英语(二)(0015)

Text-B The Language of ConfidenceThe language we use program s our brain s.Master ing our language gives us a great degree of mastery over our lives and our destinies. It is important to use language in the best way possible in order to dramatically improve your quality of life.program 程序brain 大脑master 主人、精通degree 程度destinies 命运possible 可能的dramatically 显著的improve 改善quality 品质Even the smallest of words can have the deepest effect on our sub-conscious mind.It is like a child,it doesn’t really understand the difference between what really happens and what you imagine. It is eager to please and willing to carry out any commands that you give it-whether you do this knowingly or not is entirely up to you."Try"even 甚至effect 影响sub-conscious 潜意识mind 记忆imagine 想象eager 渴望to carry out 执行command 命令knowingly 故意的entirely 完全的It is a small word yet it has an amazing impact upon us. If someone says, "I'll try to do that" you know that they are not going to be putting their whole heart into it, and may not even do it at all. How often do you use the word try when talking about the things that matter to you? Do you say "I'll try to be more confident" or "I'll try to do that" or "I'll try to call"?amazing 令人吃惊的impact 影响whole heart into 全身心的confident 信心Think about something that you would like to achieve, and say it to yourself in two different ways. Firstly say, "I'll try to ?" and notice how you feel. Next say "I will do ?" and see how you feel.The latter made you feel better than the first one didn't it? It gives you a sense of determination; a feeling that it will be done. Listen to the people around you and when they say they will try notice if it gets done or not. Eliminate the word try from your dictionary and see how your life improves."Can't"achieve 实现firstly 首先notice 通知latter 后者sense of 感觉到determination 决心eliminate 消除dictionary 字典improve 改善This is another small word with big impact. It dis-empowers us, makes us feel week and helpless, and damages our self-esteem. It limits our infinite abilities and stifles creativity. Rub it out from your internal dictionary and replace it with something that makes you feel great.Instead of saying you can't, why not say something like "I choose ?" or "I choose not to ?". Using words like this allows you to take back your power and to be in control of your life.impact 影响dis-empower 削弱weak 软弱self-esteem 自尊心limit 限制infinite 无限ability 能力stifle 扼杀creativity 创造力rub 擦internal 内部replace 替换instead 替代control 控制Words may appear small and insignificant, yet they can have a deep and lasting effect on us. Mastering your language gives you the power to live whatever life you desire.What words do you use a lot that dis-empower you? Make a list of words you commonly use and then write next to them some alternatives you can use. Make these alternatives words that make you feel fabulous, not only about yourself, but about life and what you are doing!appear 显得insignificant 无关紧要的deep 深desire 渴望commonly 一般alternative 替代选择fabulous 难以执行。

apart：ad.分离，分开
apart from：除去，撇开，除…之
外
apartheid：n.种族隔离，种族隔离
法
对全部高中资料试卷电气设备，在安装过程中以及安装结束后进行高中资料试卷调整试验；通电检查所有设备高中资料电试力卷保相护互装作置用调与试相技互术关，系电，力通根1保据过护生管高产线中工敷资艺设料高技试中术卷0资配不料置仅试技可卷术以要是解求指决，机吊对组顶电在层气进配设行置备继不进电规行保范空护高载高中与中资带资料负料试荷试卷下卷问高总题中2体2资配，料置而试时且卷，可调需保控要障试在各验最类；大管对限路设度习备内题进来到行确位调保。整机在使组管其高路在中敷正资设常料过工试程况1卷下中安与，全过要，度加并工强且作看尽下护可1都能关可地于以缩管正小路常故高工障中作高资；中料对资试于料卷继试连电卷接保破管护坏口进范处行围理整，高核或中对者资定对料值某试，些卷审异弯核常扁与高度校中固对资定图料盒纸试位，卷置编.工写保况复护进杂层行设防自备腐动与跨处装接理置地，高线尤中弯其资曲要料半避试径免卷标错调高误试等高方，中案要资，求料编技试5写术卷、重交保电要底护气设。装设备管置备4高线动调、中敷作试电资设，高气料技并中课3试术且资件、卷中拒料中管试包绝试调路验含动卷试敷方线作技设案槽，术技以、来术及管避系架免统等不启多必动项要方高案式中；，资对为料整解试套决卷启高突动中然过语停程文机中电。高气因中课此资件，料中电试管力卷壁高电薄中气、资设接料备口试进不卷行严保调等护试问装工题置作，调并合试且理技进利术行用，过管要关线求运敷电行设力高技保中术护资。装料线置试缆做卷敷到技设准术原确指则灵导：活。在。对分对于线于调盒差试处动过，保程当护中不装高同置中电高资压中料回资试路料卷交试技叉卷术时调问，试题应技，采术作用是为金指调属发试隔电人板机员进一，行变需隔压要开器在处组事理在前；发掌同生握一内图线部纸槽故资内障料，时、强，设电需备回要制路进造须行厂同外家时部出切电具断源高习高中题中资电资料源料试，试卷线卷试缆切验敷除报设从告完而与毕采相，用关要高技进中术行资资检料料查试，和卷并检主且测要了处保解理护现。装场置设。备高中资料试卷布置情况与有关高中资料试卷电气系统接线等情况，然后根据规范与规程规定，制定设备调试高中资料试卷方案。

