had found a pile of papers in their trash can（垃圾桶）that had been left out on the footpath.My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents. Their young daughter had gone to the trash can and found a pile of unfamiliar papers. Her parents had carefully sorted them out, although they had found mainly foreign addresses on most of the documents. At last they had seen a half-written letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephone number to a friend.That family not only restored the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people.We still remember their kindness and often send a warm wish their way.1.What did Rashid plan to do after his arrival in Sydney?A.Go shoppingB.Find a houseC.Join his familyD.Take his family2.The girl’s parents got Rashid’s phone number from_______.A.a friend of his familyB.a Sydney policemanC.a letter in his papesD.a stranger in Sydney3.What does the underlined word“restored”in the last paragraph mean?A.ShowedB.Sent outC.DeliveredD.Gave back4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A.From India to Australia.B.Living in a a New Country.C.Turning Trash to Treasure.D.In Search of New Friends.BSince the first Earth Day in 1970,American have gotten a lot “greenter” toward the environment . “We didn’t know at that time there even was an environment,let alone that there was a problem with it,”says Bruce Anderson,president of Earth Day USA.But what began as nothing important in public affairs has grown into a social movement .Business people,political leaders,university professors,and especially millions of grass-roots Americans are taking part in the movement. “The understanding has increased many ,many times,”says Gaylord Nelson,the fromergovermor from Wisconsin,who thought up the firstAccording to US government reports , emissions (排放)from cars and trucks have dropped from 10.3 million tons a year to 5.5 tons .The number of cities producing CO beyond the standard has been reduced from 40 to 9 .Although serious problems still remain and need to be dealt with , the world is a safer and healthier place .A kind of “Green thinking ” has become part of practices .Great improvement has been achieved .In 1988 there were only 600 recycling programs ,; today in 1995 there are about 6,600 .Advanced lights ,motors , and building designs have helped save a lot of energy and therefore prevented pollution .Twenty –five years ago , there were hardly any education programs for environment .Today , it’s hard to find a public school , university , or law school that does not have such a kind of program .” Until we do that , nothing else will change! ” say Bruce Anderson .5 According to Anderson , before 1970, Americans had little idea about ___A the social movementB recycling techniquesC environmental problemsD the importance of \Earth Day6 Where does the support for environmental protection mainly come from?A The grass –roots levelB The business circleC Government officialsD University professors7 What have \Americans achieved in environmental protection ?A They have cut car emissions to the lowestB They have settled their environmental problemsC They have lowered their CO levels in forty cities.D They have reduced pollution through effective measures .8.What is especially important for environmental protection according to the last pargraph ?A EducationB PlanningC Green livingD CO reductionCOne of the latest trend（趋势）in American Childcare is Chinese au pairs. Au Pair in Stamford, for example, has got increasing numbers of request for Chinese au pairs zxxkfrom aero to around 4,000 since 2004. And that’s true all across the country.“I thought it would be useful for him to learn Chinese at an early age”Joseph Stocke, the managing director of s company, says of his 2-year old son. “I would at least like to give him the chance to use the language in the future,” After only six months of being cared by 25-year-old woman from China, the boy can already understand basic Chinese daily expressions, his dad says.Li Drake, a Chinese native raising two children in Minnesota with an American husband, had another reason for looking for an au pair from China. She didn’t want her children to miss out on their roots.”Because I am Chinese, my husband and I wanted the children to keep exposed to(接触) the language and culture.” she says.“Staying with a native speaker is better for children than simply sitting in a classroom,”says Suzanne Flynn, a professor in language education of Children.”But parents must understand that just one year with au pair is unlikely to produce wonders. Complete mastery demands continued learning until the age of 10 or 12.”The popularity if au pairs from china has been strengthened by the increasing numbers of American parents who want their children who want their children to learn Chinese. It is expected that American demand for aupairs will continue to rise in the next few years.9.What does that term” au pair” in the text mean?A. A mother raising her children on her ownB. A child learning a foreign language at homeC. A professor in language education of childrenD. A young foreign woman taking care of children.10. Li Drake has her children study Chinese because she wants them ______.A. to live in China some dayB. to speak the language at homeC. to catch up wit other childrenD. to learn about the Chinese culturezxxk11. What can we infer from the text?A. Learning Chinese is becoming popular In America,B. Educated woman do better in looking after childrenC. Chinese au pairs need to improve their English Skills.D. Children can learn a foreign language well in six months.can work well with your appetite and schedule. The more you learn and the more you try, the more ability you have to take control of your food and your schedule.Hopefully that gives you a good start. 20_______ And don’t let a busy schedule discourage you from making some great changes in the way you eat and live!A. Try new things.B. Ability is easily improved.C. Make three or four instead.D. Understand your food better.E. Cooking is a burden for many people.F. Let cooking and living simply be a joy rather than a burden.G. A little time planning ahead can save a lot of work later on.第二部分英语知识运用（共两节，满分45分）第一节完形填空（共20小题；每题1.5分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A, B, C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

