三分为一中国古建筑存在很多“三分为一”的现象，就是一个整体分为三部分。建筑立面分为“大屋顶、墙体、基座”三部分；
柱子分为“柱顶、柱身、柱础”三部分；
不仅立面，平面也有“三分为一”
正房一般为三开间；
标准(三进)四合院分“前院、内庭、后院”；
故宫中有“太和殿、中和殿、保和殿”三大殿
中国古建中的三分为一不只是在立面，还有平面的院落组合方式、柱子的三分为一、台基部分的三分为一等等，
抬梁式是在立柱上架梁，梁上又抬梁，也称叠梁式。使用范围广，在宫殿、庙宇、寺院等大型建筑中普遍采用，更为皇家建筑群所选，是我国木构架建筑的代表。抬梁式木构架可采用跨度较大的梁，以减少柱子的数量，取得室内较大的空间，所以适用于宫殿、庙宇等建筑。
穿斗式（或称“串逗”式）木构架的特点是：用穿枋把柱子串联起来，形成一榀榀房架；檩条直接搁置在柱头上；在沿檩条方向，再用斗枋把柱子串联起来。从而形成了一个整体框架
相比之下，穿斗式木构架用料小，整体性强，但柱子排列密，只有当室内空间尺度不大时（如居室、杂屋）才能使用；间中国古代木架建筑吧相邻两屋架之间的空间成为间，房屋的进深则以架数或椽数来表达
通面阔建筑物纵向相邻两檐柱中心线间的距离称为面阔；各间面阔的总和为通面阔
建筑正中一间称明间,宋代称当心间,其左、右侧的称次间,再外的称梢间、最外的称尽间，九间以上的建筑增加次间数.
通进深：各步距离的总和或侧面各开间宽度的总和步：檩与檩之间的水平距离称为步
分心斗底槽宋代殿阁内部四种空间划分方式之一，即以一列中柱及柱上斗栱将殿身划分为前后相同的两个空间。一般用作殿门。
金厢斗底槽宋代殿阁内部四种空间（单槽、双槽、分心斗底槽、金箱斗底槽）
划分方法之一。其特点是殿身内有一圈柱列与斗栱，将殿身空间划分为内外两层空间组成，外层环包内层。实例：山西五台山佛光寺东大殿、
单槽根据《营造法式》的记录，内柱将平面划分为大小不等的两个区域。山西晋祠圣母殿）
双槽内柱将平面划分为大小不等的三个区域。
副阶周匝副阶：宋代个体建筑周围环绕的廊子，称为副阶。副阶周匝：塔身、殿身建筑主体外部另加一圈回廊，在《营造法式》中称为“副阶周匝”
柱的收分：中国古代的圆柱子上下两端直径是不相等的，而是根部略粗，顶部略细，这种作法，称为“收溜”又称“收分”。
柱的卷杀：柱的端部作弧形，形成柔美而有弹性的外观，称为卷杀。
挑尖梁：长一步架，承担一个檩子的力，在檐口处的梁，有斗拱时叫挑尖梁，无斗拱时叫抱头梁．
踩步金：歇山建筑屋顶四面出檐，其中，前后檐檐椽的后尾搭置在前后檐的下金檩上，两山面檐椽后尾则搭置在山面的一个既非梁又非檩的特殊构件上，这个只有歇山建筑才有的特殊构件叫“踩步金”
罗锅椽:是中国建筑中的一种设计风格，双桁卷棚屋面顶步架侧面成弧形的椽子。侧脚：为了使建筑有较好的稳定性，宋代建筑规定外檐柱在前、后檐均向内倾斜柱高的10／1000，在两山向内倾斜8／1000，而角柱则两个方向都有倾斜。这种做法称为“侧脚”。
生起：宋、辽建筑的檐柱由当心间向二端升高，因此檐口呈一缓和曲线，这在《营造法式》中称为“生起”。
额枋：是柱上联络与承重的水平构件。
雀替：是置于梁枋下与柱相交处的短木，可以缩短梁枋的净跨距离。
举折(举架)：举是指屋架的高度，常指建筑的进深和屋面的材料而定。在计算屋架举高时，由于各檩升高的幅度不一致，所以求得的屋面横断面坡度不是一根直线，而是若干折线组成的，这就是“折”。
叉手：叉手支撑在侏儒柱两侧，北魏宁懋石室已见。
扶脊木：清式构件,六角形截面，位于脊桁上且与脊桁平行。
平棊：大的方木格网上置板并遍施彩画的天花。
平闇：平棊天花中格小而不施彩画者。
偷心造:宋式斗拱，挑出华拱的挑头上没有与之垂直的斗拱与枋为偷心造
计心造：宋代斗拱中，每一跳的华拱或昂头上，放置横拱的一种斗拱的结构方法。须弥座：多层叠涩组成的台基，源自佛像基座。
斗口制：坐斗正面的槽口叫斗口，在清代作为衡量建筑尺度的标准。
