职称英语理工类A级
考前押题试卷（一）
一、词汇选项
1. It was hard to say why the man deserved such shabby treatment.
A. unforgettable
B. unbelievable
C. unfair
D. unthinkable
2. The curious look from the strangers around her made her feel uneasy.
A. difficult
B. worried
C. anxious
D. unhappy
3. It is said that the houses along this street will soon be demolished.
A. pulled down
B. rebuilt
C. renovated
D. whitewashed
4. The advertising company was surprised by the adverse public reaction to the poster.
A. delayed
B. quick
C. positive
D. unfavorable
5. He began his talk by giving a concise definition of post-modernism.
A. long and detailed C. comprehensive
B. short and clear D. professional
6. It took me exactly a week to complete the work.
A. do
B. achieve
C. improve
D. finish
7. The herb medicine eventually cured her disease.
A. nicely
B. apparently
C. finally
D. naturally
8. We had a long conversation about her parents.
A. talk
B. speech
C. debate
D. discussion
9. Please let me know if you are unable to attend the meeting.
A. go to
B. prepare for
C. speak to
D. do to
10. He have made up his mind to give up smoking.
A. tried
B. attempted
C. agreed
D. decided
11. The little girl grasped her mother’s arm as she crossed the street.
A. understood
B. had a hold over
C. took hold of
D. left hold of
12. In judging our work you should take into consideration the fact that we have been very busy recently.
A. thought
B. mind
C. account
D. memory
13. I can no longer tolerate his actions.
A. put up with
B. accept
C. take
D. suffer from
14. The doctors have abandoned the hope to rescue the old man.
A. left
B. given up
C. turned down
D. refused
15. Have you talked to her lately?
A. lastly
B. shortly
C. recently
D. immediately
二、阅读判断
The Biology of Music
Humans use music as a powerful way to communicate. It may also play an important role in love. But what is music, and how does it work its magic? Science does not yet have all the answers.
What are two things that make humans different from animals? One is language, and the
other is music. It is true that some animals can sing (and many birds sing better than a lot of people). However, the songs of animals, such as birds and whales, are very limited. It is also true that humans, not animals, have developed musical instruments.
Music is strange stuff. It is clearly different from language. However, people can use music to communicate things — especially their emotions. When music is combined with speech in a song, it is a very powerful form of communication. But, biologically speaking, what is music?
If music is truly different from speech, then we should process music and language in different parts of the brain. The scientific evidence suggests that this is true.
Sometimes people who suffer brain damage lose their ability to process language. However, they don’t automatically lose their musical abilities. For example, Vissarion Shebalin, a Russian composer, had a stroke in 1953. It injured the left side of his brain. He could no longer speak or understand speech. He could, however, still compose music until his death ten years later. On the other hand, sometimes strokes cause people to lose their musical ability, but they can still speak and understand speech. This shows that the brain processes music and language separately.
By studying the physical effects of music on the body, scientists have also learned a lot about how music influences the emotions. But why does music have such a strong effect on us? That is a harder question to answer. Geoffrey Miller, a researcher at University College, London, thinks that music and love have a strong connection. Music requires special talent, practice, and physical ability. That’s why it may be a way of showing your fitness to be someone’s mate. For example, singing in tune or playing a musical instrument requires fine muscular control. You also need a good memory to remember the notes. And playing or singing those notes correctly suggests that your hearing is in excellent condition. Finally, when a man sings to the woman he loves (or vice versa), it may be a way of showing off.
However, Miller’s theory still doesn’t explain why certain combinations of sounds influence our emotions so deeply. For scientists, this is clearly an area that needs further research.
16. Humans, but not animals, can sing.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
17. People can use music to communicate their emotions.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
18. We use the same part of the brain for music and language.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
19. Geoffery Miler has done research on music and emotions.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
20. It’s hard for humans to compose music.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
21. Memory is not an important part in singing in tune.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
22. Scientists does not know all the answers about the effects of music on humans.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
三、概括大意与完成句子
More Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing
1 Although the dangers of too little sleep are widely known, new research suggests that people who sleep too much may also suffer the consequences.
2 Investigators at the University of California in San Diego found that people who clock up 9
or 10 hours each weeknight appear to have more trouble falling and staying asleep, as well as a number of other sleep problems, than people who sleep 8 hours a night. People who slept only 7 hours each night also said they had more trouble falling asleep and feeling refreshed after a night’s sleep than 8-hour sleepers.
3 These findings, which Dr. Daniel Kripke reported in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, demonstrate that people who want to get a good night’s rest may not need to set aside
4 more than 8 hours a night. He added that “it might be a good idea” for people who sleep more than 8 hours each night to consider reducing the amount of time they spend in bed, but cautioned that more research is needed to confirm this.
4 Previous studies have shown the potential dangers of chronic shortages of sleep — for instance, one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more.
5 For the current report, Kripke reviewed the responses of 1,004 adults to sleep questionnaires, in which participants indicated how much they slept during the week and whether they experienced any sleep problems. Sleep problems included waking in the middle of the night, arising early in the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep, and having fatigue interfere with day-to-day functioning.
6 Kripke found that people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely to report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours. In an interview, Kripke noted that long sleepers may struggle to get rest at night simply because they spend too much time in bed. As evidence, he added that one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in bed. “It stands to reasons6 that if a person spends too long a time in bed, then they’ll spend a higher percentage of time awake,” he said.
23. Paragraph 2__________
24. Paragraph 4__________
25. Paragraph 5__________
26. Paragraph 6__________
A. Kripke’s Research Tool
B. Dangers of Habitual Shortages of Sleep
C. Criticism on Kripke’s Report
D. A Way of Overcoming Insomnia
E. Sleep Problems of Long and Short Sleepers
F. Classification of Sleep Problems
27. To get a good night’s rest, people may not need to__________ .
28. Long sleepers are reported to be more likely to__________ .
29. One of the sleep problems is waking in the middle of the night, unable to__________ .
30. One survey showed that people who habitually each night have a higher risk of dying__________.
A. fall asleep again
B. become more energetic the following day
C. sleep less than 7 hours
D. confirm those serious consequences
E. suffer sleep problems
F. sleep more than 8 hours
四、阅读理解
第一篇
Ford Abandons Electric Vehicles
The Ford motor company’s abandonment of electric cars effectively signals the end of the road for the technology, analysts say.
General Motors and Honda ceased production of battery-powered cars in 1999, to focus on fuel cell and hybrid electric gasoline engines, which are more attractive to the consumer. Ford has now announced it will do the same.
Three years ago, the company introduced the Think City two-seater car and a golf cart called the THINK or Think Neighhor. It hoped to sell 5,000 cars each year and 10,000 carts. But a lack of demand means only about 1,000 of the cars have been produced, and less than 1,700 carts have been sold so far in 2002.
“The bottom line is we don’t believe that this is the future of environment transport for the mass market,” Tim Holmes of Ford Europe said on Friday. “We feel we have given electric our best shot.” The Think City has a range of only about 53 miles and up to a six-hour battery recharge time. General Motors’ EVI electric vehicle also had a limited range, of about 100 miles.
The very expensive batteries also mean electric cars cost much more than petrol-powered alternatives. An electric Toyota RAV4 EV vehicle costs over $42,000 in the US, compared with just $17,000 for the petrol version. Toyota and Nissan are now the only major auto manufacturers to produce electric vehicles.
“There is a feeling that battery electric has been given its chance. Ford now has to move on with its hybrid program, and that is what we will be judging them on,” Roger Higman, a senior transport campaigner at UK Friends of the Earth, told the Environment News Service.
Hybrid cars introduced by Toyota and Honda in the past few years have sold well. Hybrid engines offer greater mileage than petrol-only engines, and the batteries recharge themselves. Ford says it thinks such vehicles will help it meet planned new guidelines on vehicle emissions in the US.
However t it is not yet clear exactly what those guidelines will permit. In June, General Motors and Daimler Chrysler won a court injunction, delaying by two years Californian legislation requiring car-makers to offer 100,000 zero-emission and other low-emission vehicles in the state by 2003. Car manufacturers hope the legislation will be rewritten to allow for more low-emission, rather than zero-emission, vehicles.