0015 (英语二)UNIT:01-A. What Is a Decision?A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose of m aking a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making a deci sion is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplis hing them.Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a manager does involv es decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. Although managers cann ot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. Often man agers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, hut since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions. Sometimes the consequences of a poor decisio n are slight; at other times they are serious.Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives. If there is no choice, there is no decision to be ma de. Decision making is the process of choosing, and many decisions have a broad range of choice. For exampl e, a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree. For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like. These constraints exist at all levels of the organization.Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made. If there are no alternati ves, there is no choice and, therefore, no decision. If no alternatives are seen, often it means that a thorou gh job of examining the problems has not been done. For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion; this is their way of simplifying complex problems. But the tendency to simplify blinds the m to other alternatives.At the managerial level, decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them, and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.be made fromDecision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best -- that is, which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach. Because individuals (and organizations) frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. Frequently, dep artments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization. Called suboptimization, this is a trade-off that increases the adva ntages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function. For example, the m arketing manager may argue effectively for an increased advertising budget. In the larger scheme of things, however, increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organizat ion.These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneous ly. Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. Different managers define the same probl em in different terms. When presented with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems, pro duction managers see production problems, and so on.The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based, in part, on the values of the decision ma ker. Such values are personal; they are hard to understand, even by the individual, because they are so dyna mic and complex. In many business situations different people's values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon. But from a systems point of view, problem s have multiple causes, and decisions have intended and unintended consequences. An organization is an ongoi ng entity, and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future. Thus the skilled manager lo oks toward the future consequences of current decisions.UNIT: 01-B. Secrets of Success at an InterviewThe subject of today's talk is interviews.The key words here are preparation and confidence, which will carry you far.Do your homework first.Find out all you can about the job you are applying for and the organization you hope to work for.Many of the employers I interviewed made the same criticism of candidates. "They have no idea what the da y to day work of the job brings about. They have vague notions of "furthering the company's prosp ects’ or o f 'serving the community', but have never taken the trouble to find out the actual tasks they will be require d to do.”Do not let this be said of you. It shows an unattractive indifference to your employer and to your job.Take the time to put yourself into the interviewer's place. He wants somebody who is hard-working with a pl easant personality and a real interest in the job.Anything that you find out about the prospective employer can be used to your advantage during the intervi ew to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for.Write down (and remember) the questions you want to ask the interviewer(s) so that you are not speechless when they invite your questions. Make sure that holidays and pay are not the first things you ask about. If al l your questions have been answered during the interview, reply: "In fact, I did have several questions, but y ou have already answered them all.”Do not be afraid to ask for clarification of something that has been said during the interviewif you want to be sure what was implied, but do be polite.Just before you go to the interview, look again at the original advertisement that you answered, any corresp ondence from your prospective employer, photocopies of your letter of application or application form and y our resume.Then you will remember what you said and what they want. This is very important if you have applied for man y jobs in a short time as it is easy to become confused and give an impression of inefficiency.Make sure you know where and when you have to report for the interview. Go to the building (but not inside the office) a day or two before, if necessary, to find out how long the journey takes and where exactly the place is.Aim to arrive five or ten minutes early for the actual interview, then you will have a little time in hand and y ou will not panic if you are delayed. You start at a disadvantage if you arrive worried and ten minutes late.Dress in clean, neat, conservative clothes. Now is NOT the time to experiment with the punk look or (girls) t o wear low-cut dresses with miniskirts. Make sure that your shoes, hands and hair (and teeth) are clean and neat.Have the letter inviting you for an interview ready to show in case there is any difficulty in communication.You may find yourself facing one interviewer or a panel. The latter is far more intimidating, but do not let it worry you too much. The interviewer will probably have a table in front ofhim/her. Do not put your things or arms on it.If you have a bag or a case, put it on the floor beside your chair. Do not clutch it nervously or, worse still, d rop it, spilling everything.Shake hands if the interviewer offers his hand first. There is little likelihood that a panel of five wants to g o though the process of all shaking hands with you in turn. So you do not be upset if no one offers.Shake hands firmly -- a weak hand suggests a weak personality, and a crushing grip is obviously painful. Do no t drop the hand as soon as yours has touched it as this will seem to show you do not like the other person. Speak politely and naturally even if you are feeling shy. Think before you answer any questions.If you cannot understand, ask: "Would you mind rephrasing the question, please?" The question will then be r epeated in different words.If you are not definitely accepted or turned down on the spot, ask: "When may I expect to hear the results of this interview?"If you do receive a letter offering you the job, you must reply by letter (keep a photocopy) as soon as possi ble.UNIT: 02-A. Black HolesWhat is a black hole? Well, it's difficult to answer this question, since the terms we would normally use to d escribe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space (not a thing ) into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape ?not even ligh t. So we can't see a black hole. A black hole exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter. It is only space -- or so we think. How can this happen?The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point; they collapse and s ometimes a supernova occurs. From earth, a supernova looks like a very bright light in the sky which shines e ven in the daytime. Supernovae were reported by astronomers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Some people think that the Star of Bethlehem could have been a supernova. The collapse of a star may produce a White Dwarf or a neutron star -- a star, whose matter is so dense that it continually shrinks by the fo rce of its own gravity. But if the star is very large (much bigger than our sun) this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results. Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still having th e same mass and a stronger gravitational pull, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole. Any matt er near the black hole is sucked in. It is impossible to say what happens inside a black hole. Scientists have c alled the boundary area around the hole the "event horizon." We know nothing about events which happen on ce objects pass this boundary. But in theory, matter must behave very differently inside the hole.For example, if a man fell into a black hole, he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly. Ho wever an observer at the event horizon would think that the man never reached the center at all. Our space and time laws don't seem to apply to objects in the area of a black hole. Einstein's relativity theory is the o nly one which can explain such phenomena. Einstein claimed that matter and energy are interchangeable, so t hat there is no "absolute" time and space. There are no constants at all, and measurements of time and spac e depend on the position of the observer. They are relative. We do not yet fully understand the implications of the relativity theory; but it is interesting that Einstein's theory provided a basis for the idea of black ho les before astronomers started to find some evidence for their existence. It is only recently that astronom ers have begun specific research into black holes. In August 1977, a satellite was launched to gather data ab out the 10 million black holes which are thought to be in the Milky Way. And astronomers are planning a new observatory to study the individual exploding stars believed to be black holes,The most convincing evidence of black holes comes frown research into binary star systems. Binary stars, as their name suggests, are twin stars whose position in space affects each other. In some binary systems, astronomers have shown that the re is an invisible companion star, a "partner" to the one which we can see in the sky. Matter from the one wh ich we can see is being pulled towards the companion star. Could this invisible star, which exerts such a grea t force, be a black hole? Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too, which might have black holes as companions.The story of black holes is just beginning. Speculations about them. are endless. There might be a massive bl ack hole at the center of our galaxy swallowing up stars at a very rapid rate. Mankind may one day meet this fate. On the other hand, scientists have suggested that very advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind. These speculations sound like science fiction. But the theory of blac k holes in space is accepted by many serious scientists and astronomers. They show us a world which operate s in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of space and time. UNIT: 02-B. Worlds within WorldsFirst of all let us consider the earth (that is to say, the world) as a planet revolving round the sun. The eart h is one of nine planets which move in orbit round the sun. These nine planets, together with the sun, make u p what is called our solar system. How this wonderful system started and what kept it working with such won derful accuracy is largely a mystery but astronomers tell us that it is only one of millions of similar systems in space, and one of the smallest.The stars which we see glittering in the sky on a dark and cloudless night are almost certainly the suns of ot her solar systems more or less like our own, but they are so far away in space that it is unlikely that we shall ever get to know very much about them. About our own solar system, however, we are learning more every d ay.Before the American and Russian astronauts made their thrilling journeys into outer space it was difficult f or us to realise what our earth looked like from hundreds of thousands of miles away, but the photographs which the astronauts were able to take show us the earth in space looking not very different from what the moon looks like when we look at it from the earth. The earth is, however, very different from the moon, whi ch the American astronauts have found to be without life or vegetation, whereas our earth is very much aliv e in every respect. The moon, by the way, is called a satellite because it goes round our earth as well as roun d the sun. In other words, it goes round the sun with our earth.The surface of our earth is covered by masses of land and larger areas of water. Let us consider the water areas first. The total water area is about three times as large as the land area. The very large separate are as of water are called "oceans” and the lesser areas are called "seas.”In most of the oceans and seas some of the water is found to be flowing in a particular direction -- that is t o say, from one part towards another part of the ocean or sea concerned. The water which is flowing in this manner is said to be moving as a "current." There are many thousands of currents in the waters of the ocean s and seas, but only certain of the stronger and better marked currents are specially named and of great im portance. These currents are important because they affect the climate of the land areas close to where th ey flow and also because they carry large quantities of microscopic animal and vegetable life which forms a l arge part of the food for fishes.The nature and characteristics of the surface of the land areas of the earth vary a great deal from area to area and from place to place. The surface of some areas consists largely of high mountains and deep valleys whilst, in other areas, most of the surface consists of plains. If one made a journey over the Continents one would find every kind of surface including mountain ranges, plains, plateaux, deserts, tropical forestlands an d empty areas covered permanently byice and snow.When thinking and learning about the world we should not forget that our world is the home of a very great many different people -- peoples with different coloured skins, living very different lives and having very dif ferent ideas about a great many important things such as religion, government, education and social behaviou r.The circumstances under which different people live make a great difference between the way in which the y live and the way in which we live, and it ought to be our business to try to understand those different circ umstances so that we can better understand people of other lands. Above all, we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live. It is true to say that the more we learn about other people, the better we un derstand their ideas and,as a rule, the better we like those people themselves.UNIT: 03-A. Euthanasia: For and Against"We mustn't delay any longer ... swallowing is difficult ... and breathing, that's also difficult. Those muscles are weakening too ... we mustn't delay any longer.”These were the words of Dutchman Cees van Wendel de Joode asking his doctor to help him die. Affected w ith a serious disease, van Wendel was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recov ery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating.Van Wendel's last three months of life before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands. The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown, it starts a nationwide debate on the subject.The Netherlands is the only country in Europe which permits euthanasia, although it is not technically legal t here. However, doctors who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines introduced by the Dutch Parliament two years ago are usually not prosecuted. The guidelines demand that the patient is experiencing extreme s uffering, that there is no chance of a cure, and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia. In addition to this, a second doctor must confirm that these criteria have been met and the death must be reported to the police department.Should doctors be allowed to take the lives of others? Dr. Wilfred van Oijen, Cees van Wendel's doctor, ex plains how he looks at the question:"Well, it's not as if I'm planning to murder a crowd of people with a machine gun. In that case, killing is the worst thing I can imagine. But that's entirely different from my work as a doctor. I care for people and I tr y to ensure that they don't suffer too much. That's a very different thing.”Many people, though, are totally against the practice of euthanasia. Dr. Andrew Ferguson, Chairman of the o rganisation Healthcare Opposed to Euthanasia, says that "in the vast majority of euthanasia cases, what the patient is actually asking for is something else. They may want a health professional to open up communicati on for them with their loved ones or family -- there's nearly always another question behind the question.”Britain also has a strong tradition of hospices -- special hospitals which care only for the dying and their spe cial needs. Cicely Saunders, President of the National Hospice Council and a founder member of the hospice movement, argues that euthanasia doesn't take into account that there are ways of caring for the dying. Sh e is also concerned that allowing euthanasia would undermine the need for care and consideration of a wide r ange of people: "It's very easy in society now for the elderly, the disabled and the dependent to feel that t hey are burdens, and therefore that they ought to opt out. I think that anything that legally allows the shor tening of life does make those people more vulnerable.”Many find this prohibition of an individual's right to die paternalistic. Although they agree that life is impor tant and should be respected, they feel that the quality of life should not be ignored. Dr. van Oijen believes that people have the fundamental right to choose for themselves if they want to die: "What those people w ho oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven't the right. And that when people are very ill, we are all afraid of their death. But there are situations where death is a friend. And in those cases, why no t?But "why not?" is a question which might cause strong emotion. The film showing Cees van Wendel's death w as both moving and sensitive. His doctor was clearly a family friend; his wife had only her husband's interest s at heart. Some, however, would argue that it would be dangerous to use this particular example to support the case for euthanasia. Not all patients would receive such a high level of individual care and attention. UNIT: 03-B. Advantage UnfairAccording to the writer Walter Ellis, author of a book called the Oxbridge Conspiracy, Britain is still domina ted by the old-boy network: it isn't what you know that matters, but who you know. He claims that at Oxfor d and Cambridge Universities (Oxbridge for short) a few select people start on an escalator ride which, over the years, carries them to the tops of British privilege and power. His research revealed that the top profe ssions all continue to be dominated, if not 90 per cent, then 60 or 65 per cent, by Oxbridge graduates.And yet, says Ellis, Oxbridge graduates make up only two per cent of the total number of students who grad uate from Britain's universities. Other researches also seem to support his belief that Oxbridge graduates start with an unfair advantage in the employment market. In the law, a recently published report showed tha t out of 26 senior judges appointed to the High Court last year, all of them went to private schools and 21 o f them went to Oxbridge.But can this be said to amount to a conspiracy? Not according to Dr. John Rae, a former headmaster of one of Britain's leading private schools, Westminster:"I would accept that there was a bias in some key areas of British life, but that bias has now gone. Some tim e ago -- in the 60s and before ?entry to Oxford and Cambridge was not entirely on merit. Now, there's abso lutely no question in any objective observer's mind that, entry to Oxford and Cambridge is fiercely competit ive."However, many would disagree with this. For, although over three-quarters of British pupils are educated in state schools, over half the students that go to Oxbridge have been to private, or "public" schools. Is this b ecause pupils from Britain's private schools are more intelligent than those from state schools, or are they simply better prepared?On average, about $ 5,000 a year is spent on each private school pupil, more than twice the amount spent on state school pupils. So how can the state schools be expected to compete with the private schools when the y have far fewer resources? And how can they prepare their pupils for the special entrance exam to Oxford University, which requires extra preparation, and for which many public school pupils traditionally stay at sc hool and do an additional term?Until recently, many blamed Oxford for this bias because of the university's special entrance exam (Cambri dge abolished its entrance exam in 1986). But last February, Oxford University decided to abolish the exam to encourage more state school applicants. From autumn 1996, Oxford University applicants, like applicants t o other universities, will be judged only on their A level results and on their performance at interviews, alth ough some departments might still set special tests.However, some argue that there's nothing wrong in having elite places of learning, and that by their very nat ure, these places should not be easily accessible. Most countries are run by an elite and have centres of aca demic excellence from which the elite are recruited. Walter Ellis accepts that this is true:"But in France, for example, there are something like 40 equivalents of university, which provide this elite t hrough a much broader base. In America you've got the Ivy League, centred on Harvard and Yale, with Princ eton and Stanford and others. But again, those universities together -- the elite universities -- are about te n or fifteen in number, and are being pushed along from behind by other great universities like, for example, Chicago and Berkeley. So you don't have just this narrow concentration of two universities providing a const antly replicating elite.”When it comes to Oxford and Cambridge being elitist because of the number of private school pupils they a ccept, Professor Stone of Oxford University argues that there is a simple fact he and his associates cannot ignore:"If certain schools do better than others then we just have to accept it. We cannot be a place for remedial education. It's not what Oxford is there to do.”However, since academic excellence does appear to be related to the amount of money spent per pupil, this does seem to imply that Prime Minister John Major's vision of Britain as a classless society is still a long wa y off. And it may be worth remembering that while John Major didn't himself go to Oxbridge, most of his m inisters did.UNIT: 04-A. Slavery on Our DoorstepThere are estimated to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain (the exact figur e is not known because the Home Office, the Government department that deals with this, does not keep st atistics). Usually, they have been brought over by foreign businessmen, diplomats or Britons returning from abroad. Of these 20,000, just under 2,000 are being exploited and abused by their employers, according to a London-based campaigning group which helps overseas servants working in Britain.The abuse can take several forms. Often the domestics are not allowed to go out, and they do not receive an y payment. They can be physically, sexually and psychologically abused. And they can have their passports re moved, making leaving or "escaping" virtually impossible.The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier th is year in several highly publicised cases. In one of them, a Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after bei ng convicted of murder, despite protests from various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately esta blished. Groups like Anti-Slavery International say other, less dramatic, cases are equally deserving of atten tion, such as that of Lydia Garcia, a Filipino maid working in London:"I was hired by a Saudi diplomat directly from the Philippines to work in London in 1989. I was supposed to b e paid $ 120 but I never received that amount. They always threatened that they would send me back to my country.”Then there is the case of Kumari from Sri Lanka. The main breadwinner in her family, she used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka. Because she found it difficult to feed her four children, she ac cepted a job working as a domestic in London. She says she felt like a prisoner at the London house where sh e worked:"No days off -- ever, no breaks at all, no proper food. I didn't have my own room; I slept on a shelf with a sp ad0 of only three feet above me. I wasn't allowed to talk to anybody. I wasn't even allowed to open the wind ow. My employers always threatened to report me to the Home Office or the police.”At the end of 1994 the British Government introduced new measures to help protect domestic workers fro m abuse by their employers. This included increasing the minimum age of employees to 18, getting employees to read and, understand an advice leaflet, getting employers to agree to provide adequate maintenance and conditions, and to put in writing the main terms and conditions of the job (of which the employees should se e a copy).However, many people doubt whether this will successfully reduce the incidence of abuse. For the main probl em facing overseas maids and domestics who try to complain about cruel living and working conditions is that they do not have independent immigrant status and so cannot change employer. (They are allowed in the Uni ted Kingdom under a special concession in the immigration rules which allows foreigners to bring domestic st aff with them.) So if they do complain, they risk being deported.。