装备学院2014年博士研究生入学考试英语(1001)试题（注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，本试卷满分100分）Part I Vocabulary (10 points, 0.5 point each)Direction:There are 20 questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A,B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Markthe corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on yourAnswer Sheet.1. Mourinho is a young and ________ coach who is prepared to lead his tem to win the championship in his first season.A. clumsyB. humorousC. ambitiousD. intimate2. Just wait for more second, I am ________ ready.A. all butB. all overC. at allD. at any moment3. If you can’t think of anywhere to go on Saturday, we ________ as well stay home.A. shouldB. mightC. canD. need4. A nation that does not know history is ________ to repeat it.A. discouragedB. characterizedC. linkedD. fated5. They preferred a British Commonwealth or European arrangement, because this wassubstantially ________ their British thinking.A. in touch withB. in line withC. with relation toD. with reference to6. The traffic accident that delayed our bus gave us a ________ reason for being late.A. promptB. vagueC. irritableD. legitimate7. The United States has 10 percent of the total petroleum ________ of the world in its ownterritory, and has been a major producer for decades.A. reservoirsB. reservationsC. reservesD. reproductions8. This is the world’s first accurate ________ model of human heart in computer.A. settingB. laboringC. showingD. working9. In 2000 I visited Berkeley, where I began my long ________ with this world famousuniversity.A. interactionB. nominationC. reconstructionD. association10. ________ ads for phony business opportunities appear in the classified pages of dailyand weekly newspapers and magazines, and online.A. SpeciallyB. TypicallyC. EspeciallyD. Commonly11. Too much time has ________ since we worked on this project.A. circulatedB. elapsedC. occupiedD. detached12. The girl fresh from college finally received a job ________ she had been expecting.A. requestB. pleaC. suggestionD. offer13. However busy we are, we’ll try to get back home ________ the dinner on the eve of theLunar New Year.A. in time forB. in exchange forC. in store forD. in return for14. Some difficult choices involving life and death are simply outside the ________ ofeconomic analysis.A. dimensionB. scaleC. domainD. space15. China’s economy, which was now on the brink of collapse, was beginning to ________after the implementation of reform and opening-up.A. pay offB. take offC. leave offD. drop off16. After a month or so, she came to dislike the subject and wished she had not _______ it_______.B. put…up B. given…upC. taken…upD. made…up17. It is considered a crime to ________ an election of any kind by bribing voters.A. fabricateB. launchC. populateD. manipulate18. Visitors to this plateau are likely to have a _______ headache for the first few days.A. splittingB. slappingC. slicingD. sprawling19. The central government is intensifying efforts to popularize _______ education in rurallocalities.A. voluntaryB. impulsiveC. instinctiveD. compulsory20. They are studying what kind of preferences might ________ this surging demand forhome-made TV sets.A. take a fancy toB. bring into playC. give rise toD. grow out ofPart II Cloze Test (15 points, 1 point each)Directions:There are 15 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D for eachblank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase youhave chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your AnswerSheet.New devices to aid in the manipulation of numbers were added to make the job fasterand more accurate. Electronic computers were 21 the fastest and most versatile instruments for storing and 22 now in use. Computers provide the means for greater speed and accuracy than 23 previously 23 possible. With the development of these new tools, it is as if man has suddenly become 24 of the mind.Although man 25 mentally richer ever since he started 26 , the electronic computer allows and will continue to allow him 27 tremendous “mental”tasks in a 28 short time. Great scientists of the past 29 ideas that sometimes had to wait for years before they 30 sufficiently well to be 31 . With the computer, the ideas of today’s scientists can be studied, tested, distributed and used more rapidly than 32 .Old lines and methods of communication do not work easily or efficiently as so much information 33 we have now. The repeated actions of preparing, sorting, filing, distributing and 34 records and publications can be 35 as calculating. Errors occur because people grow tired and can be distracted.Part III Reading Comprehension (30 point)Section A (20 points, 1 point each)Directions:In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer fromthe four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a single baracross the square brackets on your Answer Sheet.Passage OneA warning has been issued by the electricity board that there may be a repetition of yesterday evening’s block-outs in the London area. Although these were not serious or prolonged, there were voltage reductions in many homes of up to an hour, and the traffic lights in Piccadilly Circus were out for twenty minutes, causing considerable traffic congestion. Some commuter services were also affected. Some passengers had to face delays of up to two hours and at Victoria Station an angry argument broke out between a station inspector and a man on his way to visit his wife in hospital, and police had to be called. Both men were arrested. Local electricity switchboards were jammed with calls from housewives demanding to know how they were expected to cook supper for their families on a cold cooker. In one street in West London, all the lights went out without warning. Shops were closed but a relief service of candles and hand torches was set up by neighbors concerned about the risk of accident to old people and children. Today local hardware shops in the area report a run on candles and paraffin lamps normally sold to campers.A spokesman for the Electricity Board said they regretted the inconvenience the public had suffered, but there was no guarantee that further power cuts would not be necessary. Particularly after dark when there was an increased use of electrical appliances in the home.The trouble appears to be due to a work to rule by staff at power stations in remote areas, who are insisting on increased pay for night shifts and higher travel allowances. Although the work to rule is unofficial, Union leaders are to meet members of the electricity Board early next month to discuss these demands. It is hoped that both sides will be able to reach a satisfactory agreement and that the threat of more serious industrial action will be averted.36. According to the Electricity Board consumers may expect ________ .A. voltage reductions in a certain areaB. increased voltage reduction in the London areaC. power cuts of more than an hour in certain areasD. prolonged power cuts in many areas37. Owing to the delay at Victoria Station________.A. two passengers were arrestedB. a man was taken to hospitalC. evacuated the old people and childrenD. took care to prevent accidents38. When the lights in one street went out, people _________.A. ran to the shops to buy candlesB. were involved in a series of accidentsC. evacuated the old people and childrenD. took care to prevent accidents39. The main cause of the power cuts seems to be _________.A. a strike by all night shift workers at power stationsB. the worker’s refusal to travel to remote power stationsC. the worker’s unwillingness to work night shiftsD. dissatisfaction among workers over conditions of service40. From the passage we understand that the present industrial unrest ________.A. was initiated by Trade Union officialsB. has been set in motion without Trade Union approvalC. is to be settled by arbitrationD. is to be taken to government levelPassage TwoDespite the defeat of the Nazis and their allies and the setting up of the United Nations Organization in 1945, racism continues to haunt the world today. Men are denied employment, housing and educational opportunities because of their skin color; some rich countries still have racial immigration laws to keep out immigrants from poorer and hungrier lands; political leaders are imprisoned for life for demanding that all races should have the same political right; and even in the cities of the affluent Western world the Negro ghettoes burn, signaling to the world the blank despair of their inhabitants.The most striking instance of racism in the world today is that of the system of Apartheid（种族隔离制度）in South Africa. Apartheid is not as some people may still imagine a serious attempt to provide equal though separate facilities for all races. It is segregation carried through by men with white skins to their own advantage and to the disadvantage of the black and colored populations.Its viciousness lies not solely in the fact that different “races”must live in different areas, but far more in the fact that the areas assigned to the