斗拱：是我国木构架建筑特有的结构构件，主要由水平放置的方形斗、升和矩形的栱以及斜置的昂组成。
补间铺作：柱间斗拱宋称补间铺作，清称平身科。
踩：翘、昂自坐斗出挑的多寡，清代一踩计
材分制：材和契作为宋代建筑尺度的计量标准，材分八等，根据不同建筑等级采用不同等级的材
歇山收山法: 屋顶两侧山花自山面檐柱中线向内收进的作法。
庑殿推山法:庑殿屋顶的一种处理手法，由于立面上的需要将正脊向两端推出，使四条垂脊呈柔和曲线。
悬山挑山：是将悬山建筑两山的檩头，向山墙外伸出四椽四档或1／3檐柱高的做法。
隔扇：隔扇可作对外地门、窗，也可作内部的隔断。
支摘窗：支摘窗多用于住宅。窗下为槛墙，高一般可按3／10檐柱高定，
铺首：门扉上的环形饰物，大多冶兽首衔环之状。
彻上明造：是指建筑物室内的顶部做法，如天花不做装饰，更不用藻井，而让屋顶梁架结构完全暴露，称为“彻上明造”，也称“彻上露明造”。
踏跺：古建筑中的台阶，一般用砖或石条砌造，置于台基与室外地面之间，宋称“踏道”。它不仅有台阶的功能，而且有助于处理从人工建筑到自然环境之间的过渡。
象眼：在建筑中，“象眼”简单地说，就是台阶侧面的三角形部分。除了台阶处之外，凡是在建筑上其他类似地位的直角三角形部分，也都称为“象眼”。
如意踏步：不用垂带石只用踏跺的做法，称为“如意踏步”。
瓦当：屋檐最前端的一片瓦为瓦当，瓦面上带著有花纹垂挂圆型的挡片。
勾头：勾头也就是"瓦当"."瓦当是元代以前的称呼,到了明清时期称为"勾头。
滴水：在窗台或者阳台下，为防止雨水等室外水直接沿阳台、窗台流下而侵蚀墙体，在阳台、窗台下边缘设置的内凹型构件，叫做滴水。
排山勾滴：歇山、硬山或悬山山尖博缝板上的一排勾滴就是排山勾滴。一整二破：古建筑彩画作术语.旋子彩画中常见的图案.它是由一个整旋花和两个半旋花所组成的彩画图案,故名一破两整。
旋子彩画：仅次于和玺彩画，有明显、系统的等级划分，既可以做得很素雅，也可以做得非常华贵。
一、干阑式：主要分布长江流域，由巢居发展而来，特点是底层架空
二、木骨泥墙：主要分布黄河流语，由穴居发展而来，特点墙体用木骨架上扎结枝条后再涂泥
三、榫卯是在两个木构件上所采用的一种凹凸结合的连接方式。凸出部分叫榫；凹进部分叫卯，榫和卯咬合，起到连接作用。
四、图腾：就是原始人迷信某种动物或自然物同氏族有血缘关系，因而用来做本氏族的徽号或标志。
六、前朝后寝：这是宫室（或称宫殿）自身的布局。大体上有前后两部分，一墙之隔，“前堂后室”，即“前朝后寝”。所谓“前朝”，即为帝王上朝治政、举行大典之处。所谓“后寝”，即帝王与后妃们生活居住的地方。
山节藻棁: 【解释】古代天子的庙饰。山节，刻成山形的斗拱；藻棁，画有藻文的梁上短柱。后用以形容居处豪华奢侈，越等僭礼。
闾里：中国古代居民聚居地单位，春秋战国已形成，两汉至唐是它的鼎盛时期，唐代称里坊。
昭穆之制《周礼》一书中就有“先王之葬居中，以昭穆为左右”的规范。
…昭穆”是古代的义的宗法制度，规定的就是在宗庙和墓地的一辈人和一辈人的排列次序，始祖居中，二世，四世，六世在始祖左边，为昭。三世，五世，七世在右边，为穆。
因山为陵汉文帝灞陵，依山为陵，目的为防日后被盗，是历史上第一个依山凿穴为玄宫的帝陵。唐太宗吸取历史上因山为陵的经验，以九峻山为坟，茔地高踞山际。
宝城宝顶明代陵墓地下宫殿上起圆形坟称宝顶，以适应南方多雨的地理气候，便于雨水下流不致浸润墓穴，且用墙垣包绕，称为宝城。
取名为“蓬莱”、“方丈”、“瀛洲”，以模仿仙境。此后这种布局成为帝王营建宫苑时常用的布局方式。这种布局可以丰富湖面层次，打破人们单调的视线，所以逐渐成为经典，为历代山水园林所用，至今传承了2000余年。
文人园林
密檐式塔密檐塔底层较高，上施密檐5-15层，大多不供登临眺览，意义与楼阁式塔不同。有的虽可登临，但因檐密窗小，又不能外出，故观览效果远不如楼阁式塔。建塔材料一般用砖、石。
一斗三升一只大斗、一个横栱和三个三才升构成的斗栱。属不出踩斗栱，只起传导荷载作用。是斗栱中最简单、最原始的一种