2021 年 4 月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语（二）试卷（课程代码 0015）Ⅰ. Vocabulary and Structure (10 points,1 point for each item)从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题卡上将相应的字母涂黑。

1.We go out to restaurants, but mostly we eat at home.A、occasionallyB、relativelyC、continuallyD、absolutely2.A、grantedB、praisedC、pointedD、appointed3.If payment is not received, legal action will be our only .A、aggressionB、advantageC、alternativeD、ambition4.Don’t trust everything you have read in the newspapers.A、whichB、thatC、asD、what5.The conclusion from the study is not definite; it is just .A、tentativeB、validC、technicalD、thorough6.She everything else and concentrated on the task before her.A 、set offB 、set backC 、set asideD 、set up7.When you know Bob better, you will like him.A、go toB、got toC、went toD、get to8.I’ve got the order from the boss that the work finished before 5 p.m. today.A、would beB、beC、will have beenD、could be9. Tom has done really amazed everyone in his class.A、WhatB、WhichC、ThatD、Who10.It is not decided the conference will be held.A、whatB、whichC、whenD、thatⅡ. Cloze Test (10 points,1 point for each item)下列短文中有十个空白，每个空白有四个选项。

vt.禁止，取缔 n.禁止；禁令 n.一帮，一群；带，带形物；波段 n.障碍；障碍物 a.基本的，基础的 ad.基本上，从根本上说 n.基础，根据；主要成份；军事基地 n.海湾，口岸，湾 vt.忍受，容忍；承担；结(果实)，生育 n.啤酒 n.行为，举止；运转情况，表现情况 n.相信；信念，信仰 n.［常 pl.］所有物；行李 prep.在…下面(或底下)，低于 a.有益的，有利的 n.益处，好处 vt.有益于 vi.得益 a.生物学(上)的 vt./vi./n.咬，叮，蜇 n.疾风，强风；爆炸 vt.炸，炸掉 n.布鲁斯；慢四步舞 n.边缘；边界 vt./vi.接壤，毗邻；接近 a.一定的，必然的；受约束的，有义务的 n.分界线，边界 vt.繁殖；饲养 n.品种，种类 n.新娘 a.简短的；简洁的 vt.作简要的介绍 a.宽的，阔的；广泛的 n./vt./vi.广播，播音 n.预算 vt.把…编入预算；安排，预定 n.(北美)野牛；(亚洲)水牛 n.负担；责任，义务 vt.使负重担；麻烦 n.钙(化学符号 Ca) n.照相机，摄影机 n.战役；运动 v.参加运动，参加竞选活动 n.癌 n.候选人，候补者；应试者 a.有能力的，有才能的；能…的(of) n.容量，容积；能力 vt.捕获；夺得，占领 n.捕获，捕获物 n.碳 n.生涯，经历；职业，事业 - 3 -
n.同伴，同事； ［天］伴星(=～star) n.公司；同伴，陪伴 n.罗盘； ［pl.］圆规 n.补偿，赔偿；补偿物，赔偿费 vi.竞争，比赛 n.竞争；比赛 a.竞争的，比赛的 a.复杂的，组合的 n.综合体 n.(组)成(部)分；部件 a.组成的，构成的 n.作曲家 n.计算机，电脑 n.专注，专心；集中；浓度 n.概念；观念 n.关心，挂念；关系 vt.涉及；使关心 a.有关的；关切的，担心的 n.结论，推论 a.具体的；混凝土的 n.混凝土 vt.使凝固 vt.处理；指挥；传导 n.举止，行为 n.信任，信心 n.争论，抵触，冲突 vi.冲突，抵触 n.连接，关系 n.保存；保护 a.保存的，防腐的；保守的，守旧的 vt.考虑，细想；认为 vi.考虑，细想 a.值得考虑的，重要的；相当大或多的 vi.组成(of) a.永恒的，经久不变的；经常的 n.常数,恒量 ad.经常地；不断地；时常地 a.宪法上规定的；组成的，构成的 n.消费者；顾客，用户 n.接触，联系 vt.与…接触，使联系 vt.包含，容纳 n.内容,目录 a.满意(足)的 vt.使满意(足) n.竞争，比赛；争夺，竞争；争论，争辩 ad.不停地，频频地 a.继续的，连续的 a.连续不断的，不停歇的 n.合同，契约 vt./vi.订合同；收缩 n.对比，对照 vi.形成对比 vt.把…与…对比 vt./vi.贡献；捐献；投稿；有助于 - 4 -