non-White groups are the overcrowded and eroded parts of the countryside. Inevitably those assigned to living there would face starvation unless they went as migrants and transients to seek work in the White areas. So what the theory of Apartheid means is this: that black men will work for white so long as political power lies where it does. Such a system as this is the product of conquest and of the monopoly of political power by a conquering group. The conquerors seize uponthe fact of skin color in order to imply that the inequality which they have created is given by Nature, that it is the inevitable consequence of biological differences, or even that it is the will of God.Such a political system could have established in many parts of the colonial world, but the process of decolonization set in train by the victory of 1945 and assisted by United Nations action succeeded in many countries in opening equal opportunities to all. Hence today we see many cases where those who govern a newly independent country are the children of peasants or of political prisoners.But where White supremacy and Apartheid prevail, colored people must either accept their inferior lot or be condemned for life to an island prison. A similar future is inevitable in other countries if their present political leaders establish governments based upon inequality of political rights between races.But racism and its social consequences are evident not only in the former colonial territories. They are an ever present feature of the life of advanced industrial countries. Increasingly in some at least of these countries the traditional political issues pale into insignificance beside the problem of racial inequality and men’s attempt to fight against it. Inevitably in the post 1945 world, with the advanced countries of Europe and North America undergoing a period of unparalleled economic prosperity, immigrants have come to their cities from the poorer countries, from the rural areas and from the areas where the old slave plantations were.There is much evidence to suggest that this migration has not represented an uncontrolled and uncontrollable flood, for the immigrants have exercised their own immigration control by going where the jobs are.Nevertheless this precisely how this immigration has been perceived in the countries concerned and they have reacted by throwing up barriers either to immigration itself or to full equality of opportunity for the immigrant in fields such as housing or employment. Such barriers may not have an explicitly racial form. They may affect all newcomers. But there can be little doubt that colored people are most affected by them and that the discrimination involved is widely thought to be based upon color and race.41. The passages states that victims of racism include ________.A. immigrantsB. people whose skin is not whiteC. people of different color, and political leaders who fight for them; as well as would-be immigrants from poorer and hungrier countriesD. all those who are denied employment, housing and educational opportunities.42. “The Negro ghettoes burn.” Is it possible to infer from the passage who set them on fire.A. Yes, the Negroes themselves in protest against their living conditions.B. Yes, racists.C. Yes, the inhabitants of the ghettoes.D. No, we cannot really be sure from this passage.43. Apartheid is particularly wicked because _________.A. different races have to live in different areasB. the areas assigned to the non-white groups are not rich enough to support themC. some people still imagine it is a serious attempt at equal but separate developmentD. it is to the disadvantage of the black population44. In paragraph three the writer says that the non-white populations are forced by ________.A. the Whites to work for themB. the law to work for the WhitesC. the threat of starvation to work for the WhitesD. claiming that “might is right”45. We can infer from this passage that the writer thinks that racism _________.A. is on the increase because of South Africa’s policiesB. is on the increase because of the growth of immigrant populationsC. has decreased because of the process of decolonizationD.continues to exist despite the defeat of the Nazis, the growth of UN and the process of decolonizationPassage 3A report published recently brings bad news about air pollution. It suggests that it could be as damaging to our health as exposure to the radiation from the 1986 Ukraine nuclear power disaster. The report was published by the UK Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. But what can city people do to reduce exposure to air pollution? Quite a lot, it turns out.Avoid walking in busy streets. Choose side streets and parks instead. Pollution levels can fall a considerable amount just by moving a few meters away from the main pollution source----exhaust fumes. Also don’t walk behind smokers. Walk on the windward side of the street where exposure to pollutants can be 50 percent less than on the downwind side.Sitting on the driver’s side of a bus can increase your exposure by 10 percent, compared with sitting on the side nearest the pavement. Sitting upstairs on a double-decker can reduce exposure. It is difficult to say whether traveling on an underground train is better or worse than taking the bus. Air pollution on underground trains tends to be less toxic that that at street level, because underground pollution is mostly made up of tiny iron particles thrown up by wheels hitting the rails. But diesel and petrol fumes have a mixture of pollutants.When you are crossing a road, stand well back from the curb while you wait for thelight to change. Every meter really does count when you are close to traffic. As the traffic begins to move, fumes can be reduced in just a few seconds. So holding your breath for just a moment can make a difference, even though it might sound silly.There are large sudden pollution increases during rush hours. Pollution levels fall during nighttime. The time of year also makes a big difference. Pollution levels tend to be at their lowest during spring and autumn when winds are freshest. Extreme cold or hot weather has a trapping effect and tends to cause a build-up of pollutants.46. What is the passage mainly about?A. How to fight air pollution in big cities.B. How to avoid air pollution in big citiesC. How to breathe fresh air in big citiesD. How serious air pollution is in big cities47. According to the report, air pollution in big cities _____________.lA. can be more serious than Chernobyl nuclear disasterB. cannot be compared with the disaster ChernobylC. can release as damaging radiation as the Chernobyl disasterD. can be more serious than we used to think.48. When you walk in a busy street, you should walk on the side ________.A. where the wind is comingB. where the wind is goingC. where the wind is weakerD. where the wind is stronger49. If you take a bus in a big city in china, you should sit _________.A. on the left side in the busB. on the right side on the busC. in the middle of the busD. at the back of the bus50. It is implied in the passage that __________.A. people should not take street level transportationB. tiny iron particles will not cause health problemsC. air pollution on an underground train is less poisonousD. traveling on an underground train is better than taking the busPassage 4The terrorist attacks in London Thursday served as a stunning reminder that today’s world, you never know that you might see when you pick up newspaper or turn on the TV. Disturbing images of terror can trigger an instinctive response no matter how close or far away from home the event happened.Throughout history, every military conflict has involved psychological warfare in one way or another as the enemy sought to break the morale of their opponent. But thanks to advances in technology, the popularity of the Internet, and proliferation news coverage, the rules of engagement in this type of mental battle have changed.Whether it’s a massive attack or a single horrific act, the effects of psychological warfare aren’t limited to the physical damage inflicted. Instead, the goal of these attacks is to instill a sense of fear that is much greater than the actual threat itself.Therefore, the impact of psychological terror depends largely on how the acts are publicized the interpreted. But that also means there are ways to defend yourself and your loved ones by putting these fears into perspective and protecting your children from horrific images.What Is Psychological Terror? “The use of terrorism as a tactic is based upon inducing a climate of fear that disproportionate with the actual threat,” says Middle Eastern historian Richard Bulliet of Columbia University. “Every time you have an act of violence, publicizing that violence becomes an important part of the act itself.”