人字拱西周至南北朝，是斗拱的初创时期。斗拱先是用于柱顶，汉代以后开始在柱间出现（最早的是人字拱）。
方上
汉代帝王陵墓形式。具体方法是挖坑筑石为墓，用黄土层层夯筑呈覆斗形而为坟，这与秦汉时以方形为贵有关。认为帝王是大地的主宰，按天圆地方之说，所以取方形。
经幢经幢是在八角形石柱上镌刻经文，用以宣扬佛法的纪念性建筑。唐、宋开始。一般由基座、幢身、幢顶三部组成。
垂花门：是指檐柱不落地，悬在中柱穿枋上，下端刻花瓣连珠等富丽木雕。屋顶用勾连搭。多用于北京四合院第二道门。
平坐层楼阁及楼阁式塔等楼层之间以短柱、铺作、草栿、地面板、枋等组成的结构层，以承上荷载，通常外檐挑出平台，供人凭栏远眺
物。这种十字形桥也是中国现存古桥梁中的孤例，
敞肩式拱桥位于石家庄市东南45公里处的赵县安济桥，以最古老的敞肩石拱桥独占鳌头，更以高超的科学艺术价值而驰名中外。
安济桥，坐落在赵县城南洨河之上，因赵县古称赵州，所以又称赵州桥，又因大桥以石砌造而成，故当地俗称大石桥。
方城明楼明清帝陵坟丘前的城楼式建筑，下为方形城台，上为明楼，楼中立庙谥碑。此式始于安徽凤阳明皇陵。皇陵有内外三重陵墙，中间一到陵墙四门如城楼，分别称南北东西明楼，及至南京明孝陵，仅有一座明楼，此后明清各帝陵均大致沿袭孝陵方城明楼形制。（特例：道光皇帝未建明楼）
月牙城
正对方城所筑之墙成为月牙墙
凑，院落占地面积较小，以适应当地人口密度较高，要求少占农田的特点。住宅的大门多开
仅作采光和排水用。因为屋顶内侧坡的雨水从四面流入天井，所以这种住宅布局俗称“四水归堂”。
《园冶》
《园冶》是中国古代造园专著，也是中国第一本园林艺术理论的系统的专著。由明末造园家计成著，全书共3卷，主要内容为园说和兴造论两部分。该书是计成将园林创作实践总结提高到理论的专著，全书论述了宅园、别墅营建的原理和具体手法，反映了中国古代造园的成就，总结了造园经验，是一部研究古代园林的重要著作，为后世的园林建造提供了理论框架以及可供模仿的范本。
1、应县木塔
应县木塔位于应县城内，又称应州塔，建于辽清宁二年（１０５６年），位于寺南北中轴线上的山门与大殿之间，塔建在方形及八角形的二层砖台基上，塔身也是八角形，底径30米，高九层（外观5层，暗层4层）塔身的收分合理，暗层用来结构处理以加固塔身，使其在经过数次地震仍安然无恙。是国内现存最古的木塔，同时也是世界上现存最高的木结构建筑之一。
2、藻井
是一种高级的天花，一般用在殿堂明间的正中，如帝王御座之上，神佛像座之上，形式有方、矩形，八角，圆形，斗四，斗八等。
7、《营造法式》
一部记述我国江南地区传统建筑做法的清代专著，是北宋后期主管工程的将作监李诫在继承和总结了古代传统的基础上，根据当时熟练工匠的经验编订的。书中分为释名、各作制度、功限、料例和图样五个部分，共34卷，记载了北宋宫殿、寺庙、官署、府第等木构建筑的建造中，模数的制定和运用，设计、技术、装饰、管理等方方面面，一定程度上反映了当时中原地区的建筑技术和艺术水平。这本书对于研究宋朝建筑乃至中国古代建筑的发展，提供了重要资料，是人类建筑遗产中珍贵的文献。
8、悬山顶、硬山顶、庑殿顶、歇山顶
悬山顶：屋檐悬伸在山墙以外。
硬山顶：双破屋顶顶中两端屋面不伸出墙外。
庑殿顶: 即五脊顶或四坡顶，正脊两端各有两条直抵屋角的戗脊。由一条正脊和四条垂脊，共五脊组成，因此又称五脊殿，又分为单檐和重檐两种。
歇山：中国古代建筑中的等级仅次于庑殿的屋顶样式，形式上看是两坡顶加周围廊的结果，有单檐、重檐、卷棚等形式。
9、北京四合院是北方地区院落式住宅的典型，其平面布局以院为特征，根据主人的地位以及地基情况（两胡同之间的隙地），有两进院，三进院，四进院或五进院几种，大宅则除纵向院落多外，横向还增加平行的跨院，并设有后花园。
陵邑：汉代为了削弱地方豪强势力，加强中央政权的控制，在长安城的东南与北面设置了七座城市，称为陵邑，供从各地强制迁移来此的富豪之家居住。
间：古代木构建筑由两榀屋架所围合的范围。