Friendship and LoyaltyHow many of us recognize true loyalty in a friend? Loyalty consists of a friend,who will stick by you,through thick and thin.A friend who is always honest with you and never betrays the friendship with lies is a loyal friend.If you have a loyal friend,you have indeed found a true virtue in that friend.reflection 反思recognize 认出consist 在于stick 坚持through 通过thick 粗的部分thin 细小部分betray 背叛virtue 美德The current trend on the Internet is befriending anyone who requests to be your friend.However,this new trend may lead to disasters.It may be popular and trendy to have a network filled with a multitude of mutual friends. However, one true loyal friend may be the only friend you need.current 现在的trend 趋势befriend 扶助request 请求however 然而lead 领导disaster 灾难popular 流行的trendy 时髦network 广播网multitude 群众mutual 共同的a term used on the popular facebook’s site if B.F.F. This acronym means best friends forever.Are they really your best friends forever?You might ask yourself this question,“Will they share my private matters with others on the pages of Facebook,or perish the thought,engage in gossip about me with others？If the answer to that is,”I don’t know”,more than likely,they will not be your best friends forever.Maybe not,even for a day.I choose to have a B.L.F.,a best loyal friend,for those of you who may be challenged by the use of acronyms duringthis age of technology and fast-talking.term 学期site 地点acronym 首字母might 可以share 分担private 私人perish 打消engage 从事gossip 闲聊likely 有希望的challenged 受挑战的during 在什么时候technology 技术fast-talking 快速聊天Loyalty found in a friend is akin to making a deposit in a bank account.More often than not,your deposits gain interest,an interest in your well-being and welfare.A loyal friend attracts another loyal friend.In essence,water does seek its own level.akin 类似be akin todeposit存款interest兴趣well-being幸福welfare福利attract吸引essence本质in essencelevel水平If you were a B.L.F.way before Facebook gained notoriety, then I’m sure you under stand the premise of loyalty in a friend. You should never exploit your B.L.F.to gain more friends or make yourself seem more important to others.These are not the traits of a best loyal friend.gain 收获notoriety 恶名premise 前提exploit开发seem 似乎trait 特点A best loyal friend does not care who is invited to your party.They will attend your party and celebrate you,just in the way a best loyal friend should do.care 在意invite 邀请attend 出席celebrate 庆祝Reconnecting with a best loyal friend is easier to do on the pages of Facebook.However a virtual friend does not assure you of his loyalty.My caution to you is that you’d better pay attention to the smiling faces on the Facebook pages. In the eighties we were warned of smiling faces in a song, which contained these lyrics,“A smile is just a frown turned upside down,my friend.”Now,that is the undisputed truth for my generation.reconnect 使再结合virtual 虚拟的assure 担保caution 告诫attention 注意关心pay attention toeighties 八十年代in the eightieswarn of 警告contain 包含lyric 歌词frown 皱眉upside 上面turn upside down 完全颠倒undisputed 无可争辩truth 真实generation 一代。

2019年10月髙等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语(二）试卷（课程代码：00015）本试卷共8页，满分100分，考试时间150分钟。

考生答卷前必须将自己的姓名和准考证号写在答题卡上。

必须在答题卡上答题，写在试卷上的答案无效。

第一部分：阅读判断（第1〜10题，每题1分，共10分）下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A ；如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C 。

在答题卡相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。

To Lease(租赁)or Not to LeasePlanning to lease a car because you don't think you can afford to buy?Think again.Leasing can end up being just as expensive as buying.Most people think about leasing because they believe it will cost them less money.They're right-it is cheaper,but only in the short term.For example,if you were to lease anew Subaru Forester,you might pay $300per month for the car.If you were to buy the same car,you would pay about $400per month.Over a three-year,you would save $3600-a big savings.But after your lease is over,you have to give the car back.Many people want to lease because they can drive a more expensive car than they might otherwise be able to afford.For example,if you spend $300monthly on a car,you might be able to lease a new Ford Explorer.For the same price,you might have to buy a used Explorer,or buy a new but much less expensive model.A lease ，therefore ，allows you to drive the latest models of more expensive cars.However,whatever car you can afford to buy you get to keep it,and it will always have a resell or trade-in(以新旧换)value if you want to upgrade to a new car later.Furthermore,people who lease cars are often shocked by how much they must pay when the lease is over .Most leases limit you to a certain number of严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制miles.If you go over that,you must pay for each mile.As a result,you may end up paying thousands of dollars in mileage(里程)fees.In addition,when you lease ,you have to pay for regular maintenance and repairs to the vehicle.Since you must return the car finally,you are paying to repair someone else's car.By now,the benefits of buying over leasing should be clear.Remember:whatever model you can afford to buy,it is yours after you make the payments.There's no giving back,and that makes all the difference.1.People usually think leasing a car can save money.A.TrueB.FalseC.Not Given2.Leasing a car costs less in the long term.B.False C.Not Given A.True3.More people like to lease cars than before.A.TrueB.FalseC Not Given4.People can lease a car they cannot afford.A.True B.False C.Not Given严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制5.Young people prefer to lease the latest models of cars.A.TrueB.FalseC.Not Given6.Ford Explorer is the most popular model in the leasing market.A.True B.False C.Not Given7.People often pay more than they expect for a lease.A.TrueB.FalseC.Not Given8.People need to pay for each mile they drive during the lease.A.TrueB.FalseC.Not Given9.Leasing companies pay for repairs to the leased cars.A.TrueB.FalseC.Not Given严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制10.The author advises people to buy an affordable car.A.TrueB.FalseC.Not Given第二部分：阅读选择（第11〜15题，每题2分，共10分）阅读下面短文，请从短文后所给各题的4个选项（A 、B 、C 、D)中选出1个最佳选项，并在答题卡相应位置上将该项涂黑。

0015英语（二）复习提纲及答案2012英语（二）复习提纲I. 语法、词汇从每小题列出的四个备选项中，选出一个最佳选项。

1.——What made her so upset？——____ _the necklace______ yesterday.A. Lost，bought B. Lost，buying C. Losing，having boughtD. Losing，bought2.The three children looked after their sick mother______A. in returnB. by turnC. in turnD. being done3. Not until_______ the whole thing to him______ that he was wrong.A. had I explained，he realizedB. had I explained，that he realizedC. I had explained，that he realizedD. I had explained，did he realize4._____ TV sets they produced was increased to 20,000 last year.A. A number ofB. The number ofC. A quantity ofD. The amount of5.It is required that these homeless children _______ by the government.A. is taken care ofB. to be taken care ofC. should be taken careD. be taken care of6.It is necessary that this work ____ as soon as possible.A. must be finishedB. is to be finishedC. be finishedD. has to be finished7. You are sure to succeed _______ you keep on trying.A. as long asB. as much asC. unlessD. however8. ______the room when the bell rang loud enough to wake the dead.A. Hardly had I enteredB. Hardly I had enteredC. Hardly will I enter C. No sooner had I entered9.The president _______ Mr.Baker medical adviserA. promisedB. praisedC. imaginedD. appointed10.Wood furniture does not depreciate in value__________.A. if they are handled properly and protected propylB. unless handling and protecting properlyC. if properly handled and protectedD. unless for all its handling and protection11.I didn’t know anything about it. Why didn’t you tell me ______ ?A. at onceB. in factC. in advanceD. ahead of time12.Many people had the bad habit of buying things ______A. in advanceB. on impulseC. without delayD. in surprise13.After the rain, the moon ______ from behind the clouds.A. vanishedB. emergedC. resultedD. originated14.Harker Brayton was lying comfortably on a sofa, reading newspaper. Suddenly something in a dark corner of the room ______ his attention.A. pulled b. reached C. ignored D. captured15.To get the job started, ______ I need is your permission.A. all whatB. but whatC. all thatD. only that16.________, it was finished on time.A. However was the work difficultB. whatever difficult the work wasC. However difficult the work was C. no matter difficult the work was17.A completely new situation will______when the examination system comes into existence.A. ariseB. riseC. raiseD. arouse18. Some of the guests______to the party were from other cities.A. to inviteB. invitedC. being invitedD. had been invited19. In 2008, 27 people were arrested because of the contaminated milk powder______A. incidentB. accidentC. eventD. occurance20. You cannot ignore the situation forever, one day you will have to _______the consequences.A. look up toB. wake up toC. stand up toD. face up to21.Some animals can ____ in the desert on very little water.A. persistB. hangC. lastD. survive22.The parents had to put the books ______ the reach of their son who was seriously ill and needed rest badly. A. beyond B. behind C. below D. after23.The police chief ordered that parking______on Main Street during the rush hour.A. be prohibitedB. be prohibitingC. is prohibitedD. was probihited24.No culture exists in___.It all comes from someplace.Ancient customs were modern one time.A. vacuumB. emptinessC. blankD. space25.Interestingly,many people hold the belief that imports are_____to domestic goods.A. contraryB. relevantC. superiorD. essentialII. 完形填空每小题列出的四个备选项中，选出一个最佳选项。

Text-A Critical ReadingCritical reading applies to non-fiction writing with which the author puts forth a position or seeks to make a statement.Critical reading is active reading.It involves more than just understanding what an author is saying.Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying,and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying. Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader.Critical 批判non-fiction 非小说类put forth 提出Position 态度、位置Seek 寻找Statement 声明Involve 包含、参与Evaluate 评价Opinions 意见Consider the context of what is written.You may be reading something that was written by an author from a different cultural context than yours.Or,you may be reading something written some time ago in a different time context than yours.In either case,you must recognize andtake into account any differences between your values and attitudes and those represented by the author.Consider 考虑Context 背景Cultural 文化Recognize 意识Attitude 态度Question assertions made by the author.Don‘t accept what is written at face value. Before accepting what is written,be certain that the author provides sufficient support for any assertions made.Look forfacts,examples,and statistics that provide support.Also,look to see if the author has integrated the work of authorities.Assertion 断言Certain 确信Provide 提供Sufficient 足够的Support 支持Statistic 统计数据Integrate 整合Authority 权威Compare what is written with other written work on the subject.Look to see that what is written is consistent with what others have written about the subject.If there are inconsistencies,carefully evaluate the support the author provides for the inconsistencies.Compare 比较、对照Subject 主题Consistent 一致Inconsistencies 矛盾Provide 提供Analyz e assumptions made by the author.Assumptions are whatever the author must believe is true in order to make assertions.In many cases,the author’s assumptions are not directly stated.This means you must read carefully in order to identify any assumptions. Once you identify an assumption,you must decide whether or not the assumption is valid.Analyze 分析Directly 直接、立即in order to 为了Identify 确定Decide 决定Valid 有效Evaluate the sources the author uses.In doing this,be certain that the sources are credible.For example,Einstein is a credible source if the author is writing about landmark achievements in physics.Also be certain that the sources are relevant.Einstein is not a relevant source when the subject is poetry.Finally,if the author is writing about a subject in its current state,be sure that the sources are current.For example,studies done by Einstein in the early 20th century may not be appropriate if the writer is discussing the current state of knowledge in physics.Credible 可信Landmark 里程碑Achievement 达成Physics 物理学Relevant 有关联的Poetry 诗Current 现在的、流行的Appropriate 适当的Identify that possible author bias.A written discussion of American politics will likely look considerably different depending on whether the writer is a Democrat*or a Republican*. What is written may very well reflect a biased position.You need to take this possible bias into account when reading what the author has written.That is,take what is written with “a grain of salt.”By being a critical reader,you will become better informed and may change your views as appropriate.Identify 识别、认同Bias 偏见Politics 政治depending on 依据Reflect 反射，考虑Position 位置a grain of salt 一粒盐Appropriate 适当。