“There are various ways to have your impact. You can have your impact by the magnitude of what you do, by the symbolic character of target, or the horrific quality of what you do to a single person,” Bulliet tells WebMD. “The point is that it isn’t what you do, but it’s how it’s covered that determines the effect.” For example, bulliet says the Iranian hostage crisis, which began in 1979 and lasted for 444 days, was actually one of the most harmless things that happened in the Middle East in the last 25 years. All of the U.S. hostages were eventually released unharmed, but the event remains a psychological scar for many Americans who watched helplessly as each evening’s newscast counted the days the hostages were being held captive.Bulliet says terrorists frequently exploit images of a group of masked individuals exerting total power over their captives to send the message that the act is a collective demonstration of the group’s power rather than an individual criminal act. “You don’t have the notion that a certain person has taken a hostage. It’s an image of group power, and the force becomes generalized rather than personalized,” say Bulliet. “The randomness and the ubiquity（无处不在）of the threat give the impression of vastly greater capacities.”Psychiatrist Ansar Haroun, who served in the U.S. army Reserves in the first gulf War and more recently in Afghanistan, says that terrorist groups often resort to psychological warfare because it’s the only tactic they have available to them. “They don’t have M-16s, and we have M-16s. They don’t have the mighty military power that we have, and they only have access to things like kidnapping,”says Haroun, who is also a clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego.“In psychological warfare, even one beheading（斩首）can have the psychological impact that might be associated with killing 1,000 of the enemy,” Haround tells webMD.“You haven’t really harmed the enemy very much by killing one person on the other side. But in terms of inspiring fear, anxiety, terror, and making us all feel bad, you’ve achieved a lot of demoralization.”51. What has changed the rules of psychological warfare?A. Terrorist attacks.B. The increase of military conflicts.C. Advances in nuclear weapons.D. Prosperity of the media.52. The goal of psychological warfare is to __________.A. change the ideology of the opponentB. win a battle without military attacksC. generate a greater sense of fearD. bring about more physical damage53. According to Richard Bulliet, publicizing a act of violence becomes an important part of terrorism itself because ____________.A. psychological terrorism is a tacticB. terrorism depends on a climate of fear rather than on the actual threatC. the use of terrorism is to inspire fear that is more destructive than the actual threatD. publicizing the violence can make more people know the actual threat54. The Iranian hostage crisis shows that ___________.A. means determines effectsB. hostage crises are prevalentC. psychological terrors remain harmlessD. the American media is effective55. In this passage the author __________.A. emphasizes the great impact of psychological warfareB. criticizes the violence of terrorismC. calls for an end to psychological warfareD. opposes the hostage crisisSection B (10 points, 2 points each)Directions: In this section, there is a passage with five questions. After have read the passage, answer each question in English with no more than 15 words. Writedown your answer on the Answer Sheet.At the beginning of a country’s rise out of backwardness and poverty, more wealth does make a difference. However, citing surveys from china and south Korea, the economist Richard Easterlin points out: “In these countries, per capita income has doubled in 20 years but overall happiness does not seem to have followed the same path.”Economists aresurprised, because GNP（国民生产总值）has long been thought the best indicator of human welfare. More GNP generally means more money for most people, and more money improves the quality of life, and that means happiness.But, perhaps, the survey suggests that more money can make you happy only if those around you do not share in your good fortune. General prosperity may fail to enhance individual contentment. Perhaps it is a matter of being aware of your advantage, not that you need to get the highest salaries or be the object of envy. Maybe, individual goals vary too much to be generalized. Maybe one has nothing at all to do with the other. Freud was well aware that economic success did not make people happy. Most psychoanalysts and therapists today would agree. He thought only the realization of a deep childhood desire could provide such satisfaction.Another problem is that people are poor reporters of their own states of mind. They will usually tell you what they themselves want to believe. To know if someone is really happy or not, you have to catch him or her in the act of happiness. Being happy or acting happy are more reliable indicators than thinking too much about it.Professional therapists also know that what makes people happy defies explanation, but what prevents them from being happy doesn’t. Poor self-esteem undermines all feelings of success. Hunger and cold make it harder to relax and enjoy one’s experience. Insecurity and failure to engage one’s work leave one dissatisfied. Anxiety penetrates all our perceptions and feelings, and brings us down.Economists can probably hope to measure how well our basic needs for security and health are met in society, and if those are reasonably OK, people tend to find the happiness they seek. Most of us want to enjoy life, spend time with our children, play at sports, sing, dance and travel. If we can do those things without dread, the amount of money we have is irrelevant.56. According to the economist Richard Easterlin, what is the relationship between higher GDP and overall happiness?57. According to second paragraph, what does the individual happiness arise from?58. What does Freud’s doctrine show with relation to the wealth?59. In the 4th paragraph, what do the professional therapists imply?60. What is the author’s conclusion?Part IV Error Detection and Correction (10 points, 1 point each)Directions:Each of the following sentences contains an error. Your task is to identify that error and correct it. Write both the error and correction on your Answer Sheet61. Virginia Hamilton who has won consistent praise for her novels about Black children.62. When overall exports exceed imports, a country said to have a trade surplus63. Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when Frances Perkins became secretary of labor.64. Different species of octopuses（章鱼）may measure anywhere from two inches over thirty feet in length.65. Luminescence refers to the emission of light by means another than heat.66. Industrial buyers are responsible for supplying the goods and services that an organization required for its operations.67. The first national park in world, Yellowstone National Park, was established in 1872.68. Historians have never reached some general agreement about the precise causes of the Civil War in the United States.69. A leading Canadian feminist and author, Nellie McClung, struggled relentlessly in the early twentieth century to win politically and legal rights for Canadian women.70. Although they are in different countries, Windsor, Ontario, Detroit, and Michigan are close neighbors and cooperate on numerous matters of mutually interest.Part V Translation (15 points, 3 points each)Directions:Translate the five underlined sentences in the following passage into Chinese.Write down your translation on the Answer Sheet.(71)This Christmas season finds us a rather bewildered human race. We have neither peace within nor peace without. (72)Everywhere paralyzing fears harrow people by day and haunt them by night. Our world is sick with war; everywhere we turn see its ominous possibilities. And yet, my friends, the Christmas hope for peace and goodwill toward all men can no longer be dismissed as a kind of pious dream of some utopian. (73)If we don’t have goodwill toward men in this world, we will destroy ourselves by the misuse of our own instruments and our own power. Wisdom born of experience should tell us that war is out of date. (74)There may have a time when war served a negative good by preventing the spread and growth of an evil force, but the very destructive power of modern weapons of warfare eliminates even the possibility that war may any longer serve as a negative good. And so, if we assume that life is worth living, if we assume that mankind has a right to survive, then we must find an alternative to war---- and so let us this morning explore the conditions for peace. Let us this morning think anew on the meaning of that Christmas hope: “Peace on Earth, Goodwill toward Man.” And ad we explore these conditions, I would like to suggest that modern man really go all out to study the meaning of nonviolence, its philosophy and its strategy.(75)We have experimented with the meaning of nonviolence in our struggle for racial justice in the United States, but now the time has come for man to experiment with nonviolence in all areas of human conflict, and that means nonviolence on an international。