槫:宋式构件,位于梁架顶端平行于屋脊的构件，承托着屋面。
扶脊木: 清式构件,六角形截面，位于脊桁上且与脊桁平行。
普拍枋: 宋式建筑位于柱顶和额枋上的水平构件，上置斗拱。
台明: 房屋的最下部分台基的高度
硬山顶:双坡屋顶中两端屋面不伸出山墙外
斗口：①斗或升上放构件的槽口②清代模数单位。
样式雷：清代负责主持皇家建筑设计的雷氏建筑世家。
抱厦：中国古代建筑中主要殿宇在外突出的一间小屋（河北正定隆兴寺摩尼殿）罩：用于需要有一定分隔，又不完全隔死的室内空间的木装修隔断。
博风板：悬山和歇山顶为保护挑出山墙的桁头而沿屋面坡度钉在桁头上的板件。昂：斗栱的斜置构件，起杠杆作用。
明堂：古代天子宣明政教的礼制建筑。
耍头：顶层华栱或昂上与令栱垂直相交的构件。
插柱造：楼阁式建筑，上层檐柱底部开十字口，插在平作斗栱内的做法
嫩戗发戗：屋檐在屋角处显著升起，檐口至屋角处有很大起翘，嫩戗斜插在老戗背上，并形成50-60度夹角。
1、什么是干阑建筑？P1
干阑建筑下层用柱子架空，上层作居住用，西南山区少数民族乃多采用这种建筑。有人认为这种建筑由原始社会的巢居发展而来。
2、什么是木架建筑？P1
木架建筑是有柱、梁、檀、枋等构件形成框架来承受屋面、楼面的荷载以及风力，地震力，墙并不承重，只起围蔽、分隔和稳定柱子的作用。因此民间有“墙倒屋不塌”之谚。
3、什么叫庭院？P7
庭院是中国古代建筑群体布局的灵魂。庭院是有屋宇、围墙、廊围合而成的内向性封闭空间，它能营造出宁静、安全、洁净的生活环境
4、如何理解工官制度？P13
工官制度是中国古代中央集权与官本位体制的产物，工官是城市建设和建筑营造的具体掌管者和实施者，对古代建筑的发展有着重要的影响。工官集制订法令法规、规划设计、征集工匠、采办材料、组织施工于一身，实行一揽子领导与管理。
6、什么是土楼？P88
主要分布地：福建、广东、赣南等。是客家自三国两晋以来以唐宋和明清几个时期为主，为逃避北方战乱而迁移南方的中原移民的住宅。土楼的种类、分布与客家民系的分布形态是一致的。客家由原来的麦作文化改为稻作文化，从而糯米、红塘是就地取材的最好凝固剂，这三种建筑材料和砂石、石灰一起，构筑成丰富多彩的各式土楼。
7、什么叫阿以旺？P90
主要分布地：新疆南部。0
“阿以旺”是新疆维吾尔族住宅常见之一种，有三四百年历史，土木结构，平屋顶，带外廊。所谓“阿以旺”，即是一种带有天窗的夏室（大厅），中留井孔采光，天窗高出屋面约40～80厘米，供起居、会客之用，后部做卧室，亦称冬室，各室也用井孔采光。
8、什么是楼阁式塔？P165
楼阁式塔是仿我国传统的多层木构架建筑的，它出现较早，历代沿用之数量最多，是我国佛塔中的主流。它使用了木建筑的柱、枋和斗栱，并且逐层向内收进。从结构上和外观上看，都已经是中国化了。南北朝至唐、宋是我国楼阁式塔的盛期。
１明间：即“当心间”指建筑物的中间一间
５斗子蜀柱：即在短柱上加一斗，一种支撑体，用于木、石栏扳、或补间铺作位置上
６平坐：高台或楼层用斗拱、枋子、铺扳等挑出，用于登高眺望。
７四阿屋顶：即四面坡的庑殿顶。
１０明木伏：与草伏相对而言，指天花以下的梁
１１草木伏：与明伏相对而言，指天花以上的梁，做法自由、粗糙。。
１３鸱尾：屋脊两端的饰物。
１５黄肠题凑：汉代帝王墓用短方木叠成椁墙，墙内放棺椁，短方木端部均指向棺椁。
１６铺作：狭义上指斗拱，广义上指斗拱所在的结构层。
１７阕：宫殿、陵墓、官衙大门前两侧个立一座建筑，形如门楼而中缺门扇，所以叫做阕
１８腰檐：塔与楼阁平坐之下的屋檐。
２２重檐庑殿：庑殿：又称作四阿屋顶，前后两坡相交处是正脊，左右两坡有四条垂脊．重檐庑殿，是在庑殿顶下又有短檐，四边有各有短垂脊，共九脊．是清代所有殿顶中的最高等级．
２６步架：柁梁按步架的多少分为九层架梁、七架梁、五架梁和三架梁。
２９反宇向阳：反宇:屋檐上仰起的瓦头
木构干阑式建筑:下层用柱子架空，上层作居住用，由原始的巢居发展而来.