2006年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语（二）试卷及答案（课程代码：00015）PART ONE (50 POINTS)I．Vocabulary and Structure (10 points, 1point each)1. It would be better to make a decision now, ______ leave it until next week.A. other thanB. rather thanC. less thanD. more than2. We'll inform you as soon as tickets become ______.A. valuableB. capableC. acceptableD. available3. The foreign company has been______ running this factory for decades.A. enormouslyB. effectivelyC. infinitelyD. extremely4. If you ______ my advice, you wouldn't be in such trouble now.A. tookB. takesC. has takenD. had taken5. The meeting ______, we left the room quickly for dinner.A. overB. was overC. is overD. been over6. All the money ______, Frederick started looking for work.A. having spentB. has been spentC. having been spentD. had been spent7. ______ his talk when Mary ran out of the lecture hall.A. Hardly had be begunB. Hardly he had begunC. Hardly he has begunD. He hardly had begun8. The two sisters are _____ in many ways, not only in appearance but also in temperament.A. likeB. likelyC. alikeD. lively9. The purpose of the program is to provide training for employees so that they can work ______.A. lateB. laterC. latelyD. latest10. I hope my boy friend will be handsome, strong and ______ kind.A. above allB. in allC. at allD. after allII. Cloze Test (10 points, 1 point each)However careful one may be, he cannot possibly listen carefully to everything that he hears. There are 11 of reasons for this. One of them is the overload of messages most of us 12 each day. In addition to the numerous hours we 13 hearing other people speak, we may spend several hours listening to the radio or sitting in front of a television set. 14, it is impossible to focus our attention completely on what is said; our mind might be 15 elsewhere. Preoccupation with our personal concerns is 16 reason we don't always listen carefully. A romance 17 sour or a good grade on a test may take prominence in our mind even as 18 is speaking to us. Furthermore, we are surrounded by all kinds of noises which interfere 19 listening. For example, voices at a party or 20 of traffic may simply make it difficult for us to catch everything that is being said.11. A. the number B. a number C. number D. numbers12. A. accept B. obtain C. receive D. possess13. A. put B. consume C. spend D. spare14. A. Besides B. Whereas C. Otherwise D. Nevertheless15. A. wondering B. swinging C. recycling D. wandering16. A. other B. some C. the other D. another17. A. gone B. going C. goes D. went18. A. anyone B. everyone C. someone D. few19. A. to B. with C. of D. about20. A. sound B. noise C. voice D. screamIII. Reading Comprehension (30 points, 2 points each)Passage OneQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.Many of today's most trusted sales techniques were invented over a century ago by a young merchant named Eaton in Toronto. When he was young, Eaton worked briefly with his brothers in small-town stores. In 1869, he sep up his own shop in downtown Toronto. He had many competitors, but he was also ambitious and had a plan for success. He offered a unique style of trade, but as was expected, all the other shopkeepers laughed at him, believing he would eventually fail. However, Eaton was not a man to be easily defeated; he came up with a brand new notion of business - "Goods satisfactory, or money refunded." He sold all his goods at fixed prices and only for cash.With a sharp sense of what the public wanted, he went out of the way to meet their needs. His business grew rapidly. He set up new branches and started mail order service that allowed people to buy from a list of his goods.Eaton's list-advertisements of his day-was the first of its kind. It was distributed and read all over the country. It was the only way to access good-quality goods at reasonable prices for people living far away from big cites. It became part of their life. They even called it The Wishing Book. The secret of the list's success was that Eaton gained the respect of this customers; they trusted him for good prices and quality goods. Probably because he remembered his miserable early days in Ireland, Eaton thought much of the welfare of his employees: better working conditions, shorter weekday hours than his competitors and Saturday afternoons off in the summer. In all this, he was a leader.21. The best description of Eaton is that ______.A. he was the richest merchant in TorontoB. he was a successful technical inventorC. he introduced new sales practicesD. he changed people's ideas about businessmen22. Eaton's success lay primarily in that ____.A. he sold only good quality goodsB. he was the first person to provide good serviceC. he treated his employees better than any of his competitorsD. he won respect from his customers23. From the passage we can infer that ______.A. Eaton invented the idea of the internet shoppingB. Eaton drove other businessmen to failureC. Eaton never sold his goods on creditD. Eaton was defeated by his rivals24. The best title for this passage is _____.A. Good Goods, of Money RefundedB. Eaton, a Sales InventorC. Customers' Respect, a Secret of SuccessD. Eaton's list, a Welcome Event in Sales History25. Eaton's List was important to people on farms because it was a convenient way of getting _____.A. good-quality goods at reasonable pricesB. goods at unreasonable pricesC. good-quality goods at unreasonable pricesD. poor-quality goods at reasonable pricesPassage TwoQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.The threat of a global outbreak (疾病大爆发) of bird flu makes it urgent for the international community to cooperate effectively. Wealthy countries will have to provide hundreds of millions of dollars for the testing and production of medicines necessary for treating patients suffering from bird flu. Developing countries, particularly in Southeast Asia, where the bird flu virus (病毒) has spread since 1997, must work out special programs so that farmers will not hide sighs of possible outbreaks. In addition, the way such farm birds as chickens and ducks are traditionally raised and marketed in the developing world should be changed; there should be more distance between the birds and their keepers. Countries should deal with the disease with joint effort. If one country is inadequately prepared, it will be a threat to every other country.The potential effects of a national outbreak of bird flu are enormous. Firstly, an outbreak may kill large numbers of people. World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that an outbreak similar to the mild Hong Kong flu of 1968 could kill as many as 7.4 millions people. If it were as dangerous as the 1918 Spanish flu, which killed 50 million, the number would be much higher. Secondly, such an outbreak may cause great financial damage. The latest outbreak of bird flu, which began in December 2003, has cost Southeast Asia more than $10 billion and depressed its GDP by 1.5 percent. If a new outbreak of bird flu were to last for a whole year, $800 billion would be lost. Despite the 124 human cases and 63 deaths from bird flu since December 2003, the virus remains mainly a disease animals. However, the more animals that die of the disease, the more chances it has of spreading to people. Large numbers of dead or dying birds mean that more people will be exposed to the virus and change into a virus with new characteristics. If the international community works together efficiently, man can surely prevent such a virus and possibly save millions of lives.26. Faced with the threat of a global outbreak of bird flu, the international community should ________.A. establish new marketsB. work together effectivelyC. stop birds from flying to other countriesD. raise fewer chickens and ducks27. The second paragraph focuses on ______.A. World Health OrganizationB. flus in Hong Kong and SpainC. the economy of Southeast AsiaD. possible effects of a bird flu outbreak28. The number of people who have died of bird flu since 2003 is _______.A. 63B. 124C. 7.4 millionD. 50 million29. In the third paragraph, the author is mainly interested in _____.A. stimulating financial growthB. reducing economic damagesC. saving human livesD. protecting bird species30. The passage deals with all the following aspects bird flu EXCEPT _______.A. the origin and history of bird fluB. the importance of international cooperationC. the possible dangers of a national outbreakD. the significance of preventing it from spreadingPassage ThreeQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.The long summer holidays are finally over and some parents are pleased. "We worry more about their safety in the holidays," explains one mother from North London. If teenagers are not wandering around on public transport in a big and potentially dangerous city, they are chatting to strangers in an internet chat room! Well, that's an extreme picture of the UK today, but many parents are worried about how much freedom they can give their children during the holidays and at weekends.Weekends are not the only time to worry! Newspaper are full of stories about too many school kids going to school by car because their parents do not want them to travel alone on a bus or train. This summer there were more frightening stories of teenagers disappearing with questionable friends that they met on the net. All the Media stories help increase parents fears, but is the UK really so dangerous?Many young people feel that life for their parents was easier. In the 1960s young people played in the streets more and traveled around town without their parents. "At least our parents can keep tabs on us," says 16-year-old Julia. "So many people have mobile phones now and their parents ring to find out where they are. I use my mobile to get Dad to come to the station when I arrive late." Mobiles are not just expensive toys; they help keep young people safe. Most significantly, they help keep young people safe. Most significantly, they make parents feel better. Only one problem is, though, that some young people have been attacked by thieves who want to steal their mobile phones.Young people like going out with friends, but they now need to learn how to get home safely. Five million young people in the UK between the ages of 9 to 16 use chat rooms to make friends, but they, too, need to be careful and never give their personal details to a stranger. Young people today have more opportunities to meet new people and go out at night more than their parents ever did. Now school, television programs and newspapers must help teenagers to enjoy their freedom and to be responsible for their own safety.31. Some parents are upset about the summer holidays mainly because their children ______.A. wander around on bus in the cityB. chat to strangers in Internet chat roomsC. make questionable friends on the netD. are taken little care of by teachers32. For the sake of the safety, many parents send their kids to school ________.A. by carB. by busC. by trainD. by public transport33. Most significantly, mobile phones _______.A. enable parents keep a close watch on their kidsB. help keep teenagers safeC. make parents feel less worriedD. protect teenagers from being attacked34. Teenagers should never give any strangers ______.A. their mobile phone numbersB. their family addressC. their personal informationD. their parents' names35. This passage is mainly about ________.A. freedom for teenagers in summer holidaysB. safety for teenagers in summer holidaysC. activities for teenagers in summer holidaysD. troubles for teenagers in summer holidaysPART TWO (50 POINTS)将下列汉语单词译成英语。

2006年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语（二）试卷及答案（课程代码：00015）PART ONE (50 POINTS)I．Vocabulary and Structure (10 points, 1point each)1. It would be better to make a decision now, ______ leave it until next week.A. other thanB. rather thanC. less thanD. more than2. We'll inform you as soon as tickets become ______.A. valuableB. capableC. acceptableD. available3. The foreign company has been______ running this factory for decades.A. enormouslyB. effectivelyC. infinitelyD. extremely4. If you ______ my advice, you wouldn't be in such trouble now.A. tookB. takesC. has takenD. had taken5. The meeting ______, we left the room quickly for dinner.A. overB. was overC. is overD. been over6. All the money ______, Frederick started looking for work.A. having spentB. has been spentC. having been spentD. had been spent7. ______ his talk when Mary ran out of the lecture hall.A. Hardly had be begunB. Hardly he had begunC. Hardly he has begunD. He hardly had begun8. The two sisters are _____ in many ways, not only in appearance but also in temperament.A. likeB. likelyC. alikeD. lively9. The purpose of the program is to provide training for employees so that they can work ______.A. lateB. laterC. latelyD. latest10. I hope my boy friend will be handsome, strong and ______ kind.A. above allB. in allC. at allD. after allII. Cloze Test (10 points, 1 point each)However careful one may be, he cannot possibly listen carefully to everything that he hears. There are 11 of reasons for this. One of them is the overload of messages most of us 12 each day. In addition to the numerous hours we 13 hearing other people speak, we may spend several hours listening to the radio or sitting in front of a television set. 14, it is impossible to focus our attention completely on what is said; our mind might be 15 elsewhere. Preoccupation with our personal concerns is 16 reason we don't always listen carefully. A romance 17 sour or a good grade on a test may take prominence in our mind even as 18 is speaking to us. Furthermore, we are surrounded by all kinds of noises which interfere 19 listening. For example, voices at a party or 20 of traffic may simply make it difficult for us to catch everything that is being said.11. A. the number B. a number C. number D. numbers12. A. accept B. obtain C. receive D. possess13. A. put B. consume C. spend D. spare14. A. Besides B. Whereas C. Otherwise D. Nevertheless15. A. wondering B. swinging C. recycling D. wandering16. A. other B. some C. the other D. another17. A. gone B. going C. goes D. went18. A. anyone B. everyone C. someone D. few19. A. to B. with C. of D. about20. A. sound B. noise C. voice D. screamIII. Reading Comprehension (30 points, 2 points each)Passage OneQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.Many of today's most trusted sales techniques were invented over a century ago by a young merchant named Eaton in Toronto. When he was young, Eaton worked briefly with his brothers in small-town stores. In 1869, he sep up his own shop in downtown Toronto. He had many competitors, but he was also ambitious and had a plan for success. He offered a unique style of trade, but as was expected, all the other shopkeepers laughed at him, believing he would eventually fail. However, Eaton was not a man to be easily defeated; he came up with a brand new notion of business - "Goods satisfactory, or money refunded." He sold all his goods at fixed prices and only for cash.With a sharp sense of what the public wanted, he went out of the way to meet their needs. His business grew rapidly. He set up new branches and started mail order service that allowed people to buy from a list of his goods.Eaton's list-advertisements of his day-was the first of its kind. It was distributed and read all over the country. It was the only way to access good-quality goods at reasonable prices for people living far away from big cites. It became part of their life. They even called it The Wishing Book. The secret of the list's success was that Eaton gained the respect of this customers; they trusted him for good prices and quality goods. Probably because he remembered his miserable early days in Ireland, Eaton thought much of the welfare of his employees: better working conditions, shorter weekday hours than his competitors and Saturday afternoons off in the summer. In all this, he was a leader.21. The best description of Eaton is that ______.A. he was the richest merchant in TorontoB. he was a successful technical inventorC. he introduced new sales practicesD. he changed people's ideas about businessmen22. Eaton's success lay primarily in that ____.A. he sold only good quality goodsB. he was the first person to provide good serviceC. he treated his employees better than any of his competitorsD. he won respect from his customers23. From the passage we can infer that ______.A. Eaton invented the idea of the internet shoppingB. Eaton drove other businessmen to failureC. Eaton never sold his goods on creditD. Eaton was defeated by his rivals24. The best title for this passage is _____.A. Good Goods, of Money RefundedB. Eaton, a Sales InventorC. Customers' Respect, a Secret of SuccessD. Eaton's list, a Welcome Event in Sales History25. Eaton's List was important to people on farms because it was a convenient way of getting _____.A. good-quality goods at reasonable pricesB. goods at unreasonable pricesC. good-quality goods at unreasonable pricesD. poor-quality goods at reasonable pricesPassage TwoQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.The threat of a global outbreak (疾病大爆发) of bird flu makes it urgent for the international community to cooperate effectively. Wealthy countries will have to provide hundreds of millions of dollars for the testing and production of medicines necessary for treating patients suffering from bird flu. Developing countries, particularly in Southeast Asia, where the bird flu virus (病毒) has spread since 1997, must work out special programs so that farmers will not hide sighs of possible outbreaks. In addition, the way such farm birds as chickens and ducks are traditionally raised and marketed in the developing world should be changed; there should be more distance between the birds and their keepers. Countries should deal with the disease with joint effort. If one country is inadequately prepared, it will be a threat to every other country.The potential effects of a national outbreak of bird flu are enormous. Firstly, an outbreak may kill large numbers of people. World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that an outbreak similar to the mild Hong Kong flu of 1968 could kill as many as 7.4 millions people. If it were as dangerous as the 1918 Spanish flu, which killed 50 million, the number would be much higher. Secondly, such an outbreak may cause great financial damage. The latest outbreak of bird flu, which began in December 2003, has cost Southeast Asia more than $10 billion and depressed its GDP by 1.5 percent. If a new outbreak of bird flu were to last for a whole year, $800 billion would be lost. Despite the 124 human cases and 63 deaths from bird flu since December 2003, the virus remains mainly a disease animals. However, the more animals that die of the disease, the more chances it has of spreading to people. Large numbers of dead or dying birds mean that more people will be exposed to the virus and change into a virus with new characteristics. If the international community works together efficiently, man can surely prevent such a virus and possibly save millions of lives.26. Faced with the threat of a global outbreak of bird flu, the international community should ________.A. establish new marketsB. work together effectivelyC. stop birds from flying to other countriesD. raise fewer chickens and ducks27. The second paragraph focuses on ______.A. World Health OrganizationB. flus in Hong Kong and SpainC. the economy of Southeast AsiaD. possible effects of a bird flu outbreak28. The number of people who have died of bird flu since 2003 is _______.A. 63B. 124C. 7.4 millionD. 50 million29. In the third paragraph, the author is mainly interested in _____.A. stimulating financial growthB. reducing economic damagesC. saving human livesD. protecting bird species30. The passage deals with all the following aspects bird flu EXCEPT _______.A. the origin and history of bird fluB. the importance of international cooperationC. the possible dangers of a national outbreakD. the significance of preventing it from spreadingPassage ThreeQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.The long summer holidays are finally over and some parents are pleased. "We worry more about their safety in the holidays," explains one mother from North London. If teenagers are not wandering around on public transport in a big and potentially dangerous city, they are chatting to strangers in an internet chat room! Well, that's an extreme picture of the UK today, but many parents are worried about how much freedom they can give their children during the holidays and at weekends.Weekends are not the only time to worry! Newspaper are full of stories about too many school kids going to school by car because their parents do not want them to travel alone on a bus or train. This summer there were more frightening stories of teenagers disappearing with questionable friends that they met on the net. All the Media stories help increase parents fears, but is the UK really so dangerous?Many young people feel that life for their parents was easier. In the 1960s young people played in the streets more and traveled around town without their parents. "At least our parents can keep tabs on us," says 16-year-old Julia. "So many people have mobile phones now and their parents ring to find out where they are. I use my mobile to get Dad to come to the station when I arrive late." Mobiles are not just expensive toys; they help keep young people safe. Most significantly, they help keep young people safe. Most significantly, they make parents feel better. Only one problem is, though, that some young people have been attacked by thieves who want to steal their mobile phones.Young people like going out with friends, but they now need to learn how to get home safely. Five million young people in the UK between the ages of 9 to 16 use chat rooms to make friends, but they, too, need to be careful and never give their personal details to a stranger. Young people today have more opportunities to meet new people and go out at night more than their parents ever did. Now school, television programs and newspapers must help teenagers to enjoy their freedom and to be responsible for their own safety.31. Some parents are upset about the summer holidays mainly because their children ______.A. wander around on bus in the cityB. chat to strangers in Internet chat roomsC. make questionable friends on the netD. are taken little care of by teachers32. For the sake of the safety, many parents send their kids to school ________.A. by carB. by busC. by trainD. by public transport33. Most significantly, mobile phones _______.A. enable parents keep a close watch on their kidsB. help keep teenagers safeC. make parents feel less worriedD. protect teenagers from being attacked34. Teenagers should never give any strangers ______.A. their mobile phone numbersB. their family addressC. their personal informationD. their parents' names35. This passage is mainly about ________.A. freedom for teenagers in summer holidaysB. safety for teenagers in summer holidaysC. activities for teenagers in summer holidaysD. troubles for teenagers in summer holidaysPART TWO (50 POINTS)将下列汉语单词译成英语。