2014年黑龙江哈尔滨工业大学考博英语真题General English Admission Test For Non-English MajorPh.D. program(Harbin Institute of Technology)Part I Reading Comprehension (40 points) Passage 1Questions 1 ------ 5 are bashed on the following passage.The planet’s last intact expanses of forest are under siege. Eight thousand years ago, forests covered more than 23 million square miles, or about 40 percent of Earth’s land surface. Today, almost half of those forests have fallen to the ax, the chain saw, the matchstick, or the bulldozer.A map unveiled in March by the Washington-based World Resources Institute not only shows the locations of former forests, but also assesses the condition of today’s forests worldwide. Institute researchers developed the map with the help of the World Conservation Monitoring Center, the World Wildlife Fund, and 90 forest experts at a variety of universities, government organizations, and environmental groups.Only one-fifth of the remaining forests are still “frontier forests,”defined as relatively undisturbed natural forests large enough to support all of their native species. Frontier forests offer a number of benefits: They generate and maintainbiodiversity, protect watersheds, prevent flooding and soil erosion, and stabilize climate.Many large areas that have traditionally been classified as forest land don’t qualify as “frontier” because of human influences such as fire suppression and a patchwork of logging. “There’s surprisingly little intact forest left,” says research associate Dirk Bryant,the principal author of the report that accompanies the new map.In the report, Bryant, Daniel Nielsen, and Laura Tangley divide the world into four groups:76 countries that have lost all of their frontier forest; 11 nations that are “on the edge”; 28 countries with “not much time”; and onlyeight----including Canada, Russia, and Brazil-----that still have a “great opportunity” to keep most of their original forest. The United States is among the nations said to berunning out of time: In the lower 48 states, says Bryant, “great opportunity” to keep most of their original forest. The United States is among the nations said to be running out of time: In the lower48 states, says Bryant, “only 1 percent of the forest that was once there as frontier forest qualifies today.”Logging poses the biggest single threat to remaining frontier forests. “Our results suggest that 70 percent of frontier forests under threat are threatened by logging,” says Bryant. The practice of cutting timber also creates roads that cause erosion and open the forest to hunting, mining, firewood gathering, and land clearing for farms.What can protect frontier forests? The researchers recommend combining preservation with sustainable land use practices such as tourism and selective timber extraction. “I t’s possible to restore frontiers,” says Bryant, “but the cost and time required to do so would suggest that the smart approach is to husband the remaining frontier forest before it’s gone.”1.What is the main idea of the passage?A.The present situation of frontier forest on Earth.B.The history of ecology.C.The forest map in the past.D.Beautiful forests in different parts of the world.2.The word “unveiled” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _.A. evaluatedB. decoratedC. designedD. made public3.Frontier forests have which of the following benefits?A.They keep climate stable.B.They enhance timber industry.C.They provide people with unique scenery.D.They are of various types.4.The phrase “on the edge” in Paragraph 5 probably means .A surrounded by frontier forestB near frontier forestC about to lose their frontier forestD under pressure5.According to the passage, roads created by timber-cutting make it possible for people to.A travel to other places through the short –cut Bexploit more forest landC find directions easily Dprotect former forestsPassage 2Questions 6 ------ 10 are based on the following passage.To get a chocolate out of a box requires a considerable amount of unpacking: the box hasto be taken out of the paper bag in which it arrived the cellophane wrapper has to be torn off, the lip opened and removed; the lid opened and the paper removed; the chocolate itself then has to be unwrapped from its own piece of paper. But this insane amount of wrapping isnot confined to luxuries: it is now becoming increasingly difficult to buy anything that isnot done up in cellophane, polythene, or paper.The package itself is of no interest to the shopper, who usually throws it away immediately. Useless wrapping accounts for much of the refuse put our by the average London household each week. So why is it done? Some of it, like the cellophane on meat, is necessary, but most ofthe rest is simply competitive selling. This is absurd. Packaging is using up scarce energy and resources and messing up the environment.Little research is being carried out on the costs of alternative types ofpackaging. Just how possible is it, for instance, for local authorities to salvage paper, pulp it, and recycle it as egg-boxes? Would it be cheaper to plant another forest? Paper is the material most used for packaging ----------------------------- 20 million paper bagsare apparently used in Great Britain each day ----------- but very little is salvaged.A machine has been developed that pulps paper, and then processes it into packaging, e.g. egg-boxes and cartons. This could be easily adapted for local authority use. It would mean that people would have to separate their refuse into paper and non-paper, with a different dustbin for each. Paper is, in fact, probably the material that can be most easily recycled; and now, with massive increases in paper prices, the time has come at which collection by local authorities could be profitable.Recycling of this kind is already happening with milk bottles, which are returned tothe dairies, and it has been estimated that if all the milk bottles necessary were madeof plastic, then British dairies would be producing the equivalent of enough plastictubing to encircle the earth every five or six days!The trouble with plastic is that it does not rot. Some environmentalists argue that the only solution to the problem of ever growing mounds of plastic containers is to do away with plastic altogether in the shops, a suggestion unacceptable to many manufacturers who say there is no alternative to their handy plastic packs. It is evident that more research is needed into the recovery and reuse of various materials and into the cost of collecting and recycling containers as opposed to producing new ones. Unnecessary packaging, intendedto be used just once, and making things look better so more people will buy them, is clearly becoming increasingly absurd. But it is not so much a question of doing away with packaging as resources for what is, after all, a relatively unimportant function.6.The sentence “This insane amount of wrapping is not confined to luxuries” means that.A not enough wrapping is used for luxuriesB more wrapping is used for luxuries than for ordinary productsC it is not only for luxury products that too much wrapping is