中国建筑史部分名词解释及简答1 1.嵩岳寺塔 位于河南登封市，建于北魏正光四年(公元523年)，是我国现存最早的塔的实物，砖构地面（非地下）建筑，也是唯一一座平面十二边形的塔。嵩岳寺塔是砖砌密檐式塔。塔身建于朴素的台基上，塔身腰部有一组挑出的砖叠涩，将塔身划分为上下两段，上段装饰精美，下段素平无饰。塔内砌成直通顶部的空筒，塔身下段平面为十二边形，至塔身上段以上改为八角形。标志着中国砖构技术的重要进展和融合外来建筑文化，创造中国式密檐塔达到了成熟水平。 2.唐长安城 是唐朝的都城，城址在今西安城区及其周围地带。唐代建立后，继续以隋大兴城为都，改名长安城，基本沿袭隋大兴的格局。城市由外郭城、宫城和皇城三部分组成。皇城、宫城前后毗连，位于郭城中轴北部。布局受周礼考工记影响很大，东南西三面各辟3座城门，南北向街道11条，东西向14条，郭城由街道纵横划分为114坊，实数108坊。是中国古代史，也是世界古代史上规模最大的城市。 特点： （1）是里坊制城市高度成熟的典型代表 （2）规划继承了古代城市规划的传统，平面布局方正规则，每面开三门，皇城“左祖右社”，与《考工记》中的布局接近 （3）吸取了北魏洛阳的规划经验，更为规整。 （4）宫阙、宫府与民居分区明确，使朝廷与居民“不复相参”，居民区及道路系统尽可能少地被打断，功能更为合理。 （5）规整的棋盘式布局 （6）采用东西二市制，集中市制，一般居民住宅只向枋内开门，实行宵禁。 3.佛光寺大殿 即佛光寺内的东大殿，位于山西五台山，建于唐（公元８５７年）．面阔七开间，进深八架椽（四间），属“金箱斗底槽”平面形式，内槽柱围成面阔五间，进深二间的内槽空间。属殿堂型构架。上覆单檐四阿殿,下承低矮的台阶。屋顶平缓、门窗质朴、挑檐深远。正脊和檐口都有升起曲线，有侧脚，采用了叉手和托脚，正吻用鸱尾，柱高与开间的比例略呈方形，斗拱高度约为柱高的１／２。佛光寺是我国现存的最大的唐代木构架建筑，处于晚唐时期，是木构架的成熟期的代表建筑。 构架特点：殿堂型构架
1. Transcendentalism The origin of it is a philosophical and literary movement centered in Concord and Boston, which marks the summit of American Transcendentalism. 19th-century movement of writers and philosophers in New England who were loosely bound together by adherence to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation, the innate goodness of man, and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. The major features of American Transcendentalism are:It emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. It stressed the importance of the individual. To them the individual was the most important element of society. It offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. 2.Romanticism The Romanticism period stretches from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil War. It is a term associate with imagination boundlessness, and in critical usage is contrasted with classicism which is commonly associated with reason and restriction. The features of Romanticism are: American Romanticism was in a way derivative: American romantic writing was some of them modeled on English and European works. American romanticism was in essence the expression of "a real new experience "and contained"an alien quality".Representatives:William Cullen Bryant; Henry Longfellow and James Cooper, Washington Irving. 3.Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.The representatives are Howells, James, and Mark Twain. 4. Naturalism American naturalism was a new and harsher realism, it had come from Europe. Naturalism was an outgrowth of realism that responded to theories in science, psychology, human behavior and social thought current in the late nineteenth century. The background of naturalism are: In the last decade of the nineteenth century, with the development of industry and modern science, intelligent minds began to see that man was no longer a free ethical being in a cold, indifferent and essentially Godless universe. In this chance world he was both helpless and hopeless.Major Features of it are:Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment.The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.Representatives of it such as Stephen Crane, Frank Norris and Theodore Dreiser. 5.New Criticism The New Criticism as a school of poetry and criticism established itself in the 1940s as an academic orthodoxy in the United States. The school has its beginning in the 1920s. It focus on the analysis of the text rather paying attention to external elements such as its social background, its author's intention and political attitude, and its impact on society. Then it explores the artistic structure of the work rather than its author's frame of mind or its reader's responses. It also see a literary work as an organic entity, the unity of content and form, and places emphasis on the close reading of the text. These New Critics included T.S. Eliot,I.A.Richards,John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate and some other critics. The New Criticism has tended to divorce criticism from social and moral concerns, which was to become one salient feature of the movement. 6.Imagism: Between 1912 and 1922 there came a great poetry boom in which about 1000 poets published over 1000 volumes of poetry. Indeed ,to express the modern spirit, the sense of fragmentization and dislocation, was in large measure the aim of quite a few modern literary movements, of which Imagism was one.The first Imagist theorist, the English writer T.E.Hulme. Hulme suggests that modern art deals with expression and communication of momentary phases in the poet's mind. The most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of dominant image.It is a literary movement launched American poets early in the 20th century that advocated the use of free verse, common speech patterns, and clear concrete images as a reaction to Victorian sentimentalism. The representatives are Ezra pound, William Carlos Williams and some other poets.
