各专业全套优秀毕业设计图纸
The Investigation Of Car new energy'S Present
Condition And Development
As the world energy crisis, and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy, in one day, someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not in resources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society, people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation.
In the development of world each aspect is fruitful, especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications, the application of the electronic device, cars, and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance, but also improve the automobile fuel economy, performance, reliability and emissions purification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices, air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology, auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system, electronic control ignition system, electronic control automatic transmission, electronic control (ABS/ASR) control system, electronic control suspension system, electronic control power steering system, vehicle dynamic control system, the airbag systems, active belt system, electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response, the use function of quick car, high reliability, guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards.
The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example, automatic transmission in road, can not on the clutch, can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout, not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter, gear transmission, pump, hydraulic control system, electronic control system and oil cooling system, etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and
stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height, low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite, gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars
driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state, so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car, car motions of state and optimum control performance, and increased automobile adhesion, controlling and stability. Besides these, appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passenger's safety, and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer, to protect the safety of life.
Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities and to judge whether the vehicles and drivers in danger, has the independent pathfinding, navigation, avoid bump, no parking fees etc. Function. Effectively improve the safe transport of manipulation, reduce the pilot fatigue, improve passenger comfort. Of course battery electric vehicle is the key, the electric car battery mainly has: the use of lead-acid batteries, nickel cadmium battery, the battery, sodium sulfide sodium sulfide lithium battery, the battery, the battery, the flywheel zinc - air fuel cell and solar battery, the battery. In many kind of cells, the fuel cell is by far the most want to solve the problem of energy shortage car. Fuel cells have high pollution characteristics, different from other battery, the battery, need not only external constantly supply of fuel and electricity can continuously steadily. Fuel cell vehicles (FCEV) can be matched with the car engine performance and fuel economy and emission in the aspects of superior internal-combustion vehicles.
Along with the computer and electronic product constantly upgrading electric car, open class in mature technology and perfected, that drive more safe, convenient and flexible, comfortable. Now, the electric car from ordinary consumers distance is still very far away, only a few people in bandwagon. Electric cars with traditional to compete in the market, the car
will was electric cars and intelligent car replaced. This is the question that day after timing will come. ABS, GPS, and various new 4WD 4WS, electronic products and the modern era, excellent performance auto tacit understanding is tie-in, bring us unparalleled precision driving comfort and safety of driving.
First, the development of natural gas vehicle
Reduce pollution to protect the environment, many countries have issued a series of government regulations and the introduction of a number of incentive policies to promote
the development of gas vehicle, such as the development of more stringent vehicle emission standards, in the natural gas supply, car purchase taxes and fees, equipment supply, gas station construction grant funds, tax incentives.
or the purchase of alternative fuel vehicles and the construction of stations in detail the provisions of the tax relief, but also enacted a tax cut that the use of natural gas and natural gas companies exempt from motor vehicle fuel sales tax. There are more than 40 states in accordance with the policy of the federal government, law, drawn up on the mandatory state and encourage the use of clean fuel CNG vehicles, such as policies and measures to promote the CNG filling station development and construction of motor vehicles. At present, more than 40 countries around the world have a gas car, mainly in the rich natural gas resources in Italy, New Zealand, Argentina, Brazil and other countries and stricter environmental regulations the United States, Japan and other countries.
Second, natural gas vehicle (CNG) fuel and other environmental and economic benefits compared
Compressed natural gas vehicles:
20MPa compressed natural gas in the car to compressed natural gas cylinders in use by the supply of internal combustion engine after the pressure reducer.
To CNG fuel for vehicles compared with gasoline has the following advantages: l, reduce pollution and improve the atmospheric environment: natural gas is a clean energy, with a high calorific value, high efficiency, pollution, etc., the comparison is totally burned, not carbon deposition, CO, NOx and particulate emissions than gasoline, significantly reduced exhaust pollution. Motor vehicle exhaust is the major source of urban air pollution, one of which is carbon monoxide harmful ingredients (C0), hydrocarbons (HC), nitric oxide (N0) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and so on. According to the data, the use of gas as a motor fuel and gasoline as fuel can reduce emissions compared to 90% CO, 90% S02, 72% HC, 39% NOx, 24% CO2, non-dust emissions, to improve the urban environment has a significant role in . A typical diesel engine and gasoline engine emissions and gas machine is shown in table l.
2, CNG vehicle for a higher security
Compared with gasoline, compressed natural gas is a relatively safe fuel.
(1) natural gas explosion limit is 5% higher than gasoline (lower explosion limit for the l%) high, methane ignition for 645 ℃, ignition than gasoline high 218 ℃, compared to not ignite. Low density of methane, the relative density of about 0.55, resulting in leakage of gas will soon be distributed in the air, in the case of the natural environment it is difficult to form a hot combustion conditions, once the compressed natural gas from the tank or
pipe leaks, leak immediately surrounding the formation of low-temperature zone, so that the difficulties of natural gas combustion. Therefore is a fairly safe CNG motor fuel. Natural gas and fuel properties of gasoline is shown in table 2
(2) Department of natural gas vehicle cylinder pressure vessel
(20MPa), its materials and manufacture and testing in order that all States have strict control, in China there are "compressed natural gas cylinder vehicle standards))
(GBl7258-1998).
Cylinders fitted with explosion-proof facilities, pressure reducer, valves and other equipment, strict standards high, and gas supply system is safe and reliable and will not tip over due to vehicle collision or cause fire or explosion, and the petrol tank of motor vehicles department of non-pressure vessels, fire easily after the explosion.
3, will help ease the contradiction between energy supply and demand tension.
China's economy is in a stage of rapid development, the number of vehicles to 1 million / year above the rate of increase of a substantial increase in gasoline demand of resources, our need to import large quantities of crude oil per year, refined oil and LPG. Optimize the use of gas cars
Motor fuel supply structure has changed only motor fuel gasoline, diesel patterns, not only eased the problem of shortage of petrol and transport services to meet the needs of the development.