usedD thewrapping used for luxury products is unnecessary7.The local authorities are .A the Town CouncilB the policeC the paper manufacturersD the most influential citizens8 .If paper is to be recycled, .A more forests will have to be plantedB the use of paper bags will have to be restrictedC people will have to use different dustbins for their rubbishD thelocal authorities will have to reduce the price of paper9.British dairies are .A producing enough plastic tubing to go round the world in less than a weekB giving up the use of glass bottlesC increasing the production of plastic bottles Dreusing their old glass bottles10.The environmentalists think that .A more plastic packaging should be usedB plastic is the most convenient form of packagingC toomuch plastic is wastedD shops should stop using plastic containersPassage 3Questions11 ------- 18 are based on the following passage.The tragic impact of the modern city on the human being has killed his sense of aesthetics, the material benefits of an affluent society have diverted his attention from aesthetics,the material benefits of an affluent society have diverted his attention from his city andits cultural potentials to the products of science and technology: washing machines,central heating, automatic cookers, television sets, computers and fitted carpets, He is,at the moment, drunk with democracy, well-to-do, a car driver, and has never had it so good.He is reluctant to walk. Statistics reveal that the distance he is prepared to walk from his parking place to his shopping center is very short. As there are no adequate off-street parking facilities, the cities are littered with kerb-parked cars and parking meters rear themselves everywhere. Congestion has become the predominant factor in his environment, and statistics suggest that two cars perhousehold system may soon make matters worse.In the meantime, insult is added to injury by “land value”. The value of land results from its use: its income and its value increase. “Putting land to its highest and best use”becomes the principal economic standard in urban growth. This speculative approach and the pressure of increasing population lead to the “vertical” growth of cities with the result that people are forced to adjust themselves to congestion in order to maintain these relatively artificial land values. Paradoxically the remedy for removing congestion is to create no re of it.Partial decentralization, or rather, pseudo-decentralization, in the form of large development units away from the traditional town centers, only shifts the disease round the anatomy of the town, if it is not combined with remodeling of the town’s transportation system, it does not cure it. Here the engineering solutions are strongly affected by the necessity for complicated intersections, which in turn, are frustrated by the extravagant cost of land.It is within our power to build better cities and revive the civic pride of their citizens, but we shall have to stop operating on the fringe of the problem. We shall haveto radically to replan them to achieve a rational densities of population we have to provide in them what can be called minimum “psychological elbow room”. One of the ingredients of this will be proper transportation plans. These will have to be an integral part of the overall planning process which in itself is a scientific process where facts are essential. We must collect, in an organized manner, all and complete information about the city or the town, if we want toplan effectively.The principal unit in this process is “IM”(one man). We must not forget that cities are built by people, and that their form and shape should be subject to the will of the people. Scientific methods of data collection and analysis will indicate trends, but they will not direct action. Scientific methods are only an instrument. The “man-educated” man, the human, will have to set the target, and using the results obtained by science and his own engineering skill, take upon himself the final shaping of his environment. He will have to use his high moral sense of responsibility to the community and to future generations.11.The main concern of this passage is with .A city cultureBland value in citiesC city congestionD decentralization12.I t can be inferred from the first paragraph that people in old times .A paid more attention to material benefitsB had a stronger sense of beautyC were more desirous about the development of science and technologyD enjoyed more freedom and democracy13.T he highly-developed technology has made man .A increasingly industriousB free from inconvenienceC excessively dependent on external aidsD ableto save his physical strength14 The drastic increase of land value in the city .A is the good result of economic developmentB offers more opportunities to land dealersC isannoyingly artificial and meaninglessD fortunately leads to the “vertical” growth of cities15. The expansion of big cities to the distant suburban areas may .A solve the problem of city congestionB result in the remodeling of the town’s transportation systemC bringthe same congestion to the suburban areasD need less investment on land16the main purpose of the author is to . .A point out a problem and criticize itB advocate that all cities need to be re-planned and remodeledC pointout the significance of solving the problemD criticize a problem and try to find a solution to it17the author suggests that the remodeling of cities must .A put priority to the benefit of the future generationsB be focused on people rather than on economy.C beeconomically profitable to land ownersD resort to scientific methods18who will probably like to read articles of this kind/A businessmenB economistsC urban peopleD rural peoplePassage 4Questions 19 ------ 25 are based on the following passage.The two claws of the mature American lobster are decidedly different from each other. The crusher claw is short and stout: the cutter claw is long and slender.Such bilateral asymmetry, in which the right side of the body is, in all other respects, a mirror image of the left side, is not unlike handedness in humans. But where the majority of humans are right-handed, in lobsters the crusher claw appears with equal probability oneither the right or left side of the body.Bilateral asymmetry of the claws comes about gradually. In the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development, the paired claws are symmetrical and cutter-like. Asymmetry begins to appear in the juvenile sixth stage of development, and the paired claws further diverge toward well-defined cutter and crusher claws during succeeding stages. An intriguing aspectof this development was discovered by Victor Emmel. He found that if one of the paired claws is removed during the fourth of fifth stage, the intact claw invariably becomes a crusher, while the regenerated claw becomes a cutter. Removal of a claw during a laterjuvenile stage or during adulthood, when asymmetry is present, does not alter the asymmetry, the intact and the regenerated claws retain their original structures.These observations indicate that the conditions tat trigger differentiation must operate in a random manner when the paired claws are intact but in anonrandom manner when one of the claws is lost. One possible explanation is thatdifferential use of the claws determine their asymmetry. Perhaps the claw that is used more becomes the crusher. This would explain why, when one of the claws is missing during the fourth or fifth stage, the intact claw always becomes a crusher. With two intact claws,initial use of one claw might prompt the animal to use it more than the other throughout the juvenile fourth and fifth stages, causing it to become a crusher.To test this hypothesis, researchers raised lobsters in the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development in a laboratory environment in which the lobsters could manipulate oyster chips. (Not coincidentally, at this stage of development lobsters typically change from a habitat where they drift passively to the ocean floor where they have the opportunity to be more active by burrowing in the substratum.) Under these conditions, the lobsters developed asymmetric slaws, half with crusher claws on the left, and half with crusher claws on the right. In contrast, when juvenile lobsters were reared in a smooth tank without the oyster chips, the majority developed two cutter claws. This unusual configuration of symmetrical cutter claws did not change when the lobsters were subsequently placed in a manipulatable environment or when they lost and regenerated one or both claws.19the passage is primarily concerned with .A drawing an analogy between asymmetry in lobsters and handedness in humansB developing a method for predicting whether crusher claws in lobsters will appear onthe left or right sideC explaining differences between lobsters’crusher claws and cutter clawsD discussing a possible explanation for the bilateral asymmetry in lobsters 20 each ofthe following statements about the development of a lobster’s crusher claw is supported by information in the passage except .A It can be stopped on one side and begin on the other after the juvenile sixth stage.B It occurs gradually over a number of stages.C It is initially apparent in the juvenile sixth stage.D It can occur even when a prospective crusher claw is removed in the juvenile sixth stage. 21which of the following experimental results, if observed, would most clearlycontradict the findings of Victor Emmel?A.A left cutter-like claw is removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side.B.A left cutter-like claw is removed in the sixth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side.C.A left cutter-like claws are removed in the fifth stage and a crusher clawdevelops on the lift side.D.Both cutter-like claws are removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw developson the left side.22It can be inferred that of the two laboratory environments mentioned in the passage,the one with oyster ships was designed to .A prove that the presence of oyster chips was not necessary for the development of a crusher clawB prove that the relative length of time that the lobsters were exposed to the oyster-chip environment had little impact on the development of a crusher clawC eliminate the environment as a possible influence in the development of a crusher clawD simulate the conditions that lobsters encounter in their natural environment 23 It canbe inferred from the passage that one difference between lobsters in the earlier stagesof development and those in the juvenile fourth and fifth stages is that lobsters in the early stages are .A likely to be less activeB likely to be less symmetrical Cmore likely to lose a clawD more likely to regenerate a lost claw24which of the following conditions does the passage suggest is a possible cause for the failure of a lobster to develop a crusher claw?A the loss of a claw during the third or earlier stage of developmentB theloss of a claw during the fourth or fifth stage of development C the loss ofa claw during the sixth stage of developmentD Development in an environment short of material that can be manipulated25the author regards the idea that differentiation is triggered randomly when pairedclaws remain intact as .A irrefutable considering the authoritative nature of Emmel’s observationsB likelyin view of present evidenceC contradictory to conventional thinking on lobster-claw differentiationD purelyspeculative because it is based on scattered research and experimentationPassage 5Questions 26 ------ 33 are based on the following passage.It has always been difficult for the philosopher or scientist to fit time into his view of the universe. Prior to Einsteinian physics. However, even the Einsteinian formulation is not perhaps totally adequate to the job of fitting time into the proper relationship with the other dimensions, as they are called, of space. The primary problem arises in relationship to things which might be going faster than the speed of light ,or have other strange properties.Examination of the Lorenta-Fitzgerald formulas yields the interesting speculation that if something did actually exceed the speed of light it would have its mass expressed as an imaginary number and would seem to be going backward in time. The barrier to exceeding the speed of light is the apparent need to have an infinite quantity of mass moved at exactlythe speed of light. If this situation could be leaped over in a large quantum jump---------------------------------------------------------------------- which seemshighly unlikely for masses that are large in normal circumstances ------------- then theother side may be achievable.There have been, in fact, some observations of particle chambers which have led some scientists to speculate that a particle called the tachyon may exist with the trans-light properties we have just discussed.One difficulty of imagining and coping with these potential implications of our mathematical models points out the importance of studying alternative methods of notation for advanced physics. Professor Zuckerkandl, in his book “Sound and Symbol”, hypothesizes that it might be better to express the relationships found in quantum mechanics through the use of a notation derived from musical notations. To oversimplify greatly, he argues that music has always given time a special relationship to other factors or parameters or dimensions. Therefore, it might be a more useful language in which to express the relationships in physics where time again has a special role to play, and cannot be treated as just another dimension.The point of this, or any other alternative to the current methods of describing basic physical processes, is that time does not appear ----------- either by commonexperience or sophisticated scientific understanding ----------- to be the same sort of dimension or parameter as physical dimensions, and is deserving of completely special treatment, in a system of notation designed to accomplish that goal.One approach would be to consider time to be a field effect governed by the application of energy to mass -------------------- t hat is to say, by