A Red Light for Scofflaws
给轻微违法行为亮红灯 1
take liberties with: misinterpret; treat something freely, without strict observance of the fact (随意对待) behave in a bold or impolite way towards，
2．Outlaw litter：unlawful stewing (a place) with rubbish
3.illicit noise：very loud noise which is not permitted
4. motorized anarchy：disorder or chaos created by motorists
5.take to: to be pleased by or attracted to; begin to do sth. as a regular habit
6.dereliction：deliberate eglect；a tendency to be negligent ;
7.exempt from: not affected or bound by (=excused)
8.flurry: porfusion.abundance; great quantity
9.ordinance: authoritative law，command or order; a regulation
10. pot smoker：One who smokes marijuana.大麻烟客
11.duck out of: avoid doing, esp. by making an excuse (=back out)
12.fare beater：one who evades paying the fare on a public vehicle. “Beat” is U.S. slang
meaning “cheat”
13. public nuisance：sth. offensive to the community, esp. in violation of others’ legal
rights
14.toss-up：the tossing-up of a coin to decide something by its fall
15. mortal peril：danger that causes or is liable to cause death
16.brazen: shameless.
17.skirt：ignore; avoid; evade
18.subvert: destroy the power and influence
19．nullify: make ineffective; invalidate
Law-and-order is the longest-running and probably the best-loved political issue in U.S. history. Yet it is painfully apparent that millions of Americans who would never think of themselves as lawbreakers, let alone criminals, are taking increasing liberties with the legal codes that are designed to protect and nourish their society.
法律和秩序，可以说是美国历史上历时最久、或许还是人们最爱谈论的政治问题。然而，说来痛心，显然有成百万从来没有想过自己会违法——更不用说犯罪——的美国人，对于遵守那些旨在保护和维持他们的社会的法律条文，却愈来愈表现得放肆起来。
Indeed, there are moments today — amid outlaw litter, tax cheating, illicit noise and motorized anarchy —when it seems as though the scofflaw represents the wave of the future. Harvard Sociologist David Riesman suspects that a majority of Americans have blithely taken to committing supposedly minor derelictions as a matter of course.Already, Riesman says, the ethic of U.S. society is in da nger of becoming this: “You're a fool
if you obey the rules.”
今天，随处乱扔拉圾、逃税、违禁噪音，以及开汽车的无序状态，真是比比皆是；有时简直使人觉得，践踏法令者似乎代表了未来的潮流。哈佛大学的社会学者戴维?里斯曼认为，大多数美国人都不以为然、毫无顾忌地喜欢犯些所谓的小过失。里期曼说，今天美国社会的道德规范已差不多快变成“谁守法谁就是傻瓜”了。
Nothing could be more obvious than the evidence supporting Riesman. Scofflaws abound in amazing variety.The graffiti-prone turn public surfaces into visual rubbish. Bicyclists often ride as though two-wheeled vehicles are exempt from all traffic laws. Litterbugs convert their communities into trash dumps.
里斯曼的论断，随处都可得到极为充分的证实。玩忽法令者形形色色，令人吃惊。喜欢在公共场所乱涂乱写的人，把这些地方弄得满目疮痍。骑自行车无拘无束，仿佛两轮车就可以不遵守交通规则似的。随处乱扔拉圾的人把他们的居住区变成了拉圾堆。
Widespread flurries of ordinances have failed to clear public places of high-decibel portable radios, just as earlier laws failed to wipe out the beer-soaked hooliganism that plagues many parks.Tobacco addicts remain hopelessly blind to signs that say NO SMOKING. Respectably dressed pot smokers no longer bother to duck out of public sight to pass around a joint. The flagrant use of cocaine is a festering scandal in middle and upper-class life. And then there are (hello, everybody!) the jaywalkers.
到处张贴的禁令，也未能使公共场所免于手提收音机的高分贝噪音的污染，正如早先颁布禁令，禁止喝饱啤酒的流氓滋扰公园，竟毫无作用一样。烟草瘾君子对那些“禁止吸烟”的布告牌熟视无睹。衣冠楚楚的大麻烟客传递毒品也不再躲躲闪闪，避人耳目。可卡因毒品泛滥，成了中上层社会中愈来愈恼人的丑闻。当然，还有那些不遵守交通规则，乱穿马路的人
The dangers of scofflawry vary widely. The person who illegally spits on the sidewalk remains disgusting, but clearly poses less risk to others than the company that illegally buries hazardous chemical waste in an unauthorized location. The fare beater on the subway presents less threat to life than the landlord who ignores fire safety statutes. The most immediately and measurably dangerous scofflawry, however, also happens to be the most visible.
践踏法令的危害有轻有重。在人行道上随地吐痰，当然是令人讨厌的；但与那些大工厂在非指定地点违法掩埋危险的化学废料的作法相比，其对公众的危害则要小多了。乘地铁不买票，当然不会像房东老板无视防火安全条文那样会危及人的生命安全。然而正是这些极常见的践踏法令行为的危害却最直接最明显。
The culprit is the American driver, whose lawless activities today add up to a colossal public nuisance.The hazards range from routine double parking that jams city streets to the drunk driving that kills some 25,000 people and injures at least 650,000 others yearly. Illegal speeding on open highways? New surveys show that on some interstate highways 83% of
all drivers are currently ignoring the federal 55 mph speed limit.
罪魁祸首要算那些无法无天的美国司机，其所做所为积累成今天的巨大公害。这种危害包括致使交通阻塞的常见的路边双排停车和导致每年车祸死亡 25,000 人、受伤至少 65 万人的酒后开车。高速公路上超速行驶的情况又是怎样呢 ? 据近期统计，某些州际高速公路上，有83%的司机们都常常无视联邦政府关于最高时速 55 英里的限速
The most flagrant scofflaw of them all is the
red-light runner. The flouting of stop signals has got so bad in Boston that residents tell an anecdote about a cabby who insists that red lights are “ just for decoration ” .The power of the stoplight to control traffic seems to be waning everywhere. In Los Angeles, red-light running has become perhaps the city's most common traffic violation.
最明目张胆的违法的行径要算闯红灯了。在波士顿，无视停车信号的状况已经严重到了如此程度，以至在当地居民中流传着这样一个趣闻：一位出租汽车司机竟然坚信：红灯只不过是“街头的装饰品而已”。红色停车指示灯控制交通的能力似乎处处都在减弱。在洛杉矶，闯红灯恐怕要算该市最常见的交通违章现象。
In New York City, going through an intersection is like Russian roulette. Admits Police Commissioner Robert J. M c Guire: “Today it's a 50-50 toss-up as to whether people will stop for a red light.” Meanwhile, his own police largely ignore the lawbreaking.
在纽约市，通过交叉路口就象玩俄国手枪轮盘赌。警察局长罗伯特?麦克盖尔承认：“如今红灯亮了是否停车，就像玩掷币游戏，机会各一半。”而他麾下的警察，对这种违章行为大都视而不见。
5 Red-light running has always been ranked as a minor wrong, and so it may be in individual instances. When the violation becomes habitual, widespread and incessant, however, a great deal more than a traffic management problem is involved. The flouting of basic rules of the road leaves deep dents in the social mood. Innocent drivers and pedestrians pay a repetitious price in frustration, inconvenience and outrage, not to mention a justified sense of mortal peril.
闯红灯常常被列为小错误，属于个案。然而，一旦人们违章形成习惯，而且
不断违章、随处违章，那就远远超越了交通管理问题了。藐视交通法规的现象
给公众心理造成深深的创伤。无辜的开车人和无辜的行人一次次地感到沮丧，
忍受种种不便和愤怒，更不用说他们对危及他人生命行为的应有责任感了。
The significance of red-light running is magnified by its high visibility. If hypocrisy is the tribute that vice pays to virtue, then furtiveness is the true outlaw's salute to the force of law-and-order. The red-light runner, however, shows no respect whatever for the social rules, and society cannot help being harmed by any repetitious and brazen display of contempt for the fundamentals of order.
闯红灯现象比比皆是，更增强了其危害性。如果说伪善是邪恶对美德所表示的敬意，那么鬼鬼崇崇便是犯罪分子对法律与制序的真心实意的敬礼了。然而，闯红灯的人对社会规章却毫无敬意可言，而任何屡禁不止、厚颜无耻的藐视社会秩序基本要求的行径，都会使社会无法免受其害。是个别情况。”
6 The scofflaw spirit is pervasive. It is not really surprising when schools find, as some do, that their children frequently enter not knowing some of the basic rules of living together. For all their differences, today’s scofflaws are of a piece as a symptom of elementary social demoralization---the loss by individuals of the capacity to govern their own behavior in the interest of others.
这种无视法律的风气会四处蔓延的。所以当学校发现孩子们入学时经常连最起码的集体生活规则都不懂时，此类现象就不足为奇了(有些学校的确发现此事)。尽管无视法律的人各种各样，但是他们的违法都是社会基本道德败坏症候的一种表现——个体失去了为了他人的利益而约束自己的能力。
7 The prospect of the collapse of public manners is not merely a matter of etiquette. Society’s first concern will remain major crime, but a foretaste of the seriousness of incivility is suggested by what has been happening in Houston. Drivers on Houston freeways have been showing an increasing tendency to replace the rules of the road with violent outbreaks. Items from the Houston police department’s new statistical category—freeway traffic violence: 1) Driver flashes high-beam lights at car that cut in front of him, whose occupants then hurl a beer can at his windshield, kick out his tail lights, slug him eight stitches’worth.2) Dump-truck driver annoyed by delay batters trunk of stalled car ahead and its driver was trying to stay within 55 m. p. h. limit. The Houston Freeway syndrome has fortunately not spread everywhere. But the question is: Will it?