31. What have the Ford motor company, General Motor’s and Honda done concerning electric cars?
A. They have started to produce electric cars.
B. They have done extensive research on electric cars.
C. They have given up producing electric cars.
D. They have produced thousands of electric cars.
32. According to Tim Holmes of Ford Europe, battery-powered cars ________
A. will be the main transportation vehicles in the future.
B. will not be the main transportation vehicles in the future.
C. will be good to the environment in the future.
D. will replace petrol-powered vehicles in the future.
33. Which auto manufacturers are still producing electric vehicles?
A. Toyota and Nissan.
B. General Motor’s and Honda.
C. Ford and Toyota.
D. Honda and Toyata.
34. According to the eighth paragraph, hybrid cars ________
A. offer fewer mileage than petrol driven cars.
B. run faster than petrol driven cars.
C. run more miles than petrol driven cars.
D. offer more batteries than petrol driven cars.
35. Which of the following is true about the hope of car manufacturers according to the last paragraph?
A. Low-emission cars should be banned.
B. Only zero-emission cars are allowed to run on motorways.
C. The legislation will encourage car makers to produce more electric cars.
D. The legislation will allow more low-emission to be produced.
第二篇
I’ll Be Bach
Composer David Cope is the inventor of a computer program that writes original works of classical music. It took Cope 30 years to develop the software. Now most people can’t tell the difference between music by the famous German composer J. S. Bach (1685-1750) and the Bach-like compositions from Cope’s computer.
It all started in 1980 in the United States, when Cope was trying to write an opera. He was having trouble thinking of new melodies, so he wrote a computer program to create the melodies. At first this music was not easy to listen to. What did Cope do? He began to rethink how human beings compose music. He realized that composers, brains work like big databases. First, they take in all the music that they have ever heard. Then they take out the music that they dislike. Finally, they make new music from what is left. According to Cope, only the great composers are able to create the database accurately, remember it, and form new musical patterns from it.
Cope built a huge database of existing music. He began with hundreds of works by Bach. The software analyzed the data：it broke it down into smaller pieces and looked for patterns. It then combined the pieces into new patterns. Before long, the program could compose short Bach-like works. They weren’t good, but it was a start.
Cope knew he had more work to do-he had a whole opera to write. He continued to improve the software. Soon it could analyze more complex music. He also added many other composers, including his own work, to the database.
A few years later, Cope’s computer program, called “Emmy”, was ready to help him with his opera. The process required a lot of collaboration between the composer and Emmy. Cope listened to the computer’s musical ideas and used the ones that he liked. With Emmy, the opera took only two weeks to finish. It was called Cradle Falling, and it was a great success! Cope received some of the best reviews of his career, but no one knew exactly how he had composed the work.
Since that first opera, Emmy has written thousands of compositions. Cope still gives Emmy feedback on what he likes and doesn’t like of her music, but she is doing most of the hard work of
composing these days!
36. The music composed by David cope is about ______.
A. Classical music
B. pop music
C. drama
D. country music
37. By developing a computer software, David cope aimed ______.
A. to be like Bach
B. to study Bach
C. to write an opera
D. to create a musical database
38. What did cope realize about a great composer’s brain?
A. It forms new musical patterns all by itself
B. It writes a computer program
C. It can recognize any music patterns
D. It creates an accurate database
39. Who is Emmy?
A. a database
B. a computer software
C. a composer who helped David
D. an opera
40. We can infer from the passage that ______.
A. David Cope is a computer programmer.
B. David Cope loves music.
C. Bach’s music helped him a lot.
D. Emmy did much more work than a composer.
第三篇
Citizen Scientists (C级)
Understanding how nature responds to climate change will require monitoring key life cycle event — flowering, the appearance of leaves, the first frog calls of the spring — all around the world. But ecologists can’t be everywhere so they’re turning to non-scientists, sometimes called citizen scientists, for help.
Climate scientists are not present everywhere. Because there are so many places in the world and not enough scientists to observe all of them, they’re asking for your help in observing signs of climate change across the world. The citizen scientist movement encourages ordinary people to observe a very specific research interest — birds, trees, flowers budding, etc. — and send their observations to a giant database to be observed by professional scientists. This helps a small number of scientists track a large amount of data that they would never be able to gather on their own. Much like citizen journalists helping large publications cover a hyper-local beat, citizen scientists are ready for the conditions where they live. All that’s needed to become one is a few minutes each day or each week to gather data and send it in.
A group of scientists and educators launched an organization last year called the National Phenology Network. “Phenology” is what scientists call the study of the timing of events in nature.
One of the group’s first efforts relies on scientists and non-scientists alike to collect data about plant flowering and leafing every year. The program, called Project BudBurst, collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across the United States. People participating in the project — which is open to everyone — record their observations on the Project BudBurst website. “People don’t have to be plant experts they just have to look around and see what’s in their neighborhood,” says Jennifer Schwartz, an education consultant with the project. “As we collect this data, we’ll be able to make an estimate of how plants and communities of plants and animals will respond as the climate changes.”
41. Ecologists turn to non-scientist citizens for help because they need them ______
A. to provide their personal life cycles.
B. to observe the life cycle of plants.
C. to collect data of the life cycle of living things.
D. to teach children knowledge about climate change.
42. What are citizen scientists asked to do?
A. To develop a specific research interest and become professional scientists.
B. To send their research observations to a professional database.
C. To increase their knowledge about climate change.
D. To keep a record of their research observations.
43. In “All that’s needed to become one… (paragraph2)”, what does the word “one” stands for?
A. a citizen journalist.
B. a citizen scientist.
C. a scientist.
D. a citizen.
44. What is NOT true of Project BudBurst?
A. Only experts can participate in it.
B. Everybody can participate in it.
C. It collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants.
D. It has its own website.
45. What is the final purpose of Project BudBurst?
A. To study when plants will have their first buds.
B. To find out the types of plants in the neighborhood.
C. To collect life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across the United States.
D. To investigate how plants and animals will respond as the climate changes.
五、补全短文
Mobile Phones
Mobile phones should carry a label if they proved to be a dangerous source of radiation, according to Robert Bell, a scientist. And no more mobile phone transmitter towers should be built until the long-term health effects of the electromagnetic radiation they emit are scientifically evaluated, he said. “Nobody’s going to drop dead overnight but we should be asking for more scientific information,” Robert Bell said at a conference on the health effects of low-level radiation.
46
A. report widely circulated among the public says that up to now scientists do not really know enough to guarantee there are no ill-effets on humans from electromagnetic radiation. According
to Robert Bell, there are 3.3 million mobile phones in Australia alone and they are increasing by 2,000 a day. 47
As well, there are 2,000 transmitter towers around Austrnlia, many in high density residential areas. 48 The electromagnetic radiation emitted from these towers may have already produced some harmful effects on the health of the residents nearby.
Robert Bell suggests that until more research is completed the Government should ban construction of phone towers from within a 500 metre radius of school grounds, child care centres, hospitals, sports playing fields and residential areas with a high percentage of children. 49_______ He adds that there is also evidence that if cancer sufferers are subjected to electromagnetic waves the growth rate of the disease accelerates.
50 According to Robert Bell, it is reasonable for the major telephone companies to fund it. Besides, he also urges the Government to set up a wide-ranging inquiry into possible health effects.
A.He says there is emerging evidence that children absorb low-level radiation at a rate more than three times that of adults.
B. By the year 20004 it is estimated that Australia will have 8 million mobile phones: nearly one for every two people.
C. “If mobile phones are found to be dangerous, they should carry a warning label until proper shields can be devised,” he said.
D. Then who finances the research?
E. For example, Telstra, Optus and Vodaphone build their towers where it is geographically suitable to them and disregard the need of the community.
F. The conclusion is that mobile phones brings more harm than benefit.
六、完形填空
Mashed potatoes, macaroni and cheese, may be bad for your arteries. 51 according to a study in Psychological Science, they’re good for your heart and 52 . The study focuses on “comfort food” and how it makes people feel.
"For me 53 ,food has always played a big role in my family,” says Jordan Troisi, a graduate student at the University of Buffalo, and lead author on the study. The study came out of the research program of his co—author Shira Gabriel. It has 54 non-human things that may affect human emotions. Some people reduce loneliness by bonding with their 55 TV show, building virtual relationships with a pop song singer or looking at pictures of loved ones. Troisi and Gabriel wondered if comfort food could have the same effect 56 making people think of their nearest and dearest. In one experiment, in order to make 57 feel lonely, the researchers had them write for six minutes about a fight with someone close to them. Others were given an emotionally neutral writing assignment. Then, some people in each 58 wrote about the experience of eating a comfort food and others wrote about eating a new food.
59 ,the researchers had participants 60 questions about their levels of loneliness.
Writing about a fight with a close person made people feel lonely. But people who were generally 61 in their relationships would feel less lonely by writing about a comfort food. "We have found that comfort foods are consistently associated with those close to us. "says Troisi. "Thinking about or consuming these foods later then serves as a reminder of those close others. "In 62 essays on comfort food, many people wrote about the 63 of eating food
with family and friends. In another experiment, 64 chicken soup in the lab made people think more about relationships, but only if they considered chicken soup to be a comfort food. This was a question they had been asked long before the experiment, along with many other questions, so they wouldn’t remember it. Throughout everyone’s daily lives they experience stress, often associated with our 65 with others," Troisi says. "Comfort food Can be an easy remedy for loneliness.
51. A but B. if C. though D. while
52. A personality B. movement C. emotions D. will
53. A privately B. usefully C. awfully D. personally
54. A looked for B. looked at C. looked after D. looked up
55. A favorite B. trustful C. boring D. annoying
56. A with B. on C. by D. at
57. A professors B. participants C. assistants D. scientists
58. A group B. class C. section D. part
59. A Previously B. Formally C. Initially D. Finally
60. A remember B. explain C. rewrite D. complete
61. A sad B. secure C. shy D. angry
62. A your B. our C. his D. their
63. A accident B. harm C. experience D. model
64. A eating B. exchanging C. buying D. keeping
65. A expressions B. estimation C. cooperation D. connections
职称英语理工类A级
考前押题试卷（一）
参考答案及解析
一、词汇选项
1. C shabby：不公正的；破旧的。与unfair（不公正的）意文相同。Her clothes were old and shabby. 她过去穿的衣服既旧又破。Unforgettable：难忘的。A visit to Beijing is an unforgettable experience. 去北京是一次难忘的经历。Unbelievable：难以置信的。It was an unbelievable moment when Du Li won the gold medal. 杜丽获金牌之时大家高兴极了。Unthinkable：不可想象的。This place is going to be unthinkable without you.这里没有你不知道会是什么样子。
2. C 不要以为uneasy是easy的反义词，那样的话就会选difficult了。其实uneasy是“局促不安的，忧虑的，担心的”的意思，如：I felt uneasy about asking her for such a big favour. 求她帮我这么个大忙，我感到有点不安。The very thought of the series of examinations lying ahead made her feel uneasy.一想到等着她的一系列考试就让她感到心神不定。因此，答案为anxious。difficult：困难的。worried：发怒的。unhappy：不愉快的。
3. A demolish的意思就是“拆毁，毁掉，推翻”，故pull down是正确答案。其他几个选项均可和houses搭配，但意义和原句不同。rebuild：重建。renovate：修复，整修。whitewash：粉刷。
4. D adverse的意思是“不利的，逆的”，如：adverse wind逆风，adverse criticism非难，adverse situation不利的形势，adverse balance of trade贸易逆差。原句的意思是：广告公司对公众对招贴画的不利反应感到惊奇。在四个选项中adverse和unfavorable同义。另外三个选项都可以用于修饰public reaction。delayed：延误的。quick：迅速的。positive：正面的，肯定的；和adverse恰恰相反。
5. B concise的意思是“简明的”，如：a concise dictionary一部简明词典。long and detailed 的意思则正好相反，表示“又长又详尽”。comprehensive：全面的。professional：专业的。
6. D complete：完成。finish：完成。又如：The scientists have completed their investigation.科学家已经完成了调查。do：做。The students have done their homework.学生已经做完了作业。achieve：取得；达到。He worked very hard to achieve a balanced budget. 为了实现平衡预算他玩命工作。improve：改善。Their working conditions have to be improved.他们的工作条件必须改善。
7. C eventually：最终。finally：最终。又如：It was a long journey, but we eventually arrived.路程很长，不过，我们最终还是到达了。She finally gained control of her husband. 她最终控制住了她的丈夫。apparently：很明显。如：Apparently you're sick.很显然你病了。naturally：自然地。She can speak English very naturally.她说英语说得很自然。
8. A conversation：谈话。talk：谈话；报告。又如：We had a very long telephone conversation yesterday.昨天我们在电话里说得很多。She gave us a talk about Chinese culture. 她给我们作了一个关于中国文化的报告。speech：谈话；讲演。The expert delivered a speech at the meeting held yesterday.那位专家在昨天的会上作了讲演。debate：辩论。The cause of global warming is still open to debate.全球变暖的原因仍然可以讨论。discussion：讨论。Did you participate in the discussion?你参加讨论了吗？
9. A attend：参加。go to：参加。又如：We all attended the conference on globalization.我们都参加了关于全球化的大会。We’ll go to her birthday party tomorrow.我们明天去参加她的生日聚会。prepare for：做准备。Will you help me prepare for the wedding ceremony?你能帮我准备婚礼仪式吗？speak to：跟……说话；给……作报告。You must speak to him. He doesn’t listen to me.你得跟他谈谈了，他不听我的。do to：对某人做了……。What did you do to her?你对她做了些什么？
10. D make up one’s mind：打定主意，决心。decide：决定。又如：Susan has made up her mind that, come what may, she will stay with John.苏珊决心已下，不管发生什么，都将跟约翰在一起。He decided not to do that.他决定不干那件事。try：设法。We are all trying to improve our English .我们正设法提高我们的英语水平。attempt：试图。We attempted to quit smoking, but failed.我们试图戒烟，但没有成功。agree：同意。They might not agree with her opinion.他们可能不同意她的意见。
11. C grasp：抓住。take hold of：抓住，控制住。Mother took hold of the barking dogs by their collars.母亲抓住了这些汪汪直叫的狗的颈圈，把它们制服了。understand：懂得，理
解。I don’t understand your attitude at all.我一点也不理解你的态度。grasp也有“懂得”的意思，但在该句中不是这个意思。have a hold over：控制；对……有影响。The officer has kept a firm hold over the soldiers.那个军官一直紧紧地控制着士兵。leave hold of：放开。She left hold of his hand.她放开了他的手。
12. C take…into consideration：把……考虑进去。take…into account：把……考虑进去。We must take local conditions into account.我们必须把地区性的条件考虑进去。thought：思想，考虑。This problem needs great thought这个问题需要认真考虑。mind：脑子，心。Her mind is not entirely on her work.她的心不全在工作上。memory：记忆。The photograph evoked her happy memories.这张照片激起了她幸福的回忆。
13. A tolerate：忍受。put up with：忍受。If I were you, I wouldn’t put up with his behavior any longer.如果我是你，我不会忍受他的这种行为。accept：接受。I don’t think that they would accept my view.我认为他们不会接受我的观点。take有很多的意义。take action：采取行动，采取措施。The government has promised to take swift action on the energy crisis.政府许诺迅速采取措施解决能源危机。suffer from：受……之苦。He suffered from cold and hunger for some time.他一度饥寒交迫。
14. B abandon：放弃。give up：放弃。She gave up her job to look after her sick mother.为照顾有病的母亲，她放弃了工作。turn down：不接受。The company turned down the suggestion of shorter hours.公司否决了缩短工作时间的建议。refuse：拒绝.不接受。He refused bribe.他拒绝了贿赂。
15. C lately：最近；近来。recently：接近；近来。I’ve only recently begun to learn English.我只是最近才开始学英语。lastly：最后。He gave many reasons for being late; lastly he said his car had broken down.他先是说了一大堆迟到的理由，最后还说他的车坏了。shortly：一会儿，不久。She kept a diary until shortly before her death.去世前不久她一直在记日记。immediately：马上，立即。I’ll answer his letter immediately.我会立即给他回信。
二、阅读判断
1. B 第二段的第三句：It is true that some animals can sing (and many birds sing better than a lot of people).可以看出有些动物会唱歌，而不只人类会唱歌。
2. A 第三段的第三句：However, people can use music to communicate things —especially their emotions.这句清楚表明，人们可以用音乐来表达情感。
3. B 第四段说明：科学证明人们用大脑的不同区域处理语言和音乐。在第五段，作者用Vissarion Shebalin的例子进一步说明人脑处理语言和音乐的位置不同，Shebalin中风以后不能讲话也听不懂别人的话，但他却能创作乐曲。
4. A 第六段的第四句：Geoffrey Miller, a researcher at University College，London，thinks that music and love have a strong connection.这句说明Miller对音乐和爱（情感）的关系进行了研究，他得出的结论是：音乐和爱有密切的关联。
5. C 文中没有提及创作乐曲是否困难。
6. B 第六段有一句：You also need a good memory to remember the notes.此句说明必须具备好的记忆力记音符才能唱得符合调子。
7. A 最后一段讲的是：科学家们需要做更多的研究才能解释为什么有些声音影响我们的情感会如此之深。也就是说，科学家不能全部解释音乐对人类的影响。
参考译文
音乐生物学
人们把音乐作为一种高效的交流方式，在爱情中它也可能会起到重要的作用。但是音乐是什么？它又是如何起到神奇的效果？科学界还没有给出答案。
哪两项事物使得人类不同于动物？一个是语言，另一个是音乐。当然一些动物会唱歌(并且许多鸟唱得比很多人都好听) ，但是，动物的歌声是有限的，比如鸟类和鲸鱼。同样，是人类而不是动物开发出了乐器。
音乐是个奇怪的东西，它与语言有明显的不同。但是，人们能够用音乐去传达——尤其是情感。当音乐与歌曲中的语言结合在一起的时候，它就是一种强有力的表达方式。但是，从生物学来讲，音乐是什么？
如果音乐与语言真的不同，那么我们应该在大脑的不同区域内对音乐和语言进行加工处理，科学证据也证实了这一点。
有时，受过脑损伤的人会丧失他们处理语言的能力。但是，他们不会自动地丢失音乐才能。比如，维沙翁·舍巴林，一位苏联作曲家，在1953 年得了中风。他的大脑的左半边受到损害，他再也不能说话或是理解别人的话，但是他仍然能够谱曲，直到十年后他离开人世。另一方面，中风有时会使人们丧失音乐能力，但是他们仍然能够说话也能听懂别人的话。这就说明大脑是分别加了处理音乐和语言的。
通过研究音乐在人身体上的物理效应，科学家也了解到许多关于音乐是如何影响情感的。但是，为什么音乐对我们有如此强烈的影响？这是一个更难回答的问题。伦敦大学学院的研究员杰弗里·米勒认为音乐和爱有紧密的关，音乐需要特殊才能、练习和体能。这也许是一种方式让你展示你适合做某人的伴侣。比如，按调唱歌或者弹奏乐器需要有很好的肌肉控制力。你也需要有好的记忆力来记住音符。能正确地演奏或者唱出这些音符也证明你的听力也非常好。所以，当一个男人唱给他心爱的女人时(反之亦然) 音乐就可能成为一种展示的方式。
然而，米勒的理论仍然不能解释为什么声音的特定结合可以深深地影响我们的情感。对于科学家来说，这显然是一个需要深入研究的领域。
三、概括大意与完成句子
23. E. 第二段列举了睡眠时间多于或少于8小时而带来的多种sleep problems。
24. B第四段阐述了长期睡眠不足所带来的严重后果，
25. A第五段介绍了Kripke的调查工具( tool)。他用的是有关睡眠的问卷。问卷包括两大内容：睡眠时间及睡眠困扰问题。
26. D 第六段的最后两句是：“...one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in bed. ”和“It stands to reason that if a person spends too long a time in bed, then they’ll spend a higher percentage of time awake. ”这是选择D的依据。
27. F. 选择F的依据是第三段的第一句。原文是：“...people who want to get a good night’s rest may not need to set aside more than 8 hours a night.”
28. E选择E的依据是第六段的第一句，原文是: “...people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely to report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours. ”
29. A 本题答案的依据是第五段第二句：“Sleep problems included waking in the middle of the night，arising early in the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep...”
30. C 本题答案的依据是第四段：“...one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more.”
参考译文
每晚只需8个小时，睡眠过多非益事
睡眠不足带来的危害已经广为人知，而一项新的研究表明睡眠过多同样会产生不良后果。
圣地亚哥加利福尼亚大学的研究人员发现在入睡、保持睡眠等方面，每晚睡9或10小时的人比睡8小时的人存在更多问题。与8小时睡眠者相比，每晚仅睡7个小时的人则表示，他们在入睡及经过一夜睡眠后精力恢复方面有更多的麻烦。
Daniel Kripke愽士在《心身医学》杂志上报告的这些新发现表明，人们如果想晚上休息好，每天留给睡眠的时间只需8个小时。他补充说，对于那些每晚睡8个小时以上的人们来说，考虑减少在床上度过的时间“也许是个好主意”。不过他又提醒说这还需要进一步的研究证实。以往的研究证明了长期睡眠缺乏的潜在危机。有报告显示，睡眠经常少于7小时的人比睡眠充足者，在特定时期内死亡的机率更高。
而在目前这份报告中，Kripke考评了一份1004名成年人参与反馈的睡眠调查问卷。问卷内容涉及每周睡眠时间和各种可能的睡眠问题，包括半夜惊醒、清晨早醒、无法重新入睡，以及白天疲劳影响日常工作等。
Kripke 发现每晚睡9～10小时的人比睡8个小时的人更容易出现各类睡眠问题。在一次访谈中，Kripke注意到睡眠时间长的人夜间可能难以入眠，正是因为他们睡得太多了。因此他补充说，治疗失眠最好的一种方法就是少睡点儿。“在床上花的时间过长，醒着的时间就会更多，这是理所当然的。”
四、阅读理解
第一篇
31. C 第一段第一个句子告诉我们福特汽车公司放弃了电动汽年，第二段说通运汽年公司和本田汽车公司停止生产电动汽车。
32. B 第四段第一个句子是Tim Holmes对电动汽车未来的评价，他认为未来的交通运输的大众市场不可能是电动汽车。
33. A 答案的依据是第六段最后一句。
34. C答案的依据是倒数第二段第二句。
35. D 答案的依据是文意的最后一句: the legislation will be rewritten to allow for more low emission. rather than zero-emission, vehicles。
参考译文
福特放弃电动汽车
分析人士评论，福特汽车公司放弃电动汽年的举动有力地证明了这种技术是行不通的。
通用汽车公司和日本本田汽车公司早于 1999年就停止了电池动力汽车的生产，转而开发燃料电池和电池内燃混合机，这对消费者更有吸引力。福特宣布它现在也要做同样的尝试。
3年前，福特推出名为 Think City的双排座汽车和 Think或 Think Neighbor系列高尔夫车，希望能销售 5000辆汽车、 10000高尔夫车。但由于需求不足，截至 2002年仅生产了大约 1000辆汽车，售出的高尔夫车还不足 1700辆。
“关键是我们认为电动车不能代表大众市场环保交通的未来”，福特欧洲区的 Tim Holmes于周五说，“我们感觉自己对电力车已做了最好的尝试。”
Think City系列的运行里程仅 53英里，电池充电需 6小时。通用公司的 EVI电力车也仅能运行 100英里。
昂贵的电池也意味着电动汽车的造价比汽油动力车高出许多。日本丰田产的 RAV4EV系
列电动车在美国的售价达 42000美元，而同系列的汽油动力车仅售 17000美元。丰田和日产汽车公司是现在仅存的两大电动车制造商。
“应该说电池动力车已经获得了充分的机会。福特现已转向电池内燃混合机开发项目，我们应据此评价他们的发展。” Roger Higman，英国 Friends of the Earth组织的一位高级交通运动代表这样对《环保新闻》评论说。
日本本田和丰田公司推出的混合机汽车在过去几年取得了良好的销售业绩。混合动力车比汽油机车运行里程更长，电池又可自行充电。福特表示，他们认为这样的机车有助于达到美国新制订的车辆排放规定。
不过，这些规定究竟允许怎样的排放物现在还不十分清楚。六月份通用和戴姆勒克莱斯勒公司赢得一项法庭裁决，可推迟两年执行一项加州法令，该法令要求汽车生产商在 2003年前向该州提供 10万辆零排放和其他低排放汽车。制造商希望修改此法令，允许他们生产更多低排放而不是零排放的汽车。
第二篇
答案与题解：
1. A 第一段的第一句：David Cope发明了一个可以编写出古典音乐的电脑软件。
2. C 从第二段的第一句可以看出，David编写电脑软件的目的是写歌剧。A、B和D都属于创作歌剧的一部分。
3. D第二段的后半部分讲的是伟大的歌剧作者与一般的歌剧作者的不同之处是通过对数据进行准确的构建、记忆而后创作出新的音乐形式。
4. B 从第五段第一句可知Emmy是一计算机软件。
5. D从本文第一句可知David是一个作曲家，不是计算机程序员，所以排除A;B、C内容没有提及；从本文的第五段和第六段可知，Emmy大大提高了David的创作速度，最后一句，大部分困难的工作都由Emmy来做，所以作曲家只干一小部分工作。
参考译文
我也能成为巴赫
作曲家大卫?科普发明了一个电脑软件，它能编写出古典音乐的原创作品。科普花了30年才完成这个软件，现在，科普的电脑写出的作品与德国著名作曲家J.S.巴赫写的作品很相似，很少有人能分辨出其中不同。
这一切始于1980年的美国，那时科普正在写一部戏剧，但是他无法创作出新的旋律.于楚他编写了一个电脑软件来帮他编曲。最开始的时候，软件写出的乐曲并不动听。科普是怎么做的呢？他幵始重新考虑人们作曲的方式。他认识到作曲家的大脑就像一个大数据库，他们先是吸收他们听过的所有音乐，然后去除他们不喜欢的，最后再根据留下的音乐来创作出新的旋律。科普认为，只有伟大的作曲家才能建立好的数据库，并且能熟记于心，从而创造出新的音乐。
科普根据现有的音乐建立了庞大的数据庳，最开始的时候，数据库包含了几百部巴赫的作品。科普的软件将这些数据进行分析：首先它将音乐拆解成小的片段，从中找出固定模式，然后将片段组合成新的模式。不久，这个软件就能够写出和巴赫风格很像的小曲子。它们并不完美，但这只是个开始。
科普知道，他要做的还有很多一他得写出一整部歌剧。他进一步完普他的软件，不久它就能够写出更复杂的音乐了。他还在数据库中加人了一些其他作曲家的作品，其中也包括他自己的
作品。
几年后，科普的软件“艾米”已经能够帮助他创作歌剧了。创作过程餹要作曲家和艾米共
同配合。科赘聆听艾米写出的音乐片段，从中选取他认为好的。有了艾米的帮助，科蓊只用了两个星期就完成了这部歌剧，叫做《摇篮坠落》。演出获得巨大成功，科普也得到了他有生以来最高的评价，但是没有人知道他究竟是怎样创作出这部歌剧的。
从那以后，艾米已经写了上千部作品。科普现在依然会给艾米反馈，吿诉她自己哪些音乐是他喜欢的，哪些是不喜欢的，但是现在大部分艰巨的工作是由艾米来完成的！
第三篇
41. C 第一段和第二段的第一句告诉我们，要在世界范围内观察气候对大自然中生物生命周期的影响，数量有限的科学家不可能足迹遍及天下，为此科学家求助于普通公民的参与。所以C是正确选择。
42. B 第二段第三句中encourage ordinary people to observe…的主语是The citizen scientist movement，即公民参与科学观察的运动。所以D不是正确选择。A和C不符合文章的句意，因此也不是正确的选择。这个句子的大意是：这一运动鼓励普通公民根据自己的兴趣爱好进行科学观察，并将观察结果送交数据库，让专门领域的科学家做进一步的观察。B正确表达了这个意思。
43. B one在这里是一个代词，其前置词是citizen scientists，而不是citizen journalists，这里的one指的是one of citizen scientists。所以A、C和D. 都不是正确选择。这个句子的意思是，只要每天或每星期花上几分钟收集数据并发送出去，就能成为一个公民科学家。44. A 文章最后一段说，这个计划向所有人开放(open to everyone)，所以应选择A。B、C、D所述内容都在该段中提到。
45. D C表述的内容是Project Budburst所要做的工作，但其最终的目的不仅仅是收集数据，而是研究气候变化对生物生命周期的影响。因此，D才是正确答案。
参考译文
公民科学家
理解大自然对气候变化有怎样的反应需要监视世界各个角落的关键生命周期事件——花开、叶子的出现、第一只青蛙叫出春天的到来。但是生态学家不可能去到世界的各个角落，所以他们向非科学家求助，这些非科学家有时也被称作公民科学家。
气象科学家不可能足迹遍及天下。因为在世界上有如此多的地方，没有足够的科学家来观察它们。所以他们请求你来帮助观察全世界气候变化的迹象。公民科学家运动鼓励普通人根据自己的兴趣来观察某一个特定的方面——鸟儿、树木、花卉等等一一并把他们的观察结果发送到一个巨大的数据库来供专业科学家研究。这有助于数量有限的科学家得到如果只靠他们自己根本收集不到的巨大数据。就像公民记者帮助报道传统新闻报道方式所忽略的小型社区的相关信息一样，公民科学家也对他们所居住的环境很熟悉。所需要的就是每天或每周留出儿分钟来搜集数据并发送过来。
一群科学家和教育家在去年发起了一个叫做纽约国家物候学的组织。“物候学”就是科学家们所说的在自然中研究每个事件的时间。
其中一个小组的首要尝试就是依靠科学家和非科学家来收集关于每年植物开花和长叶子的数据。这一项目叫做花季追踪计划，它收集遍布美国的各种各样的植物生长周期的数据。参与这一项目的人们一一这一计划对所有人开放——把他们的观察记录登录在花季追踪计划网站上。
“人们不需要是植物学家——他们仅仅需要环视四周看看周围有什么。” Jennifer Schwarts说，她是这项计划的教育顾问。“通过收集数据，我们就能够估算出气候变化对植物和生物群落会有怎样的影响。”
五、补全短文
答案与题解：
46. C “空1”应该填入与low-level radiation有关的内容，例如：low-level radiation究竟有害还是无害。所以，C是合适的选项。此外，直接引语也佐证了选择的合理性。
47. B “空2”前面一句介绍了澳大利亚拥有手机的现状。选项B的内容是对到2000年之前手机发展前景的预测，内容连贯，是正确答案。
48. E 这一段的第一句说的是，许多微波发射搭建在人口稠密的居民区。选项E的内容涉及微波发射塔的地点选择只考虑到地理位置，而不顾及社区的安全。选项E扩展了第一句表达的信息。此外选项E. 中出现tower这个词，与第一句的tower相呼应，也佐证了选择的合理性。
49. A “空4”前面一句说的是Robert Bell建议政府应该禁止在儿童比例高的地区（如学校操场、儿童医疗中心、居住小区等)的500米半径的范围内建造发射塔。选项A说明为什么要这样做的原因，因而是答案。
50. D “空5”后面一句说的是major telephone companies出钱资助研究项目的问题，提示了D是正确答案。
移动电话
根据一个名叫罗伯特·贝尔的科学家的观点，如果移动电话被证实是一种辐射危害的来源的话，那在上面应该贴一个标签。而且在移动电话发射塔的电磁辐射对人体健康的长期影响有一个合乎科学的评价之前，不能建造更多的发射塔。“没有人会在一个晚上就倒地死去，但我们还是应该寻找更多的科学论据去指出它的危害。”罗伯特·贝尔在一次关于少量辐射对人体健康影响的会议上说。“如果移动电话被证明有危害，就应该在它上面贴一个号警告标签，直到设计出合适的隔离屏为止。”他说。
在公众中一个广泛的流行说法认为，现在的科学家们还不能完全保证电磁辐射对人类没有负面影响。正如罗伯特·贝尔所指出的那样，仅在澳大利亚就有330万部移动电话，而且正以每天2000部的速度增加。估计到公元2000年之前澳大利亚将拥有800万部移动电话，接近每两人一部手机。
同时，在澳大利亚境内分布着2000座发射塔，其中有许多还坐落在人口密集的居住区。例如，Telstra、Optus和Vodaphone所建造的发射塔从地理位置上来说是合适的，但那忽视了公众的需求。从这些发射塔发出的电磁辐射可能已经对附近的居民产生了一些有害影响。
罗伯特·贝尔建议，在更多的研究工作完成之前，政府应该禁止在学校操场、儿童日托中心、医院、运动场所，以及儿童占比例较高的居住场所周围方圆500米范围内有发射塔这类建筑物存在。
他说有个明显的证据表明，儿童以成年人三倍多的比例吸收微量辐射。同时，他补充说，还有一个证据证明，如果癌症患者受到电磁波的辐射，就会导致疾病的加速恶化。
那么谁来资助这项研究呢？罗伯特·贝尔号召规模较大的电话公司为其提供资金，还极力主张政府进行一系列广泛的关于辐射可能对身体健康有所影响的调查与研究。
六、完形填空
l. A 本句前半句说土豆泥、通心粉等对血管有害（bad) ，后半句说这些食物对心脏有利(good) 。很明显，前半句与后半句意思相反，所以要选转折连接词but加以连接。
52. C 根据常识判断，吃土豆泥不会对personality （性格） .movement （移动）或will （意志力）产生有利影响。随后的文章，多处提到吃爽心食品（favorite food ）有助于排解孤独感。所以选emotions 是正确的。
3.D 本题的答案是personally0 For me personally （就我个人而言）与下文的意思很连贯。
privately （私下地）、usefully （有用地）或awfully （可怕地）与下文的意思搭不上，所以不会是答案。
54. B 本题的答案是looked at0。“looked at non-human things” 相当于“studied （研究）nonhuman things”，与上下文的意思很匹配。looked for（寻找）、looked after （照顾）和looked up（查找）与下文的意思搭配不上。
5.A 本句的意思是：人们为了排解孤独感，常常把自己和电视剧、流行歌曲歌手等等联系起
来。选项中有四个形容词，应该选哪一个形容词去修饰TV shows 呢？应该选褒义的形容词：favorite （喜爱的）或trustful ( 可信任的）。但对电视剧来说谈不上信任的问题。favorite 最合理，是本题答案。
56. C 上一句说到，人们为了排解孤独感，常常把自己和喜爱的电视剧、流行歌曲歌手等等联
系起来。于是Troisi 和Gabriel 想，通过吃爽心食品让他们想起亲近的人，是不是也能产生同样的排解孤独感的效果呢？四个介词中只有by的词义是“通过”。其余三个介词在含义
上都不合适。
7.B 选professors（教授）、assistants（助手）或scientists（科学家）不合常理，科学家选实验对象时不会选他们。participants ( 参与者）是本题的答案。
8.A 本题应该选group，指每一组的参与者。用class （班级）, section （部门）或part （部分）在意义上显然都不合适。
59. D 本段叙述试验的几个步骤。第一步要一部分受试者描写与亲人的争斗，其他受试者写
情感上中性的话题。第二步（文中用then 加以连接）将上述两组受试者中的每一组再一分为二，一些人描写吃爽心食品的经历，另一些人描写吃新食品的经历。接下来应该是第三步了。从四个选项中寻找，只有Finally 最合适，原来第三步就是最后一步了。
1O.D 实验的最后一步是受试者被要求书面回答10个问题。complete 是答案。要求他们remember（记住）、delete （删除）或rewrite （重写）questions 都不合乎逻辑。
61. B 与亲近的人争吵会引发孤独感，但是，一般说来，人们的关系若是通常处于什么状态，通过写出他们吃爽心食物的经历会降低他们的孤独感呢？一定不会是sad、shy或angry ，答案应该是secure （稳定的）。
12.D 修饰essays 的所有格代词在人称与数上要与they 一致，所以their 是答案。
63. C “eating food with family and friends” 是一种experience （经历），不会是一个accident （事故）、harm （危害）或model （样式）。很明显，experience 是本题的答案。
14.A 文章中几次提到吃爽心食物有助于缓解孤独感。所以本题选eating 是很自然的。其他
三个选项，exchanging （交换）、buying （买）或keeping （保留）若填入句子中，与后面的宾语chicken soup in the lab 连用，意思上说不通。
15.D 本题的答案是connections。其他三个选项在意思上都不合适。
心灵鸡汤：爽心食品排解孤独感
土豆泥，通心粉和奶酪可能对动脉血管有害，但是，据《心理科学》一项研究表明，它们对心脏有利并且能抑制不利情绪。其研究对象是爽心食品，目的是探究人们对爽心食品的感觉。
“就我而言，食品在我的家庭一直是比较关注的问题”，Jordan Troisi如是说。他是布法罗大学的研究生并且是本次研究的首席作者。该研究出自于他与Shira Gabriel合作的一个研
究项目。它关注的是可能影响人类情感的物质的东西。有些人用诸如绑定喜爱的电视节目，和流行音乐歌手建立虚拟的关系或浏览亲人的照片来排遣孤独。Troisi和Gabriel想知道爽心食品是否能通过使人们想到他们最亲近和最爱的人，同样达到排遣孤独的效果。
在一个实验中，为使参与者感觉孤独，研究者让他们用六分钟的时间描写一次与最亲近的人吵架的经历。而要求另外一些人写一个情感中性的作业。然后，每一组的一些人描写食用爽心食品的经历；而其他的人描写食用新食品的经历。最后，研究者让参与者书面回答关于孤独程度的问题。
描写与亲人吵架的经历使人感到孤独。但是，一般来说，人们的关系若处于稳定状态，通过描写他们吃爽心食品的经历会排遣一些孤独感。Troisi说道：“我们已经得出这样的结论：爽心食品与我们的亲人密切相连，想一想或之后真正食用这种食品会提醒人们注意到他们的亲人。”在所有关于爽心食品的文章中，许多人都描述了与家人和朋友共同进餐的经历。
在另外一个实验中，在实验喝鸡汤令人想到和其他人的关系，但是，这只有在他们把鸡汤认为是爽心食品的时候才会发生。参与者被要求回答这个问题和许多其他问题是在这个实验很久以前，因此他们不会记得。
“在每一个人的日常生活中，都会经历紧张，而这往往与人际关系有关，爽心食品可能是排遣孤独的便利食品”。Troisi如是说。
职称英语理工类A级
考前押题试卷（二）
一、词汇选项
1. Will you please call my husband as soon as possible?
A. contact
B. consult
C. phone
D. visit
2. We’ll give every teacher space to develop.
A. chance
B. employment
C. room
D. opportunity
3. I have to go at once.
A. soon
B. immediately
C. now
D. early
4. The policeman asked him to identify the thief.
A. name
B. distinguish
C. capture
D. separate
5. We were all there when the accident occurred.
A. happened
B. broke
C. spread
D. appeared
6. The staff of the company are always courteous and helpful.
A. efficient
B. respectable
C. well-informed
D. respectful
7. The new job will provide you with invaluable experience.
A. simply useless
B. really practical
C. every little
D. extremely useful
8. The whole idea to build a deluxe hotel here sounds insane to me.
A. reasonable
B. sensible
C. crazy
D. unbelievable
9. In his two-hour-long lecture he made an exhaustive analysis of the issue.
A. extremely thorough
B. long and boring
C. superficial
D. unconvincing
10. We all think that the new device he has proposed is ingenious.
A. effective
B. clever
C. implausible
D. original
11. They agreed to settle the dispute by peaceful means.
A. solve
B. determine
C. untie
D. complete
12. The children trembled with fear when they saw the policeman.
A. wept
B. cried
C. ran
D. shook
13. We were shocked to find that Mary didn’t know her guest’s name.
A. frustrated
B. disturbed
C. relieved
D. surprised
14. We have got to abide by the rules.
A. stick to
B. persist in
C. safeguard
D. apply
15. The river widens considerably as it begins to turn east.
A. extends
B. stretches
C. broadens
D. traverses
二、阅读判断
Inventor of LED
When Nick Holonyak set out to create a new kind of visible lighting using semiconductor alloys, his colleagues thought he was unrealistic. Today, his discovery of light-emitting diodes, or LEDs, are used in everything from DVDs to alarm clocks to airports. Dozens of his students have continued his work, developing lighting used in traffic lights and other everyday technology.
On April 23, 2004, Holonyak received the $500,000 Lemelson-MIT Prize at a ceremony in
Washington. This marks the 10th year that the Lemelson-MIT Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has given the award to prominent inventors.
“Any time you get an award, big or little, it’s always a surprise.” Holonyak said.
Holonyak, 75, was a student of John Bardeen, an inventor of the transistor, in the early 1950s. After graduate school, Holonyak worked at Bell Labs. He later went to General Electric, where he invented a switch now widely used in house dimmer switches.
Later, Holonyak started looking into how semiconductors could be used to generate light. But while his colleagues were looking at how to generate invisible light, he wanted to generate visible light. The LEDs he invented in 1962 now last about 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs, and are more environmentally friendly and cost effective.
Holonyak, now a professor of electrical and computer engineering and physics at the University of Illinois, said he suspected that LEDs would become as commonplace as they are today, but didn’t realize how many uses they would have.
“You don’t know in the beginning. You think you’re doing something important, you think it’s worth doing, but you really can’t tell what the big payoff is going to be, and when, and how. You just don’t know.” he said.
The Lemelson-MIT Program also recognized Edith Flanigen, 75, with the $100,000 Lemelson-MIT Lifetime Achievement Award for her work on a new generation of “molecular sieves,” that can separate molecules by size.
16. Holonyak’s colleagues thought he would fail in his research on LEDs at the time when he started it.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
17. Holonyak believed that his students that were working with him on the project would get the Lemelson- MIT Prize
sooner or later.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
18. Holonyak was the inventor of the transistor in the early 1950s.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
19.Holonyak believed that LEDs would become very popular in the future.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
20. Holonyak said that you should not do anything you are not interested in.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
21. Edith Flanigen is the only co-inventor of LEDs.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
22. The Lemelson-MIT Prize has a history of over 100 years.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not- mentioned
三、概括大意与完成句子
Washoe Learned American Sign Language
1 An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. A. chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 4
2 at a research center in the American state of Washington. Washoe had become known in the scientific community and around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language. She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language. Her skills also led to debate about primates and their
2017年职称英语理工类A类词汇练习题及答案2017年职称英语理工类A类词汇练习题及答案 1It is (ridiculous) to dispute about such things. A foolish B shocking C frightening D amusing 2It was (obvious) that she was not going home. A evident B necessary C possible D probable 3He (replied) that this was absolutely impossible. A stated B answered C said D claimed 4He (Confesses) that he has done it. A agrees B alleges C admits D answers 5He lacked the strength to (deal with) all these problems A think of B talk about C copy down D cope with 6He (purchased) a ticket and went up on the top deck. A bought B took C showed D made 7Foreign money can be (converted) into the local currency at this bank. A written B changed C moved D reported 8He looks like a (crazy) man. A lazy B patient C mad D happy 9We cannot permit such (conduct). A movement B words C principle D behavior 10 She (started) to clean the kitchen. A stopped B began C continued D kept 11 John (talked over) the new job offer with his wife. A discussed B mentioned C accepted D rejected 12 I (rarely) wear a raincoat because I spend most of my time in a car. A normally B continuously C seldom D usually 13 We (explored) the possibility of closer trade links at the conference. A rejected B investigated C proposed D postponed 14 He often (finds fault with) my work. A criticizes B praises C evaluates D talks about
2016年职称英语考试理工类A级真题 第1部分:词汇选项(第1——15题,每题1分,共15分下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线,请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1.The revelation of his past led to his resignation. A.imagination B.confirmation C.recall D.disclosure 2.Jensen is a dangerous man,and can be very brutal. A.careless B.Cruel C.strong D.hard 3.You’ll have to sprint if you want to catch the train. A.jump B.escape C.run D.prepare 4.We are worried about this fluid situation full with uncertainty.
A.Changeable B.Stable C.suitable D.adaptable 5.The new garment fits her perfectly. A.haircut B.purse C.Clothes D.necklace 6.The phobia may have its root in a childhood trauma. A.fear B.joy C.hurt D.memory 7.They have to build canals to irrigate the desert. A.decorate B.water C.change D.visit
2013年职称英语考试理工类复习笔记 一、动词 从一定意义上讲，英语语法就是动词的语法，因此，掌握动词的特性、变化、句型是学习英语语法的重中之重。为了能更好地理解下面的讲课内容，首先要搞清动词的几个基本概念。 1) be 动词和do动词：be动词也称状态动词，用于说明状态或性质，主要用于构成英语的主系表句型;do动词也称为行为动词，分及物动词和不及物动词; 2) 及物动词和不及物动词：不及物动词后面不跟宾语, 也没有被动语态; 及物动词后面一定要有宾语; 3) 双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)结构和复合宾语(宾语+ 宾语补足语)结构：比较下面两个句子： My mother made me a cake.(母亲给我做了块蛋糕。) My father made me a doctor. (父亲把我培养成一名医生。) 第一句是双宾语结构，即My mother made a cake for me. 第二句是复合宾语结构，其句法功能为：My father made me (to) be a doctor (I am a doctor). 说明复合宾语结构中，宾语和宾语补足语之间有"主谓关系".
4) 情态动词：must, should, ought to, can, may, need, used to 等动词称为情态动词，有三大特征：A. 不受主语人称和数的影响，如：He may go now. / May I go now? 句中may的形式不变;B. 否定时在后面加not, 如：You ought not to have cheated her. C. 与另一动词连用，中间不用+ " to ", 如上举例。 请根据上述原则，(从语法角度)说出以下那种表达方式是对的： A. She needs to see a doctor. B. She doesn't need to see a doctor. C. Does she need to see a doctor? D. She needs not see a doctor. E. She needn't see a doctor. F. She doesn't need see a doctor. G. She needs see a doctor. 从语法角度看，A、B、C、E是对的。 5) 助动词：帮助实意动词构成某种结构的词，如: He did come yesterday; I saw him in the office.(他昨天确实来了;我在办公室见到他的。——表示强调) 五个基本句型 考研网校医药网校外语网校公务员网校网络课堂网上学习建筑网校
2020年职称英语理工A概括大意真题及答案 Geothermal(地热)Energy 1.Since heat naturally moves from hotter regions to cooler ones, the heat from the earth's center flows outwards towards the surface. In this way, it transfers to the next layer of rock. If the temperature is high enough, some of this rock melts and forms magma(岩浆). The magma ascends in its turn towards the earth's surface. It often remains well below the earth's surface, creating vast areas of hot rock. In such regions, there are deep cracks, which allow rainwater to descend underground. Some of the heated rainwater travels back up to the earth's surface where it will appear as a hot spring. However, if this ascending hot water reaches a layer of impermeable(不可渗透的)rock, it remains trapped, forming a geothermal reservoir. If geothermal reservoirs are close enough to the surface, they can be reached by drilling wells. Hot water and steam shoot up the wells naturally, and can be used to produce electricity in geothermal power plants. 2.A few geothermal power plants depend on dry-stem reservoirs which produce steam but little or no water. In these cases, the steam is piped up directly to provide the power to spin a turbine generator. The first geothermal power plant, constructed at Lardarello in Italy, was of this type, and is still producing electricity today. 3.Most currently operating geothermal power plants are either "flash" steam plants or binary(双重的)plants. Flash plants produce mainly hot water ranging in temperature from 300° to 700°Fahrenheit. This water is passed through one or
2016年职称英语综合B真题 第一部分：词汇选项（第1~15题，每题1分，共15分） 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线，请为每处画线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1. All houses within 100 meters of the seas are (at risk) of flooding. A. out of control B. between equals C. in particular D. in danger 2. The idea was quite (brillian)t. A. positive B. clever C. key D. original 3. Stock market price (tumbled) after rumor of a rise in interest rate. A. regulated B. fell C. increased D. maintained 4. We are worried about this (fluid) situation full with uncertainty. A. stable B. suitable C. adaptable D. changeable 5. The (revelation) of his past led to his resignation. A. imagination B. confirmation C. disclosure
D. recall 6. Jensen is a dangerous man, and can be very (brutal). A. careless B. strong C. cruel D. hard 7. The coastal has area has very (mild) winter, but the central plains remain extremely cold. A. warm B. severe C. hard D.dry 8.You'll have to (sprint) if you want to catch the train. A. jump B. escape C. prepare D. run 9. The course gives you basic (instruction) in car maintenance. A. idea B. term C. coaching D. aspect 10. The new (garment) fits her perfectly. A. haircut B. purse C. necklace D. clothes 11. The phobia may have its root in a childhood (trauma). A. fear
2015年职称英语理工类C级考试真题及答案第一部分：词汇选项 1. The weather last summer was awful. A. bad B. fair C. dry D. hot 参考答案：A 2. The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison. A. message B. guilt C. obligation D. punishment 参考答案：D 3. My piano playing has improved significantly since I had a new teacher. A. definitely B. generally C. certainly D. greatly 参考答案：D 4. There is a need for radical changes in education.
A. revolutionary B. long-term C. short-term D. systematic 参考答案：A 5. It frustrates me that I‘m not able to put any of my ideas into practice. A. discourages B. shows C. surprises D. frightens 参考答案：A 6. I realized to my horror that I had forgotten the present. A. limit B. fear C. power D. fool 参考答案：B 7. He tried to assemble his thoughts. A. gather B. clear C. share D. spare
2013年职称英语真题理工C（含答案解析） 第1部分：词汇选项（第1～15题，每题1分，共15分） 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1. I tried to detach myself from the reality of these terrible events. A. bring B. separate C. put D. set 2. The odd thing was that he didn’t recognize me. A. real B. whole C. same D. strange 3. That performance was pretty impressive. A. completely B. very C. Beautifully D. equally 4. I grabbed his arm and made him turn to look at me. A. throw B. seized C. broke D. stretched 5. The frame needs to be strong enough to support the engine. A. structure B. bottom C. Surface D. top 6. We found shelter from the rain under the trees. A. defense B. protection C standing D. room 7. “There is no other choice.” She sa id in a harsh voice. A. firm B. soft C. deep D. unkind 8. Traffic reaches its rush hour between 8:00 and 9:00 in the morning. A. border B. goal C. level D. peak 9. We have to change the public’s perception that money is everything. A. sight B. belief C. interest D. pressure 10. This was an unexceptionally brutal attack.
2020年职称英语理工类A级真题及答案（词汇选项）2020年职称英语理工类A级词汇选项考试真题及答案 第1部分：词汇选项（第1——15题，每题1分，共15分） 下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1. The revelation of his past ledto his resignation. A.imagination B. confirmation C.recall D. disclosure 答案为D. revelation(揭露)– disclosure(揭露) 2. Jensen is a dangerous man, and can bevery brutal. A.careless B. cruel C.strong D. hard 答案为B. brutal(残忍的) – cruel 3. You’ll have to sprint if youwant to catch the train. A.jump B.escape C. run D.prepare 答案为C. sprint (快速奔跑) – run(奔跑) 4. We are worried about this fluid situation full with uncertainty. A. changeable B. stable C.suitable D.adaptable
答案为A. fluid(不稳定的) –changeable (易变的) 5. The new garment fits herperfectly. A.haircut B. purse C. clothes D.necklace 答案为C. garment(衣服) –clothes(衣服) 6. The phobia may have its root in achildhood trauma. A.fear B. joy C. hurt D.memory 答案为C. trauma(精神上的创伤) – hurt(感情上的伤心或痛苦) 7. They have to build canals to irrigatethe desert. A.decorate B. water C.change D. visit 答案为B. irrigate(灌溉) –water(给…浇水) 8. Her overall language proficiencyremains that of a toddler. A.disabled B. pupil C.teenager D. baby 答案为D. toddler(学步的儿童) – baby(婴儿) 9. The coastal area has very mild winter, but the central plains remain extremely cold. A. warm B.severe C.hard D.dry
2016年职称英语考试理工类模拟试题第十套 1.The policeman asked him to point out the criminal. https://www.doczj.com/doc/2a4021845.html, B.identify C.capture D.separate 正确答案:B 2.It will be rather difficult to complete the task on time. A.do B.contribute C.renew D.finish 正确答案:B 3.Breaking Mary’s doll was purely accidental. A.abstractive B.unintentional C.acid D.intentional 正确答案:B 4.The theater is large enough to seat200people. A.abuse
B.confuse C.contain D.include 正确答案:C 5.Fruit prices fluctuate according to the need of the market. A.change B.fall C.descend D.elevate 正确答案:A Heartbeat of America 1.New York-the Statue of Liberty,the skyscrapers,the beautiful shops on Fifth Avenue and the many theaters on Broadway.This is America’s cultural capital. It is also her biggest city,with a population of nearly8million.In the summer it is hot,hot,hot and in the winter it can be very cold.Still there are hundreds of things to do and see all the year round. 2.Manhattan is the real center of the city.When people say“New York City,”they usually mean Manhattan.Most of the interesting shops,buildings and museums are here.In addition,Manhattan is the scene of New York’s busy night life.In 1605the first Europeans came to Manhattan from Holland.They bought the island from the Native Americans for a few glass necklaces worth about$26today. 3.Wall street in Manhattan is the financial heart of the USA.It is also the most important banking center in the world.It is a street of“skyscrapers.”These are those incredible,high buildings,which Americans invented,and built faster and higher than anyone else.Perhaps the two most spectacular skyscrapers in New York are the two towers of the New York World Trade Center.When the sun sets,their 110floors shine like pure gold.
2015职称英语理工类A真题及答案(完整版) 第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1. I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class. A. control B. observe C. regulate D. accept 2. She showed a natural aptitude for the work. A. sense B. talent C. flavor D. taste 3. Most people find rejection hard to accept. A. excuse B. client C. refusal D. destiny 4. The organization was bold enough to face the press. A. pleased B. powerful C. brave D. sensible 5. They were locked in mortal combat. A. deadly B. open C. actual D. active 6. We were attracted by the lure of quick money. A. amount B. supply C. tempt D. sum 7. The procedures were perceived as complex and less transparent. A. clear B. necessary C. special D. correct 8. The Stock Exchange is in turmoil following a huge wave of selling. A. Service B. danger C. disorder D. threat 9. He believes that Europe must change or it will perish. A. survive B. last C. die D. move
2013年度全国职称英语等级考试理工类（B级）试题及参考答案 职称英语考试历年真题汇总>>https://www.doczj.com/doc/2a4021845.html,/zZnTL （复制链接，点击“打开链接”即可访问） 更多精品备考资料在职称英语考试交流群：151033695 第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1. Come out, or I’ll bust the door down. A shut B break C set D beat 2. The police will need to keep a wary eye on this area of town. A naked B blind C cautious D private 3. The rules are too rigid to allow for human error. A general B inflexible C complex D direct 4. It seemed incredible that he had been there a week already. A right B unbelievable C obvious D unclear 5. These animals migrate south annually in search of food. A explore B inhabit C prefer D travel 6. Rumors began to circulate about his financial problems. A send B hear C confirm D spread 7. She came across three children sleeping under a bridge. A found by chance B passed by C took a notice of D woke up 8. I have little information as regards her fitness for the post. A about B at C with D from 9. As a politician, he knows how to manipulate public opinion. A express B divide C influence D voice 10. He was tempted by the high salary offered by the company. A taught B kept C changed D attracted 11. He paused, waiting for her to digest the information. A withhold B exchange C understand D contact 12. Make sure the table is securely anchored. A repaired B cleared C booked D fixed 13. She gets aggressive when she is drunk.
++2010年全国职称英语综合类（A级）考试真题及答案 第一部分：词汇选项（第1-15题，每题1分，共15分） 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1. Her father was a quiet man with graceful manners. A. bad B. polite C. similar D. usual 2. Patricia stared at the other girls with resentment. A. love B. surprise C. doubt D. anger 3. Your dog needs at least 20 minutes of vigorous exercise every day. A. energentic B. physical C. regular D. free 4. Our aggrangements were thrown into complete turmoil. A. failure B. confusion C. doubt D. relief 5. Steep stairs can present a particular hazard to older people. A. evidence B. danger C. case D. picture 6. I enjoyed the play-it had a clever plot and very funny dialogues. A. long B. original C. humorous D. boring 7. He demolished my arguments in minutes. A. disproved B. disputed C. accepted D. supported 8. The two banks have announced plans to merge next year. A. combine B. sell C. close D. break 9. Regular visits from a social worker can be of immense value to old people living alone. A. immediate B. great C. equal D. moderate 10. I want to provide my boys with a decent education. A. private B. general C. good D. special 11. Lower taxes would spur investment and help economic growth. A. attract B. encourage C. require D. spend 12. He was kept in appalling conditions in prison. A. critical B. temble C. necessary D. normal 13. I can't put up with my neighbor's noise any longer, it's driving me mad. A. measure B. generate C. tolerate D. reduce 14. The project required ten years of diligent research. A. hardworking B. scientific C. basic D. social 15. He was rather vague about the reasons why he never finished school. A. unclear B. bright C. bad D. general 第二部分：阅读判断(第16-22题，每题1分，共7分) 下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。 The Writing's on the Wall? Is it art or is it just vandalism (野蛮行为)? Well, it's still a crime, but graffiti (涂鸦) has changed since the days of spraying your name on a wall to mark your territory. Street art has become much more sophisticated since a 17-year-old called Demetrius started spraying his "tag" , TAKI 183, all over the New York underground in 1971, and hip - hop culture was born. Hip-hop is a mixture of art, music and dancing, poetry, language and fashion. It came from young inner-city people who fell left out by their richer classmates and who were desperate to express themselves in any way they could. An experiment to control the spread of graffiti in Rochdale, Creater Manchester, has been sosuccessful that plans have been made by local street artists for an international convention in June. "We're planning to get people together from different countries like France and Cermany for a week, " says Liam, one of the organizers. The scheme started in 2000, and has attracted people of all age groups and both sexes. " We all share a commen interest and get on really well with each other. " The first site to be chosen was a subway. " Before we began, people were afraid to use the subway. We had it cleaned up and now, with all the artists hanging out down there, people are using it again. People can relate to graffiti much more now. " By providing places to display their talents legally, there has been a fall in the amount of "tagging" on people's private property. Street artists Temper developed his drawing skills at a young age. In art classes at school he was really frustrated because the Art teacher didn't spend time with him. They thought he was already very good at art and so spend more time with other students. So, at 12 years old, Temper started painting with all these guys he'd hooked up with who were about 22 years old. He looked
2016年职称英语教材综合类新增文章 第二篇Common Questions about Dreams Does everyone dream? Yes. Research shows that we all dream. We have our most vivid dreams during a type of sleep called Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. During REM sleep, the brain is very active. The eyes move quickly back and forth1 under the lids, and the large muscles of the body are relaxed. REM sleep occurs every 90-100 minutes, three to four times a night, and it lasts longer as the night goes on. ___1___ We dream at other times during the night, too, but those dreams are less vivid. Do people remember their dreams? A few people remember their dreams. However, most people forget nearly everything that happened during the night — dreams, thoughts, and the short periods of time when they were awake. ___2___ It seems that the memory of the dream is not totally lost, but for some reason it is very hard to bring it back2. If you want to remember your dream，the best thing to do is to write it down as soon as you wake up. Are dreams in color? Most dreams are in color. However, people may not be aware of it for two reasons ：They don’t usually remember the details of their dreams, or they don’t notice the color because it is such a natural part of our lives. ___3___ Do dreams have meaning? Scientists continue to debate this issue.3 ___4___ Some people use dreams to help them learn more about their feelings, thoughts, behavior, motives, and values. Others find that dreams can help them solve problems. It’s also true that artists, writers, and scientists often ge t creative ideas from dreams. How can I learn to understand my dreams? The most important thing to remember is that your dreams are personal. The people, actions, and situations in your dreams reflect your experience, your thoughts, and your feelings. Some dream experts believe that there are certain types of dreams that many people have，even if they come from different cultures or time periods. Usually, however, the same dream will have different meanings for different people. For example, an elephant in a dream may mean one thing to a zookeeper and something very different to a child whose favorite toy is a stuffed elephant. ___5___ Then look for links between your dreams and what is happening in your daily life. If you think hard and you are patient, perhaps the meaning of your dreams will become clearer to you. 词汇： vivid /'vivid/ adj. 清晰的，生动的，逼真的 lid /lid/ n. 眼睑（=eyelid) motive /m?utiv/ n. 动机 stuffed /st?ft/ adj. 填充的，塞满了的 注释： 1. back and forth：来回地，反复地。