考博详解与指导
哈尔滨工业大学考博英语试题
Part II
Translate the following passages into Chinese:
Passage One
The technology now being used by the autoworkers on the assembly lines is nothing short of revolutionary.Today’s workers now use smart,microprocessor controlled tools that perform with a precision unheard of a decade ago.The tools operate to the exact inch-pound of torque required,and even have the ability to stop the line if their performance deteriorates.The intelligent tools and assembly systems being used by the U.S.auto industry reflect the challenges the industry has faced and conquered over the past100years.
Passage Two
In each generation for thousands of years a few individuals have had the perception,the curiosity,and the imagination to do more than just look at the physical processes taking place in the atmosphere.These individuals have asked “Why?”about such things as these:the blue of the sky;the splendor of the rainbow;the infinite variety and marvelous detail of snowflakes;the changes of temperature from season to season;the short life of a cloud as it forms,grows, decays,and disappears on a summer afternoon.
Passage Three
A European industrialist learned by chance that the United States was singing contracts with scientists in other countries,calling for research into such matters as the function of the frog’s eyes and the learning ability of the octopus. It seemed to him that such studies could not possibly have any practical value.He seriously believed that the United States was employing the foreign scientists to do meaningless work and occupy their time,while American scientists were busy in the really important areas of science.He was unaware of the fact that the United States was spending much more money at home than abroad fro similar studies.
Passage Four
That many contemporary scientists make room for God in their understanding of the cosmos should hardly be surprising.For most of history,religion and science have been siblings—feeding off and sparring with each other–rather than outright adversaries in the common human quest for understanding.Only in the West,and only after the French Enlightenment in the18th century,did the votaries of science and religions drift into separate ideological camps.And only in the19th century,after Darwin,was supposed irreconcilability between“God”and“science”elevated to the status of cultural myth.History tell a different, more complicated story.
Passage Five
For decades,science-fiction writers have envisioned a world in which speech is the most commonly used interface between humans and machines.This is partly
a result of our strong desire to make computers behave like human beings.But it is more than that.Speech is natural—we know how to speak before we know how to read and write.Speech is also efficient—most people can speak about five times faster than they can type and probably10times faster than they can write. And speech is flexible—we do not have to touch or see anything to carry on a conversation.
Passage Six
His fear was that the business of engineering,defined as the synthesis of invention and innovation fro the extension of man’s capabilities,was being subverted by a lack of creative design courses in U.S.engineering schools.He expressed alarm that Ph.D.candidates often focused on science,not on likely uses for their work.This situation was,he felt,the fallout of a shift in the philosophy of academia.Though engineering schools still taught the fundamentals well,he said,they had failed their students—and society as whole —by emphasizing the“knowledge and skills of analysis to the virtual exclusion of all else.”
Translate the following into English:
Paragraph One
有些计算机科学家正在研究蚂蚁。他们说，蚂蚁这种低级昆虫预示软件设计革命的到来。模仿蚂蚁行为的软件系统不是依赖复杂性的集中式逻辑，而是利用短小的、自治的软件代理。这些代理各自根据最简单的规则行事，但它们集合在一起，可以从整体上看极为复杂的问题。
在上一层，即“蚁群”这一层，智能从那些简单的规则中，以常规编程可能难于实现的方式浮现出来。
Paragraph Two
退回到大约二十年前。你在联欢会上谈论着书籍和电影。有人提出，将来有一天世界上数百万人会用“。com”结束他们的谈话。你会小声嘀咕并发问，人怎么可能会在英语或其他语言中把“。com”放在一起用呢？那究竟是什么意思呢？于是你开始去谈论体育运动或闲聊其他题。但是现在，“。com”在交谈中已司空见惯，以至于我们感觉它似乎已经在我们耳边许多年了。
Ⅱ、真题答案
1-5DCADC6-10ACAAC11-15BBCDD16-20CDDCC21-25AADAD
26-30CACDB30-35BBAAD36-40DCABD
Passage One
Questions1—8are based on the following passage:
In the two decades between1910and1930,over ten percent of the Black population of the United States left the South,where the preponderance of the Black population had been located,and migrated to northern states,with the largest number moving,it is claimed,between1916and1918.It has been frequently assumed,but not proved,that the majority of the migrants in what has come to be called the Great Migration came from rural areas and were
motivated by two concurrent factors:the collapse of the cotton industry following the boll weevil infestation,which began in1898,and increased demand in the North for labor following the cessation of European immigration caused by the outbreak of the First World War in1914.This assumption has led to the conclusion that the migrants’subsequent lack of economic mobility in the North is tied to rural background,a background that implies unfamiliarity with urban living and a lack of industrial skills.
But the question of who actually left the South has never been rigorously investigated.Although numerous investigations document an exodus from rural southern areas to southern cities prior to the Great Migration,no one has considered whether the same migrants then moved on to northern cities.In1910 over600,000Black workers,or ten percent of the Black work force,reported themselves to be engaged in“manufacturing and mechanical pursuits,”the federal census category encompassing the entire industrial sector.The Great Migration could easily have been made up entirely of this group and their families.It is perhaps surprising to argue that an employed population could be enticed to move,but an explanation lies in the labor conditions then prevalent in the South.
About thirty-five percent of the urban Black population in the South was engaged in skilled trades.Some were from the old artisan class of slavery—blacksmiths,masons,carpenters—which had had a monopoly of certain trades, but they were gradually being pushed out by competition,mechanization,and
obsolescence.The remaining sixty-five percent,more recently urbanized,worked in newly developed industries—tobacco,lumber,coal and iron manufacture,and railroads.Wages in the South,however,were low,and Black workers were aware, through labor recruiters and the Black press,that they could earn more even as unskilled workers in the North than they could as artisans in the South.After the boll weevil infestation,urban Black workers faced competition from the continuing influx of both Black and White rural workers,who were driven to undercut the wages formerly paid for industrial fobs.Thus,a move north would be seen as advantageous to a group that was already urbanized and steadily employed,and the easy conclusion tying their subsequent economic problems in the North to their rural background comes into question.
1.The author indicates explicitly that which of the following records has been a source of information in her investigation?
(A)United States Immigration Service reports from1914to1930.
(B)Payrolls of southern manufacturing firms between1910and1930.
(C)The volume of cotton exports between1898and1910.
(D)The federal census of1910.
2.In the passage,the author anticipates which of the following as a possible objection to her argument?
It is uncertain how many people actually migrated during the Great Migration. The eventual economic status of the Great Migration migrants has not been adequately traced.
It is not likely that people with stead jobs would have reason to move to another area of the country.
It is not true that the term“manufacturing and mechanical pursuits”actually encompasses the entire industrial sector.
3.According to the passage,which of the following is true of wages in southern cities in1910?
(A)They were being pushed lower as a result of increased competition.
(B)They had begun to rise so that southern industry could attract rural workers.
(C)They had increased for skilled workers but decreased for unskilled workers.
(D)They had increased in large southern cities but decreased in small southern cities.
4.The author cites each of the following as possible influences in a Black worker’s decision to migrate north in the Great Migration EXCEPT_________.
(A)wage levels in northern cities
(B)labor recruiters
(C)competition from rural workers
(D)voting rights in northern states
5.It can be inferred from the passage that the“easy conclusion”mentioned in line16of the last paragraph is based on which of the following assumptions? (A)People who migrate from rural areas to large cities usually do so for economic
reasons.
(B)Most people who leave rural areas to take jobs in cities return to rural areas as soon as it is
financially possible for them to do so.
(C)People with rural backgrounds are less likely to succeed economically in cities than are those
with urban backgrounds.
(D)Most people who were once skilled workers are not willing to work as unskilled workers.
6.The primary purpose of the passage is to________.
Support an alternative to an accepted methodology
Present evidence that resolves a contradiction
Introduce a recently discovered source of information
Challenge a widely accepted explanation
7.According to information in the passage,which of the following is a correct sequence of groups of workers,from highest paid to lowest paid,in the period between1910and1930?
Artisans in the North;artisans in the Sough;unskilled workers in the North; unskilled workers in the south.
Artisans in the North and South;unskilled workers in the North;unskilled workers in the South.
Artisans in the North;unskilled workers in the North;artisans in the South.
Artisans in the North and South;unskilled urban workers in the North;unskilled rural workers in the South.
8.The material in the passage would be most relevant to a long discussion of which of the following topics?
The reasons for the subsequent economic difficulties of those who participated in the Great Migration.
The effect of migration on the regional economies of the United States following the First World War.
The transition from a rural to an urban existence for those who migrated in the Great Migration.
The transformation of the agricultural South following the boll weevil infestation.
Passage Two
Question9—17are based on the following passage:
Prior to1975,union efforts to organize public-sector clerical worker,most of whom are women,were somewhat limited.The factors favoring unionization drives seem to have been either the presence of large numbers of workers,as in New York City,to make it worth the effort,or the concentration of small numbers in one or two locations,such as a hospital,to make it relatively easy.Receptivity to unionization on the workers,part was also a consideration,but when there
were large numbers involved or the clerical workers were the only unorganized group in a jurisdiction,the multioccupational unions would often try to organize them regardless of the workers’initial receptivity.The strategic reasoning was based,first,on the concern that politicians and administrators might play off unionized against nonunionized workers,and,second,on the conviction that a fully unionized public work force meant power,both at the bargaining table and in the legislature.In localities where clerical workers were few in number,were scattered in several workplaces,and expressed no interest in being organized, unions more often than not ignored them in the pre-1975period.
But since the mid-1970’s,a different strategy has emerged.In1977,34percent of government clerical workers were represented by a labor organization, compared with46percent of government professionals,44percent of government blue-collar workers,and41percent of government service workers. Since then,however,the biggest increases in public-sector unionization have been among clerical workers.Between1977and1980,the number of unionized government workers in blue-collar and service occupations increased only about 1.5percent,while in the white-collar occupations the increase was20percent and among clerical workers in particular,the increase was22percent.
What accounts for this upsurge in unionization among clerical workers?First, more women have entered the work force in the past few years,and more of them plan to remain working until retirement age.Consequently,they are probably more concerned than their predecessors were about job security and
economic benefits.Also,the women’s movement has succeeded in legitimizing the economic and political activism of women of their own behalf,thereby producing a more positive attitude toward unions.The absence of any comparable increase in unionization among private-sector clerical worker, however,identifies the primary catalyst—the structural change in the multioccupational public-sector unions themselves.Over the past twenty years, the occupational distribution in these unions has been steadily shifting from predominantly blue-collar to predominantly white-collar.Because there are far more women in white-collar jobs,an increase in the proportion of female members has accompanied the occupational shift and has altered union
policy-making in favor of organizing women and addressing women’s issues.
9.According to the passage,the public-sector workers who were most likely to belong to unions in1977were______.
(A)professionals
(B)managers
(C)clerical workers
(D)service workers
10.The author cites union efforts to achieve a fully unionized work force(line11—15)in order to account for why______.
(A)politicians might try to oppose public-sector union organizing
(B)public-sector unions have recently focused on organizing women
(C)early organizing efforts often focused on areas where there were large
numbers of workers
(D)unions sometimes tried to organize workers regardless of the workers’initial interest in unionization
11.The author’s claim that,since the mid-1970’s,a new strategy has emerged in the unionization of public-sector clerical workers(line19)would be strengthened if the author______.
(A)described more fully the attitudes of clerical workers toward labor unions
(B)compared the organizing strategies employed by private-sector unions
(C)explained why politicians and administrators sometimes oppose unionization of clerical workers
(D)showed that the factors that favored unionization drives among these workers prior to1975have decreased in importance
12.According to the passage,in the period prior to1975,each of the following considerations helped determine whether a union would attempt to organize a certain group of clerical workers EXCEPT______.
(A)the number of clerical workers in that group
(B)the number of women among the clerical workers in that group
(C)whether the clerical workers in that area were concentrated in one work-place or scattered over several work-places
(D)the degree to which the clerical workers in that group were interested in unionization
13.The author states that which of the following is a consequence of the women’
s movement of recent years?
(A)An increase in the number of women entering the work force.
(B)A structural change in multioccupational public-sector unions.
(C)A more positive attitude on the part of women toward unions.
(D)An increase in the proportion of clerical workers that are women.
14.The main concern of the passage is to______.
(A)advocate particular strategies for future efforts to organize certain workers into labor unions
(B)explain differences in the unionized proportions of various groups of public-sector workers
(C)evaluate the effectiveness of certain kinks of labor unions that represent public-sector workers
(D)analyzed and explain an increase in unionization among a certain category of workers
15.The author implies that if the increase in the number of women in the work force and the impact of the women’s movement were the main causes of the rise in unionization of public-sector clerical workers,then______.
more women would hold administrative positions in unions
more women who hold political offices would have positive attitudes to ward labor unions
there would be an equivalent rise in unionization of private-sector clerical workers
unions would have shown more interest than they have in organizing women
16.The author suggests that it would be disadvantageous to a union if______.
(A)many workers in the locality were not unionized
(B)the union contributed to political campaigns
(C)the union included only public-sector workers
(D)the union included workers from several jurisdictions
17.The author implies that,in comparison with working women today,women working in the years prior to the mid-1970’s showed a greater tendency to______.
(A)prefer smaller workplaces
(B)express a positive attitude toward labor unions
(C)maximize job security and economic benefits
(D)quit working prior of retirement age
Passage Three
Questions18—24are based on the following passage:
Studies of the Weddell seal in the laboratory have described the physiological mechanisms that allow the seal to cope with the extreme oxygen deprivation that occurs during its longest dives,which can extend500meters below the ocean’s surface and last for over70minutes.Recent field studies,however,suggest that during more typical dives in the wild,this seal’s physiological behavior is different.
In the laboratory,when the seal dives below the surface of the water and stops breathing,its heart beats more slowly,requiring less oxygen and its arteries become constricted,ensuring that the seal’s blood remains concentrated near those organs most crucial to its ability to navigate underwater.The seal essentially shuts off the flow of blood to other organs,which either stop functioning until the seal surfaces or switch to an anaerobic
(oxygen-independent)metabolism.The latter results in the production of large amounts of lactic acid which can adversely affect the PH of the seal’s blood but since the anaerobic metabolism occurs only in those tissues which have been isolated from the seal’s blood supply,the lactic acid is released into the seal’s blood only after the seal surfaces,when the lungs,liver,and other organs quickly clear the acid from the seal’s blood stream.
Recent field studies,however,reveal that on dives in the wild,the seal usually heads directly for its prey and returns to the surface in less than twenty minutes. The absence of high levels of lactic acid in the seal’s blood after such dives suggests that during them,the seal’s organs do not resort to the anaerobic metabolism observed in the laboratory,but are supplied with oxygen from the blood.The seal’s longer excursions underwater,during which it appears to be either exploring distant routes or evading a predator,do evoke the diving response seen in the laboratory.But why do the seal’s laboratory dives always evoke this response,regardless of their length or depth?Some biologists speculate that because in laboratory dives the seal is forcibly submerged,it does
not know how long it will remain underwater and so prepares for the worst. 18.The passage provides information to support which of the following generalizations?
Observations of animals’physiological behavior in the wild are not reliable unless verified by laboratory studies.
It is generally less difficult to observe the physiological behavior of an animal in the wild than in the laboratory.
The level of lactic acid in an animal’s blood is likely to be higher when it is searching for prey than when its evading predators.
The physiological behavior of animals in a laboratory setting is not always consistent with their physiological behavior in the wild.
19.It can be inferred from the passage that by describing the Weddell seal as preparing“for the worst”lines31—32,biologists mean that it______. prepares to remain underwater for no longer than twenty minutes
exhibits physiological behavior similar to that which characterizes dives in which it heads directly for its prey
exhibits physiological behavior similar to that which characterizes its longest dives in the wild
begins to exhibit predatory behavior
20.The passage suggests that during laboratory dives.The PH of the Weddell seal’s blood is not adversely affected by production of lactic acid because______.
(A)only those organs that are essential to the seal’s ability to navigate
under-water revert to an anaerobic mechanism.
(B)the seal typically reverts to an anaerobic metabolism only at the very end of the dive
(C)organs that revert to an anaerobic metabolism are temporarily isolated from the seal’s bloodstream
(D)the seal remains submerged for only short periods of time
21.Which of the following best summarizes the main point of the passage?
(A)Recent field studies have indicated that descriptions of the physiological behavior of the Weddell seal during laboratory dives are not applicable to its most typical dives in the wild.
(B)The Weddell seal has developed a number of unique mechanisms that enable it to remain submerged at depths of up to500meters for up to70 minutes.
(C)The results of recent field studies have made it necessary for biologists to revise previous perceptions of how the Weddell seal behaves physiologically during its longest dives in the wild.
(D)How the Weddell seal responds to oxygen deprivation during its longest dives appears to depend on whether the seal is searching for prey or avoiding predators during such dives.
22.According to the author,which of the following is true of the laboratory studis mentioned in line1?
(A)They present an oversimplified account of mechanisms that the
Weddell seal relies on during its longest dives in the wild.
(B)They provide evidence that undermines the view that the Weddell seal relies on an anaerobic metabolism during its in the wild.
(C)They are based on the assumption that Weddell seals rarely spend more than twenty minutes underwater on a typical dive in the wild.
(D)They provide an accurate account of the physiological behavior of Weddell seals during those dives in the wild in which they are either evading predators or exploring distant routes.
23.The author cites which of the following as characteristic of the Weddell seal’s physiological behavior during dives observed in the laboratory?
I.A decrease in the rate at which the seal’s heart beats.
II.A constriction of the seal’s arteries.
III.A decrease in the levels of lactic acid in the seal’s blood.
IV.A temporary halt in the functioning of certain organs.
(A)I and III only
(B)I and IV only
(C)II and III only
(D)I,II,and IV only
24.The passage suggests that because Weddell seals are forcibly submerged during laboratory dives,they do which of the following?
Exhibit the physiological responses that are characteristic of the longer dives they undertake in the wild.
Cope whit oxygen deprivation less effectively than do on typical dives in the wild. Produce smaller amounts of lactic acid than they do on typical dives in the wild. Navigate less effectively than they do on typical dives in the wild.
Passage Four
Questions25—30are based on the following passage:
Australian researchers have discovered electroreceptors(sensory organs designed to respond to electrical fields)clustered at the tip of the spiny anteater’s snout.The researchers made this discovery by exposing small areas of the snout to extremely weak electrical fields and recording the transmission of resulting nervous activity to the brain.While it is true that tactile receptors, another kind of sensory organ on the anteater’s snout,can also respond to electrical stimuli,such receptors do so only in response to electrical field strengths about1,000times greater than those known to excite electroreceptors. Having discovered the electroreceptors,researchers are now investigating how anteaters utilize such a sophisticated sensory system.In one behavioral experiment,researchers successfully trained an anteater to distinguish between two troughs of water,one with a weak electrical field and the other with none. Such evidence is consistent with researcher’s hypothesis that anteaters use electroreceptors to detect electrical signals given off by prey;however, researchers as yet have been unable to detect electrical signals emanating from
termite mounds,where the favorite food of anteaters live.Still,researchers have observed anteaters breaking into a nest of ants at an oblique angle and quickly locating nesting chambers.This ability quickly to locate unseen prey suggests, according to the researchers,that the anteaters were using their electroreceptors to locate the nesting chambers.
25.According to the passage,which of the following is a characteristic that distinguishes electroreceptors from tactile receptors?
(A)The manner in which electroreceptors respond to electrical stimuli.
(B)The tendency of electroreceptors to be found in clusters.
(C)The unusual locations in which electroreceptors are found in most species.
(D)The amount of electrical stimulation required to excite electroreceptors.
26.Which of the following can be inferred about the experiment described in the first paragraph?
(A)Researchers had difficulty verifying the existence of electroreceptors in the anteater because electroreceptors respond to such a narrow range of electrical field strengths.
(B)Researchers found that the level of nervous activity in the anteater’s brain increased dramatically as the strength of the electrical stimulus was increased.
(C)Researchers found that some areas of the anteater’s snout were not
浙大考博英语真题部分考试
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2016年浙江大学博士生英语 听力 PART A Welcome to Everglades National Park. The Everglades is a watery plain covered with saw grass that's home to numerous species of plants and wildlife. At one and a half million acres, it's too big to see it all today, but this tour will offer you a good sampling. Our tour bus will stop first at T aylor Slough. This is a good place to start because it's home to many of the plants and animals typically associated with the Everglades. You'll see many exotic birds and, of course, our world famous alligators. Don't worry, there's a boardwalk that goes across the marsh, so you can look down at the animals in the water from a safe distance. The boardwalk is high enough to give you a great view of the saw grass prairie. From there we'll head to some other marshy and even jungle like areas that feature wonderful tropical plant life. For those of you who'd like a closer view of the saw grass prairie, you might consider renting a canoe sometime during your visit here. However, don't do this unless you have a very good sense of direction and can negotiate your way through tall grass. We'd hate to have to come looking for you. You have the good fortune of being here in the winter—the best time of year to visit. During the spring and summer, the mosquitoes will just about eat you alive! Right now they're not so bothersome, but you'll still want to use an insect repellent. Welcome to Everglades National Park. The Everglades is a watery plain covered with saw grass that's home to numerous species of plants and wildlife. At one and a half million acres, it's too big to see it all today, but this tour will offer you a good sampling. Our tour bus will stop first at Taylor Slough. This is a good place to start because it's home to many of the plants and animals typically associated with the Everglades. You'll see many exotic birds and, of course, our world famous alligators. Don't worry, there's a boardwalk that goes across the marsh, so you can look down at the animals in the water from a safe distance. The boardwalk is high enough to give you a great view of the saw grass prairie. From there we'll head to some other marshy and even jungle like areas that feature wonderful tropical plant life. For those of you who'd like a closer view of the saw grass prairie, you might consider renting a canoe sometime during your visit here. However, don't do this unless you have a very good sense of direction and can negotiate your way through tall grass. We'd hate to have to come looking for you. You have the good fortune of being here in the winter—the best time of year to visit. During the spring and summer, the mosquitoes will just about eat you alive! Right now they're not so bothersome, but you'll still want to use an insect repellent.----- 文章来源托福听力 听力是托福内容，完型填空是大学英语教程第四册里面的内容~~~
2018考博英语翻译练习题及答案【十篇】 仰望天空时，什么都比你高，你会自卑;俯视大地时，什么都比你低，你会自负;只有放宽视野，把天空和大地尽收眼底，才能在苍穹泛土之间找到你真正的位置。无须自卑，不要自负，坚持自信。以下我无忧考网为考生整理的《2018考博英语翻译练习题及答案第二部分【十篇】》供您查阅。 2018考博英语翻译练习：泡腊八蒜 考博英语翻译题型多为汉译英，各博士招生院校大多都有此题型，考博英语复习初期阶段新东方在线考博频道为考博生们整理了一些考博英语翻译练习，供大家平日复习。 泡腊八蒜是中国北方，尤其是华北地区的一个习俗。顾名思义，就是在阴历腊月初八的这天来泡制大蒜。其实材料非常简单，就是醋和大蒜瓣儿。做法也是极其简单，将剥了皮的蒜瓣儿放到一个可以密封的罐子、瓶子之类的容器里面，然后倒入醋，封上口放到一个冷的地方。慢慢地，泡在醋中的蒜就会变绿，最后会变得通体碧绿的，如同翡翠碧玉。老北京人家，一到腊月初八，过年的气氛一天赛过一天，
华北大部分地区在腊月初八这天有用醋泡蒜的习俗。 译文参考： Laba garlic bulbs in the north,particularly in North China,a custom. As the name suggests,at the eighth daytime of the twelfth lunar day the Chinese people are apt to cook garlic.In fact,the materials is very easy, that is,vinegar and garlic petal.Approach is extremely simple too,the rinded garlic cloves can be sealed into a jar,flasks and the favor inside the container,then pour vinegar,sealed port into a cold location. Slowly, the garlic drenched in vinegar ambition turn green,and finally transform entire body green as emerald jade.Old Beijing human,1 to the eighth daytime of the twelfth lunar month,one day outdo the air of Chinese New Year day in most parts of north China this day be serviceable in the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month vinegar and garlic bulbs custom. 解析： 大蒜：garlic
2017年北京清华大学考博英语真题 1. The leaders of the two countries feel it desirable to funds from armaments to health and education. A. derive B. deprive C. dispatch D. divert 2. To fund the event and also promote the marketing value of the National Games, the organizing committee set up the Marketing Development Department (MDD). A. beneficent B. expensive C. costly D. luxurious 3. Japanese workers still put in an impressive 42 hours each week, but they are by the South Koreans and Singaporeans who spend an average 46 hours at the grindstone. A. outdone B. outweighed C. outrun D. outrivaled 4. With the economy of the country going strong, the mood is optimism. A. presiding B. circulating C. floating D. prevailing 5. The hunter knows quite well that wild animals go seeking their in the jungle after dark. A. victim B. favorite C. prey D. sacrifice 6. The company, EDS, is smart enough to its 90,000-person workforce into independent micro teams that work directly with individual clients on creative business solutions. A. break out 、 B. break off C. break from D. break down 7. They agreed to take their disputes before the committee and by its decisions. A. stand B. observe C. abide D. precede 8. Very few people could understand the lecture the professor delivered because its subject was very . A. obscure B. indefinite C. dubious D. intriguing 9. Please don’t too much on the painful memories. Everything will be all right.
Reading Text 1 Few social problems have increased so suddenly or been dramatized so effectively as the plight of the homeless in the 1980s and 1990s.Once an invisible people who could easily be ignored, the homeless are now recognized everywhere on the streets and in the public facilities of major cities. There are bag ladies who roam the streets carrying what is left of their possessions in shopping bags or grocery carts. There are disoriented men curled up on benches, in stairwells, or alongside walls. There are children – some runaways and some throwaways scrounge(偷，骗取) for food and shelter. The number of homeless people in underdeveloped societies in the mid-1980s was estimated by the United Nations (UN) to be more than 100 million. The so-called “new”homeless live in the developed, industrialized nations of Europe, North America, and East Asia. Accurate statistics have been impossible to verify, in part because of the conflicting viewpoints on the subject of homelessness. Politicians, lawyers, and others who become advocates for the homeless have said that there are from 2 to 3 million homeless in the US alone. Others who have studied the problem from a less sympathetic point of view suggest that the
Test One（听力播放） Section A Directions: In this section you will hear 10 short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a third voice will ask a question about what was said. You will hear the question only once. When you have heard the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D and decide which is the best answer. Mark your answer by blackening the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a pencil. 1. A. He’s worried. B. It’s getting late. C. He heard a noise outside. D. He can’t see out of the window. 2. A. Soon B. In 20 minutes. C. They don’t care. D. They don’t know. 3. A. Here. B. A pass. C. An official. D.A letter of introduction. 4. A. Home. B. To town. C. To his friends. D. To a restaurant. 5. A. She uses coffee. B. She hates coffee. C. She never liked coffee. D. She liked coffee before. 6. A. The pay isn’t important. B. They don’t need the money. C. He wants to save the money. D. He doesn’t like waiting in line for his pay. 7. A. He wants to go to sleep. B. Doctors always tell him lies. C. He doesn’t believe in medicine. D. He needs a rest without being bothered. 8. A. He eats too much. B. He kills chickens. C. He only eats chickens. D. He married a greedy person. 9. A. Buying trees. B. Who owns the tree. C. Their family trees. D. How old the tree is. 10. A. A stranger. B. A ticket seller. C. A train attendant. D. Another passenger. Section B Directions: In this section of the test you will hear three brief talks. You will hear them only once. After each one you will hear some questions. You will hear each question only once. After you hear the question, you will have 15 seconds to choose the best answer from the four choices given. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet by blackening the corresponding letter with a pencil.
四川大学2012考博英语真题及答案详解 阅读 1）Sign has become a scientific hot button. Only in the past 20 years have specialists in language study realized that signed languages are unique—a speech of the hand. They offer a new way to probe how the brain generates and understands language, and throw new light on an old scientific controversy: whether language, complete with grammar, is something that we are born With, or whether it is a learned behavior. The current interest in sign language has roots in the pioneering work of one rebel teacher at Gallaudet University in Washington, D. C., the world’s only liberal arts university for deaf people. When Bill Stokoe went to Gallaudet to teach English, the school enrolled him in a course in signing. But Stokoe noticed something odd: among themselves, students signed differently from his classroom teacher. Stokoe had been taught a sort of gestural code, each movement of the hands representing a word in English. At the time, American Sign Language (ASL) was thought to be no more than a form of pidgin English (混杂英语). But Stokoe believed the “hand talk” his students used looked richer. He wondered: Might deaf people actually: have a genuine language? And could that language be unlike any other on Earth? I t was 1955, when even deaf people dismissed their signing a s “substandard”. Stokoe’s idea was academic heresy (异端邪说). It is 37 years later. Stokoe—now devoting his time to writing and editing books and journals and to producing video materials on ASL and the deaf culture—is having lunch at a cafe near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution. For decades educators fought his idea that signed languages are natural languages like English, French and Japanese. They assumed language must be based on speech, the modulation (调节) of sound. But sign language is based on the movement of hands, the modulation of space. “What I said,” Stokoe explains, “is that language is not mouth stuff—it’s brain stuff.” 21. The study of sign language is thought to be _____C___. A) a new way to look at the learning of language B) a challenge to tradi t ional, views on the nature of language C) an approach: to simplifying the grammatical structure of a language D) an attempt to clarify misunderstanding about the origin of language（C） 22. The, present growing interest in sign language was stimulated by ___C_____. A) a famous scholar in the study of the human brain B) a leading specialist in the study of liberal arts C) an English teacher in a university for the deaf D) some senior experts in American Sign Language（C） 23. According to Stokoe, sign language is _____B___. A) a Substandard language B) a genuine language C) an artificial language D) an international language（B）
清华大学考博历年真题常用词汇集锦 EM-,EN-,IM-,IN-in,upon 进入,在上 字首em,en,im,in是英文重要的构词成分.共有四种拼法,em与en 源自希腊文的副词与介系词,im与in来自拉丁文的介系词,有in,within,upon之意.所接的字根第一个音,若是p,b,m三个双唇音之一,则拼作em或im,以双唇音接双唇音,方便发音,如embargo n.[禁止入港],empirical a.[经验上的],impart v.[传授,告知]等字均是.字根的第一个音若不在双唇音之列,则拼成en或in,如enamor v.[迷住],incise v.[切开,雕]等等. embargo禁止入港,禁止,阻碍 embark乘船;从事,著手 embarrass使困窘,使局促不安 embed嵌入,深植 embellish美化,装饰 emblem象徵,徽章 embody具体表现,编入 embrace拥抱,包含,接受 embroil使混乱 empathy共感,神入 emphasize强调 empirical实验上的 employ雇用,利用,使用 empower授权与 enact演出 enamor迷住 encase纳入套内,纳入箱内 enchant使迷住,迷惑 enclave被包领土 enclose围绕 encompass包围 encounter邂逅,遭遇 encourage鼓励,激励 encroach侵占,侵入 endeavor努力 endemic某地特有的
endorse背书;赞同 endow赋与 endure忍受,忍耐,持久 energy精力,活力 enfold围绕,笼罩,包封 enforce加强,力劝,迫使 engage从事,忙於 engender酿成,产生 engrave刻,铭记(於心) enhance增加,提高 enjoin命令,禁止 enjoy欢喜,享受 enlist服役,从军 enrage激怒,使暴怒 enrapture使狂喜 enrich使丰富,充实,装饰 enroll入学,登记,入伍 enshrine奉祀於庙堂中,奉为神圣enshroud覆盖,遮蔽 enslave奴役 ensnare诱入陷阱 ensure保证 entangle使困惑,使陷入 enthrall迷住 entice吸引,引诱 entitle给与名称,使有资格,使有权利entrance使出神,使神魂颠倒 entreat恳求 entrench挖壕沟以保护,确立 entrust交托 envelop包围,围绕 environment环境 environs周围,郊外 envisage想像,设想 envision拟想(未来) envoy使者
2011年浙江大学考博英语真题听力原文，仅供参考 第一篇 Among my experiences as a college president is the all‐too‐frequent phone call in the night that begins: "One of your students is in the emergency room with alcohol poisoning." The whole country got a similar wake‐up call in Ju ne when it was reported that alcohol abuse on college campuses is on the rise, especially for women, and that college students drink far more than nonstudents. One statistic showed that college students spend more money on alcohol while in college than on books. Alcohol abuse, although tragic, is but one symptom of a larger campus crisis. A generation has come to college quite fragile, not very secure about who it is, fearful of its lack of identity and without confidence in its future. Many students are ashamed of themselves and afraid of relationships. Students use alcohol as an escape. It's used as an excuse for bad behavior: the insanity defense writ large on campus. This diminished sense of self has caused a growth in racism, sexism, attempted suicide, theft, property‐damage and cheating on most campuses. This is not the stuff of most presidents' public conversations. Nor can it be explained away as an "underclass" problem; it is found on our most privileged campuses. It is happening because the generation now entering college has experienced few authentic connections with adults in its lifetime. I call this the "Culture of Neglect," and we — parents, teachers, professors and administrators — are the primary architects. It begins at home, where social and economic factors — such as declining incomes requiring longer work hours — result in less family time. Young people have been allowed to or must take part‐time jobs rather than spending time in school, on homework or with their families. More children and youths are being reared in a vacuum, with television as their only supervisor, and there is little expectation that they learn personal responsibility. Immersed in themselves, they are left to their peers. 31. The main idea of the first paragraph is that ( ) . ×正确答案为C [A] it is easy to be a college president [B] a college president has to sit up till midnight [C] alcohol abuse is quite common on campus [D] it is harmful for college students to drink alcohol 32. According to the author, college students turn to alcohol as a(n) ( ). ×正确答案为C [A] inspiration [B] stimulation [C] escape [D] relaxation 33. The word "architects" in Para. 2 can be best replaced by ( ). ×正确答案为D [A] artists [B] experts [C] discoverers [D] designers 34. How do parents react to the "Culture of Neglect"?( ) ×正确答案为B [A] Parents have lowered their expectations on children. [B] Parents take little care of the growth of their children. [C] Parents spend too much time watching television.
General English Admission Test For Non-English Major Ph.D. program (Harbin Institute of Technology) Passage One Questions 1-7 are based on the following passage: According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granitelike bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This theory is contrary to the widely held view that the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks. The recently developed theory has considerable practical importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during the original gold rushes were exposed at the Earth’s surface and were found because the y had shed trails of alluvial gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods. Although these same methods still leas to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they are buried and have no surface expression. The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals. Methods widely used today include analysis of aerial images that yield a broad geological overview, geophysical techniques that provide data on the magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties of the rocks being investigated, and sensitive chemical tests that are able to detect : the subtle chemical halos that often envelop mineralization. However, none of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized. Such ground selection relies to varying degrees on conceptual models, which take into account theoretical studies of relevant factors. These models are constructed primarily from empirical observations of known mineral deposits and from theories of ore-forming processes. The explorer uses the models to identify those geological features that are critical to the formation of the mineralization being modeled, and then tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many of the critical features as possible. 1. The author is primarily concerned with . A. advocating a return to an older methodology. B. explaining the importance of a recent theory. C. enumerating differences between two widely used methods D. describing events leading to a discovery 2. According to passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz vein
清华大学日语语言文学专业考博复习资料参考书-育明考博 一、清华大学人文学院日语语言文学考博内容分析（育明考博辅导中心) 专业方向招生人数初试内容 复试内容050200外国语言文学日语语言文学 约1人①101英语、102俄语、104德 语、105法语 ②848日语语言文学501综合考试育明考博辅导中心张老师解析： 1、清华大学人文学院日语语言文学考博的报录比平均在5:1左右（竞争较激烈） 2、本专业有两位导师：隽雪艳、王成 3、同等学力考生在初试合格后须加试报考专业两门硕士专业学位课程和自然辩证法。 4、初试英语拉开的分差较小，两门专业课拉开的分差非常大。要进入复试就必须在两门专业课中取得较高的分数。专业课的复习备考中“信息”和“方向”比单纯的时间投入和努力程度更重要。 5、清华大学考博初试外语中不含听力。 6、学院并不指定外语和专业课复习的参考书。 育明教育考博分校针对清华大学各专业考博开设的辅导课程有：考博英语课程班·专业课课程班·视频班·复试保过班·高端协议班。每年专业课课程班的平均通过率都在80%以上。根植育明学校从2006年开始积累的深厚高校资源，整合利用历届育明优秀学员的成功经验与高分资料，为每一位学员构建考博成功的基础保障。 （清华大学人文学院考博资料获取、课程咨询育明教育张老师叩叩：772678537） 二、清华大学人文学院外国语言文学专业历年考博复试分数线（育明考博课程中心） 育明考博辅导中心张老师解析： 1、人文学院外国语言文学专业共有6个研究方向，各研究方向之间报录比差别还是比较大的。 2、根据最新的信息，学院将会逐步增加硕博连读的名额，减少在职定向读博的名额。 3、初试英语拉开的分差较小，两门专业课拉开的分差非常大。要进入复试就必须在两门专业课中取得较高的分数。专业课的复习备考中“信息”和“方向”比单纯的时间投入和努力程度更重要。年份 录取成绩要求复试人数/招生人数2014年外语50分、专业课50分 综合考试60分 12人/9人（不包括骨干计划）2015年外语50分、专业课50分 综合考试60分15人/11人（不包括骨干计划）