一、填空题（每空1分，共20分） 1．目前已知的我国最早用瓦历史可以追索到西周 P24 2．著名的小雁塔、应县木塔分别属于哪种类型的塔：密檐塔 P40 楼阁式塔P176 3．倒座和抄手游廊常见于北京四合院 P99 4．号称中国著名的“四大书院”分别是指 河南应天书院、河南嵩阳书院、江西白鹿洞书院、湖南岳麓书院、 5．我国现存最高的古代建筑物是（北宋）定州料敌塔。 我国现存最古的古代木构架建筑物是（唐）南禅寺大殿。 6．我国已知最早采用榫卯技术构建房屋的建筑遗址余姚河姆渡遗址P17 7．号称“中国第一四合院”的建筑遗址是陕西岐山早周凤雏村遗址。P23 8．我国自办最早的建筑教育始于1923年，最早的建筑系成立于1927年。 P390 9．列出下列建筑作品的设计人或设计公司 金茂大厦SOM 中国国家大剧院保罗.安德鲁 赵州桥李春 鸟巢赫尔佐格与德梅隆 南京中山陵吕彦直 CCTV央视新楼库哈斯 上海鲁迅纪念馆陈植P462 香山饭店贝聿铭 广州中山纪念堂吕彦直 人民大会堂赵冬日和沈其张镈P465 上海汇丰银行新楼公和洋行P361 上海沙逊大厦公和洋行P361 北京仁立地毯公司梁思成与林微因P406 上海环球金融中心 KPF 上海世博会中国馆何镜堂 威海甲午海战纪念馆彭一刚P485 10．目前已知的我国最早用砖历史可以追索到西周 P25 11 中国古典园林的基本构园手段是指： 园林布局、理水、叠山、建筑营构P207 12．我国原始社会时期最有代表性的两种建筑类型是干澜式建筑和木骨泥墙房屋 P17 13．斗拱是我国古代建筑中的重要构件，它早期的作用主要是结构作用--承托屋檐，它至迟在汉代已经出现。P31 14．我国著名的安济桥是隋朝的建筑，它的设计人是李春。P38 15．“垂花门”常见于北京四合院民居。P99 16．我国古代著名的楼阁式塔代表有应县木塔、大雁塔，密檐式塔代表有西安小雁塔、嵩岳寺塔。17．号称中国著名的四大佛教名山分别是山西五台山、浙江普陀山、四川峨眉山、安徽九华山18．《园冶》的作者是明代计成 P204 《营造法式》的作者是宋代李诫 19.我国传统的清式彩画作主要有和玺、旋子、苏式三种。 P315 21．中国古典园林的基本组成要素是山、水、植物、建筑 22．我国现存唯一的木塔是辽代应县佛宫寺释迦塔（应县木塔），它是属于楼阁式塔。 P176
I. Explain the following literary terms(名词解释). 1. Romanticism The most profound and comprehensive idea of romanticism is the vision of a greater personal freedom for the individual. Appeals to imagination; Stress on emotion rather than reason; optimism, gen iality. Subjectivity: in form and meaning. 2 American transcendentalism American transcendentalism was an important movement in philosophy and literature that flourished during the early to middle years of the nineteenth century (about 1836-1860). For the transcendentalists, the soul of each individual is identical with the soul of the world and contains what the world contains. 3 Realism: ―nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.‖ the Civil war a. verisimilitude of details derived from observation b. representative in plot, setting and character c. an objective rather than an idealized view of human experience or（American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.） 4. Modernism like modernism in general is a trend of thought that affirms the power of human beings to create, improve, and reshape their environment, with the aid of scientific knowledge, technology and practical experimentation, and is thus in its essence both progressive and optimistic. The general term covers many political, cultural and artistic movements rooted in the changes in Western society at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century. American modernism is an artistic and cultural movement in the United States starting at the turn of the 20th century with its core period between World War I and World War II and continuing into the 21st century. 5、American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them. They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind. American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American literature. 6、Transcendentalism: In New England, an intellectual movement known as transcendentalism developed as an American version of Romanticism. The movement began among an influential set of authors based in Concord, Massachusetts and was led by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Like Romanticism, transcendentalism rejected both 18th century rationalism and established religion, which for the transcendentalists meant the Puritan tradition in particular. The transcendentalists celebrated the power of the human imagination to commune with the universe and transcend the limitations of the material world. They found their chief source of inspiration in nature. Emerson’s essay Nature was the major document of the transcendental school and stated the ideas that were to remain central to it. 7、Free verse: free verse is the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without attention to conventio nal rules of meter. Free verse was first written and labeled by a group of French poets of the late 19th century. Their purpose was to deliver poetry from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate the free rhythms of natural speech. Walt Whitman was the precursor who wrote lines of varying length and cadence, usually not rhymed. The emotional content or meaning of the work was expressed through its rhythm. Free verse has been characteristic of the work of many modern American poets, including Ezra Pound and Carl Sandburg. 8、Naturalism: A more deliberate kind of realism in novels, stories and plays, usually involving a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. Naturalism was a new and harsher realism. It
中国建筑史名词解释大全 三分为一中国古建筑存在很多“三分为一”的现象，就是一个整体分为三部分。建筑立面分为“大屋顶、墙体、基座”三部分；柱子分为“柱顶、柱身、柱础”三部分； 不仅立面，平面也有“三分为一” 正房一般为三开间；标准（三进）四合院分“前院、中国古代木架建筑吧相邻两屋架之间的空间成为间，房屋的进深则以架数或椽数来表达 通面阔建筑物纵向相邻两檐柱中心线间的距离称为面阔；各间面阔的总和为通面阔建筑正中一间称明间,宋代称当心间, 其左、右侧的称次间, 再外的称梢间、最外的称尽间，九间以上的建筑增加次间数. 通进深：各步距离的总和或侧面各开间宽度的总和步：檩与檩之间的水平距离称为步分心斗底槽宋代殿阁宋代殿阁内部四种空间（单槽、双槽、分心斗底槽、金箱斗底槽） 划分方法之一。其特点是殿身根据《营造法式》的记录，副阶：宋代个体建筑周围环绕的廊子，称为副阶。身、殿身建筑主体外部另加一圈回廊，在《营造法式》中称为“副阶周匝” 副阶周匝：塔柱的收分：中国古代的圆柱子上下两端直径是不相等的，而是根部略粗，顶部略细，这种作法，称为“收溜”又称“收分”。柱的卷杀：柱的端部作弧形，形成柔美而有弹性的外观，称为卷杀。挑尖梁：长一步架，承担一个檩子的力，在檐口处的梁，有斗拱时叫挑尖梁，无斗拱时叫抱头梁． 踩步金：歇山建筑屋顶四面出檐，其中，前后檐檐椽的后尾搭置在前后檐的下金檩上，两山面檐椽后尾则搭置在山面的一个既非梁又非檩的特殊构件上，这个只有歇山建筑才有的特殊构件叫“踩步金” 罗锅椽: 是中国建筑中的一种设计风格，双桁卷棚屋面顶步架侧面成弧形的椽子。侧脚：为了使建筑有较好的稳定性，宋代建筑规定外檐柱在前、后檐均向内倾斜柱高的10／1000，在两山向内倾斜8／1000，而角柱则两个方向都有倾斜。这种做法称为“侧脚”。 生起：宋、辽建筑的檐柱由当心间向二端升高，因此檐口呈一缓和曲线，这在《营造法式》中称为“生起”。额枋：是柱上联络与承重的水平构件。雀替：是置于梁枋下与柱相交处的短木，可以缩短梁枋的净跨距离。举折（举架）：举是指屋架的高度，常指建筑的进深和屋面的材料而定。在计算屋架举高时，由于各檩升高的幅度不一致，所以求得的屋面横断面坡度不是一根直线，而是若干折线组成的，这就是“折”。 叉手：叉手支撑在侏儒柱两侧，北魏宁懋石室已见。 扶脊木：清式构件,六角形截面，位于脊桁上且与脊桁平行。平棊：大的方木格网上置板并 遍施彩画的天花。 平闇：平棊天花中格小而不施彩画者。 偷心造:宋式斗拱，挑出华拱的挑头上没有与之垂直的斗拱与枋为偷心造计心造：宋代斗拱中，每一跳的华拱或昂头上，放置横拱的一种斗拱的结构方法。须弥座：多层叠涩组成的台基，源自佛像基座。 斗口制：坐斗正面的槽口叫斗口，在清代作为衡量建筑尺度的标准。斗拱：是我国木构架建筑特有的结构构件，主要由水平放置的方形斗、升和矩形的栱以及斜置的昂组成。补间铺作：柱间斗拱宋称补间铺作，清称平身科。踩：翘、昂自坐斗出挑的多寡，清代一踩计 材分制：材和契作为宋代建筑尺度的计量标准，材分八等，根据不同建筑等级采用不同等级的材 歇山收山法: 屋顶两侧山花自山面檐柱中线向庑殿推山法: 庑殿屋顶的一种处理手法，由于立面上的需要将正脊向两端推出，使四条垂脊呈柔和曲线。 悬山挑山：是将悬山建筑两山的檩头，向山墙外伸出四椽四档或1／3 檐柱高的做法。 隔扇：隔扇可作对外地门、窗，也可作内部的隔断。 支摘窗：支摘窗多用于住宅。窗下为槛墙，高一般可按3／10 檐柱高定，铺首：门扉上的 环形饰物，大多冶兽首衔环之状。彻上明造：是指建筑物室内的顶部做法，如天花不做装饰，更不用藻井，而让屋顶梁架结构完全暴露，称为“彻上明造”，也称“彻上露明造”。
Allegory is a narrative that serves as an extended metaphor. Allegories are written in the form of fables, parables, poems, stories, and almost any other style or genre. The main purpose of an allegory is to tell a story that has characters, a setting, as well as other types of symbols, that have both literal and figurative meanings. One well-known example of an allegory is Dante’s The Divine Comedy.In Inferno, Dante is on a pilgrimage to try to understand his own life, but his character also represents every man who is in search of his purpose in the world. Alliteration is a pattern of sound that includes the repetition of consonant sounds. The repetition can be located at the beginning of successive words or inside the words. Poets often use alliteration to audibly represent the action that is taking place. Aside is an actor’s speech, directed to the audience, that is not supposed to be heard by other actors on stage. An aside is usually used to let the audience know what a character is about to do or what he or she is thinking. Asides are important because they increase an audience's involvement in a play by giving them vital information pertaining what is happening, both inside of a character's mind and in the plot of the play. Gothic is a literary style popular during the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th. This style usually portrayed fantastic tales dealing with horror, despair, the grotesque and other “dark” subjects. Gothic literature was named for the apparent influence of the dark gothic architecture of the period on the genre. Also, many of these Gothic tales took places in such “gothic” surroundings. Other times, this story of darkness may occur in a more everyday setting, such as the quaint house where the man goes mad fro m the "beating" of his guilt in Edgar Allan Poe's “The Tell-Tale Heart.”In essence, these stories were romances, largely due to their love of the imaginary over the logical, and were told from many different points of view. CATHARSIS is an emotional discharge that brings about a moral or spiritual renewal or welcome relief from tension and anxiety. According to Aristotle, catharsis is the marking feature and ultimate end of any tragic artistic work. IMAGERY: A common term of variable meaning, imagery includes the "mental pictures" that readers experience with a passage of literature. It signifies all the sensory perceptions referred to in a poem, whether by literal description, allusion, simile, or metaphor. Surrealism is an artistic movement doing away with the restrictions of realism and verisimilitude that might be imposed on an artist. In this movement, the artist sought to do away with conscious control and instead respond to the irrational urges of the subconscious mind. From this results the hallucinatory, bizarre, often nightmarish quality of surrealistic paintings and writings. Sample surrealist writers include Frank O'Hara, John Ashberry, and Franz Kafka.
《中国建筑史》试题库 一、填空题 1、半坡村是新石器时期的建筑遗址。 2、我国迄今发现的最早的四合院遗址是西周时代的陕西岐山凤雏村早周遗址。 3、我国已知最早采用榫卯技术构筑木结构房屋的实例是浙江余姚河姆渡村。 4、我国考古发现最早的廊院式建筑是河南偃师二里头西亳宫殿遗址 5、我国建筑屋面上使用的瓦始于西周，琉璃使用于屋面始于南北朝。 6、长城始建于战国时期。 7、鲁班是我国春秋时代有名的建筑师，被后代奉为建筑工匠的祖师。 8、中国塔的主要类型有密檐式、楼阁式、金刚宝座塔、单层塔、喇嘛塔等五种。 9、我国现存最早的佛塔是北魏的河南登封县嵩岳寺塔，塔的平面为十二边形，是我国塔中的孤例。 10、我国现存最早的木塔是辽代的山西应县佛宫寺释迦塔，平面八边形；我国现存最高的砖塔是宋代的河北定县开元寺料敌塔，现存最高的石塔是宋代福建泉州开元寺双石塔。 11、最早见于史籍的佛教建筑，是东汉明帝时的洛阳白马寺。 12、中国古代建筑屋顶基本形式有庑殿、歇山、攒尖、硬山、悬山等五种。 13、在木结构建筑的设计和施工中，我国很早就实行了类似于近代建
筑的模数制，宋代用“材”，清代用“斗口”作标准。 14、河北赵县安济桥建造于隋代，是世界上最早的敞肩拱桥，其设计者为李春。 15、石窟寺有塔院式、佛殿式、僧院式三种基本类型。 16、北京妙应寺白塔是元代尼泊尔工匠阿尼哥设计的。 17、中国现存最古的木构建筑是唐代山西五台县南禅寺大殿山门。 18、唐代佛光寺大殿平面形式采用金厢斗底槽，晋祠圣母殿平面采用副阶周匝，河北蓟县独乐寺山门平面采用分心槽。 19、《考工记》是我国战国时期的专著，《园冶》是关于造园的明代著作，作者计成，《营造法式》是我国宋代建筑方面的重要术书，作者李诫。 20、隋代大兴城是由文宇恺设计建造的；元大都的规划者为刘秉忠和阿拉伯人也黑迭尔，大都水系由杰出的科学家郭守敬规划。 21、我国历代都城规模由大到小为隋大兴城、北魏洛阳城、明清北京城、元大都、隋唐洛阳、明南京城、汉长安城。 22、西安、洛阳、开封、南京、北京为我国五大古都。 23、明清北京城中轴线长7.5里，起于永定门，止于正阳门。 24、宋代彩画主要有五彩遍装、青绿彩画和土朱刷饰三种形式，清代彩画的等级次序由尊到卑是和玺、旋子、苏式。 25、中国古典木构建筑主要有抬梁式、穿斗斗式、井干式三种主要结构形式 26、中国营造学社创立于1929年，创始人是朱启钤。
American Puritanism: Puritanism was a religious reform movement that arose within the Church of England in the late sixteenth century. Under siege from church and crown, it sent an offshoot in the third and forth decades of the seventeenth century to the northern English colonies in the New World--- a migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual, and social order of New England, Puritanism, however,was not only a historically specific phenomenon coincident with the founding of New England; it was also a way of being in the world---a style of response to lived experience---that has reverberated through American life ever since. Doctrinally, Puritans adhered to the Five Points of Calvinism as codified at the Synod of Dort in 1619:(1) unconditional election ( the idea that God had decreed who was damned and who was saved from before the beginning of the world); (2) limited atonement ( the idea that Christ died for the elect only); (3) total depravity (humanity's utter corruption since the Fall); (4) irresistible grace (regeneration as entirely a work of God, which cannot be resisted and to which the sinner contributes nothing); and (5) the perseverance of the saints (the elect, despite their backsliding and faintness of heart , cannot fall away from grace). American Dream: The American Dream is the faith held by many in the United States of America that through hard work, courage, and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations. Nowadays the American Dream has led to an emphasis on material wealth as a measure of success and\ or happiness. Gothic tradition: Gothic novel or Gothic romance is a story of terror and suspense, usually set in a gloomy old castle or monastery. In an extended sense, many novels that do not have a medievalized setting, but which share a comparably sinister, grotesque, or chaustrophobic atmosphere have been classed as Gothic. It contributed to the new emotional climate of Romanticism. Historical novel: a novel in which the action takes place during a specific historical period well before the time of writing ( often one or two generations before, sometimes several centuries), and in which some attempt is made to depict accurately the customs and mentality of the period. The central character---real or imagined---is usually subject to divided loyalties within a larger historic conflict of which readers know the outcome. The pioneers of this genre were Walter Scott and James Fenimore Cooper American Romanticism:Romanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. The romantic period in American literature stretched from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil