本科生毕业论文
浅析英语体育新闻词汇的特点及翻译策略
院系：外国语学院
专业：英语
A Brief Analysis of the Features and Translation of English Sports News
Vocabulary
摘要
体育是社会文明的标志。2008年北京奥运会的举办，大大激起了民众的体育热情，体育新闻报道成为人们了解体育赛事，关注世界体育发展的重要渠道。英语体育新闻除具有一般新闻的特点外，自身有其独特的语言特色及文体特征。
本文主要通过分析著名的英语体育新闻报纸或杂志来研究其词汇。英语体育新闻的词汇错综复杂，种类繁多。本文主要分析了英语体育新闻词汇的四个特征,即体育专业术语、缩略语、修辞和俚语的使用。然而,不同种类的词汇其翻译方法也各有不同，本文根据“功能对等”理论，简要介绍了两种翻译方法：直译，即按照词汇的字面意思直接翻译,这种方法主要适用于体育专业术语、缩略语以及部分使用修辞的词汇的翻译；意译，即将词汇的隐含意义翻译出来，不拘泥于其表面形式,大多数修辞性词汇，如:隐喻、转喻的词汇,以及俚语的翻译应使用意译。本文旨在通过浅析英语体育新闻的词汇特点及其翻译方法，使读者对英语体育新闻有更深的认识，减少阅读中的障碍，准确理解新闻所要传递的信息，进而促进不同国家民族之间体育信息的交流与发展。
关键词：英语体育新闻；词汇特点；直译；意译
Abstract
Sport is the sign of social civilization. The hosting of the famous 2008 Beijing Olympic Games has greatly aroused people's enthusiasm to sports. Sports news becomes an important way for people to understand the sports events and pay more attention to the development of world sports. In addition to the general features of news, English sports news has its own unique language characteristics and stylistic features.
The thesis mainly studies the words by taking famous newspapers and magazines as examples. The vocabulary in English sports news is quite complex and full of various types. The thesis analyses its four lexical features: sports terminology, abbreviations, rhetoric and slang. However, different types of words have their own translation methods . In the thesis, the author briefly introduces two kinds of translation methods based on the theory of “functional e quivalence”: literal translation, namely we can literally translate the vocabulary, so the method is mainly used for the translation of sports terminology, abbreviations and some rhetorical words; free translation, which means we must accurately express the words' implied meaning, but not focus on its forms. Therefore, free translation is frequently applied in the translation of most rhetorical vocabulary that using rhetoric such as metaphor and metonymy, and slang. The thesis briefly analyses the lexical features and its translation methods in English sports news, which aims at making readers have a deeper understanding of English sports news, reducing the barriers in reading, comprehending the sports message that the news intends to convey, and finally promoting the exchange and development of sports events among different nations.
Key words: English Sports News; Lexical Features; Literal Translation; Free Translation
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements ....................................................................................... 错误！未定义书签。摘要.................................................................................................................................................. I Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... II Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... III Chapter1 Introduction (1)
1.1 Research Background (1)
1.2 Aim and Significance of Research (1)
1.3 Organization of the Thesis (2)
Chapter2 Literature Review (3)
2.1 English Sports News (3)
2.1.1 The Definition of News (3)
2.1.2 The Introduction of English Sports News (4)
2.2 The Theory of “Functional Equivalence” (4)
2.2.1 Definition of “Functional Equivalence” (4)
2.2.2 Main Contents of “Functional Equivalence” (5)
2.2.3 The Links between “Functional Equivalence” and English Sports News
V ocabulary (5)
2.3 Researches at Home and Abroad (6)
Chapter3 Lexical Features of English Sports News (8)
3.1 Sports Terminology (8)
3.2 Abbreviations (9)
3.3 Rhetoric (10)
3.3.1 Metaphor (10)
3.3.2 Metonymy (10)
3.4 Slang (11)
3.5 Summary (13)
Chapter4 Lexical Translation of English Sports News (14)
4.1 Literal Translation (14)
4.2 Free Translation (15)
Chapter 5 Conclusion (17)
5.1 Major Findings (17)
5.2 Suggestions for Further Research (18)
5.3 Summary (18)
Bibliography (19)
Chapter1 Introduction
The study of English sports news has a long history, which has expanded from stylistics to linguistics. The thesis focuses on the word level. This chapter is made up of three parts: the research background, the aim and significance of research and the organization of the thesis.
1.1 Research Background
With the rapid development of information industry, the widespread cooperation and communication among countries are becoming closer and closer. The world is gradually turning into a global village, in which all kinds of news are provided and shared fast, efficiently and conveniently. As one kind of news, sports news plays an important role in social and cultural life. Sport is the symbol of social civilization. At the same time, it is international, so we need to deliver the latest sports news to meet the demands of fans across the world. On the occasion, more and more English sports news appears on newspapers, magazines, TVs and Internet every day. English sports news is a type of news, having its unique language features and writing styles, therefore, many scholars have studied various aspects of English sports news. However, scholars mainly regard sports news as a whole entity to study its linguistic aspects such as foregrounding and whole features, such as the stylistic features or language characteristics. Few have paid attention to the study of specific details, including the words, tone and so on. Based on previous studies on English sports news, the thesis mainly focuses on the lexical features and its translation.
1.2 Aim and Significance of Research
Today, sport has become an indispensable part of people's life, and the whole world is paying more and more attention to the development and transmission of sports. Therefore, in the newspaper or magazine, the sports news section occupies a large section. Sports information is interactional all over the world. English is referred to as a universal language, so the best way to know the latest and precise sports news is to read English sports news. As a type of news, English sports news aims to transfer information, so it must be easy to understand. However, English
sports news has its unique styles and language features. The thesis selects the vocabulary to study, because it is the basis to understand the news.
The thesis specifically analyses the lexical features and translation methods through the examples of famous newspaper and magazine, which aims to help readers learn some professional words and presentation skills, and finally understand the sports news properly.
1.3 Organization of the Thesis
The thesis briefly analyses the lexical features and its translation in English sports news. It consists of five chapters.
The first chapter is the introduction, indicating the research background and its aim and significance. The second chapter is literature review, including three parts: the meaning of English sports news, including the definition of news and sports news, the introduction of the theory of “functional equivalence” and research at home and abroad, The third chapter is devoted to the lexical features of English sports news, consisting of four features: use of sports terminology, abbreviations, rhetoric and slang. The forth chapter briefly introduces two kinds of translation skills of English sports news vocabulary based on the theory of “functional equivalence”: lite ral translation and free translation. The fifth chapter draws a conclusion, summarizing the major findings of the thesis and making suggestions for future research.
Chapter2 Literature Review
In this chapter, the author first introduces the meaning of English sports news, including the definition of news, some features of sports news and English sports news. Then the author precisely expresses one theory of translation, “functional e quivalence”. Finally, the author states the previous research on features of English sports news at home and abroad, and some theories about its translation.
2.1 English Sports News
In the part, we will introduce what news is, then give a brief definition of sports news and English sports news.
2.1.1 The Definition of News
We have to admit it is easier to identify the news than make the definition of news. Many definitions have been given to “news”, among which there is a well-known saying: it is not news when a dog bites a man, but absolutely news when you find a man bites a dog. The man-bites-dog definition, though sounds absurd, fully illustrates one of the widely accepted news value, the unusual, bizarre nature of a recently happened event.
Different definitions have been given to “news” at different times and in distinct places. In Tang Dynasty (618-906AD), when a handwritten or wood-block-printed gazette was published for the emperor and his subordinates, news was things happening to and around the emperor.
According to Modern Chinese Dictionary (2002), news is: A: the domestic and foreign information reported from the newspapers or broadcasting stations; B: the latest news events happening in our society. The definition of news from Chinese Words Encyclopedia (Lu Dingyi, 2002) says that: A: current political or social events reported by the newspapers, news agencies, broadcasting stations or TV stations, which calls for the requirements of being speedy, timely, true, succinct and based on facts. It has many forms: information, correspondence, features, survey reports, news photos, television news etc; B: something talked by people which is interesting and novel. The definition accepted in Chinese academic circles as standard is that
news is the reporting of recent events.
From all the definitions above, we can summarize the definition of news as follow: news is the reporting of recent events which have certain social values and can arouse people's interests widely.
2.1.2 The Introduction of English Sports News
After making clear of what news is, we can comprehend the meaning of sports news easily. Sports news is a type of news, transmitting related information about sports games and fitness activities. It also represents a kind of spirit, that is, challenging ourselves, surpassing ourselves, defeating ourselves and finally pursuing perfect. Sports news mainly report competitive sports games, and it focuses on entertainment and leisure. Moreover, sports news is international. Thus, as English is used around the world, English sports news tends to be more and more important.
However, English sports news is different from the other kinds of news. It has its own lexical features and stylistics features, and the thesis will analyze its lexical features in chapter 3.
2.2 The Theory of “Functional Equivalence”
In 1964, Nida put forward the concept of “dynamic equiv a lence”in his book Toward a Science of Translation. Later at the end of 1980, he rendered his “dynamic equiv ale nce”into “functional equivalence” and interpreted that the meaning of these two concepts are just the same. However, he prefers the concept of “functional equivalence” for the convenience of describing the degrees of adequacy of a translation.
2.2.1 Definition of “Functional Equivalence”
Functional equivalence implies different degrees of adequacy from minimal to maximal effectiveness. A minimal realistic definition and a maximal ideal definition could be stated respectively as follow:
“The readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive of how t he original readers of the text must have understood and appreciated it.”
“The readers of a translated text should be able to understand and appreciate it in essentially
the same manner as the original readers did.” (Nida, 1998: 118)
2.2.2 Main Content s of “Functional Equivalence”
In his book Language, Culture, and Translating,Nida has distinguished degrees of his “functional equivalence”from the aspects of cognitive and experiential factors, namely, the minimal, realistic “functional equivalence” and the maximal, ideal “functional equivalence” that we have discussed above. Nida stresses that anything less than that minimal degree of equivalence should be unacceptable, while that “maximal level of equivalence is rarely, it never achieved except for tex ts have little or no aesthetic value and involving only routine information”(ibid.).
“Functional equivalence” is the soul of Nida's overall theory of “principle of equivalence.”From early 1960s to 1990s, Nida didn't stop studying and perfecting his theory and tried to make it more scientific and useful. The improvement lies in two aspects: first, the degree of functional equivalence has been clearly divided into two scales, which makes the principle more practicable; secondly, Nida's minimal, realistic d efinition of “functional equivalence”is more definite, concrete and understandable.
According to Nida's theory, the fundamental principle of translation is equivalence. In order to have a better understanding of Nida's “functional equivalence”, one mus t bear his following words in mind. “In general it is best to speak of ‘functional equivalence’ in terms of a range of adequacy, since no translation is ever completely equivalent. A number of different translations can in fact represent varying degrees of equivalence. The means that ‘equivalence’ cannot be understood in its mathematical meaning of identity, but only in terms of proximity, i.e. on the basis of degrees of closeness to functional identity”(Nida,1993:117).
2.2.3 The Links between “Functional Equivalence” and English Sports News Vocabulary
English sports news has its own unique language style, stylistic features and special vocabulary, which may be different from the receptor language, so we cannot just translate literally without considering its influence and the culture of target language. The function of
sports news is to deliver latest sports information to readers, so its aim is to make sure the readers grasp the implied meaning of the information. When translating, we need not to pursue the complete equivalence of the forms, what we should focus on is its implied message or its function to the readers. That is just what the theory of “functional equivalence” advocates.
English sports news vocabulary is the main part of the whole piece of news, only if we interpret the vocabulary accurately can we ensure the achievement of the news’ function. Because of the features of English sports news vocabulary, it is necessary to apply the theory of “functional equivalence” to its translation.
2.3 Researches at Home and Abroad
Nowadays, with the development of sports and the increased link among countries, more and more people pay attention to sports. Various kinds of mass media as newspapers, magazine, and TVs constantly introduce the development of world sports to people. On the occasion, English sports news appears, which is a bridge linking the world sports and culture. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze and comprehend the language features and translation skills of English sports news, which has the significant meaning to the development of sports in our country and the cross-culture communication with the world.
For the lexical features of English sports news, there are various sayings according to different measures. The study of lexical features of English sports news is a hot topic for scholars. Many researchers have analyzed its lexical features by investigating the language phenomenon in English sports news. Bruce Garrison(2002) gave a detailed introduction of the sports news vocabulary, and pointed out the problems in translation. Xiong Wei (2008) concluded the lexical features from the aspect of application and mainly mentioned six features. Fu Rong (2009) studied the lexical features from lexicology aspect, and Wang Lili (2008) studied the topic from the aspect of linguistics.
As for the lexical translation of English Sports News, there are many kinds of translation strategies, while the author prefers to the common ones: literal translation and free translation.
Ma Junting (2007)insisted that equivalence theory should be used in the translation of sports news. In the thesis, the author adopted the two translation skills based on Nida’s theory of “functional equivalence”.
Chapter3 Lexical Features of English Sports News This chapter will specifically introduce four lexical features of English sports news, including the use of sports terminology, abbreviations, rhetoric and slang.
3.1 Sports Terminology
Sport is a comprehensive science involving many aspects of knowledge. In the process of absorbing other subjects, it has formed some unique features, including the appearance of sports terminology. In Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics (2005:70), terminology is defined as “the special lexical items which occur in a particular discipline or subject matter”. Sports terminology is only used in sports field, because they have their own audience group. If one cannot understand the specialty of those terminologies in sports news , it will be hard to understand the related reports and information.
Let's take “场地” as an example, there are different expressions in different kinds of sports events, court(网球场), ring(溜冰场), pitch(棒球场), arena(乒乓球场), rink(冰球场), track(竞赛场), golf links(高尔夫球场), football field(足球场). Another example is the expression of“教练”. Look at the following news:
(1)Next up for the Americans will be selecting a captain for the next Ryder Cup at the Valhallacourse in Louisville, Kentuchk in 2008. Whoever gets it will go up against six－times majors winner Nick Faldo who has already been named as Europe's next skipper. (China Daily, September 26, 2006)
Here, there are several meanings about the words “captain”and “skipper” in the dictionary. In order to determine the exact meaning, we should pay attention to the context. The piece of news talks about the topic that the person who is selected to be next leader of American team will go up against the leader of European team. Therefore, the words “captain”and “skipper”both mean“队长”. The kind of words has been collected in the professional sports dictionary.
However, there are still a large amount of common words, which can be deduced professional meanings in sports events. For instance, close-marking defense (盯人防守), slide tackle(铲球),
fare charge(合理冲撞), lock tackle(正面抢截), place kick(定位球).
3.2 Abbreviations
Abbreviation(from Latin brevis, meaning short) is a shortened form of a word or phrase. Usually, but not always, it consists of a letter or group of letters taken from the word or phrase. For example, Mass. is short for Massachusetts (马塞诸塞州); USMC is short for United States Marine Corps（美国海军陆战队）. Abbreviations are justified to be wide-spread in English news because simplification is the universal trend in news writing. The application of abbreviations in English sports news can save time with higher speed of speaking and writing, what's more, it save the space of newspaper or magazine.
The main device of abbreviations commonly used in news style is clipping. Clipping is a method of shortening or cutting off some parts of a word to form a simpler word without changing its meaning (George,Y, 2000). According to Zhang Jian (1994), there are five types of clipping listed as follows:
ⅰFront clipping: the shortening occurs at the beginning of the word, like bus from omnibus.
ⅱBack clipping: the shortening occurs at the end of the word like photo from photograph.
ⅲFront and back clipping: the shortening occurs at both ends of the word, such as flu from influenza.
ⅳMiddle clipping: the shortening occurs at the middle of the word, for example, motel from motor hotel.
ⅴFree clipping: the shortening is not strictly in line with a certain rule, such as bike from bicycle.
For English sports news, most abbreviations are mainly short terms of sports associations or organizations, formed by selecting the fist letters of each main words, for example, NBA （National Basketball Association全美篮球协会), CUBA(Chinese University Basketball Association中国大学生篮球联赛), IOC(the International Olympic Committee国际奥委会), FIFA(Federation International Football Association 国际足联), CTA(Chinese Tennis
口译笔译分类词汇（18）--体育运动词汇鞍马 pommel horse 拔河 tug-of-war 靶场 shooting range 棒/垒球场 baseball(soft ball)field/ground 棒球 baseball 爆冷门 to produce an unexpected winner 比分领先 to outscore 比赛场馆 competition gymnasiums and stadiums 比赛地点 competition/sports venue(s) 比赛观众 spectator 标枪 javelin throw 冰场 skating rink; ice rink 冰球 puck; rubber 冰球场 rink 冰球运动 ice hockey 冰上运动 ice sports 裁判长 chief referee 裁判员 referee, umpire 残疾人 the handicapped/disabled 操场 playground; sports ground; drill ground 侧泳 sidestroke 称号，绰号 label 撑杆跳高 pole jump; polevault 承担义务 to undertake obligation 冲浪 surfing 出名 make one's mark 打成平局 to draw/to tie/to play even/to level the score 打出水平，打出风格 up to one's best level in skill and style of play 单杠 horizontal bar 单项 individual event 登山运动 mountaineering; mountain-climbing 第三名 third; bronze medallist 垫上运动 mat exercises 吊环 rings 蝶泳 butterfly (stroke)
商务英语期末考试参考答案 说明：商务英语期末考试有五种题型： 一、中英短语互译已经全部总结，见下文 二、问答题已经提供了参考答案，仅供参考，见下文 三、案例分析题请根据题目要求自行准备 四、英语段落翻译中文已经注明，请自己翻看商务英语教程 五、写作请根据题目要求自行准备 1、中英短语互译（详见商务英语课件——每个PPT中的短语部分） PPT1： 1. individual proprietorship个体经营，独资企业 2. convertible bonds 可转换债券 3. memorandum of association 公司章程 4. monopolistic competition 垄断竞争 5. business credit 商业信用 1. 财政资源 financial resources 2. 有限责任公司 limited company 3. 销售收入 sales revenue 4. 有形商品 tangible goods 5. 流动资金 working capital PPT2： 1. flexible manufacturing system 弹性生产系统 2. fractional reserve system 部分准备金制度
3. credit instruments 信用工具，信用票据 4. bull market/bear market 牛/熊或多头/空头市场 5. manufacturing process 制造工艺 1. 厂址选择 facility location 2. 库存控制 inventory control 3. 总支出 aggregate expenditures 4. 股权证/权益证 equity instruments 5. 财务管理 financial management PPT3： 1. performance appraisal 绩效/业绩评估 2. promotion-from-within 内部提拔 3. skills inventory 技术库存 4. macroeconomic ramification 宏观经济衍生物/结果 5. closed-end fund 封闭式基金 1. 项目生命周期 project life cycle 2. 软技能和硬技能 soft skills and hard skills 3. 补偿制度 compensation system 4. 开放式基金 open-ended fund 5. 优先股 preferred stock PP4： 1. profit-oriented objective 利润导向的目标 2. marketing intermediary 营销代理商
英语专业论文范文英语专业论文 高师英语专业毕业论文的规范化教学和指导 摘要：目前，虽然对于专科生写毕业论文没有硬性的规定，但是英语专业学生在思想深度和创新意识方面都与其它文科生产生了一定 的差距，并且在开设的英语写作课中也缺少对毕业论文撰写的规范化教学和指导。应通过对毕业论文前期的写作课教学，以及后期的毕业论文修改指导的方法，从而对现有的写作课程进行一定的创新和改革。 关键词：高师英语专业毕业论文规范化教学方法指导写作教学改革 一、引言 毕业论文是专业集中实践环节的基本形式，旨在提升学生研究素养和创新意识，提高学生分析问题和解决问题的能力。毕业论文教学工作包括毕业论文的指导、答辩、成绩评定和审核验收等环节。毕业论文是高师实践教学环节的一项重要工作，是对毕业生所学专业知识综合运用能力的一次重要测评，也是对高师教育教学质量的一次重要评估。根据高师教学模式的要求，以及高师英语教育专业学生的现状，对毕业论文的撰写需要有规范化的教学和指导。毕业论文的撰写是一种学习、实践、探索和创新相结合的综合教学环节，是对英语专业学生运用所学知识解决本专业实际问题能力的考核，同时也是学校衡量
教育教学质量和办学效益的重要评价内容之一。高师院校学生学会撰写论文并不是为了今后从事专门的研究工作，而是通过撰写毕业论文，综合运用所学专业知识，总结自己在三年大学阶段的学习成果，并对知识进行加工、发展、创造，提高自己发现问题、分析问题、解决问题的能力，为毕业后更好地服务于职业岗位提供一个台阶。 二、高师英语专业毕业论文撰写现状 关于高师院校英语专业撰写毕业论文的教学和指导现状还存在某些不足或问题。王守仁（南京大学）发现：“英语专业不少学生读了4年英语，听、说、读、写能力是有了提高，但与文科其他专业如中文、法律、经济专业的毕业生相比，在思想的深度、知识的结构、分析问题的能力方面，都出现了差距。”（王守仁，2001）缺少思想深度、没有创新意识也反映到英语专业学生的毕业论文上。 而且，目前并不是所有高师院校的所有专业都要求撰写毕业论文或者毕业设计，因此，某些学校对于毕业生毕业论文的撰写在一定程度上缺乏规范性教学和指导，尤其在思想上缺乏专业教师的引导，毕业生对于毕业论文大多概念模糊，或者采用抄袭剽窃手段应付，实际操作能力和创新能力薄弱，对于实习实训及顶岗实习等教学实践中产生的问题不能很好地解决。某些院校未开设毕业论文写作课程，学生也没有接受过这方面的训练。尤其像英语教育专业，本专业之特殊性在于毕业生毕业后，若从事小学英语教师职业，特别需要毕业生能
《商务英语翻译》课程标准 适用专业：商务英语专业课程编码：TA0B28 开设时间：第5学期课时数：72学时 ? 一、课程概述 本课程旨在传授翻译理论知识及实用的翻译方法和技巧，培养学生独立完成英汉翻译任务。课程是翻译理论为基础，结合实际的典型翻译例文向学生传递实用的翻译技巧，与此同时培养学生的举一反三的能力，最后通过实际的翻译任务锻炼学生的实际翻译能力。 课程设计从商务英语教学的实际需要入手，结合基本的翻译理论、方法以及实际外贸业务对英汉翻译的专业知识需要，在比较全面的介绍英汉翻译知识的同时也为学生补充了大量实际有用的专业翻译方法和技巧，使学生不仅对英汉互译有进一步的学习，同时也可以将所学翻译技巧充分运用于实际工作，从而真正做到学有所用。 坚持以高职教育培养目标为依据，遵循“结合理论联系实际，以应知、应会”的原则，以培养锻炼职业技能为重点。注重培养学生的翻译理论灵活运用能力和翻译实践能力。把实践和创新素质的培养贯穿于教学中，采用翻译任务独立完成等方式注重发展学生独立思维和专业应用能力。培养学生在翻译过程中分析、解决实际问题的能力。 ?
二、课程培养目标 1.方法能力目标 （1）熟悉英语翻译的理论知识。 （2）掌握翻译的标准和原则。 （3）熟悉各种商务文体翻译的过程。 （4）了解译者的工作原则和职业操守。 2.社会能力目标 （1）能够处理对外贸易企业的日常涉外文件翻译。 （2）能够对外贸企业各种函电进行专业翻译。 （3）能够做到对外贸易工作过程中的陪同口译。 3.专业能力目标 （1）熟练掌握词义的选择和引申、词类转译法、增词法、省词法、被动结构的译法和正反、反正的译法。 （2）掌握各种名词性从句的译法、长句的译法和直译、意译法。 （3）能够熟悉掌握商业名片的翻译、标识的翻译、公司介绍的翻译、产品说明书的翻译、商业广告的翻译、商务函电的翻译、外贸单证的翻译等各种实用商务文体的英汉互译。 （4）熟悉各种实用文体的翻译技巧和典型句型，能够在词典的帮助下独立翻译各种基本实用商务文体。
XXX 大 学 （空一格，行距：单倍行距） （空四格，行距：单倍行距） 题 目： 女性时尚高跟鞋系列设计 学 院： 美术学院 专业、年级： 艺术设计专业2007级 3 班（产品造型方向） 姓 名： 学 号： 指 导 教师： 职称： 完 成 时间： 年 月 日
声明 本人声明所呈交的设计作品及论文是本人在指导教师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。据我所知，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含为获得成都大学或其他教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确说明并表示谢意。 本设计及论文成果是本人在成都大学读书期间在指导教师指导下取得的，设计及论文成果归成都大学所有，特此声明。 学生签名： 指导教师签名：
具、装饰物品或日常生活用品都带有色彩。因此要对他们进行统一，使他们能在同一色调上进行细微的变化，达到和谐的效果。色彩的运用会受到人的年龄、性别等各种因素的影响，而人的心理感受及联想与色彩的关系问题也是息息相关的。色彩还能造成不同的空间感，每个房间都不可能单独存在一种色调，不同的区域对色彩的要求也不一样。房间布置时应选择适合的“快乐”色彩，会有助于下班回到家里后松弛紧张的神经，觉客厅、卧室，有时也会因居住者秉性不同而有差异。 （空一格） ：色彩；空间；心理；关系
utilization （空一行） room places the furniture, the decoration goods or the daily life thing all have the color. Therefore must carry on the unification to them, enables them to carry on the slight change in the identical tone, achieves the harmonious effect. The color utilization can receive human's age, the sex and so on each kind of factor influence, but human's psychological feeling and the association and the color relational question also is closely linked.The color also can create the different sense of space, each room is all impossible alone to have one kind of tone, the different region is dissimilar to the color request. When room arrangement should choose suitably “joyful” the color, can be helpful after gets off work gets in the home to relax the tense nerve, thought the relaxation is comfortable.The different room function is different, the color should not be same; Is the same function room, like is similarly the living difference differently. （空一格） Color ；Space ；
两分钟做个小测试，看看你的英语水平 https://www.doczj.com/doc/223888924.html,/test/waijiao.aspx?tid=16-73675-0 美联英语提供：运动医学相关词汇中英对照 运动医学是医学与体育运动相结合的综合性应用科学。接下来小编为大家整理运动医学相关词汇中英对照，希望对你有帮助哦! 比哆醇( 维生素B6 ) == pyroxidine ( vitamin B6 ) α生育酚( 维生素E ) == alpha tocopherol ( vitamin E ) α波( 脑波) == alpha wave ( brainwave ) β波( 脑波) == beta wave ( brainwave ) δ波( 脑波) == delta wave ( brainwave ) θ波( 脑波) == theta wave ( brainwave ) ABO 系统( 血型) == ABO system ( blood group ) B 细胞== B cell Rh 系统== rhesus system Rh 阴性( Rh 系统) == rhesus-negative ( rhesus system ) Rh 阳性( Rh 系统) == rhesus-positive ( rhesus system ) T 细胞== T cell
X 光( 放射线摄影术) == X-ray ( radiography ) X 染色体( 性染色体) == X chromosome ( sex chromosome ) Y 染色体( 性染色体) == Y chromosome ( sex chromosome ) 一划 乙状结肠( 结肠) == sigmoid colon ( colon ) 二划 二尖瓣( 心瓣膜) == bicuspid valve ( heart valve ) 二尖齿( 前臼齿) == bicuspid ( premolar ) 二倍体细胞== diploid cell
广东外语外贸大学公开学院辅导资料 商务英语翻译课程试卷 （课程代码：5355） 考生注意：1. 答案必须写在答卷上，写在问卷上无效。 2. 考试时间150分钟。 I. Multiple Choices (20 points, 2 points for each) 第一套试卷 1.It is not surprising, then, that the world saw a return to a floating exchange rate system. Central banks were no longer required to support their own currencies. A.在这种情况下，世界各国又恢复浮动汇率就不足为奇了。各国中央银行也就无须维持本币的汇价了。 B.不足为奇，全世界看到了汇率的回归，因此各国中央银行无需维持本币的汇价了。 C.此时此刻，世界各国又恢复了移动的交换比率，因此各国中央银行无需维持本币汇价。 D.在这种情况下，全世界又恢复了浮动交换率，这已不足为奇了，因此各国中央银行也就无需维持本币价格了。 2．Assuming the laboratory tests go well, and you can quote us a competitive price, we would certainly be able to place more substantial orders on a regular basis. A.假定实验室检验顺利，并且你的报价有竞争力，我们会大量向贵公司订货的。 B.若实验室检验合格，且你们给我们的报价具有竞争力，我们一定会定期大量订货的。 C.若实验室检验良好，且你们给出的报价具有竞争性，我们一定会定期定量订货的。 D.假定实验室发展良好，且你们的报价具有竞争力，我们一定会大量定期订货的。 3．Chinese researchers have made a breakthrough in developing new materials for nickel-hydrogen batteries used in low temperatures, Inhaul reported. A.中国研究者已经在开发新材料用于低温下使用的镍氢电池方面有了突破，据新华社报道。 B.新华社报道，中国科学家在从事新材料制造低温镍氢电池方面有了突破。 C.新华社报道，中国研究人员在开发利用新材料制造在低温下使用的镍氢电池方面已有了突破。 D.中国研究者在开发新材料制造低温镍氢电池有了重大突破，这是新华社报道的。 4. Since the initiation of economic reforms in the late 1970s, China has achieved impressive
XX学院本科生英语专业毕业论文装订顺序（APA格式）（注：此格式用于文学、翻译方向之外的所有论文） 1.毕业论文封面（汉语） 2.毕业论文首页（英语） 3.致谢（英文） 4.毕业论文中文摘要及关键词 5.毕业论文英文摘要及关键词 6.目录 7.正文 8.尾注（可选） 9.参考文献（英语文献在前，汉语文献在后） 10.附录（可选） 附：论文模板（模板内容仅供参考，毕业生可根据实际情况填写）
学号：00 系 名 专 业 名 称： 年 级： 姓 名： 指 导 教 师： 2008 年 5 月 日
The Use of Linking Adverbials by Chinese College English Learners A Thesis Submitted to Faculty of International Studies of Henan Normal University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts By Liu Hiatao Supervisor：Li Qingdong May 5, 2008
文档来源为: .欢迎下载支持. like to thank all those who have given me their generous helps, commitment and enthusiasm, which have been the major driving force to complete the current paper. … 多使用的倾向。影响中国大学英语学习者使用连接副词的因素是多方面的，如母 (
产品设计专业毕业论文范文 设计的应用是无处不在，被广泛的应用与各方面，其中产品设计是设计专业的发展重点。下面是 ___为大家的产品设计，供大家参考。 羌族有着悠久和灿烂，羌族的文化艺术极为丰富，内容涵盖社会生活方方面面，形式独特具有浓郁的民族风格。传承至今的艺术文化遗产种类较多，其类型包含有民间文学、民间歌舞、戏剧、建筑、羌族民间、民间、饮食器具、坐具、生产工具、、民间艺品等。随着 ___变迁，社会生产力的发展，羌族传统艺术也在慢慢演变，羌族传统艺术面或趋于消亡;或作为“历史文物”代表着古老的民族文化继续存在;或作为传统民族艺术之精髓，与现代融合，成为新的艺术[1]。21世纪以来，随着业的发展和水电资源的开发利用，一些急功近利和不科学的做法，使得本已脆弱的生态环境变得更加脆弱,当地具有民族风格的一些文化特质和文化艺术特点已走样甚至变味，保护、传承、研究和开发利用羌族民族传统艺术便成为紧迫任务。 1羌族传统艺术传承面临的困境 xx年5?12汶川特 ___后，汶川、北川、茂县等羌族赖以生存的环境和文化生态遭到严重破坏， ___不仅使羌族人民失去赖以生存
的家园，造成了巨大的伤亡和财产的损失，还造成了大量的文化古迹、历史文物和文史资料的损毁，几千年形成的羌族文化遭到严重破坏。据西南民族大学蒋彬、侯斌介绍，这次地震不但造成羌族地区重大的人员伤亡，而且地震对羌族物质文化和非物质文化的损害也相当严重。羌寨的碉楼、吊脚楼垮塌损毁严重，羌族民居建筑受到大面积破坏。理县桃坪羌寨、茂县的黑虎羌寨、汶川的罗卜羌寨、北川小寨子沟等羌族风格独特的羌寨遭受毁灭性破坏，其他羌族民居也大多数倒塌，几乎毁损殆尽[2]。地震造成的羌族人口减少、传承人减少、历史古迹和生态的破坏严重危及着羌族的传承。羌族地区传统艺术在外来文化和现代文化的巨大冲击下，一些民族旅游地的旅游开发摒弃了珍贵的民族文化特色，忽视了对传统文化的有效保护和继承。同时旅游者的大量涌入也使一些少数民族地区风情开始出现同化、汉化现象。珍贵的民族传统文化旅游资源面临退化和消失的危险。一些地方甚至将古朴的民俗文化、民族风情包装成粗俗的商业性表演，致使原有的文化价值被低档商业价值所取代[3]，这也是羌族传统艺术传承所面临的困境。 2羌族传统艺术的保护与传承 21世纪以来，特别是xx年地震后，国家与地区政府对羌族民族文化的保护达到了前所未有的投入力度，这也使羌族地区的发展迎来了一个广阔的前景。一方面在大力进行重建，另一方面更要注重
冰雪项目 ice and snow sports Beijing is planning to list ice and snow sports as a compulsory course for pr imary and middle school students, announced by municipal authorities at t he 2016 International Winter Sports (Beijing) Exposition on Thursday. The authority is hoping the students can do at least one type of winter spo rt in the future. 体育局领导表示，未来要让每个孩子掌握至少一项冬季运动技能。 今年以来，冰雪运动项目（ice and snow sports）在北京受到了空前的关注和扶持。目前北京市已经有20处室内冰场（indoor ice rinks）和20片季节性的室外冰场（outdoor ice rinks），到2022年，全市将新建标准室内冰场16座，室外冰场50座。根据北京市冰雪产业的发展布局，雪场（ski resorts）将主要分布在郊区，城六区将主要新建冰场。学校的课程一般分为必修课（compulsory course）和选修课（optional course）。北京市计划将冰雪运动列入必修课内容意味着未来全体北京中小学生必须修习一项冰雪运动并且掌握该技能。对于像冰球（hockey）等修习成本较高的冰雪项目，政府将提供资金支持。 滑冰英语词汇 短跑道速度滑冰:Short Track Speed Skating 装备:手套Gloves 头盔Helmet 护颈Neck Protection 连身服Racing Suit 护腿板Shin Protection
2012-2013学年第一学期2011级《商务英语翻译》毕业清考A 卷答题卡 一，单项选择题（10X2’） 1.__ __D__ 2. ___A_____ 3.__ _C_______ 4. ____C__5. C___ B，（5X3’）6._ _D_____ 7. ______A___ 8._____C_______ 9. ___C____10. _____A___ 二．(10X2’) 11___e___12___g___13____g__14____b___15__j_____ 16___k___17___d____18____m___19___c___20__a___ 三．把下列句子译成汉语，注意翻译技巧（10X4’）黑体为主要评分点 21.他觉得把会议上讨论的事情告诉他妻子是不恰当的。 22. 你必须注意你方出口产品的质量 23. 我的升职多亏你的帮忙；我过去是，现在也是十分感激你的。 24.教师应在教学上有耐心。 25. 他无权签订这样的合同 26.他未遵守安全操作规则导致引擎事故的发生。 27. 显而易见，建一所中学的计划将会被取消 28. 他旅途中的所见所闻给他留下了深刻的印象。 29.他讲得太快了，我们不能听懂他说什么。 30.对亚洲事务感兴趣的大使不禁受宠若惊. 四．请将下面这封信函翻译成汉语，注意翻译技巧（15’） 尊敬的李先生： 4月15日有关付款条件的来函已经收悉。 本公司同意贵公司如下建议： 1. 以见票即付的保兑不可撤销信用证付款，而非见票直接付款。 2. 贵公司的报盘不会有折扣。以上建议获本公司总经理批准，今后将如述执行。现正拟订有关订单，十日内将送达贵公司。 诚望今后两公司间的会谈能促进双方的业务发展。 敬复
关于论文结构和格式规范的有关问题，请认真阅读“外国语学院英语本科毕业论文撰写要求”，同时可查阅“MLA格式学位论文写作规范（供查询用）”。（建议：以本范文作为模板，把自己论文的相应部分复制后，以“选择性粘贴”—“无格式文本”的方式，粘贴到范文的相应位置，以保持与范文格式完全一致。）论文单面打印1份，左侧装订（两个钉子）。（这些说明打印时删除） 文学方向的请务必参考此范文（语言学教学、文化类也可参考）。 山东财经大学 本科毕业论文(设计) 范文2 题目：论《诺桑觉寺》的反哥特观念 学院外国语学院 专业英语 班级英语0801（注意原山经、原山财班级名称不同） 学号67 姓名李晓慧 指导教师王俊华 山东财经大学教务处制 二Ｏ一二年五月
山东财经大学学士学位论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下进行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。本声明的法律结果由本人承担。 日期填写定稿日期5月1日。教师学生都要手写签名 学位论文作者签名： 年月日 山东财经大学关于论文使用授权的说明本人完全了解山东财经大学有关保留、使用学士学位论文的规定，即：学校有权保留、送交论文的复印件，允许论文被查阅，学校可以公布论文的全部或部分内容，可以采用影印或其他复制手段保存论文。日期填写定稿日期5月1日。教师学生都要手写签名 指导教师签名：论文作者签名： 年月日年月日
On Anti-Gothicism in Northanger Abbey by Li Xiaohui Under the Supervision of Wang Junhua Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts School of Foreign Studies Shandong University of Finance and Economics May 2012
The road to Hell is paved with good intention好心办坏事 The spirit is willing, but the fresh is weak. 心有余而力不足 A young idler, an old beggar. 少壮不努力老大徒伤悲. 爱莫能助be disobliging 活该to have it/that coming to sb. 遇到克星meet one’s waster Cats hide their claws. 知人而不知心 Grasp all. Lose all. 贪多必失 Two’s company，but three’s a crowed. 两人成伴，三人不欢背黑锅The whipping boy./ to carry the can 逼得走投无路to bring/ drive sb. to bay. 进退维谷to be caught between the Devil and deep blue sea. 出格step out of line No way is impossible to courage. 勇者无惧 The more wit, the less courage. 初生牛犊不怕虎 Nothing ventured nothing gained. 不入虎穴焉得虎子 认为…不在话下think nothing of doing sth. 采取主动take the initiative in doing sth. 激流勇进advance through the rapids.
Don’t hate the hand that fee ds you. 不要忘恩负义 Better be envied than pitied. 宁被人妒，不被人怜 To turn over a new leaf. 改过自新 吃不着葡萄说葡萄酸sour grapes 恨铁不成钢regret that one’s offspring does not live up to one’s expectations wish iron could turn into steel at once. 红颜易逝beauty fades likes a flower Care killed the cat. 忧愁伤身 To leave(sb) for behind/ in the dust 望尘莫及 Feast or famine 大起大落 To scratch one’s head/ rack one’s brain 冥思苦想 The fool wonders, the wise man asks. 愚人困惑，智者勤问 The squeaking wheel gets the oil. 无声无息，亦无所得 He who hesitates is lost. 犹豫不决错失良机 一头雾水To be in a complete fog/ to be puzzled and confused. 仁者见仁，智者见智To be all things to all men/people. 茅塞顿开click（to suddenly became clear or understand） Faith moves mountain. 精诚所至，金石为开 A friend is best found in adversity. 患难见真情
环境艺术设计专业毕业论文范文 环境艺术设计毕业论文关键词：环境艺术设计;发展趋势;现代 一、我国现代公共环境艺术设计发展趋势 二、我国当前公共环境艺术设计存在的问题 1.城市环境管理模式不合理，使环境艺术设计产生局限性 城市环境管理对环境艺术设计有着直接的影响。以我国目前的情况来看，城市环境管理中存在的问题主要是，大家各司其职，例如 市政管理只管理道路交通，环卫部门只对环境场所进行日常维护。 这是一种纵向的管理方式，但就是这种纵向的管理模式的不合理， 使日常管理与公共环境设计之间很难协调统一，这就在很大程度上 造成了公共环境艺术设计的局限性，造成了城市环境设计的水平低，没有系统性。 2.公共环境艺术设计与设计中的自然因素不够协调 3.公共环境艺术设计方法过于单一，没有体现时代性，没有展现地方性风格 我国近几年的时间里，广泛的使用简单化的大草坪设计方法，以及帽子工程等方法，这导致城市公共环境艺术设计，没有现代艺术 的特色，人们频繁的模仿陈旧的设计观念，使城市中的公共环境艺 术设计，没有地方性，不能体现时代感。 4.在公共环境艺术设计的过程中缺乏公众的参与 三、我国公共环境艺术设计问题的对策和相关建议 我国公共环境艺术设计在不断的发展，随着时间的推移，设计界对以上所述的各种问题已经开始关注和重视。一些专家学者指出， 进行公共环境艺术设计要对各种有关公共环境的学科进行融合，同
时应该加强建筑设计师与艺术家之间的互动。在此基础上，使公共 环境艺术设计的作品能够达到美化社会环境，净化人们视野的作用。 1.通过各方面协调，充分的引导公众参与到公共环境艺术设计中 2.建立公共环境艺术设计咨询机构 城市艺术设计咨询机构是时代的产物，这是从现代公共环境艺术设计的系统性和整体性方面考虑，以及提高公众居住质量方面考虑 的最终结果，将城市环境艺术的管理与设计进行协调统一，才能够 设计出具有地方特色的公共环境艺术作品，使所设计的作品成为这 个城市的形象和标志，有效的改善公众的生活环境质量。 3.在设计中充分结合高新科学技术 4.重视地方性文化，采取地方特色的文化设计 每个地方的发展历程不同，所拥有的地域特色和文化背景都不同，公共环境艺术设计想要在设计作品中充分的表现出这个地方独有的 地域特色和历史文化，就必须再进行设计前，充分地了解这个地方 的历史，只有做到了这些，才能够在设计的作品中充分的、有效的 融合当地的特色，进一步实现自然、文化与人之间的和谐发展。 四、结论 参考文献 [1]张伟.现代环境艺术设计的问题及对策研究[J].城市建设理论研究(电子版)，2015(4). [2]郑炜，现代环境艺术设计的问题及对策研究[J].艺术研究： 哈尔滨师范大学艺术学院学报，2012(3). 随着信息技术的发展，人们对虚拟现实技术的研究越来越深入。目前该项技术被广泛应用于环境艺术设计中，并取得了意想不到的 效果，与以往的环境艺术设计相比，其最大的特征就是将网络虚拟 技术与现实环境有效结合起来，营造出一种逼真的场景。如何将虚 拟现实技术更好的应用于环境艺术设计中，是所有设计者需要长期 研究的课题。
A. 新闻学 I. 著名英文报刊选摘 一、美国报纸 1、The New Y ork Times 纽约时报 2、The Washington Post 华盛顿邮报 3、Los Angles Times 洛杉矶时报 4、USA Today 今日美国 5、The Wall Street Journal 华尔街日报 6、The Christian Science Monitor 基督教科学箴言报 7、International Herald Tribute 国际先驱论坛报 二、美国期刊 1.Time 时代 2.Newsweek 新闻周刊 3.U.S. News and World Report 美国新闻及世界报道 4.Reader’s Digest 读者文摘 5.Fortune 财富 6.Far Eastern Economic Review 远东经济评论 三、英国报刊 1.The Times 泰晤士报 2.Financial Times 金融时报 3.The Guardian 卫报 4.The Daily Telegraph 每日电讯报 5.The Economist 经济学家 6.The Spectator 观察家 7.New Stateman 新政治家 四、其它 1、Japan Times 日本时报 2、South China Morning Post (HK ) 南华早报（香港） 3、China Post (TW) 中国邮报（台湾） 4、China Daily (PRC) 中国日报（大陆） II. 报纸版面各部分名称 1.报耳（ear） 2.报头（flag/masterhead/nameplate） 3.标题（headline） 4.版口（head margin） 5.当日新闻提要（index） 6.插图（cut） 7.图片说明（cutline） 8.标题之一行（deck） 9.署名（by-line）
商务英语翻译试题（三） Ⅰ词汇测试题：（2题，每题10分，共20分） 1．该组有10个商务英语英文词或词组，下面均有英文词或词组来进行解释。请将正确的选项标出，要求英英转换意义准确，符合商务英语规范。（10分） (1) credit A. a kind of money B. a method of paying at a later time C. currency D. charge or service (2) assign A. to take or move out B. to put sth in a particular order C. to choose or give a particular job to sb. D. to decide how sth will be made (3) to perform A. to project a program B. to contribute a fund C. to do an action or piece of work D. to cater for (4) to withhold A. to offer something for a decision B. to have a particular right to do C. to put something in a particular order D. to refuse to give or to keep back (5) to schedule A. to take on responsibility B. to trust in someone C. to bring in a consultant D. to list or state details (6) reimbursement A. to charge B. to pay back esp. money C. to claim for damages D. to ask for (7) qualify A. to make sth. Better B. to cause sb. to have the legal right to have or do sth. C. to choose sb. officially for a job D. to pay for the damage (8) put forward A. to arrange for something B. to come on something C. to put on an event D. to suggest an idea for consideration (9) to boost A. to take back or to remove B. to refuse to give C. to become less in number or smaller D. to improve or increase (10) to comply with
2018大学英语毕业论文答辩范文 《2018大学英语毕业论文答辩范文》是一篇好的范文，觉得 有用就收藏了，重新了一下发到。 good morning,all appraiser mittee members.i am **** and my supervisor is ***.with her constant encouragement and guidance,i have finished my paper.now,it is the show time.i will present my efforts to you and wele any correction. the title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation.i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech.each language has its own special structure.and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages.in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard,the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators.so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese.for the above facts,i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.
室 内 装 饰 设 计 之 我 见 10级理工广告设计与制作（）班：康振
【中文摘要】：经过近两个月的项目实训和一个多月公司实习，我很荣幸从一名室内设计实习生转正成为公司正式员工，在此我要感谢我的母校老师和公司，没你们关心和教育就没有我现在美好发展空间，因为我喜爱室内设计，并暗暗给自己定了一个目标：成为一名优秀室内设计师。经过三年学校学习和社会实习我感觉到室内设计是一门综合性学科，应从空间、色彩、材料的角度认识室内设计及审美的综合性应用；追求空间的可读性、趣味性以体现它的文化涵义；认识色彩的特性，在设计中发挥色彩的个性应用；认识材料的特性，材料的色彩、材料的肌理及它们的应用；并从室内设计整体的角度考虑和认识室内陈设的选择及应用；室内设计的空间、色彩、材料、及陈设是室内设计的重点。其目的是以人的生理、心理需求为中心，为人们创作出理想的居住空间。 【关键词】： 设计要素 室内装饰 空间设计。
目录 1 引言 (4) 2 正文.............................................................................................. (4) 3 室内设计要素 (4) 3.1 空间要素 (4) 3.2 色彩要求 (4) 3.3 光影要求 (4) 3.4 装饰要求 (4) 3.5 陈设要求 (4) 3.6 绿化要求 (5) 4室内装饰设计要点 (5) 4.1 基面装饰——楼地面装饰 (5) 4.1.1基面要和整体环境协调一致，取长补短，衬托气氛 (5) 4.1.2注意地面图案分划、色彩和质地特征 (5) 4.1.3满足楼地面结构、施工及物理性能需要 (5) 4.2墙面装饰 (6) 4.2.1整体性 (6) 4.2.2物理性 (6) 4.2.3艺术性 (6) 4.3顶棚装饰 (7) 4.3.1设计原理 (8) 5 室内装饰设计基本原则 (8) 5.1室内装饰设计要满足使用功能要求 (8) 5.2室内装饰设计要满足精神功能要求 (8) 5.3室内装饰设计要满足现代技术要求 (8) 5.4室内装饰设计要符合地区特点与民族风格要求 (8) 6总述空间设计 (8) 参考文献 (9)