公众礼仪坍塌的未来景象并不只是一个礼仪问题。社会最关心的将仍然是严重犯罪。粗鲁无礼的严酷性的预判可以从发生在休斯顿的事件中得以揭示。在休斯敦的高速公路上，驾驶员展示了聚变的趋势：暴力犯罪取代了的道路规则。休斯敦警察局的新的统计分类的——高速公路交通的暴力行为包括：1）司机对挡住自己前面道路的车辆开大灯照射，另一司机用啤酒罐子打砸自己车辆的挡风玻璃，踢自己车辆的尾灯，把对手打得能缝他8针大伤口。 2）自卸卡车司机因被延误击打前面熄火车辆的司机停滞以及驾驶车辆时速不超过55英里的司机。值得庆幸地是，休斯顿高速公路综合症尚未蔓延全国。但问题是，未来会蔓延吗？
8 Americans are used to thinking that law-and-order is threatened mainly by stereotypical violent crime. When the foundations of U.S. law have actually been shaken, however, it has always been because ordinary law-abiding citizens took to skirting the law. Major instance: Prohibition. Recalls Donald Barr Chidsey in On and Off the Wagon:” Law breaking proved to be not painful, not even uncomfortable, but, in a mild and perfectly safe way, exhila rating.” People wiped out Prohibition at last not only because of the alcohol issue but because scofflawry was seriously undermining the authority and legitimacy of government.
[8] 美国人习惯于认为，老一套的暴力犯罪是对法律秩序的主要威胁。然而，却正是出于普通的遵纪守法的公民设法钻法律的空子才真正动摇了美国法律的根基。主要例子有：禁酒令。唐纳德·巴·契德斯在《上下车》一书中回忆道：“违法显得不痛苦的，甚至都没有令人不舒服的感觉，反而以温和的、完全安全的方式令人欢喜鼓舞。”人们终于废除了禁酒令，不仅是因为酒的问题，而且因为违法行为严重地损害了政府的威信性和合法性。
Ironically, today’s scofflaw spirit, whatever its undetermined origins, is being encouraged unwittingly by government at many levels. The failure of police to enforce certain laws is only the surface of the problem: they take their mandate from the officials and constituents they serve. Worse, most state legislatures have helped subvert（破坏） popular compliance with the federal 55 m. p. h. law, some of them by enacting puny fines that trivialize transgressions.
具有讽刺意味的是，不管今天这种无视法律的风气源于何处，它却受到各级政府官员的无可奈何的鼓励。警察未能执法仅仅是问题的表面，他们只不过是从他们为之服务的官员和选民那里接受命令。更糟糕的是，大多数的州立法机构在公众遵守联邦法律规定的车速不得超过每小时 55 英里的规定时却帮了倒忙，其中一些州甚至擅自规定超速仅处以很少的罚款以使大事化小。
On a higher level, the Administration in Washington has dramatize d its wish to nullify civil rights laws simply by opposing instead of supporting certain court ordered desegregation rulings. With considerable justification, environmental groups, in the words of Wilderness magazine, accuse the Administration of “destroying environmental laws by failing to enforce them, or by enforcing them in ways that deliberately encourage noncompliance.” Translation: scofflawry at the top.
更高一级的华盛顿当局则用反对（而不是支持）某些已成为法律条文的废除种族隔离法，来实现其取消民权法案的愿望，这真是令人啼笑皆非。据《荒原》杂志报道，环保组织以相当正当的理由指责当局破坏环境保护法，或者是不执法此法，或是虽然执行了但却故意怂恿人们违反此法规。这解释为：违法行为在高层。
The most disquieting thing about the scofflaw spirit is its extreme infectiousness. Only a terminally foolish society would sit still and allow it to spread indefinitely.
无视法律之风最令人不安之处在于它的极端传染性。只有最愚蠢的社会才会坐视不管、任其蔓延。
《孙权劝学》练习题 一、填空 1、《孙权劝学》选自，该书是（朝代）（人名）主持编纂的一部体通史，记载了从到共年间的史事。 2、《孙权劝学》的原因是：；《孙权劝学》的学习方法是：；《孙权劝学》劝的语言是：；《孙权劝学》的成果是： (以上均填原句)。 3、鲁肃的话表现了他的感情，也从侧面写出 了；文末的 “”（原文）更进一步阐明了这一点。 4、文中可以提炼的一个成语是： 二、给下列加点字注音。 卿（）涉猎（）孰（）遂（） 三、解释加点词。 1、当涂掌事当涂； 2、蒙辞以军中多辞； 3、治经为博士邪治经； 4、但当涉猎涉猎； 5、见往事耳见： 6、蒙乃使就学乃：； 7、卿今者才略才略；8、即更刮目相看刮； 四、写出下列加点词语意思，其中意义完全相同的是（）。 A.｛但当涉猎( ) ｛门当户对( ) B.｛自以为大有所益( ) ｛多多益善( ) C.｛见往事耳( ) ｛往事不堪回首( ) D.｛卿今者才略( ) ｛卿今当涂掌事( ) 五、选择对下列虚词解释正确的一项。 1．蒙辞以军中多务（）A．把B．被C．用 2．即更刮目相待（）A．立即B．就要C．如果，假如 3．蒙乃始就学（）A．于是B．却C．只，仅仅
4．结友而别（）A．并且B．但是C．连接前后两个动作，不译。 六、翻译下列句子。 1、孤岂欲卿治经为博士邪！ _________________________________________________________ _ 2、但当涉猎，见往事耳。 _________________________________________________________ _ 3、大兄何见事之晚乎？ ______________________________________________________ ____ 七、问答题： 1、文中最突出的描写方法是什么？ 答： ______________________________________________________。 2、本文所揭示的道理对你有什么启示？ 答：___________________________________________________ __。
?Never be afraid of grammar ?Collect some examples; ?Watch them very carefully; ?Find out something in common; ?Try to use the rules ---- practise. it用法完全归纳 一、it 作人称代词的用法 1.指事物 作为人称代词，it 可以除人以外的一切事物或动物。如： I dropped my watch and it broke. 我把手表掉在地上摔坏了。 It’s hard work, but I enjoy it. 工作很辛苦，可是我乐意干。 “Where is the dog?”“It’s in the bedroom. ”“狗在哪?”“在卧室里”。 2.指人 it 指人主要用于指不性别不明的婴儿或用于确认某人的身份。如： Is it a boy or a girl? 是男孩还是女孩? There is a knock on the door. It must be the postman. 有人在敲门，一定是邮递员。 【说明】在答语中，常用来指本人，如说It’s me。
3.代替某些代词 代词it 还可用于代替指示代词this, that 以及复合不定代词something, anything, nothing等。如： “What’s this?”“It’s a new machine. ”“这是什么?”“是一种新机器”。 Nothing is wrong, is it? 没出什么问题，是吗? 二、it 作非人称代词的用法 1.基本用法 it 作非人称代词的用法，主要用于指时间、距离、价值、天气、气候及温度等自然现象。如： It’s too late to go there now. 现在去那儿已经太迟了。 It rained all day yesterday. 昨天下了一天的雨。 It can get very hot here. 这里有时会很热。 2.用于某些句型 It’s time for sth. 该做某事了。 It’s time to do sth. 该做某事的时候了。 It’s time for sb to do sth. 某人该干某事了。 It’s (about / high) time + that-从句. 某人该做某事了。(从句谓语用过去式，有时也用“should+动词原形”) It’s first (second) time + that-从句. 某人第几次干某事。(从句谓语用现在完成时)
《孙权劝学》练习题一 一、文学常识。 1、《孙权劝学》选自，该书是（朝 代）（人名）主持编纂的一部体史，记载了 从到 共1362 年间的史事。 二、解释加点词。 1、当．涂掌 事 2、蒙辞．以军中多 务 3、治．经为博士邪 4、但当涉． 猎． 5、见．往事 耳
6、蒙乃使就． 学 7、卿今者才略 ．． 8、即更刮．目相 看。 三、写出下列加点词语意思，其中意义完全相同的是（）。 A.但当．涉猎 ( ) 门当．户对( ) B.自以为大有所益． ( )多多益．善 ( ) C.见往事 ．．．．耳( ) 往事不堪回首 ( ) D.卿．今者才略( ) 卿．今当涂掌事 ( ) 四、选择对下列虚词解释正确的一项。 1．蒙辞以．军中多务（） A．把 B．被C．用
2．即．更刮目相待（） A．立即 B．就是C．如果，假如 3．蒙乃．始就学（） A．于是 B．却C．只，仅仅 4．结友而．别（） A．并且 B．但是 C．连接前后两个动作，不译。 五、翻译下列句子。 1、孤岂欲卿治经为博士邪！ ___________________________________________ ______________ 2、但当涉猎，见往事耳。 ___________________________________________ _______________ 3、大兄何见事之晚乎？ ___________________________________________ _______________ 六、问答题。 1、(填原句)孙权劝学的原因是：；而吕蒙开始却
以 为理由，拒绝读书。孙权给吕蒙 指出的学习方法是：；孙权 继续劝学劝的语 言 ； 2、孙权劝学的成果是： 。（原文） 3、鲁肃的话表现了 他的感情，也从侧面写出 了 ；文末 的 “
语篇专练(一) Ⅰ.完形填空 I have two friends who are eager for travel.There is a __1__ of New Y ork’s Adirondack Mountains that is called the High Peaks.It consists of 46 mountains with the height of over 4,000 feet. The Adirondack Mountain Club gives a small piece of land to anyone who __2__ all the 46 mountains.My two friends decided to go for this __3__.It took them several years to __4__ it；it was hard to achieve.Many of the 46 mountains have __5__ and well-used walkways to their tops.__6__，others are not marked at all.These mountains are really hard to climb __7__ travelers have to bushwhack(在丛林中开道) them using a compass and a map. My __8__ had climbed 45 of the mountains.They had one left that was the __9__，requiring bushwhacking.They left their camp site early one __10__ and walked to the foot of the mountains.When they reached the foot they found that they had __11__ their compass and map in the camp.Rather than __12__ to the camp，they decided to bushwhack without the compass and map.For nearly ten hours they walked uphill __13__ heat，thick bushes and black flies.Finally，late in the afternoon they found themselves at the __14__ of a mountain.They were exhausted but excited.But the excitement __15__ disappeared.They saw another higher mountain when they looked __16__ the valley.They had climbed the __17__ hill！It was too late that weekend to correct their mistake.They had to __18__ another 4 months to climb the right mountain because it was also the remotest one. Often in life we use great effort toward some __19__.But without the right map and personal compass，it is easy to get __20__.Knowing your life purpose gives you a powerful personal map and compass that makes sure you are always climbing the right mountain. 1．A.part B．story C．role D．side 2．A.researches B．discovers C．watches D．climbs 3．A.praise B．award C．competition D．privilege 4．A.recognize B．plan C．accomplish D．find 5．A.well-marked B．well-designed C．well-located D．well-decorated 6．A.However B．Moreover
必修五语法重点练习题 第一单元三种形态作定语和表语 练习一、用括号中的词的正确形式填空 1.Have you read the novel by Dickens.（write） 2.I know the man on the bench.（sleep） 3.Listen! The song is very popular with the students.（sing） 4.The students the meeting will arrive here tomorrow. （attend）【总结】非谓语作定语 现在分词V-ing being done 主动；进行, 被动；进行 过去分词V-ed 被动；完成；状态 不定时to do 将来，目的，计划 【加强练习】 1. Do you know the boy ___________ (lie) under the big tree? 2. You will see this product _____ (make) in this factory advised wherever you go. 3. --- What’s the language ____________(speak) in New Zealand? -- English. 4. There are many people ______________ (want) to buy cars in the modern world. 5. The car _____________ (produce) in Germany in the 1960s looks old now. 6. --- What are on show in the museum? -- Some pictures ____________(draw) by the Africans. 7. What is the best way do you think ____________ (protect) the wild animals? 8. There was a sudden burst of light (show) a terrible noise. 9. The problems (discuss)at the meeting tomorrow are really hard to solve． 10. The words _______ (start) with “L” aren’t easily forgotten 练习二、表语从句练习请根据句意填进正确的引导词 1. The question is ________ we will have our sports meet next week. 2．The reason why he failed is _____he was too careless. 3. Go and get your coat. It’s _____you left. 4. What I want to know is ______ he likes the gift given by us. 5. The reason is_________I missed the bus. 6. That is_________ we were late last time. 【总结】在表语从句中，从句充当了表语的成分。 练习三、非谓语作表语练习 1. In April, thousands of holiday-makers remained___abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud(火山灰). stick abroad 坚持出国 A.sticking B. stuck C. to be stuck D. to have stuck 2.The purpose of new technology is to make life easier, _______it more difficult. A. not making B. not make C. not to make D. to not make https://www.doczj.com/doc/2b3289900.html,dies and gentlemen, please remain_______until the plane has come to a complete stop. A. seated B. seating C. to sea t D. seat 4.He lost all his money when travelling long distance. The only thing he could do was____his wife for help. A. calling B. call C. called D. calls 5. What Tom said is______at the next meeting. A. to discuss B. to be discussed C. discussing D. to have discussed
高中英语语法：It的完整用法精讲 it可用作人称代词、指示代词、先行词及引导词等。 1. 人称代词it，是第三人称单数中性，代表前文已提到过的一件事物。如： 1）That vase is valuable. It's more than 200 years old. 那个花瓶很珍贵，它有200多年的历史。 2）I love swimming. It keeps me fit. 我喜欢游泳，它能使我保持健康。 当说话者不清楚或无必要知道说话对象的性别时，也可用it来表示。如： 3）It's a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl? 宝宝真可爱，是男孩还是女孩？ it可用来指代团体。如： 4）The committee has met and it has rejected the proposal. 委员会已开过会，拒绝了这项建议。 it用以代替指示代词this, that.如： 5）--- What's this? --- It's a pen. —这是什么？—是一支钢笔。 6）--- Whose book is that? --- It's Mike's. —那是谁的书？—是迈克的。 2. 指示代词it，常用以指人。如： 7）Go and see who it is. 去看看是谁。 8）--- Who is making such a noise? —是谁发出这样的吵闹声？ --- It must be the children. —一定是孩子们。 3.虚义it无指代性，常用作没有具体意义的主语，出现于表示天气、气候、温度、时间、地点、距离等意义的句子中。如： 9）It is half past three now. 现在是三点半钟。 10）It is six miles to the nearest hospital from here. 这里离最近的医院也有六英里。 11）It was very cold; it snowed and grew dark. 天气很冷；天下着雪，渐渐地变黑了。 it也常用来表示一般的笼统的情况。如： 12）It's awful—I've got so much work I don't know where to start. 糟透了——我有这么多工作要做我不知从何开始。 13）How is it going with you? 你近况如何？ 14）Take it easy. 不要紧张。 it也常用于下列结构： 15）It looks as if the college is very small. 看起来这个学院很小。 16）It seems as though our plan will be perfect. 似乎我们的计划很完善。 17）It's my turn. 该轮到我了。 it也常用于某些习惯用语中作宾语，各该习惯用语有具体意义，但it并无具体意义。如：cab it 乘车catch it 受责，受罚come it 尽自己分内come it strong 做得过分walk it 步行make it 办成take it out of somebody 拿某人出气 4. 先行词it. it充当形式主语或形式宾语，本身无意义，只起一种先行引导的作用，先行词不重读。后面的真正主语或真正宾语通常是不定式结构、-ing分词结构或名词性从句。 （1）用作形式主语
Unit 5 Travelling abroad Ｉ.单元教学目标
III. 教材分析与教材重组 1. 教材分析 本单元以travelling abroad为话题，旨在通过单元教学，使学生了解在国外旅行或学习时可能会遇到的一些问题，并学会怎样去解决问题和避免这样问题的发生。学会表达和支持个人观点，能用所学的有关travelling abroad的词汇描述在国外居住生活的情况，在国外旅游时能根据所给的信息选择恰当的旅游线路，能推测什么事情可能会发生，哪种情况不会发生，会正确使用非限制性定于从句。 1．1WARMING UP 提供了四个有关旅行的问题，让学生用已有的知识和经验讨论在国外居住或旅行会遇到什么问题，并且该如何来解决这 些问题。 1．2 PRE-READING是READING的热身活动。提供了两个问题，它要求采用与同学讨论交流的方式谈论在国外学习的利与弊，激发同学们的学习兴趣。 1．3 READING是一篇介绍中国女孩谢蕾在伦敦学习的情况。使学生对比在国内学习与在国外学习的不同。Try to understand some of the benefits and difficulties she has in London. 1．4 COMPREHENDING 练习1通过四个问题来检查学生对课文的细节的理解。 练习2以图表的形式来分析在国外学习的利与弊。 练习3设置了五个讨论题，通过这些话题的谈论，挖掘文章的深层含义，激活学生自身的认知能力和思想认识能力。 练习4是概括能力训练题，在理解的基础上，重点训练学生的概括能力。 1．5 LEARNING ABOUT LANGUAGE分词汇和语法两部分。其中，Discovering useful words and expressions是训练学生在语境中掌握词汇的能力，帮助学生加强动词变化形式的意识。Revising useful structures 是关于非限制性定于从句，旨在训练学生对定语从句的理解、掌握和运用，并通过语法练习加以巩固。 1．8 USING LANGUAGE中的第一部分Listening要求学生先根据秘鲁的地图谈论有关秘鲁这个国家的一些情况, 然后完成三个相应的任务型练习。首先是要求学生在听第一遍时能完成听力练习1的任务，即：选择那些是Lia喜欢做
高考英语语法知识之It 的用法总结 1．It is + 被强调部分+ that ... 该句型是强调句型。将被强调的部分放在前面，其它部分置于that之后。被强调部分可以是主语，宾语，状语。强调的主语如果是人，that可以由who换用。 如果把这种句型结构划掉后，应该是一个完整无缺的句子。这也是判断强调句型与其它从句的方法。 It was they that (who) cleaned the classroom yesterday. It was in the street that I met her father. 2．It was not until + 被强调部分+ that ... 该句型也是强调句型。主要用于强凋时间状语，译成汉语＂直到．．．才．．．＂，可以说是not ... until ... 的强调形式。 It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star. = Not until she took off her dark glasses did I realize she was a famous film star. = I didn’t realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses. 3．It is clear ( obvious, true, possible,certain....) that ..... 该句型中it 是形式主语，真正的主语是that 引导的主语从句，常译为＂清楚（显然，真的，肯定．．．）＂是主语从句最常见的一种结构。 It is very clear that he’s round and tall like a tree.= That he’s round and tall like a tree is very clear. 4. It is important ( necessary, right, strange, natural...) that ... 由于主句中的形容词不同，that 后的从句中要用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形），should 可以省去。 It is important that we (should) learn English well. It is necessary that he (should) remember these words. 5. It is said (reported, learned....) that ... 该句型中的it 仍是形式主语，真正主语是that 引导的主语从句。该结构常译为＂据说（据报道，据悉．．．）＂。It is said that he has come to Beijing. 6. It is suggested ( ordered ... ) that ... 主句中的过去分词是表示请求，建议，命令等词时，that后的从句要用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形），should 可以省。常译为＂据建议；有命令．． It is suggested that the meeting ( should ) be put off. It was ordered that we ( should ) arrive there in two hours. 7. It is a pity ( a shame ... ) that ... 该句型中，that后的从句一般用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形），should可省去．表示出乎意料，常译为＂竟然＂。没有这种意义时，则不用虚拟语气。 It is a pity that such a thing ( should ) happen in your class. It is a pity that he is ill. 8. It is time ( about time ,high time ) that ... 该句型中that 后的从句应该用虚拟语气，值得注意的是①常用过去时态表示虚拟．②有时也用should + 动词原形，should 不能省。常译为＂是（正是）．．．的时侯．．．＂。 It is time that children should go to bed. = It is time that children went to bed. 9. It is the first ( second ... ) time that ... 该句型中的that 从句不用虚拟语气，而用完成时态。至于用什么完成时态，由主句的谓语动词的时态决定。如果是一般现在时，后面从句用现在完成时态；如果是一般过去时，后面从句则用过去完成时态。该结构中that 可以省去；it有时用this / that 替换．常译为＂这是某人第几次做某事了＂。 It is the first time I have been here. = This is the first time I have been here. 10 It is the +形容词最高级+ 名词+ that + ….. 该句型中的that 从句不用虚拟语气，而用完成时态。至于用什么完成时态，由主句的谓语动词的时态决定。如果是一般现在时，后面从句用现在完成时态；如果是一般过去时，后面从句则用过去完成时态。该结构中that 可以省去；it有时用this / that 替换．常译为＂这是某人做过的最…的事情＂。 This is the best film that I have ever seen . That was the worst song that he had heard . 11. It is .... since ...
《孙权劝学》测试题 班次：姓名 一、填空：（6分） 1.司马光， ________（朝代） _______家、_________家。 2．《孙权劝学》选自《》是主持编纂的一部体通史。 二、给下列加点字注音。（6分） 遂．（）邪．（）即更．（）卿．（）涉．猎（）孰．（） 三、划分朗读的节奏：（3分） 1、卿今当涂掌事，不可不学。 2、肃遂拜蒙母，结友而别。 3、士别三日，即更刮目相待 四、古今义。（4分） 孤岂欲卿治经为博士邪 孤古义：今义： 博士古义：今义： 五、重点字词解释（20分） 1、卿今当涂掌事（）( ） 2、蒙辞/以军中多务（）( ） 3、治经（） 4、但当涉猎（）( ） 5、见往事/耳（） ( ） 6、蒙乃始就学（） 7、及鲁肃过寻阳（）（） 8、卿今者才略（） 9、即更/刮目相待（）（） 10、与蒙论议（） 11、孰若( ) 12、非复( ) 13、孤岂欲卿治经为博士邪( ) 六、一词多义（6分） 以蒙辞以军中多务 自以为大有所益 就蒙乃始就学 指物作诗立就 见见往事耳 大兄何见事之晚乎 七、翻译下列句子。（14分） 1、卿今当涂掌事，不可不学! 2、蒙辞以军中多务。 3、孤岂欲卿治经为博士邪! 4、但当涉猎，见往事耳。 5、卿今者才略，非复吴下阿蒙! 6、大兄何见事之晚乎! 7、士别三日，即更刮目相待。 八、回答问题： 1、本文主要写。采用的方式来刻画人物形象的。（3分） 2、孙权劝吕蒙读书是因为吕蒙，但起初吕蒙以为理由加以推辞。（用原文填空） 3、孙权给吕蒙指出的读书方法是：（用原文填空）
4、表现吕蒙学习有惊人长进的语句有哪些？（用原文填空） 5、文章结尾写“肃遂拜蒙母，结友而别”有何作用? （2分） 6、说说文中三人各自的性格特点。（6分）（1）孙权： （2）吕蒙： （3）鲁肃： 7、写出本文出现的两个成语，并解释。（4分） 8、吕蒙的变化对你有什么启示？（4分） 9、写出与“读书”有关的名言、诗句、格言（4分） 10、与“孤常读书,自以为大有所益”相照应的成语： 九、文言文比较阅读： 【甲】 初，权谓吕蒙曰：“卿今当涂掌事，不可不学！”蒙辞以军中多务。权曰：“孤岂欲卿治经为博士邪！但当涉猎，见往事耳。卿言多务，孰若孤？孤常读书，自以为大有所益。”蒙乃始就学。及鲁肃过寻阳，与蒙论议，大惊曰：“卿今者才略，非复吴下阿蒙！”蒙曰：“士别三日，即更刮目相待，大兄何见事之晚乎！”肃遂拜蒙母，结友而别。 【乙】 余近日以军务倥偬①，寝食不安。吾家本诗礼门阀②，勤与朴为余处世立身之道，有恒又为勤朴之根源。余虽在军中，尚日日写字一页，看书二十页。看后，用朱笔圈批，日必了此功课为佳。 偶遇事冗③，虽明日补书补看亦不欢，故必忙里偷闲而为之。然此策尚下，故必早起数 时以为之。决不肯今日耽搁，谓有明日可朴；亦十、不肯以明日有事，今日预为。如是者数年，未尝间断，亦无所苦。 （节选自《清代四名人家书》【注释】①倥偬（kǒngzǒng）：事多，繁忙。②门阀：名门贵室。③事冗：事务繁忙复杂。 1、解释下列句中加横线词的意思。 2、下面句子朗读节奏划分不正确的一项是（） （2分） A．自/以为/在有所益 B．有恒/又为/勤朴之根源 C．日/必了此/功课为佳 D．肃/遂拜/蒙母 3、用现代汉语翻译乙文中画线的句子。（3分）如是者数年，未尝间断，亦无所苦。 4、甲乙两文都讲到了读书的作用。甲文通过写鲁肃“与蒙论议”后，与吕蒙“”这一举动，侧面表现了吕蒙读书后才略的惊人长进；乙文则指出读书可以传承“诗礼”家风，培养“”品质。 5、甲乙两文中多种读书方法值得借鉴，试概括出两种并结合原文说明。（4分）
语法专题十：it的用法 1.指代事物、动物、婴儿或未知的人。 2.指天气、时间、距离、自然现象、环境等。 3.代替不定式，作形式主语或形式宾语(常与feel, consider, find, believe, make, take, imagine, think, suppose, regard等连用)。 4.代替动名词，作形式主语或形式宾语： It is no good / no use / useless / dangerous + doing I think it no good / no use / useless / dangerous + doing I think it no use complaining about their prejudice. 5.代替主语从句、宾语从句，作形式主语或形式宾语： It seems / appears / happens / turns out / proves + that… It is certain / likely / possible / probable + that… We have made it clear that she has nothing to do with the case. 6.用于强调句：It is / was … that / who… A student witnessed the car accident at the turning last night. (1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) (1) _________________________________________________________. (2) _________________________________________________________. (3) _________________________________________________________. (4) _________________________________________________________. It is not until +被强调的部分+ that… I didn’t realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses. ________________________________________________________________. 7. 其他重要句型： It is important (necessary, right, strange, natural) that…（should+动词原形） It is said (reported, learned…) that… It is suggested (ordered…) that…（should）+动词原形 It is a pity (a sham) that …（should）+动词原形 It happens (seems, looks, appears ) that... It occurs to sb. to do / that…：使某人想起…… It is/ has been +一段时间+ since ...+过去时 It will be +一段时间+ before ... It looks ( seems ) as if … It is no wonder…：难怪 When it comes to…：当谈到…… It comes about that…：发生 8. appreciate, love, like, hate, see to(负责，注意) + it + 从句 巩固练习： 1. It took us over an hour ______ along the street. A. walk B. to walk C. walking D. walked 2. I think it a great honour ______to visit your country. A. to invite B. inviting C. having invited D. to be invited 3. Many people now make ______a rule to buy cards for their friends before Christmas. A. themselves B. it C. that D. this 4.______is very clear to everyone that he's round and tall like a tree.
★指代（后行）it: 1.It的基本用法是用来指代上文所提到的事物。如： Whatever you do or say, ask yourself whether it is in the interests of the people. A: Pass me a blue pen. B: Here it is / Here you are. 2.it, that, one, the one, ones, the ones 用于指代用法时的区别: （1）it代替上文提及的原物(复数用they)；one指代上文提及的、泛指的可数名词单数（复数ones）；that指代上文提及的定指的可数名词单数或不可数名词（复数those）, the ones 相当于these, those。 There is a river along the village. ______ is a river with a long history. The red pen is on the desk and ______ is Tom's. This pen is mine and ______ is Tom's. This pen is mine and ______ on the desk is Tom's. Mother bought a new bike and gave ________ to me. My mother bought me a new dictionary and her mother will buy her _____ too. Milk with sugar tastes better than ________ without sugar. A pencil with rubber is more useful than ________ without rubber. Bikes made in Shanghai are better than ________ made in Changsha. （2）用以代替提示代词this, that。 —What’s this? —It’s a knife. —Whose watch is that? —It’s mine. （3）起指示代词的作用，指一个人或事物。—Who is knocking at the door? —It’s me. （4）指环境情况等。It was very noisy (quiet) at the very moment. （5）指时间、季节等。—What time is it? —It’s eight o’clock. It often rains in summer here. （6）指距离。It is a long way to the school. （7）作形式主语。It is not easy to finish the work in two days. It is no use crying over spilt milk. It is as pity that you didn’t read the book. （8）作形式宾语。I think it no use arguing with him. I found it very interesting to study English. He made it clear that he was not interested in that subject. （9）用于强调结构。 It was Xiaoming whom(that)I met in the street last night. It was in the street that I met Xiaoming last night. It ws last night that I met Xiaoming in the street. It was I who met Xiaoming in the street last night. 2、含有“It is …”的句型 （1）It is time (for sb.) to do sth. It is (high) time that sb. did sth.(虚拟语气) （2）It is + 形容词（+of / for sb.）+ to do sth. 通常用of的词有brave、clever、careful、hopeless、kind、good、naughty、nice、silly、stupid、foolish、wise等。（3）It is + 形容词+ that + sb. + (should) do sth.（虚拟语气） 能用于这个句型的形容词有strange、wonderful、natural、good、proper、right、wrong、well、fortunate、important、necessary、useless、likely、probable、impossible等。有时可省去should而直接用动词原形。如： It is important that we should pay close attention to grain. It is natural that he（should）say so. （4）It is no use/ good + doing sth. It is no use trying again = It is of no use to try again. （5）It is + 被强调部分+ that/who + … Was it in the street that you met her? Who was it that called him“comrade”? It was not until yesterday that I met my old friend. It is in a small factory that my brother is going to work.（注意上述各句均为强调句型的“考点”） 比较：It is a small factory where my brother is going to work.（定语从句） （6）It is said/reported/ann ounced/ (well) known … that… （7）It is/was + 时间+ since … 从……已多久了。 It is three years since I met him in Beijing. It was a long time since I (had) lived in that small mountain village with these farmers.（注意两句中的时态）