4, extend engine life. The spread of natural gas to the gas entering the engine, the engine easily and uniformly mixed air, burning the comparison is totally clean; can improve the thermal cycle efficiency, speed up the burning speed, full use of combustion heat; CNG octane number at the same time high performance uprising, when agents do not need to add the uprising will not dilute the lubricating oil, making the parts inside the engine cylinder greatly reduce wear and tear, so that the engine oil life and increase the use of the period. All of these vehicles will reduce maintenance and operating costs, thereby enhancing the economy of the use of vehicles. 5, have a higher economic efficiency. At present, domestic gasoline prices continued to rise, the price system and the world has been the use of CNG vehicle will be able to save nearly 40% of fuel costs, as shown in table 3.
Third, CNG cars and filling stations to explore the development of countermeasures
In order to speed up the use of natural gas as a clean fuel vehicle development, makes the following recommendations:
1, the Government has introduced policies to encourage and support: the development of all countries in the world experience shows that government support is a necessary condition for accelerated development, the impact of its economic policy is an important
factor in their development should be guaranteed in law, in the gas automobile production, modification, parts and components production, station construction, vehicle purchase and use of gas, maintenance and other aspects of pricing, taxation, investment, subsidies and other aspects of the preferential policies supporting. Gas prices affect gas vehicle development is an important factor, only the gas prices and gasoline prices when the difference is large enough to form, gas car before the development of an economic foundation and driving force.
2, strengthen leadership, the implementation of unified management.
The development of CNG vehicles to the construction of high-quality, convenient filling stations, the need for planning, public security, fire safety, labor, technical support supervisor and other departments.
3, in the municipal plan, filling stations and gas stations should be considered
co-ordination, rational distribution and coordinated development. To make full use of existing land resources and in ensuring the environmental safety of oil and gas under the premise of building one station.
4, followed by motor cars and CNG filling stations in the simultaneous development of the principles, only in the stations into a network under the conditions, CNG vehicle can really develop. At the same time scale of only CNG car to a certain number, the normal operation of filling stations in order to achieve profitability.
5, the strict legal system: the development of stringent vehicle emissions regulations, and make sure that standards are not road vehicles are determined not to be on the qualifications of CNG vehicle Modify-Factroy critical examination, certification. First of all, the city should the city bus, taxi, as the focus of the development of CNG vehicle, bus stop some of the phenomenon of black smoke pollution of the environment.
6, step up publicity. At present, natural gas car is still at the initial stage, the public nature of its environmental protection, safety, economy, reliability, do not fully understand, so, it is necessary to carry out a wide range of social advocacy, efforts to increase awareness of the dangers of automobile exhaust, to make people aware of CNG is a clean, safe and economical fuel, so that the development of natural gas vehicles have been recognized by all sectors of society and support.
Compressed natural gas vehicles because of its remarkable economic and social benefits the development of the natural gas market will become a new field of applications. More and more importance in the environmental protection situation, along with natural gas resources in the area of the development and application of the widening, which will reduce the environmental pressure is to ease the oil shortage and achieve sustainable development of a reliable guarantee.
汽车新能源现状与发展的探究
随着世界能源危机的持续，以及战争和能源-----石油的消耗及汽车饱有量的增加，能源在一天一天下降，终有一天它会消失的无影无踪。石油不是在生资源。所以必须在石油耗净之前找到一种代替品。随着科技的发展社会的进步，有人发明了电动汽车。电动汽车将成为人们最为理想的交通工具。
世界在发展各各方面都取得丰硕成果，尤其是随着汽车电子技术和计算机以及发展迅速的信息时代。电子控制技术在汽车上得到了广泛应用，汽车上应用的电子装置越来越丰富，电子技术不仅用来改善和提高传统汽车电器的质量和性能，而且还提高了汽车的动力性、燃油经济性、可靠性以及废气排放的净化性。汽车上广泛使用电子产品不仅降低了成本，并且减少维护的复杂性。从发动机的燃油喷射点火装置、进气控制、废气排放控制、故障自诊断到车身辅助装置都普遍采用了电子控制技术，可以说今后汽车发展主要以机电一体化。汽车上广泛采用的电子控制点火系统主要有电子控制燃油喷射系统、电子控制点火系统、电子控制自动变速器、电子控制防滑（ABS/ASR）控制系统、电子控制悬架系统、电子控制动力转向系统、车辆动力学控制系统、安全气囊系统、主动安全带系统、电子控制自动空调系统、导航系统还有GPS等。有了这些系统汽车响应敏捷，使用功能强，可靠性高，既保证发动机动力又降低燃油的消耗，而且又满足排放法规的标准。
汽车是现代人必不可少的交通工具。而电动汽车给我们带来无限乐趣外还能给我们劳累一天的身心得以放松。就拿自动变速器来说吧，汽车在行驶时，可以不踩离合器踏板，就可以实现自动换档而发动机不会熄火，这样有效的提高驾驶方便性减轻驾驶员的疲劳强度。自动变速器主要由液力变矩器、齿轮变速器、油泵、液压控制系统、电子控制系统、油冷却系统等组成。电子控制的悬架主要是用来缓冲路面对车身的冲击力以及减少振动保证汽车平顺性和操纵稳定性。当汽车行驶在不平坦的道路时汽车能能根据底盘和路面高度自动调整。当车高比设置的高度低时，就向气室或油缸充气或充油。如果是相反，就放气或泻油。从而保证汽车的水平行驶，提高行驶稳定性。可变力动力转向系统因
能显著改变驾驶员的工作效率和状态，所以在电动汽车上广泛使用。VDC对汽车性能有着至关重要的作用它能根据需要主动对车轮进行制动来改变汽车的运动状态，使汽车达到最佳的行驶状态和操纵性能，并增加了汽车的附着性，控制性和稳定性。除了这些之外4WS、4WD的出现大大提高了电动汽车的价值与性能同步提升。ABS具有减少制动距离并能保持转向操作能力有效提高行驶方向的稳定性同时减少轮胎的磨损。安全气囊的出现在很大程序上保护了驾驶员和乘客的安全，大大降低汽车在碰撞时对驾驶员和乘客的缓冲，以过到保护生命安全的目的。
智能电子技术在汽车上得以推广使得汽车在安全行驶和其它功能更上一层楼。通过各种传感器实现自动驾驶。除些之外智能汽车装备有多种传感器能充分感知交通设施及环境的信息并能随时判断车辆及驾驶员是否处于危险之中，具备自主寻路、导航、避撞、不停车收费等功能。有效提高运输过程中的安全，减少驾驶员的操纵疲劳度，提高乘客的舒适度。当然蓄电池是电动汽车的关键，电动汽车用的蓄电池主要有：铅酸蓄电池、镍镉蓄电池、钠硫蓄电池、钠硫蓄电池、锂电池、锌―空气电池、飞轮电池、燃料电池和太阳能电池等。在诸多种电池中，燃料电池是迄今为止最有希望解决汽车能源短缺问题的动力源。燃料电池具有高效无污染的特性，不同于其他蓄电池，其不需要充电，只要外部不断地供给燃料，就能连续稳定地发电。燃料电池汽车(FCEV)具有可与内燃机汽车媲美的动力性能，在排放、燃油经济性方面明显优于内燃机车辆。
随着计算机和电子产品不断开级换代，电动汽车技术也在日趋成熟与完善，使得驾驶更安全、方便、灵活、舒适。现在，电动汽车离普通消费者的距离还很遥远，只有少数人在赶赶时髦而已。电动汽车真正能够与传统的燃油汽车相竞争，今后汽车市场终会被电动汽车和智能汽车所取代。这只是时间性的问题这一天终究会来到的。ABS、GPS、4WS、4WD以及各种新时代的电子产品与现代高性能汽车默契组合、绝妙搭配，带给我们无与伦比的精准驾驶舒适性和行驶安全性。
一、天然气汽车的发展情况
为保护环境减少污染，许多国家政府颁布了一系列法规及出台一些鼓励性政策，促进燃气汽车发展，如制定更严格的汽车尾气排放标准，在天然气供应、汽车购置税费，设备供给、加气站建设等方面给予资金、税收优惠政策。
美国联邦政府1992年颁布的《能源政策法》，对于购买或改装代用燃料汽车及加气站的建设减免税作出详细规定，同时还颁布了使用天然气的减税政策，并免征天然气公司的汽车燃料销售税。有40多个州根据联邦政府的政策、法律，制定了本州有关强制和鼓励使用CNG等清洁燃料汽车的政策和措施，推动了CNG 汽车发展和加气站建设。目前，全世界已有40多个国家拥有燃气汽车，主要分布在天然气资源丰富的意大利、新西兰、阿根廷、巴西等国家和环保法规严格的美国、日本等国。
二、天然气汽车(CNG)与其它燃料的环境、经济效益比较
压缩天然气汽车：
天然气压缩至20MPa于汽车用压缩天然气钢瓶中，经减压器后供给内燃机。
以CNG作汽车燃料与汽油相比具有以下优点：
l、降低污染，改善大气环境：天然气是一种清洁能源，具有热值高、效率高、污染小等特点，燃烧比较完全，不易积碳，CO、NOx和微粒的排放量均低于汽油，排气污染明显降低。机动车尾气是城市大气污染主要来源之一，其中主要有害成分是一氧化碳(C0)、碳氢化合物(HC)、一氧化氮(N0)和二氧化氮 (NO2)等。据有关资料显示，使用天然气作为汽车燃料与汽油作燃料相比可以减少排放90％CO、90％S02、72％HC、39％NOx、 24％CO2、无粉尘排放，对改善城市环境有显著作用。典型的柴油机与汽油机及天然气机排放情况比较见表l。
2、CNG汽车有较高的安全性
与汽油相比，压缩天然气是相对安全的燃料。
(1) 天然气爆炸下限为5％，比汽油(爆炸下限为l％)高，甲烷燃点为645℃，比汽油燃点高218℃，相比不易点燃。甲烷密度低，相对密度为0．55左右，泄漏的气体很快会在空气中散发，在自然环境中难以形成遇火爆燃的条件，一旦压缩天然气从储罐或管路中泄漏，泄漏点周围会立即形成低温区，使天然气燃
烧困难。因此CNG是一种相当安全的汽车燃料。天然气与汽油的燃料特性比较见表2
(2)天然气汽车的钢瓶系高压容器
(20MPa)，其材质及制造、检验试验在各国均有严格的规程控制，在我国有《汽车用压缩天然气钢瓶标准))(GBl7258—1998)。
钢瓶安装有防爆设施，减压器、阀门等设备，严密度标准高，供气系统安全可靠，不会因汽车碰撞或翻覆造成失火或爆炸，而汽油汽车的油箱系非压力容器，着火后容易爆炸。
3、有利于缓解能源紧张的供需矛盾。
我国经济正处于高速发展阶段，汽车数量以100万辆／年以上的速度递增，对汽油资源需求大量增加，我国每年需要进口大量原油、成品油和LPG。使用燃气汽车可优化
汽车燃料供应结构，改变了汽车燃料只有汽油、柴油的格局，既缓解了汽油供应紧张的问题又满足交通事业发展的需要。
4、可延长发动机寿命。天然气容易扩散，以气态进入发动机，在发动机中容易和空气均匀混合，燃烧比较完全、干净；可以提高热循环效率，加快燃烧速度，充分利用燃烧热能；同时CNG辛烷值高，抗暴性能好，使用时不需要添加抗暴剂，不会稀释润滑油，因而使发动机气缸内的零件磨损大大减少，使发动机的寿命和润滑油的使用期限大幅度增长。所有这些都会降低汽车的保养和运行费用，从而提高汽车使用的经济性。
5、有较高的经济效益。目前，国内汽油价格持续上升，价格体系已和世界接轨，使用CNG汽车将能节省近40％燃料费用。
三、CNG汽车和加气站发展对策探讨
为加快以天然气为燃料的清洁汽车的发展，提出以下建议：
1、政府出台鼓励和扶持政策：世界各国发展经验表明，政府的支持是加快发展的必要条件，其经济政策是影响其发展的重要因素，应在法律方面予以保障，在燃气汽车生产、改装、零部件生产，加气站建设，燃气汽车购买和使用、维修等环节制定价格、税收、投资、补贴等方面配套的优惠政策。燃气价格是影
响燃气汽车发展的重要因素，只有燃气价格与汽油价格形成足够大差价时，燃气汽车的发展才具有经济基础和推动力。
2、加强领导，实行统一管理。发展CNG汽车必须建设优质、便利的加气站，需要规划、公安、消防、劳动、技监等部门的支持。
3、在市政规划中，加气站与加油站应统筹考虑，合理布局，协调发展。尽量利用现有土地资源，在确保环境安全的前提下建设油气合一站。
4、遵循CNG汽车与加气站同步发展的原则，只有在加气站成网的条件下，CNG 汽车才能真正发展。同时也只有CNG汽车规模到了一定数量，加气站才能正常运转，实现盈利。
5、严格法律制度：制定严格的汽车尾气排放法规，切实做到不达标车辆坚决不予以上路，对CNG汽车改装厂的资格进行严格审查，认证。首先应将城市城市公交车、出租汽车作为CNG汽车发展的重点，杜绝部分公交车冒黑烟污染环境的现象。
6、加大宣传力度。目前，天然气汽车尚处于起步阶段，社会公众对它的环保性，安全性，经济性，可靠性还不充分了解，所以，要进行广泛的社会宣传，努力提高人们对汽车尾气危害性的认识，使人们了解CNG是清洁、安全、经济的车用燃料，使发展天然气汽车得到社会各方面的认可和支持。
压缩天然气汽车由于其显著的经济效益和社会效益将成为天然气市场开发应用的一个新领域。在环境保护越来越受到重视的形势下，随着天然气资源的开发和应用领域的拓宽，此举将是减轻环境污染压力、缓解石油紧缺，实现可持续发展的可靠保证。
新能源汽车发展现状及趋势 新能源汽车是全世界正在进行研究的热点项目，世界汽车大国如中国、日本、美国、 德国等都投入了大量的人力、财力进行相关的研究和推广。在当今社会，汽车已经和每个人的生活息息相关，也是国内外科技实力竞争的一个关键点。发展新能源汽车是解决全球能源和环境系统严峻问题的必由之路，是汽车行业技术和产业革新的必然趋势。 发展新能源汽车对解决能源和环境系统问题以及提高国家的综合能力具有非常重要 的意义。一方面解决能源短缺、环境污染、气候变暖等全球汽车行业面对的共同问题。 近年来，我国汽车产业发展迅速，国内汽车保有量呈递增趋势。预计2015年的汽车保 有量将达到1.5亿辆，2020年中国的汽车保有量更是将达到2亿辆以上。传统汽车在 行驶过程中会产生大量的有害气体，排放的污染物有碳氢化合物、氮氢化合物、一氧化碳、二氧化硫等，对人类健康也有很大的影响。此外，传统汽车主要采用燃油发动机，排放大量的温室气体，影响全球的气候变化。现有的车用内燃机的动力技术的改进处于一种渐进式的状态，进展缓慢，已经不能应对环境、能源系统的挑战，汽车行业亟待一场革命性的技术变革。 另一方面，汽车产业对一个国家的经济发展起到了巨大的作用，带动钢铁、机械加 工、电子等多个行业的发展，容易形成产业集群，是提升一个国家国际竞争实力的重要因素。相对于欧美国家，我国的汽车工业起步较晚，一直采取以市场换技术的方式推动汽车行业的发展，没有形成原始创新的技术，没有形成自己的关键技术。新能源汽车方面，世界各国处于同一起跑线上，我们国家只有大力发展新能源汽车，才能在汽车工业上实现“弯道超车”，才能有机会与西方发达国家在汽车工业上一较高下。 1新能源汽车的定义及种类 根据我国《汽车产业发展政策》的有关规定，国家发展和改革委员会制定了《新能 源汽车生产准入管理规则》（后文简称《规则》），提出了新能源汽车的新概念。实用非常规车用燃料来作为动力源的汽车便是新能源汽车，综合车辆的动力控制和驱动方面的先进技术，汽车拥有先进的理论和技术，结构也较为新颖。《规则》还指出：新能源汽车包括纯电动汽车（BEV，包括太阳能汽车）、混合动力电动汽车（HEV ）、燃料电池电动汽车（FCEV ）、其他新能源（如超级电容器、飞轮等高效储能器）汽车等。新能源汽车出现以来，动力形式主要有混合动力、纯电动、燃料电池三种。这也是当前世界各国主要的研究方向。 混合动力汽车在汽车上配置了两种动力系统，一般是在传统燃料的动力系统基础上 再匹配发电机、电动机等以电能为动力的系统。在混合动力汽车中，电能的来源主要有三种方式，一是采用外部充电，即通过充电桩直接给汽车中的蓄电池充电。二是采用能量回收装置，在车辆运行过程中将制动时、下坡时、怠速时的能量回收，转换为电能存储在蓄电池中。三是采用前述两种方式的组合，既可以直接给蓄电池充电，也配有能量回收装置。 纯电动汽车，从字面就可以看出，该类汽车采用电能为唯一的动力来源，无需内燃机或其它动力装置。纯电动汽车只有电能一种动力来源，在行驶过程中没有尾气排放，也不会形成二次污染，是一种“干净”的汽车。纯电动汽车由于受续航里程、充电桩的数量及位置的影响，目前主
目前，世界各国都在大力发展新能源汽车，我国更是将其列入到七大战略性新兴产业之中。节能与新能源汽车的发展是我国减少石油消耗和降低二氧化碳排放的重要举措之一，中央和地方各级政府对其发展高度关注，陆续出台了各种扶持培育政策，为新能源汽车的发展营造了良好的政策环境。近年来，我国新能源汽车产业在行业标准、产业联盟、企业布局、技术研发等方面也取得了明显进展，有望肩负起中国汽车工业“弯道超车”的历史重任。针对我国节能与新能源汽车的发展现状与趋势，国研网专访了国务院发展研究中心产业部研究室主任、副研究员王晓明。 一、发展新能源汽车已经成为世界各国的共识 国研网：目前世界各主要国家的新能源汽车发展现状和趋势是怎样的？ 王晓明：目前，全球能源和环境系统面临巨大的挑战，汽车作为石油消耗和二氧化碳排放的大户，需要进行革命性的变革。目前全球新能源汽车发展已经形成了共识，从长期来看，包括纯电动、燃料电池技术在内的纯电驱动将是新能源汽车的主要技术方向，在短期内，油电混合、插电式混合动力将是重要的过渡路线。目前来看，全球新能源汽车的发展还面临着一些共同的难题，例如关键技术的突破、汽车工业的转型、基础设施的建设以及消费者的接受度等。 具体到各国，应该说，引领新能源汽车发展的主要还是美国、日本以及欧洲的一些国家，这些国家起步比我国要早很多，它们的发展也各有侧重。 美国长期侧重降低石油依赖、确保新能源安全的战略，将发展新能源汽车作为交通领域实现根本上摆脱石油依赖的重要措施，并以法律法规的形式确定了新能源汽车的战略地位。早在克林顿时期，美国就提出了以提高燃油经济性为目标的计划，混合动力是当时主要的技术解决方案。到了布什时期，变为追求零排放和零石油依赖，技术解决方案主要是氢燃料电池汽车，后来还有一个计划，想用十年的时间实现20%的石油替代和节约，主要措施是生物质燃料。国际金融危机以后，奥巴马政府将大力发展电动汽车作为实施新能源战略的重要内容，提出了总额40亿美元的动力电池以及电动汽车研发和产业化的计划，产品上，选择了以插电式混合动力电动车为重点。
湖北文理学院 毕业设计(论文)英文翻译 题目在采用PWM逆变器下的变速感应电机驱动器中的传导性排放轴承电流的减少和鉴定 专业机械设计制造及其自动化 班级机制0911 姓名杨成杰 学号2009116140 指导教师 职称周立文（学校）冯南（企业） 2013年5月10日
┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊ Minimization and identification of conducted emission bearing current in variable speed induction motor drives using PWM inverter Abstract. The recent increase in the use of speed control of ac induction motor for variable speed drive using pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter is due to the advent of modern power electronic devices and introduction of microprocessors. There are many advantages of using ac induction motor for speed control applications in process and aerospace industries, but due to fast switching of the modem power electronic devices，the parasitic coupling produces undesirable effects. The undesirable effects include radiated and conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) which adversely affect nearby computers, electronic/electrical instruments and give rise to the flow of bearing current in the induction motor. Due to the flow of bearing current in the induction motor，electrical discharge machining takes place in the inner race of the bearing which reduces the life of the bearing. In high power converters and inverters, the conducted and radiated emissions become a major concern. In this paper, identification of bearing current due to conducted emission, the measurement of bearing current in a modified induction motor and to minimize the bearing current are discussed. The standard current probe, the standard line impedance stabilization network (LISN)), the electronics interface circuits are used to measure high frequency common mode current，bearing current and to minimize the conducted noise from the system. The LISN will prevent the EMI noise entering the system from the supply source by conductive methods, at the same time prevents the EMI generated if any due to PWM, fast switching in the system, will not be allowed to enter the supply line. For comparing the results with Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR) standards, the graphs are plotted with frequency Vs，line voltage in dB μV，common mode voltage in dB μV and the bearing current in dBμA without and with minimizing circuits. Keywords. EMI;a.c.drives; bearing current.
On the vehicle sideslip angle estimation through neural networks: Numerical and experimental results. S. Melzi,E. Sabbioni Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 25 (2011)：14~28 电脑估计车辆侧滑角的数值和实验结果 S.梅尔兹,E.赛博毕宁 机械系统和信号处理2011年第25期：14~28
摘要 将稳定控制系统应用于差动制动内/外轮胎是现在对客车车辆的标准（电子稳定系统ESP、直接偏航力矩控制DYC）。这些系统假设将两个偏航率(通常是衡量板)和侧滑角作为控制变量。不幸的是后者的具体数值只有通过非常昂贵却不适合用于普通车辆的设备才可以实现直接被测量,因此只能估计其数值。几个州的观察家最终将适应参数的参考车辆模型作为开发的目的。然而侧滑角的估计还是一个悬而未决的问题。为了避免有关参考模型参数识别/适应的问题,本文提出了分层神经网络方法估算侧滑角。横向加速度、偏航角速率、速度和引导角,都可以作为普通传感器的输入值。人脑中的神经网络的设计和定义的策略构成训练集通过数值模拟与七分布式光纤传感器的车辆模型都已经获得了。在各种路面上神经网络性能和稳定已经通过处理实验数据获得和相应的车辆和提到几个处理演习(一步引导、电源、双车道变化等)得以证实。结果通常显示估计和测量的侧滑角之间有良好的一致性。 1 介绍 稳定控制系统可以防止车辆的旋转和漂移。实际上，在轮胎和道路之间的物理极限的附着力下驾驶汽车是一个极其困难的任务。通常大部分司机不能处理这种情况和失去控制的车辆。最近,为了提高车辆安全，稳定控制系统(ESP[1,2]; DYC[3,4])介绍了通过将差动制动/驱动扭矩应用到内/外轮胎来试图控制偏航力矩的方法。 横摆力矩控制系统（DYC）是基于偏航角速率反馈进行控制的。在这种情况下,控制系统使车辆处于由司机转向输入和车辆速度控制的期望的偏航率[3,4]。然而为了确保稳定，防止特别是在低摩擦路面上的车辆侧滑角变得太大是必要的[1,2]。事实上由于非线性回旋力和轮胎滑移角之间的关系，转向角的变化几乎不改变偏航力矩。因此两个偏航率和侧滑角的实现需要一个有效的稳定控制系统[1,2]。不幸的是,能直接测量的侧滑角只能用特殊设备(光学传感器或GPS惯性传感器的组合)，现在这种设备非常昂贵,不适合在普通汽车上实现。因此, 必须在实时测量的基础上进行侧滑角估计，具体是测量横向/纵向加速度、角速度、引导角度和车轮角速度来估计车辆速度。 在主要是基于状态观测器/卡尔曼滤波器(5、6)的文学资料里, 提出了几个侧滑角估计策略。因为国家观察员都基于一个参考车辆模型,他们只有准确已知模型参数的情况下，才可以提供一个令人满意的估计。根据这种观点,轮胎特性尤其关键取决于附着条件、温度、磨损等特点。 轮胎转弯刚度的提出就是为了克服这些困难,适应观察员能够提供一个同步估计的侧滑角和附着条件[7,8]。这种方法的弊端是一个更复杂的布局的估计量导致需要很高的计算工作量。 另一种方法可由代表神经网络由于其承受能力模型非线性系统，这样不需要一个参
我国新能源汽车发展现状及趋势 目前，世界各国都在大力发展新能源汽车，我国更是将其列入到七大战略性新兴产业之中。节能与新能源汽车的发展是我国减少石油消耗和降低二氧化碳排放的重要举措之一，中央和地方各级政府对其发展高度关注，陆续出台了各种扶持培育政策，为新能源汽车的发展营造了良好的政策环境。近年来，我国新能源汽车产业在行业标准、产业联盟、企业布局、技术研发等方面也取得了明显进展，有望肩负起中国汽车工业“弯道超车”的历史重任。针对我国节能与新能源汽车的发展现状与趋势，国研网专访了国务院发展研究中心产业部研究室主任、副研究员王晓明。 一、发展新能源汽车已经成为世界各国的共识 国研网：目前世界各主要国家的新能源汽车发展现状和趋势是怎样的？ 王晓明：目前，全球能源和环境系统面临巨大的挑战，汽车作为石油消耗和二氧化碳排放的大户，需要进行革命性的变革。目前全球新能源汽车发展已经形成了共识，从长期来看，包括纯电动、燃料电池技术在内的纯电驱动将是新能源汽车的主要技术方向，在短期内，油电混合、插电式混合动力将是重要的过渡路线。目前来看，全球新能源汽车的发展还面
临着一些共同的难题，例如关键技术的突破、汽车工业的转型、基础设施的建设以及消费者的接受度等。 具体到各国，应该说，引领新能源汽车发展的主要还是美国、日本以及欧洲的一些国家，这些国家起步比我国要早很多，它们的发展也各有侧重。 美国长期侧重降低石油依赖、确保新能源安全的战略，将发展新能源汽车作为交通领域实现根本上摆脱石油依赖的重 要措施，并以法律法规的形式确定了新能源汽车的战略地位。早在克林顿时期，美国就提出了以提高燃油经济性为目标的计划，混合动力是当时主要的技术解决方案。到了布什时期，变为追求零排放和零石油依赖，技术解决方案主要是氢燃料电池汽车，后来还有一个计划，想用十年的时间实现20%的石油替代和节约，主要措施是生物质燃料。国际金融危机以后，奥巴马政府将大力发展电动汽车作为实施新能源战略的重要内容，提出了总额40亿美元的动力电池以及电动汽车研发和产业化的计划，产品上，选择了以插电式混合动力电动车为重点。 日本长期坚持确保能源安全和提高产业竞争力的双重战略，通过制订国家目标引导新能源汽车产业的发展，同时高度重视技术创新。2006年，日本提出了新的国家能源战略，目标是到2030年交通领域对石油的依赖从100%降到80%，为了
关于汽车电商模式的发展要从电商说起，1990-1993年，电子数据交换时代，成为中国电子商务的起步期。由阿里巴巴集团在2003年5月10日投资创立淘宝网成为全民网购的开始，淘宝网现在业务跨越C2C（个人对个人）、B2C（商家对个人）两大部分。截止2010年12月31日，淘宝网注册会员超3.7亿人，覆盖了中国绝大部分网购人群；2011年交易额为6100.8亿元，占中国网购市场80%的份额。比2010年增长66%。2012年11月11日，淘宝单日交易额191亿元。 直到2013年汽车电商元年，无论是投资方还是车企都对新车电商给予极大的热情，在不断的尝试和实验后2013年，易车、汽车之家和搜狐汽车在“双十一”购物狂欢节推出疯狂汽车节，正式从概念上引爆了新车电商市场。三家垂直类汽车网站积极参与“双十一”，使汽车这一品类加入到电商年度大促销活动中来，积聚了大量消费者人气和业界目光。2015年，越来越多的企业和经销商转战电商平台，一时间各大汽车电商平台成立。 但是汽车的发展已经形成了自己的一套产销体系，现有的格局十分难以撼动和突破，在2016年许多平台开始陆续退出人们的视野。像汽车类高价消费品毕竟脱离不了线下实体店的支撑，在没有客户信任度的情况下汽车电商平台能够提供的仅仅是车型资料，而达成成交却十分困难。易车裁撤易车商城、汽车之家的股权动荡和随后的人事地震、车享的重心调整到后市场项目车享家、汽车街成立之初雄心勃勃的要革汽车电商的命现在也专心搞大，车风网的倒闭，这些各自代表了流量渠道、汽车主机厂、经销商，互联网创业模式的新车电商们集体陷入落寞期。这一切，似乎意味着曾经风光一时的汽车电商们纷纷集体进入了寒冬期。因为汽车是线下体验极重的一种商品，线下体验店和直面客户的是非常必要的销售环节，纯线上的电商模式已经被证明不适合销售。 随着新车电商的热度下降，新车市场又归于平静，燃油车市场这块大蛋糕经过几十年的发展早已被分的所剩无几。而近几年突然异军突起的新能源汽车快速发展使得汽车市场迎来了新的机遇和挑战，政策的扶持下新能源汽车不断冲击着销量榜，燃油车面临着最严峻的考验，在此情境下新车电商平台似乎有了新的突破。 今年大热的线上线下结合的「新零售」模式恰恰无比适合新能源新车电商。新能源导购平台快起步看准了线下4S店的局限性，也看到了新车电商所遇到的困境。快起步果断的瞄准了线上+线下的汽车新零售模式开始发力，尝试把媒体、导购和销售整合到一起，把购车的整个流程掌握在自己手里，线上导流、信息收集再到线下的导购和销售。媒体、导购和销售，这是新车电商最核心的三个环节。而快起步同时在线上导购、线上信息分发、线下导购三个新车业务生态链上形成完整布局，构成了一个新车电商最合理的样子。 首先通过线上媒体的大传播力使更多人了解平台，并通过活动积累用户信息筛选真正用车人群，然后对意向用户进行接洽并向其提供平台服务和厂家质保，从而实现交易。在整个环节中，较为关键的是如何让用户体验到车型。快起步显然明白这一点是汽车新零售必走的一步，今年开始快起步着力发展线下店面，提供新能源现车试乘、维修保养、车饰百货以及充电服务。
电动车：正在进行的绿色交通革命？ 随着世界上持续的能源危机，战争和石油消费以及汽车数量的增加，能源日益减少，有一天它会消失得无影无踪。石油并不是可再生资源。在石油消耗枯竭之前必须找到一种能源与之替代。随着科技的发展和社会进步，电动车的发明将会有效的缓解这一燃眉之急。电动汽车将成为理想的交通工具。 面临能源成本居高不下、消费者和政府更加重视环境保护的情况下，世界汽车制造商正加大对可替代能源性混合动力汽车技术的开发投资。该技术能极大削减燃料消费，减少温室气体排放。许多人把目光投向了日本和美国的汽车制造商，关心他们开发混合动力和电池电动车的进展情况。丰田普锐斯一跃成为世界上销量最好的混合动力车。美国的新兴汽车制造商，Tesla Motors，推出了该公司首部电池电力车，名为Tesla Roadster。截至2010年底，通用汽车公司计划推出备受赞誉的V olt混合动力汽车，而克莱斯勒公司最近已经宣布同样的计划正在进行之中。 目前，中国在新能源汽车的自主创新过程中，坚持了政府支持，以核心技术、关键部件和系统集成为重点的原则，确立了以混合电动汽车、纯电动汽车、燃料电池汽车为“三纵”，以整车控制系统、电机驱动系统、动力蓄电池/燃料电池为“三横”的研发布局，通过产学研紧密合作，中国混合动力汽车的自主创新取得了重大进展。形成了具有完全自主知识产权的动力系统技术平台，建立了混合动力汽车技术开发体系。混合动力汽车的核心是电池（包括电池管理系统）技术。除此之外，还包括发动机技术、电机控制技术、整车控制技术等，发动机和电机之间动力的转换和衔接也是重点。从目前情况来看，中国已经建立起了混合动力汽车动力系统技术平台和产学研合作研发体系，取得了一系列突破性成果，为整车开发奠定了坚实的基础。截止到2009
附录 Modern car’s design always stresses people-oriented, so safety, comfort, Environmental protection and energy saving have been the design theme And target in car design. Ergonomics layout design is not only relate to the effective use of internal space and improve car’s comfort and safety Performance, but it will also impact internal and external modeling results, and further affects the vehicle's overall performance and marketability.Soergonomics’application and research during car design and development process occupy an important position.After more than 50 years of construction and development, China’s Automobile industry has become the leading power of automobile production and consumption in the world. In particular, with the rise and rapid de velopment of independent brand’s vehicles, we pay more attention To the development processes and the technical requirements of hard Points’ layout. Through the three typical processes such as modern vehicle developing Process, body development process and using ergonomic to progress Inner auto-body layout, describe ergonomic layoationship between design, Aunt design in which stage of the process of vehicle development, the red The importance of working steps. The automobile body total arrangement is the automobile design most initial is also the most essential step, is other design stage premise and the foundation, to a great extent is deciding the body design success or failure. Picks generally in the actual design process With by forward and reverse two design method (1) to design (from inside to outside law) to design method namely "humanist", is coming based on the human body arrangement tool to define the pilot and the crew member gradually rides the space and the vehicle comes to pay tribute each article the arrangement, take satisfies the human body to ride with the driving comfortableness as the premise, said simply is determined first satisfies the human body to ride under the comfortable premise, carries on the indoor arrangement first, then carries on the complete bikes external styling design again. The concrete method and the step are as follows: ①Determine 5% and 95% manikin H position and the chair by the SAE recommendation's enjoyable line or the region law adjustment traveling schedule, seat
新能源汽车的现状与发展趋势 摘要：在能源危机和环境污染问题的压力下，寻找替代石油的新能源车成了必然的选择。本文对新能源汽车包括混合动力汽车、纯电动汽车、燃料电池汽车等定义、分类及特点进行了总结，综述了各类新能源汽车最新技术进展及其性能，通过分析新能源汽车应用现状，指出纯电动汽车和燃料电池汽车推广应用需解决的问题，对各类新能源汽车的发展前景进行了展望。 关键词：混合动力汽车，纯电动汽车，燃料电池，技术，现状，应用前景。 1 前言 1.1寻求新动力源的背景 随着世界能源危机和环保问题日益突出，汽车工业面临着严峻的挑战。一方面，石油资源短缺，汽车是油耗大户，且目前内燃机的热效率较低，燃料燃烧产生的热能大约只有35%—40%用于实际汽车行驶，节节攀升的汽车保有量加剧了这一矛盾；另一方面，汽车的大量使用加剧了环境污染，城市大气中CO的82%、NOx的48%、HC 加剧了温室效应，汽车的58%和微粒的8%来自汽车尾气，此外，汽车排放的大量CO 2 噪声是环境噪声污染的主要内容之一。我国作为石油进口国和第二大石油消费大国，污染严重，世行认定的20个污染最严重的城市有16个在中国。国内汽车产品水平与国外差距很大，平均油耗高出10%—30%，排放约为15—20倍，汽车工业面临的压力更大。 《新能源汽车生产企业及产品准入管理规则》已于2009年7月1日正式实施，《规则》强调说明：新能源汽车是指采用非常规的车用燃料作为动力来源（或使用常规的车用燃料、采用新型车载动力装置），综合车辆的动力控制和驱动方面的先进技术，形成的技术原理先进、具有新技术、新结构的汽车。新能源汽车包括混合动力汽车、纯电动汽车（BEV，包括太阳能汽车）、燃料电池电动汽车（FCEV）、氢发动机汽车、其他新能源（如高效储能器、二甲醚）汽车等各类别产品。 1.2 我国发展新能源汽车的重要意义 (1)发展新能源汽车是国民经济可持续发展的需要 我国用于汽车能源的石油资源是有限的，在几十年后必然会出现枯竭，要大量依赖从
?October 栏目编辑：高中伟 gzw@https://www.doczj.com/doc/234947705.html, 新能源汽车的分类、发展历程及前景(一 ◆文/吉林尹力卉左晨旭 一、我国发展新能源汽车的基础 我国有着较好的基础，可以发展节能与新能源汽车。第一，我国是仅次于日本、韩国的全球第三大锂电池生产国，占全球约25%的市场份额。虽然就目前来看，锂电池产品还多应用于手机、电动工具、电动自行车等领域，但其产业规模庞大、产业链基础较好、生产工艺共性点多，具备大规模发 展汽车用动力电池的条件。第二，我国也是锂资源储量大国，锂离子动力电池生产已经形成了一个比较完整的产业链。经过近些年的发展，我国动力电池的主要性能明显进步，初步具备了产业化的能力。第三，在车用驱动电机方面，我国电机产业规模位居全球首位，产品量大、面广。我国又是工业电机的生产大国，在电机
生产方面有较强的技术基础。目前，我国电动汽车整车已经进入规模化应用阶段，包括动力性、经济性、续驶里程、噪声等指标已经达到国际水平，前期是城市公交，现在乘用车产品也越来越多，比如比亚迪、郑州日产、奇瑞、长安等都有混合动力汽车生产上市(图1。 新能源汽车已经列入到我国七大战略性新兴产业中，具体的支持政策也正在 陆续出台，力度上也越来越大。除了新能源汽车的购买补贴外，以后地方政府还会陆续出台一些优惠政策，例如购置税优惠、停车收费优惠，甚至还将提供一些行驶上的便利，比如传统汽车的限行，对新能源汽车是没有的。所有这些措施，都是为了努力营造一个新能源汽车使用的良好环境和氛围，引导消费者来加深认识，主动购买。从未来的趋势来看，选择新能源汽车的消费者会越来越多，因为不论从技术、成本还是驾驶体验方面，新能源汽车都会慢慢体现出其优势。 二、新能源汽车的定义与分类 1.新能源汽车的定义 新能源又称非常规能源，是指传统能源之外的各种能源。也指刚开始开发利用或正在积极研究、有待推广的能源，如太阳能、风能、海洋能、生物质能和核聚变能等。 图1 目前我国混合动力汽车的主要车型 目前，全球能源和环境面临着巨大的挑战，汽车作为石油消耗和二氧化碳排放大户，需要进行革命性的变革。为了减少二氧化碳的排放，发展新能源汽车已经在全球范围内达成了共识。从长期来看，包括纯电动、燃料电池技术在内的纯电驱动将是新能源汽车的主要技术方向，在短期内，油电混合、插电式混合动力将是重要的过渡路线。但是发展新能源汽车还面临着一些共同的难题，例如关键技术的突破、汽车工业的转型、基础设施的建设以及消费者的接受度等。
文献出处：Moriarty P, Honnery D. The prospects for global green car mobility[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2008, 16(16): 1717-1726. 原文 The prospects for global green car mobility Patrick Moriarty, Damon Honnery Abstract The quest for green car mobility faces two major challenges: air pollution from exhaust emissions and global climate change from greenhouse gas emissions. Vehicle air pollution emissions are being successfully tackled in many countries by technical solutions such as low-sulphur fuels, unleaded petrol and three-way catalytic converters. Many researchers advocate a similar approach for overcoming transport's climate change impacts. This study argues that finding a technical solution for this problem is not possible. Instead, the world will have to move to an alternative surface transport system involving far lower levels of motorised travel. Keywords：Green mobility; Fuel efficiency; Alternative fuels; Global climate change; air pollution 1. Introduction Provision of environmentally sustainable (or green) private transport throughout the world faces two main challenges. The first is urban and even regional air pollution, particularly in the rapidly growing cities of the industrialising world. The second is global climate change, caused mainly by rising concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. These two barriers to green car mobility differ in several important ways. First, road traffic air pollution problems are more localised, because of the short atmospheric lifetimes of most vehicle pollutants and . Thus regional solutions are often not only possible, but also essential – Australian cities, for example, can (and must) solve their air pollution problems themselves. Matters are very different for global climate change. Except possibly for geo-engineering measures
The development of automobile As the world energy crisis and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy in one day someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not inresources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications the application of the electronic device cars and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance but also improve the automobile fuel economy performance reliability and emission spurification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system electronic control ignition system electronic control automatic transmission electronic control ABS/ASR control system electronic control suspension system electronic control power steering system vehicle dynamic control system the airbag systems active belt system electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response the use function of quick car high reliability guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example automatic transmission in road can not on the clutch can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter gear transmission pump hydraulic control system electronic control system and oil cooling system etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car car motions of state and optimum control performance and increased automobile adhesion controlling and stability. Besides these appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passengers safety and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer to protect the safety of life. Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities