江西师范大学2008年推荐免试研究生英语考试试卷
(请在答题纸上作答,写在试卷上无效)
Section A: Reading comprehension ( 40 points, 2 points for each)
Passage One
One of the qualities that most people admire in others is the willingness to admit one’s mistakes. It is extremely hard sometimes to say a simple thing like‖ I was wrong about that, ―and it is even harder to say,‖ I was wrong, and you were right about that.‖
I had an experience recently with someone admitting to me that he had made a mistake fifteen years ago. He told me he had been the manager of a certain grocery store in the neighborhood where I grew up, and he asked me if I remembered the egg cartons. Then he related an incident and I began to remember vaguely the incident he was describing.
I was about eight years old at the time, and I had gone into the store with my mother to do the weekly grocery shopping. On that particular day, I must have found my way to the dairy food department where the incident took place. There must have been a special sale on eggs that day because there was an impressive display of eggs in dozen and half-dozen cartons. The cartons were stacked three or four feet high. I must have stopped in front of a display to admire the stacks. Just then a woman came by pushing her grocery cart and knocked off the stacks of cartons. For some reason, I decided it was up to me to put the display back together, so I went to work.
The manager heard the noise and came rushing over to see what had happened. When he appeared, I was on my knees inspecting some of the cartons to see if any of the eggs were broken, but to him it looked as though I was the culprit. He severely reprimanded me and wanted me to pay for any broken eggs. I protested my innocence and tried to explain, but it did no good. Even though I quickly forgot all about the incident, apparently the manager did not.
(!) How old was the author when he wrote this article?
A) About 8 B) About 18 C) About 23 D) About 15
(2) Who was to blame for knocking off the stacks of canons?
A) The author. B) The manager. C) A woman. D) The author’s mother.
(3) Which of the following statements is not true?
A) The woman who knocked off the stacks off cartoon was seriously criticized by the manager.
B) The author was severely criticized by the manager.
C) A woman carelessly knocked off the stacks of cartons.
D) It was the author who put the display truck together.
(4) Which of the following can serve as the best title for the passage?
A) It’s Harder to Admit One’s Mistake B) I Was Once the Culprit
C) Remember an Incident D) A Case of Mistaken Identity
(5) The tone of the article expresses the author’s __________________.
A) admiration for the manager’s willingness to admit mistakes
B) anger to the manager for his wrong accusation
C) indignation against the woman who knocked off the stacks of cartons
D) regret for the mistake he made in the store
Passage Two
Real policemen, both in Britain and the United States, hardly recognize any similarities between their lives and what they see on TV – if they ever get home in time.
The first difference is that a policeman’s real life revolves round law. Most of his training is in criminal law. He has to know exactly what actions are crimes and what evident can be used to prove them in court. He has to know nearly as much law as a professional lawyer, and what’s more, he has to apply it in his feet, in the dark and rain, running down an alley after someone he wants to talk to.
Little of his time is spent in dramatic confrontations with desperate criminals. He will spend most of his working life typing millions of words on thousands of forms about hundreds of sad, unimportant people who are guilty—or not—of stupid, petty crimes.
Most television crime drama is about finding the criminal: as soon as he’s arrested, the story is over. In real life, finding criminals is seldom much of a problem. Except in very serious cases like murders and terrorist attacks—where failure to produce results reflects on the standing of the police—little effort is spent on searching. The police have an elaborate machinery which eventually show up most wanted men.
Having made an arrest, a detective really starts to work. He has to prove his case in court and to do that he often has to gather a lot of different evidence. Much of this has to be given by people who don’t want to get involved in a court case. So, as well as being overworked, a detective has to be out at all hours of day and night interviewing his witnesses and persuading them, usually against their own best interests, to help him.
If the detective has to deceive the word, the word often deceives him. Hardly anyone he meets tells him the truth. And this separation the detective feels between himself and the rest of the word is deepened by the simple mindedness—as he sees it—of citizens, social workers ,law makers and judges, who, instead of stamping out crime, punish the criminals less severely in the hope that this will make them reform. The result, detectives feel, is that nine tenths of their work is recatching people who should have stayed behind bars. This makes them rather cynical.
(6) It is essential for a policeman to be trained in criminal law____________.
A) because many of the criminals he has to catch are dangerous
B) so that he can catch criminals in the streets
C) so that he can justify his arrests in court
D) because he has to know nearly as much about law as a professional lawyer
(7) The everyday life of a policeman or a detective is _____________.
A) devoted mostly to routine matters
B) exciting and glamorous
C) full of danger
D) wasted on unimportant matters
(8) When murders and terrorist attacks occur, the police___________.
A) prefer to wait for the criminal to give himself away
B) spend a lot of effort on trying to track down the criminals
C) try to make a quick arrest in order to keep up their reputation
D) usually fail to produce results
(9) Detectives are rather cynical because______________.
A) nine tenths of their work involves arresting people
B) hardly anyone tells them the truth
C) too many criminals escapes from jail
D) society does not punish criminals severely enough
(10) All the following statements are true EXCEPT________________.
A) policemen feel that the image of their lives shown on TV is inaccurate
B) television crime plays tend to concentrate on the search for the criminal
C) much of the detective’s work involves arresting former criminals
D) in real life , finding criminals is one of the policemen’s greatest problems
Passage Three
Every profession or trade, every art, and every science has its technical vocabulary. Different occupations, however, differ widely in the character of their special vocabularies. In trades and handicrafts, and other vocations, like farming and fishery, that have occupied great numbers of men from remote times, the technical vocabulary, is very old. It consists largely of native words, or of borrowed words that have worked themselves into the very fibre of our language. Hence, though highly technical in many particulars, these vocabularies are more familiar in sound, and more generally understood, than most other technicalities. The special dialects of law, medicine, divinity, and philosophy have also, in their older strata, become pretty familiar to cultivated persons and have contributed much to the popular vocabulary. Yet every vocation still possesses a large body of technical terms that remain essentially foreign, even to educated speech. And the proportion has been much increased in the last fifty years, particularly in the various departments of natural and political science and in the mechanic arts. Here new terms are coined with the greatest freedom, and abandoned with indifference when they have served their turn. Most of the new coinages are confined to special discussions, and seldom get into general literature or conversation. Yet no profession is nowadays, as all professions once were, a close guild. The lawyer, the physician, the man of science, the divine, associated freely with his fellow-creatures, and does not meet them in a merely professional way. Furthermore, what is called ―popular science‖ makes everybody acquainted with modern views and recent discoveries. Any important experiment, though made in a remote or provincial laboratory, is at once reported in the newspapers, and everybody is soon talking about it –as in the case of the Roentgen rays and wireless telegraphy. Thus our common speech is always taking up new technical terms and making them commonplace.
(11) Special words used in technical discussion_____________.
A) never last long
B) are considered artificial language speech
C) should be confined to scientific fields
D) may become part of common speech
(12) It is true that_____________________.
A) an educated person would be expected to know most technical terms
B) everyone is interested in scientific findings
C) the average man often uses in his own vocabulary what was once technical language not
meant for him
D) various professions and occupations often interchange their dialects and jargons
(13) In recent years, there has been a marked increase in number of technical terms in the
terminology of
A) farming B) sports C) government D) fishery
(14) The writer of the article was, no doubt_____________.
A) a linguist B) an essayist C) a scientist D) an attorney
(15) The author’s main purpose in the passage is to _____________.
A) describe a phenomenon
B) be entertaining
C) argue a belief
D) propose a solution
Passage Four
Contemporary office technology requires software or programs to carry out complicated information-processing activities. References to software usually indicate a set of instructions.
A broader application of the term includes any nonhardware element of a computer system: Programs, written documentation to accompany programs, flow charts, and user manuals, for example. The latter use of the terms is rare.
Software is now available from a variety of sources: hardware manufacturers and vendors, software houses (firms that develop and market software), and staff programmers (user-developed software). Office supply houses, computer shops, and even bookstores market packaged software for the microcomputer market.
Early computer users thought in terms of developing their own software or using software developed by computer manufacturers to perform the information-processing activities desired form the computer system. Users of medium-to-large scale computer systems still rely heavily on programs developed, tested, and perfected by their own programmers.
Large-to-medium scale computer manufacturers or vendors have traditionally included software with the system package, sometimes providing alterations necessary to customize the programs to user needs. These packages have represented significant portions of the purchase or lease price of systems.
The microcomputer revolution in the early 1980s brought with it the concept of the commercial software publisher (software house). Companies were formed to engage in writing and marketing software for all types and sizes of computers, but those producing software for microcomputers were especially numerous. Major hardware manufacturers began to market software produced by these software specialists with their systems. The quality of the programs and the instructional materials that accompanied them were frequently poor. Because of the ease with which users could duplicate software, software prices remained high. Yet, those high prices were frequently preferable to the cost of programs developed in-house. Experience and competition have increased the quality of both programs and instructional materials.
(16) According to the passage, the most commonly used definition of software is______________.
A)complicated information-processing activities
B)any nonhardware element of a computer system
C) a set of instructions
D)flow charts and user manuals
(17)Which of the following statements is not true?
A) Now hardware manufacturers also develop and market software.
B) Early computer users had no choice but to develop their own software.
C) Software is now available for the microcomputer user even from bookstores.
D) Early computer manufacturers also developed and marketed software.
(18) Large-to-medium scale computer manufacturers__________________.
A) rely heavily on software developed by their customers
B) used to include software with the system package
C) can make changes for software to meet customer needs
D) sell their system packages at very low prices
(19) Since the microcomputer revolution in the early 1980s, ________________.
A) Commercial software publishers have gradually disappeared
B) major hardware manufacturer began to develop their own software
C) Many companies stopped the development of software for large computers
D) there have been numerous choices of software for micro-computer users
(20) It is implied in the passage that_____________.
A) it will cost a great deal more for computer users to develop their own software than to buy it
B) software prices remained high because it was not easy to develop any software
C) it is very difficult for users to duplicate software
D) software has long been of high quality due to experience and competition
Section B: Error Correction(10 points)
This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each underlined line. You may have to add a word, cross out a word, or change a word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided. If you cross a word, put a slash(/) in the blank.
Criticism is judgment. A critic is a judge.
A judge must study and think about the material
presented to it, correct it or reject it after 21.____________________ thinking what he has read, watched or heard. 22.
Another word for criticism is the appreciation. 23.
when I criticize or appreciate some object or
another, I look for its good points and its bad
points. In reading any printing or written matter. 24._____________________
I always have a pencil in hand and put any comments
in the book or on a separate piece of paper. In
other words, I never talk back to the writer. 25____________________ The sort of critical reading may well be called
creation reading because I am thinking along with the 26_______________ _ writer, asking him questions, seeing that he 27_____________________ answers the questions and how well he answers them.
I mark the good passages to restore them in my 28_____________________ memory and ask myself about every other part and
about the complete piece of writing: where, how and
why could or should I improve upon them? 29______________________ You might think that doing what I suggested is
work. Yes, it is, and the work is a pleasure 30______________________ because I can feel my brain expanding, my emotion
reacting and my way of living changing.
Section C: Close ( 10 points)
The accuracy of scientific observations and calculations is always at the _31___of the scientist’s timekeeping methods. __32____this reason, scientists are __33__ in devices that give promise of more precise timekeeping.
In their search for ___34_, scientists have ___35__ to atomic clocks that depend on __36__vibrating atoms or molecules to supply their ―ticking‖. This is __37_because each kind of atom or molecule has its own__38___ rate of vibration. The nitrogen atom in ammonia, ___39_vibrates or ―ticks‖ 24 billion times a second.
One such atomic clock is so accurate _40___ it will probably___41__ no more than a second in 3,000 years. It will be _42___great importance in __43___ such as astronomical observation and long-range navigation. The heart of this Atomichron is a cesium atom__44___ vibrates 9.2 billion times a second when _45____ to the temperature of boiling water.
An atomic clock that operates with an ammonia molecule may be used to check the accuracy of predications__46___ Einstein’s relativity theories, according _47____which a clock in _48___and a clock at rest should keep time _49____. Placed in an orbiting satellite moving at a speed of 18,000 miles an hour, the clock could broadcast its time readings to a ground station, where they would be compared with the reading on a similar model. Whatever difference developed would be checked against the difference__50_____.
31. A) sympathy B) mercy C) kindness D) courage
32. A)In B)At C) For D) By
33. A) interested B) surprised C) fond D) keen
34. A) pleasure B) precision C) information D) sponsor
35. A) turned B) relied C) asked D) pursue
36. A) various B) vary C) variable D) variant
37. A) impossible B) possible C) imaginary D) valuable
38. A) practical B) reliable C) characteristic D) realistic
39. A) such as B) for example C) namely D) that is
40. A) that B) as C) which D) what
41. A) decrease B) subtract C) reduce D) lose
42. A) at B) to C) for D) of
43. A) areas B) fields C) subjects D) places
44. A) that B) what C) who D) it
45. A) heating B) heat C) heated D) being heated
46. A) instead of B) relative to C) emphasized on D) based on
47. A) to B) for C)at D) on
48. A) motion B) work C) wrong D) research
49. A) similarly B) differently C) accurately D) continuously
50. A) imagined B) calculated C) anticipated D) predicted
Section D: Choices: (10 points, one point for each)
51. My aunt was an admirable woman, whom I took the greatest____ to resemble in my life.
A) pains B) attempts C) efforts D) cautions
52. A few hours of sleep were sufficient to relieve the ____of a long journey.
A) effect B) intensity C) fatigue D) consequence
53. Many doctors believe that lung cancer may to some extent be due to ____smoking.
A) persistent B) consistent C) successive D) excessive
54. Children who are not good at studying may _____games easily.
A) catch up B) make up C) pick up D)keep up
55. The boys splashed each other in the water and ____with excitement.
A) shielded B) shrieked C) shrinked D) shivered
56. When the storm broke, the flock of sheep were ____in all directions.
A) straying B) dispersing C) separating D) distributing
57. Education which ___many benefits should be a preparation for life.
A) comprises B) undertakes C) bestows D) embraces
58. The president warned that internal arguments would threaten the _____of the
government.
A) authority B) tactics C) stability D) prestige
59. Clothes, cooking utensils, and ornaments were all ____on the ground for sale.
A) laid aside B) laid down C) laid off D) laid out
60. A sudden gust of wind nearly tore the mountaineer from the narrow rock where he was
_______.
A) perched B) inhabited C) located D) squatted
Section E: Complete the sentences on Answer Sheet 2 by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.（10 points）
61．_____________________________( 应征者必须不小于20岁) nor older than 28. 62．_____________________________(如果女孩们工作做得好) it is because of proper training.
63．They must know ________________________（如何用三国的货币算出一包香烟的价格）。
64．They must also know something about _________________（飞行原理和一架飞机的详尽零件）。
65．I love the air and the air-traveling business because_______________(这真是太令人兴奋了)。
Section F: Writing: (20 points)
For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of no less than 150 words on Changes in People’s Diet in China.
Section G: Translate the following text into English. Write your translation on ANSWEER SHEET.( 20 points)(For English majors applicants only 英语专业的考生必考，非英语专业的考生不考)
在近几年的投资中，由于一直实施的是积极的财政政策，发行了大量的国债，政府投资一直起着主导作用。据有关媒体报道，2005 年实施稳健财政政策后，
发行的国债将会比今年减少300亿元。直接减少的国债投资是300亿元，但由于
国债投资都有很强的带动效应,由这减少的300 亿元国债连带而减少的其他相关的
银行投资、民间投资数量也不可小视。虽然有统计局官员称，民间投资已有启动
迹象，但是启动了的民间投资能不能持续下去，民间投资是否是在地方政府的催
生下发出的，是不是一种自发的力量，还是一个未知的变数。
2017年考研英语二真题 Section I Use of English Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) People have speculated for centuries about a future without work.Today is no different，with academics，writers，and activists once again 1 that technology is replacing human workers. Some imagine that the coming work-free world will be defined by 2 .：A few wealthy people will own all the capital，and the masses will struggle in an impoverished wasteland.. A different and not mutually exclusive 3 holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort，one 4 by purposelessness：Without jobs to give their lives 5 ，people will simply become lazy and depressed. 6 ，t oday’s unem ployed don’t seem to be having a great time. One Gallup poll found that 20 percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year report having depression，double the rate for 7 Americans. Also，some research suggests that the 8 for rising rates of mortality，mental-health problems，and addicting 9 poorly-educated，middle-aged people is a shortage of well-paid jobs. Perhaps this is why many 10 the agonizing dullness of a jobless future. But it doesn’t 11 follow from findings like these that a world without work would be filled with unease. Such visions are based on the 12 of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment. In the 13 of work，a society designed with other ends in mind could 14 strikingly different circumstances for the future of labor and leisure. Today，the 15 of work may be a bit overblown. “Many jobs are boring，degrading，unhealthy，and a waste of human potential，” says John Danaher，a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway. These days，because leisure time is relatively 16 for most workers，people use their free time to counterbalance the intellectual and emotional 17 of their jobs. “When I come home from a hard day’s work，I often feel 18 ，” Danaher says，adding，“In a world in which I don’t have to work，I might feel rather different”—perhaps different enough to throw himself 19 a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usually reserved for 20 matters. 1. [A] boasting [B] denying [C] warning [D] ensuring 2. [A] inequality [B] instability [C] unreliability [D] uncertainty 3. [A] policy [B]guideline [C] resolution [D] prediction 4. [A] characterized [B]divided [C] balanced [D]measured 5. [A] wisdom [B] meaning [C] glory [D] freedom 6. [A] Instead [B] Indeed [C] Thus [D] Nevertheless 7. [A] rich [B] urban [C]working [D] educated 8. [A] explanation [B] requirement [C] compensation [D] substitute 9. [A] under [B] beyond [C] alongside [D] among 10. [A] leave behind [B] make up [C] worry about [D] set aside 11. [A] statistically [B] occasionally [C] necessarily [D] economically 12. [A] chances [B] downsides [C] benefits [D] principles 13. [A] absence [B] height [C] face [D] course 14. [A] disturb [B] restore [C] exclude [D] yield 15. [A] model [B] practice [C] virtue [D] hardship 16. [A] tricky [B] lengthy [C] mysterious [D] scarce 17. [A] demands [B] standards [C] qualities [D] threats 18. [A] ignored [B] tired [C] confused [D] starved 19. [A] off [B] against [C] behind [D] into 20. [A] technological [B] professional [C] educational [D] interpersonal
long-distance education long-distance education, It is called network education in the file that released by department of education has introduced some , or called contemporary and long-range education network education. It refers to the use of TV and the Internet and other media teaching mode, the remote education is a very popular teaching model, because it broke through the time and space boundaries, accommodation in the school is different from the traditional teaching mode. Using this kind of teaching model of students, do not need to a specific location, anywhere. Students can also through television and radio, Internet, coaching line, a variety of different methods, such as mutual learning. Online learning has superior side, there are also some disadvantages. Learners can not adapt to the network teaching mode. Network education lack of interactivity and authenticity. On the BBS of the remote education, many netizens agree that network education's biggest drawback is the lack of interactivity and authenticity. In network education, between students and students, between students and the teacher only through BBS, E-mail or other network communication tools to communicate, people had built up a relationship is a kind of virtual environment of interpersonal relationships, interpersonal communication gradually from direct to indirect, from the diversification to the simplification, lost the traditional relationship between university students directly group consciousness gradually indifference. Education of students by this way, the collective idea and the spirit of solidarity and collaboration as generally traditional college students, is not conducive to the development of individuals and society.
Part VI Translation (10 points) Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your answer on the Answ et Sheet. Being unhappy is like an infectious disease. It causes people to shrink away from the suff erer. He soon finds himself alone and miserable. There is, however, a cure so simple as t o seem, at first glance, ridiculous: if you don't feel happy, pretend to be! It works. Befor e long you will find that instead of pushing people away, you attract them. You discover h ow deeply rewarding it is to be the center of wider and wider circles of good will. Then the make-believe becomes a reality. Being happy, once it is realized as a duty and established as a habit, opens doors into unimaginable gardens filled with grateful friends. Part VII Writing (15 points) Directions: Write a composition of at least 150 words about the topic: The possibility of us ing the mobile phone to study English (or any other subject). You should write according t o the outline given below: 1.我认为手机（不）可以用来学习英语或其他知识。 2.理由是…… 3.结论
General English Qualifying Test for Non-English Major Graduate Students 2008 (A 卷) ******************************考试注意事项*************************** 一．本考试由两部分组成：试卷一（Paper One）包括听力理解、词汇与结构、阅读理解三部分，共70题，按顺序统一编号；试卷二（Paper Two）包括改错、写作。 二．试卷一的答案请按要求在答题卡上填涂，否则无效。试卷二的改错、写作部分请直接在试卷二上答题. Paper One Part I Listening Comprehension (20 points) Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A., B., C. and D., and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Example: You will hear: You will read: A. At the office. B. In the waiting room. C. At the airport. D. In a restaurant. From the conversation we know that the two were talking about some work they had to finish in the evening. This is most likely to have taken place at the office. Therefore, A. "At the office" is the best answer. You should choose [A] on the Answer Sheet and mark it with a single line through the center. 1. A. The weather has been warm lately. B. The furnace has broken down. C. The building’s heating system dries the air. D. The woman should put medicine on her lips. 2. A. A furnished house. B. A recent book. C. A refinished cellar. D. A new record. 3. A. They need to turn up ahead. B. She doesn’t know where State Street is. C. There was no left turn at the last intersection. D. The man missed the turn.
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A. some modern women prefer a life of individual freedom. B. the family is no longer the basic unit of society in present-day Europe. C. some professional people have too much work to do to feel lonely. D. Most Europeans conceive living a single life as unacceptable. 5.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A. To review the impact of women becoming high earners. B. To contemplate the philosophy underlying individualism. C. To examine the trend of young people living alone. D. To stress the rebuilding of personal relationships. Passage Two American dramas and sitcoms would have been candidates for prime time several years ago. But those programs －though some remain popular －increasingly occupy fringe times slots on foreign networks. Instead, a growing number of shows produced by local broadcasters are on the air at the best times. The shift counters longstanding assumptions that TV shows produced in the United States would continue to overshadow locally produced shows from Singapore to Sicily. The changes are coming at a time when the influence of the United States on international affairs has annoyed friends and foes alike, and some people are expressing relief that at least on television American culture is no longer quite the force it once was. “There has always been a concern that the image of the world would be shaped too much by American culture,” said Dr. Jo Groebek, director general of the European Institu te for the Media, a non-profit group. Given the choice, he adds, foreign viewers often prefer homegrown shows that better reflect local tastes, cultures and historical events. Unlike in the United States, commercial broadcasting in most regions of the world －including Asia, Europe, and a lesser extent Latin America, which has a long history of commercial TV －is a relatively recent development. A majority of broadcasters in many countries were either state-owned or state-subsidized for much of the last century. Governments began to relax their control in the 1980’s by privatizing national broadcasters and granting licenses to dozens of new commercial networks. The rise of cable and satellite pay-television increased the spectrum of channels. Relatively inexperienced and often financed on a shoestring, these new commercial stations needed hours of programming fast. The cheapest and easiest way to fill airtime was to buy shows from American studios, and the bidding wars for popular shows were fierce. The big American studios took advantage of that demand by raising prices and forcing foreign broadcasters to buy less popular programs if they wanted access to the best-selling shows and movies. “The studio priced themselves out of prime time,” said Harry Evans Sloan, chairman of SBS Broadcasting, a Pan-European broadcaster. Mr. Sloan estimates that over the last decade, the price of American programs has increased fivefold even as the international ratings for these shows have declined. American broadcasters are still the biggest buyers of American-made television shows, accounting for 90% of the $25 billion in 2001 sales. But international sales which totaled $2.5 billion last year often make the difference between a profit and a loss on show. As the pace of foreign sales slows －the market is now growing at 5% a year, down from the double-digit growth of the 1990’s －studio executives are rethinking production costs. 6. Which of the following best characterizes the image embodied in American shows? A. Self-contradictory B. Prejudice-free C. Culture-loaded D. Audience-targeted 7. The intervention of governments in the 1980’s resulted in __________ . A. the patenting of domination shows and movies B. the emergence of new commercial networks C. the promotion of cable and satellite pay-television D. the intense competition coming from the outside 8. The phrase “on a shoestring” (Para. 6) most probably means __________. A. in need of capital B. after a fashion C. on second thoughts D. in the interests of themselves 9. The main reason why American dramas and sitcoms are driven out of prime time is that ____. A. they lose competitiveness B. they are not market-oriented C. they are too much priced D. they fall short of audience expectations 10. American studio producers will give thought to production costs __________. A. if they have no access to popular shows B. because their endeavors come to no avail C. since bidding wars are no longer fierce D. as international sales pace slows down Passage Three How shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales 1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (th at is，how ants，bees or any social animal，including humans，behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy. 2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani，a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology，described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes，also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying. 3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information，and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.
江苏省委党校社会学专业在职研究生入学考试英语复习参考资料 一、完形填空（20分） 二、语句翻译（20分） 1、As far as ability is concerned,I am sure he will qualify for the job. 7、Some of the old fantasies about the space age have come true. 14、In general,prices may be brought down by increasing supply or decreasing demand. 17、Jack didn’t know anything about any of the books on the bookshelf,so his choice was quite arbitrary. 18、We are trying to figure out a solution to these urgent problems. 23、The increase in information and knowledge about management will be more important to top manager. 27、Many American students apply for government loans to pay for their education. 32、We came to the meeting full of expectations,yet we left very disappointed. 34、The spokesman made in clear that the president would not cancel the trip under any circumstances. 40、The government has undertaken a series of new environmental initiatives,as a result, many parks and green belts have sprung up all of the country. 43、It is not unusual for this scientist to go to bed at two or three in the morning. 45、We didn’t like his attitude that he deserved special treatment. 48、These artists devoted all their lives to art,and made great contributions to the artistic field. 52、There are a lot of papers to sign,but the only urgent one is this contract. 53、The government is taking these measure in hopes of bringing down the soaring price of houses. 三、阅读理解（30分） 四、段落翻译（30分） 3、在1991年，巴西在全世界环保主义者的压力下改变了做法，它取消了鼓励砍伐亚马逊雨林的税收优惠，批准了一个新雨林保护项目的资金计划。 牛场主、矿工、移民抗议这一行动并继续破坏雨林，尽管速度比以前要慢。去年当矿工为了夺取一群印第安人的土地而将他们杀死使得矛盾扩大了。政府承诺将保护该地区的原住民，问题是这一承诺真实的程度究竟多大。
一.同义词 16.Children may ridicule other children new to a neighborhood. A. make fun of 17.It is useless to attempt to flee from every danger, some risks must be taken. C. run away 18.Many pure metals have little use because they are too soft, rust too easily, or have some other drawbacks. B. disadvantages 19.Magazines are the fifth most important advertising medium, and magazine advertising requires a substantial investment from advertisers. D. considerable 20.Efforts to ameliorate housing conditions for the poor were halted because government funds were cut off. C. improve 21.Because of the close collaboration of architect and builder, the building was completed ahead of schedule. B. joint work 22.After World War , the Vietnamese believed that the French would allow them to be an autonomous people. A. self-governing 23.Physical well-being presupposes that one should vary his diet and often have some wholesome food. C. healthful 24.The layout of the book, with the text on the left and the notes on the right, makes it a pleasure to use. B. arrangement 25.A child leaving home before he is ready is analogous to bird trying to leave the nest before it can fly. D. similar 单选 26.He had always been oblivious to the way Ruth looked, and had never once paid her a compliment. 27.I like the professor's lecture because he amplified his lecture with some vivid slide shows. 28.On the seminar the historians still cannot agree on the date on which the particular war commenced . 29.Despite the news that her son had been dead years ago, she still clung to the hope that he would return some day. 30.During the night a person's temperature may drop one or two degrees, and it can be difficult to arouse him in the morning if his body hasn't become hot yet. 31.The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at stake. 32.Man often wonders how the earth evolved from a hot, violent birth to the celebrated watery planet that stands out in pictures from space. 33.When business is depressed , there is usually an obvious increase in unemployment. 34.Social structure organization is simply the way that people, groups, and institutions are organized with respect. to one another. 35.One of the reasons for his popularity in our village is that he asks after almost everyone every time when he comes back from the big city. 二.同义词 16.The winner was deprived of his gold medal because he was found to have taken stimulants before the race. C. was deprived of 17.The army launched a major assault against the rebel army and many citizens joined the army. A. attack 18.Because Charles had forgotten his key, he was locked out. B. unable to in 19.His behavior had been perturbing me more than had cared to admit. D. troubling 20.Lighting levels are carefully controlled to fall within an acceptable level for optimal reading convenience. A. ideal 21It is said that you can intimidate your enemies by speaking in a low voice and carrying a big stick. C. frighten 22 .If you know in advance that the examination is going to be easy, you have no incentive to study very much. D. motive 23.The soldier discovers martial stirrings in his breast as he puts on his uniform. B. excitement 24.Many pure metals have little use because they are too soft, rust too easily, or have some other drawbacks. C. disadvantages 25.You'll succeed in the final examination if you stick to your belief that you are not a failure. A. adhere to 单选 26Care should be taken to decrease the length of time that one is subjected to loud continuous noise. 27.The teacher set up those obstacles for no other purpose than to challenge the students to overcome them. 28.The police who was lack of experiences was completely, taken in by the thief's disguise. 29.My aunt wound a brightly-colored thread round her finger so as not to forget her appointment. 30.They could not go to the theater together because his free time never coincides with hers. 31.A (n) personnel manager has a variety of role relations with people occupying related statuses. 32.This is a difficult job that needs to be tackled whole-heartedly-not ply at. 33.The curtain had risen hardly when shot startled the audience. 34.He would go to endless trouble to help anyone he thought worthy of encouragement. 35.Some professors prefer to control discussion while others prefer to guide the class without dominating it. 三.同义词 16. If you know in advance that the examination is going to be easy, you have no incentive to study very much. B. motive 17.The mother soothed the disappointed child and then promised to take him on a picnic as soon as it stopped raining. D. comforted 18.It is not easy to remain tranquil when events suddenly change your life. C. calm 19.Sales are an accurate gauge of a book's popularity rather than a representation of it's real value. A. criterion 20.Because Charles had forgotten his key, he was locked out. D. unable to in 21.The army launched a major assault against the rebel army and many citizens joined the army. B. attack 22.The winner was deprived of his gold medal because he was found to have taken stimulants before the race. A. was deprived of 23.At the international conference on the nuclear weapons several dissenting statements were made. D. opposing 24.The dominant theme is of tranquility and peacefulness. C. major 25.A conservative person opposes change and too many new ideas. A. unprogressive 单选 26.It is very likely that the Martian will also be adapted to underground existence, for conditions are much more equable underground. 27.The medicine scientists discovered that the prime reason for her lung cancer is excessive smoking. 28.The interviewer interpreted the applicant's late arrival as a sign of disorganization, undependability or lack of interest in the job. 29.After about an early age of 13, perceptions have already been formed and ambitions cast. 30.South Africa's black majority got its first real say in governing early last December. 31.Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and 32.delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people. 32.Jack is the very person who can be entrusted with either money or secret information. 33.He stopped the car so abruptly that he was hit by the car behind him. 34.The black people launched civil movement, struggling for abolition of slavery. 35.After a long journey, the tourists who experienced danger and hardship reached their destination at length.