the interaction of differentforms of energy, if you wish to keep in mind the equivalence of mass and energy. The movement of any normal sort of mass is bound to produce a field effect that we call positive time. An imaginary mass would produce a negative time field.This is not at variance with Einstein’s theories, since the “faster’ a give mass moves the more the more energy was applied to it and the greater would be the field effect. The time effects predicted by Einstein and the greater would be the field effect. The time effects predicted by Einstein and confirmed by experience are, it seems, consonant with this concept.26the “sound” in the title of professor Zukerkand1’s book probably refers to .A the music of the spheres Bmusic in the abstractC musical notationD the seemingly musical sounds produced by tachyons 27 Thepassage supports the inference that .A. Einstein’s theory of relativity is wrongB the Lorenta-Fitzgerald formulas contradict Einstein’s theoriesC tachyons do not have the same sort of mass as any other particlesD it isimpossible to travel at precisely the speed of light28. The tone of the passage is .A critical but hopefulB hopeful but suspiciousC suspicious but speculative Dspeculative but hopeful29 the central idea of the passage can be best described as which of the following?A.Irregularities in theoretical physics notation permit intriguing hypotheses and indicate the need for refined notation of time dimension.B.New observations require the development of new theories and new methods of describing the theories.C.Einsteinian physics can be much improved on in its treatment of tachyons.D.Zuckerkandl’s theories of tachyon formulation are preferable to Einstein’s. 30 According to the author, it is too soon to .A adopt proposals such as Zuckerkand1’sB planfor time travelC study particle chambers for tachyon traces Dattempt to improve current notation31it can be inferred that the author sees Zuckerkand1 as believing thatmathematicsis a .A languageB musical notationC great hindrance to full understanding of physics Ddifficult field of study32in the first sentence, the author refers to “philosopher” as well as to“scientist”because .A he wants to show his respect for themB philosophers study all things in the worldC the study of the methods of any field is both a philosophical and scientific questionD the nature of time is a basic question in philosophy as well as physics33when the passage says the “particle called the tachyon may exist”, the reader may infer that .A the tachyon was named before it existedB tachyons are imaginary in existence as well as massC the tachyon was probably named when its existence was predicted by theory but its existence was not yet known.D many scientific ideas may not exist in fact.Passage 6Questions 34 ------- 40 are based on the following passage.The term “remote sensing’’refers to the techniques of measurement and interpretation of phenomena from a distance. Prior to the mid-1960s the interpretation of film images was the primary means for remote sensing of the earth’s geologic features. With the development of the optomechanical scanner, scientists began to construct digital multispectral images using data beyond the sensitivity range of visible light photography. These images are constructed bymechanically aligning pictorial representations of such phenomena as the reflection of light waves outside the visible spectrum, the refraction of radio waves, and the daily changes in temperature in areas on the Earth’s surface. Digital multispectral imaging has now become the basic tool in geologic remote sensing from satellites.The advantage of digital over photographic imaging is evident: the resulting numerical data are precisely known, and digital data are not subject to the vagaries of difficult-to-control chemical processing. With digital processing, it is possible to combine a large number of spectral images. The acquisition of the first mutispectral digital dada set from the multispectral scanner(MSS)aboard the satellite Landsat in 1972 consequently attractedthe attention of the entire geologic community. Landsat MSS data are now being applied to a variety of geologic problems that are difficult to solve by conventional methods alone. These include specific problems in mineral and energy resource exploration and thecharting of glaciers and shallow seas.A more fundamental application of remote sensing is to augment conventional methods for geologic mapping of large areas. Regional maps present compositional, structural, and chronological information for reconstructing geologic revolution. Such reconstructions have important practical applications because the conditions under which rock units and other structural features are formed influence the occurrence of ore and petroleum deposits and affect the thickness and integrity of the geologic media in which the deposits are found.Geological maps incorporate a large, varied body of specific field and laboratory measurements, but the maps must be interpretative because field measurements are always limited by rock exposure, accessibility, and labor resources. With remote-sensing techniques, it is possible to obtain much geologic information more efficiently than it can be obtained on the ground. These techniques also facilitate overall interpretation. Since detailed geologic mapping is generally conducted in small areas, the continuity of regional features that had intermittent and variable expressions is often not recognized, but in the comprehensive views of Landsat images these continuities are apparent.However, some critical information cannot be obtained through remote sensing, and several characteristics of the Landsat MSS impose limitations on the acquisition of diagnostic data. Some of these limitations can be overcome by designing satellite systems specially for geologic purposes; but, to be most effective, remote sensing data must still be combinedwith data from field surveys, laboratory tests, and the techniques of the earlier twentieth century.34which of the following can be measured by the optomechanical scanner but not byvisible light photography?A.The amount of visible light reflected from oceans.B.Daily temperature changes of areas on the Earth’s surface.C.The degree of radioactivity emitted by exposed rocks on the earth’s surface.D.Atmospheric conditions over large landmasses.。

考博英语翻译笔记倒装和分割结构为了强调句子的某些部分，或是为了保持句子平衡，英语中常常使用倒装。

大体说来，倒装可以分为主谓倒装和非主谓倒装。

主谓倒装里又分为完全倒装和部分倒装。

在翻译的时候，既可以按照主谓语的顺序翻译，也可以按照字面意思翻译。

非主谓倒装只是将强调部分前置，以保持句子平衡或是起强调作用。

翻译时可以采用顺序译法或是倒序译法。

1. For example, they do not compensate for social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.分析：本句中had he grown up under more favorable circumstances 属于部分倒装。

正常语序为：if he had grown up under more favorable circumstances 。

在正式文体中，可以将虚拟条件句中的if 省略，并将助动词提前。

译文：例如，它们（指测试）并不弥补社会的不公，因此不能说明一个贫困青年，要是在比较有利的境况下长大，会有多大才干。

2. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom”generation reached its child-bearing years.分析：该句中so did bigger crops of babies 属于语法倒装。

用so 来代替前述肯定句谓语部分所说情况。

译文：不间断的移民浪潮也起了作用——而且随着昔日在“生育高峰期”出生的一代人达到生育年龄，婴儿的出生数量增加了，这同样起了作用。