Text-A Spilt milkHave you heard of the story about spilt milk? Well, we all know there is no crying over spilt milk. But this story is different. I would hope all parents would respond in this manner.spilt 洒出来parent父母respond做出反应manner习惯I recently heard a story about a famous research scientist who had made several very important medical breakthroughs. he was interviewed by a newspaper reporter who asked him why he was so much more creative than the everage person; what set him so far apart from others?recently最近famous著名的researh研究scientist科学家several几个medical医学的breakthrough突破interview采访reporter记者creative创造性的average平均的set树立apart相距He responded that,in his opinion,it all came from a experience with his mother that occurred when he was about two years old. he had been trying to remove a bottle of milk from the refrigerator when he lost his grip on the slippery bottle and it fell, spilling its contents all over the kitchen floor-a veritable sea of milk!opinion主张experience经历occur发生refrigerator冰箱lost失去grip抓住slippery滑的fell击倒content使满足kitchen厨房veritable真正的when his mother came into the kitchen, instead of yelling at him, giving him a lecture, or punishing him, she said “Robert, what a great and wonderful unless you have made, I have rarely seen such a huge puddle of milk. well, the damagehas already been done. would you like to get down and play in the milk for a few minutes before we clean it up?kitchen 厨房yell大叫lecture 演讲punish 惩罚mess 弄乱rarely 很少的huge 巨大puddle水洼damage 损害indeed，he did. after a few minutes, his mother said, you know, robert, whenever you make a mess milk. this eventually you have to clean it up and restore everything to its proper order. so, how would you like to do that? we could use a sponge, a towel or mop. which do you prefer? he chose the sponge and together they cleaned up the spilt milk.indeed 事实上eventually 最终restore 恢复proper 完全order 命令sponge海绵towel毛巾mop拖把prefer更喜欢his mother then said ,you know, what we have here if failed experiment in how to effectively carry a big milk bottle with tow tiny hands.let’s go out in the back yard and fill the bottle with water and see if you can discover a way to carry it without dropping it “,the little boy learned that if he grasped the bottle at the top near the lip with both hands, he could carry it without dropping it. what a wonderful lessonfail失败experiment经验effectively有效的carry拿tiny微小的yard院子fill装满discover发现drop落下grasp抓住lip上边缘the renowned scientist remarled that it was at that moment that he knew he didn’t need to be afraid to make mistakes. instead, he learned that mistakeswere just opportunities for learning something new, which is, after all, what scientific experiments are about. even if the experiment doesn’t work” we usually learn something valuable from itrenown知名的remark评论opportunities因素experiment实验scientific科学的valuable有价值的。

organizational[`ɔ:gənai‘zeiʃənl]a.组织（上）的goal[gəul]n.1.目的，目标；2.得分进球，球门objective[ɔb‘dʒektiv]n.目标，目的；a.1.客观的，真实的；2.如实的，无偏见的accomplish[ə‘kʌmpliʃ]vt.完成（任务等）predict[pri‘dikt]vt./vi.预言；预示accompany[ə‘kʌmpəni]vt.1.伴随，陪同；2.为……伴奏implement[‘implimənt]vt.实现；完成（任务等）；履行（协定、诺言等）constraint[kən‘streint]n.1.强制；2.强制因素，制约条件precedent[‘presidənt]n.先例，前例simplify[‘simplifai]vt.简化tendency[‘tendənsi]n.趋势，倾向managerial[`mænə‘dʒiəriəl]a.1.经理的，管理人的；2.管理上的，经营上的maker[‘meikə]n.制造者；制造商achievement[ə‘tʃi:vmənt]n.1.完成，达到；2.成就，成绩attain[ə‘tein]vt.达到；完成optimal[‘ɔptiməl]a.最适宜的；最理想的suboptimization[sʌb`ɔptimai‘zeiʃən]n.局部最优化（指使整体目标中的某个选定目标圆满实现）trade-off[‘treidɔf]n.1.（对不能同时兼顾的因素）权衡；2.物物交换argue[‘ɑ:gju:]vt./vi.争辨，争论，辩论；vt.1.说服；2.用辩论证明budget[‘bʌdʒit]n.预算；vt.1.把……编入预算；2.安排，预定scheme[ski:m]n.计划；方案；vt./vi.计划，策划define[di‘fain]vt.1.解释，给……下定义；2.限定，规定multiple[‘mʌltipl]a.多样的，复合的；n.倍数profitability[`prɔfitə‘biliti]n.赚钱，获利correctness[kə‘rektnis]n.正确，正确性unintended[‘ʌnin‘tendid]a.非计划中的，非故意的ongoing[‘ɔn‘gəuiŋ]a.进行中的，前进的entity[‘entiti]n.1.存在，实体；2.统一性skilled[skild]a.熟练的；有技能的in the way挡路；碍事make a guess at猜测and the like等等，诸如此类seek to追求，争取in part部分地，在某种程度上point of view观点interview[‘intəvju:]vt./n.1.面谈，采访；2.面试，口试criticism[‘kritisizəm]n.批评；评论candidate[‘kændideit]n.1.候选人，候补者；2.应试者vague[veig]a.含糊的；不明确的notion[‘nəuʃən]1.概念；2.想法，看法prospect[‘prɔspekt]n.1.展望，景象；2.[常pl.]前景，前程community[kə‘mju:niti]n.社区；共同体unattractive[`ʌnə‘træktiv]a.无吸引力的；不引人注意的indifference[in‘difrəns]n.冷漠；不感兴趣（to）interviewer[‘intəvju:ə]n.接见者；面谈者personality[`pə:sə‘næliti]n.个性；人格；品格prospective[prəs‘pektiv]a.预期的；未来的speechless[‘spi:tʃlis]a.1.不会说话的；2.不说话的clarification[`klærifi‘keiʃən]n.澄清，阐明correspondence[`kɔris‘pɔndəns]n.1.符合，一致；2.通信photocopy[‘fəutəu`kɔpi]vt./n.1.复印，影印；2.照相复制本resume[‘rezju:mei]]n.1.摘要，梗概；2.个人简历inefficiency[`ini‘fiʃənsi]n.无效；效能差neat[ni:t]a.整洁的；简洁的；整齐的conservative[kən‘sə:vətiv]a.1.保存的，防腐的；2.保守的，守旧的punk[pʌŋk]n.1.（俚）阿飞；2.朋克（70年代以来英国、美国的年轻人中的颓废派）；a.颓废派的miniskirt[‘miniskə:t]n.超短裙panel[‘pænl]n.专门小组intimidate[in‘timideit]vt.恐吓，恫吓clutch[klʌtʃ]vt./vi.抓住，握紧grip[grip]vt./n.1.紧握，紧夹；2.掌握，控制painful[‘peinful]a.1.痛苦的；2.费力的rephrase[‘ri‘freiz]vt.重新措辞，改用别的话表示apply for申请day to day（=day-to-day）work日常工作take the trouble to不辞劳苦，费力put oneself in somebody‘s place设身处地to one‘s advantage对某人有利ask for 1.请求，向……要；2.寻找in hand手头上有make sure 1.查明，弄确实；2.确信at a disadvantage处于不利地位turn down 1.拒绝；2.调小或调低；3.翻下astronomer[əs‘trɔnəmə]n.天文学家escape[is‘keip]vi./vt.逃跑；避免；n.1.逃跑；2.逃路，出口exert[ig‘zə:t]vt.尽（力）；发挥（威力等）；施加（压力等）；产生（影响等）；行使（职权等）explode[iks‘pləud]vt.使爆炸；vi.爆炸；突发density[‘densiti]n.1.密集度，稠密度；2.[物][化]密度collapse[kə‘læps]vt./vi./n（使）倒塌，（使）崩溃；（使）瓦解supernova[`sju:pə‘nəuvə]n.[天]超新星daytime[‘deitaim]n.白天，日间dwarf[dwɔ:f]n.1.矮子；2.[天]矮星（=～star，如太阳）shrink[ʃriŋk]vt./vi./n.收缩；缩小；vi./n.退缩，畏缩gravity[‘græviti]n.1.严肃，认真；2.严重性，重要性；3.[物]重力，地球引力marble[‘mɑ:bl]n.1.（游戏用的玻璃、石头等做的）弹子；2.大理石；a.大理石的，大理石般的boundary[‘baundəri]n.分界线，边界observer[əb‘zə:və]n.1.遵守者，奉行者；2.观察者，监视者interchangeable[`intə（:）‘tʃeindʒəbl]a.可交换的；可互换的constant[‘kɔnstənt]a.1.永恒的，经久不变的；2.经常的，不断的；n.[数]常数measurement[‘meʒəmənt]n.衡量，测量implication[`impli‘keiʃən]n.1.含意，暗示；2.牵连，涉及，卷入basis[‘beisis]n.1.基础，根据；2.主要成份；3.军事基地launch[lɔ:ntʃ]vt.1.发射，投射；2.使（船）下水；3.发动，发起（运动等）；n.发射，（船）下水galaxy[‘gæləkəsi]n.1.[天]星系，[G-]银河系，银河；2.一群出色（或著名）的人物observatory[əb‘zə:vətəri]n.1.天文台；2.了望台convincing[kən‘vinsiŋ]a.有说服力的，使人信服的binary[‘bainəri]a.1.二，双，复；2.[数]二进制的；n.1.二，双（体），复（体）；twin[twin]a.1.双胞胎的；2.两个相似部分组成的；n.1.双胞胎之一，[pl.]双胞胎；2.两个相象的人或物；3.[Twins][天]双子座companion[kəm‘pænjən]n.1.同伴，同事；2.[天]伴星speculation[`spekju‘leiʃən]n.1.推测，猜测；2.投机swallow[‘swɔləu]vt.吞咽mankind[`mæn‘kaind]n.人类operate[‘ɔpəreit]vi.1.运转，起作用；2.动手术（on，upon）；vt.1.操作，操纵，经营；2.对……动手术research into研究speculation about关于……猜测swallow up吞没，耗尽make use of利用planet[‘plænit]n.行星revolve[ri‘vɔlv]vi.旋转；绕转solar[‘səulə]a.太阳的，日光的；利用太阳光的largely[‘lɑ:dʒli]ad.1.大量地；2.主要地glitter[‘glitə]vi.闪闪发光，闪烁；n.闪光cloudless[‘klaudlis]a.无云的，晴朗的astronaut[‘æstrənɔ:t]n.宇航员thrilling[‘θriliŋ]a.1.令人激动的；2.颤动的，震颤的outer[‘autə]a.外部的whereas[hwɛər‘æz]conj.而，却；反之lesser[‘lesə]a.较小的；更少的；次要的concerned[kən‘sə:nd]a.1.有关的；2.关切的，担心的microscopic[`maikrəs‘kɔpik]1.显微镜的；2.微观的；3.微小的，细微的whilst[hwailst]conj.1.当……时；2.然而；3.虽然，尽管plateau[‘plætəu]n.高原tropical[‘trɔpikəl]a.1.热带的；2.炎热的coloured[‘kʌləd]a.有色的religion[ri‘lidʒən]n.宗教；宗教信仰circumstance[‘sə:kəmstəns]n.[pl.]情况，环境；境遇a great many很多above all首先，首要as a rule通常；一般说来euthanasia[ju:θə‘neizjə]n.1.无痛楚的死亡；2.安乐死weaken[‘wi:kən]vt.削弱，减弱；vi.变弱Dutchman[‘dʌtʃmən]n.荷兰人deteriorate[di‘tiəriəreit]vt./vi.（使）恶化lethal[‘li:θəl]a.致死的injection[in‘dʒekʃən]n.1.注射；2.注射剂，针剂nationwide[‘neiʃən‘waid]a.全国性；ad.在全国范围内debate[di‘beit]vt./n.争论，辩论；vi.对……进行争论，辩论（about，on）legal[‘li:gəl]a.1.法律上的；2.合法的Dutch[dʌtʃ]a.荷兰人的；荷兰语的；n.1.[the Dutch][总称]荷兰人；2.荷兰语parliament[‘pɑ:ləmənt]n.1.议会，国会；2.[P-]（英国或加拿大等的）议会，国会prosecute[‘prɔsikju:t]vt.对……起诉，告发request[ri‘kwest]vt./n.请求，要求criterion[krai‘tiəriən]n.（批评，判断的）标准，准则crowd[kraud]n.群，人群；vi.聚集，群集ensure[in‘ʃuə]vt.保证，担保healthcare[‘helθ`kɛə]n.保健oppose[ə‘pəuz]vt.1.反对，反抗；2.使相对，使对抗（to）tradition[trə‘diʃən]n.传统；惯例hospice[‘hɔspis]n.（晚期病人）收容所council[‘kaunsəl]n.理事会，委员会founder[‘faundə]n.创始者；缔造者consideration[kən`sidə‘reiʃən]n.1.考虑；2.体谅，照顾elderly[‘eldəli]a.较老的，人过中年的；n.近老年人，到了晚年的人disabled[dis‘eibld]a.伤残的；使失去战斗力的burden[‘bə:dn]n.1.担子，负担；2.责任，义务；vt.使负重担；麻烦，劳累opt[ɔpt]vi.抉择，选择（for），在……之间选择（between）shorten[‘ʃɔ:tən]vt./vi.缩短，缩小；减少vulnerable[‘vʌlnərəbl]a.1.易受伤的，弱小的；2.易受……攻击的，易受……伤害的（to）prohibition[`prəuhi‘biʃən]n.禁止；禁令individual[`indi‘vidjuəl]n.个人，个体，独立单位；a.1.个人的；2.个别的paternalistic[pə`tə:nə‘listik]a.家长式统治的；家长作风的moving[‘mu:viŋ]a.1.活动的，移动的；2.动人的，令人感动的sensitive[‘sensitiv]a.1.敏感的；2.灵敏的，感光的be affected with患有……疾病debate on关于……进行辩论make request for要求……be opposed to反对open up 1.打开；2.开办，开辟，开发；3坦诚地或无拘束地谈话take……into account考虑到need for对……的需要opt out of决定不参加……，决定（从……）中退出have……at heart对某事十分关心conspiracy[kən‘spirəsi]n.1.阴谋，密谋；2.阴谋集团，阴谋帮派old-boy[‘əuld bɔi]n.1.老同学；2.（招呼用）老朋友，老弟，老兄network[‘netwə:k]1.[纺]网眼织物；2.网状物，网络escalator[‘eskəleitə]n.自动扶梯privilege[‘privilidʒ]n.特权；vt.给予……特权profession[prə‘feʃən]n.（尤指脑力劳动或受过专业训练的）职业graduate[‘grædjueit]vi.大学毕业，[美]毕业；vt.[主美]准予……毕业；a.1.毕业的；2.研究生的；n.大学毕业生，[美]毕业生unfair[ʌn‘fɛə]a.不公平的，不公正的employment[im‘plɔimənt]n.1.使用；2.雇佣；3.职业，工作publish[‘pʌbliʃ]vt.1.出版，刊印；2.公布，发表senior[‘si:njə]a.1.年长的，年纪较大的；2.地位较高的，资历较深的；3.[英]（大学）高年级的，[美]大学四年级的；n.1.年长者；2.资历深者，上级appoint[ə‘pɔint]vt.1.任命，委任（as）；2.私营的，私立的；3.秘密的，私下的headmaster[‘hed‘mɑ:stə]n.（中学或小学的）校长leading[‘li:diŋ]a.1.领导的，指引的；2.最重要的，主要的bias[‘baiəs]n.偏见；v.[常用被动语态]有偏见（常与against，towards连用）entry[‘entri]n.1.进入，入场（权），入会权；2.入口；3.登记，条目，账目merit[‘merit]n.1.优点，长处；2.功绩，功劳fiercely[‘fiəsli]ad.1.凶猛地，凶残地；2.猛烈地competitive[kəm‘petitiv]a.竞争的；比赛的entrance[‘entrəns]n.1.进入；2.入口，门口；3.入场，入会，入学additional[ə‘diʃənl]a.附加的，追加的；另外的abolish[ə‘bɔliʃ]vt.废除（法律，习惯等）；取消applicant[‘æplikənt]n.申请人，请求者performance[pə‘fɔ:məns]n.1.执行，完成；2.表现，工作性能；3.演出，演奏accessible[æk‘sesəbl]a.1.易接近的，能进去的；2.易受影响的（to）；3可理解的（to）elite[ei‘li:t]n.[集合名词]精英，杰出人物；a.杰出的，精英的academic[`ækə‘demik]a.1.（高等）专科院校的，研究院的，学会的；2.学术的excellence[‘eksələns]n.优秀，杰出recruit[ri‘kru:t]vt./vi.1.征募（新兵），吸收（新成员）；2.聘用，补充；n.新兵；新成员equivalent[i‘kwivələnt]a.1.相等的，相同的（to）；2.等价的，等量的，等效的；n.1.等价（物），等量（物）；2.对应词（或对应语）ivy[‘aivi]n.常青藤replicate[‘replikeit]vt.重复；复制elitist[ei‘litist]n.1.杰出人物；2.杰出人物统治论者；adj.1.杰出人物的；2.杰出人物统治论的remedial[ri‘mi:djəl]a.1.治疗的，治疗上用的；2.补救的prime[praim]a.1.最初的，基本的；2.首要的，主要的；3.第一流的，最好的vision[‘viʒən]n.1.想象力，幻觉；2.视力，视觉；3.眼光classless[klɑ:slis]a.1.无阶级的；2.不属于任何阶级的amount to 1.达到总计；2.相当于，等于on average平均blame……for为……责备某人by nature生来，天生，就其本性而言be worth doing值得做……slavery[‘sleivəri]n.1.奴隶制度，奴役；2.奴隶身份domestic[də‘mestik]adj.1.家庭的，家务的；2.国内的，本国的；n.家仆，佣人Briton[‘britən]n.大不列颠人；英国人statistics[stə‘tistiks]n.1.统计数字，统计资料；2.[用作单]统计学diplomat[‘dipləmæt]a.外交家；外交官abroad[ə‘brɔ:d]ad.到国外；在国外exploit[iks‘plɔit]vt.1.开发，开采；2.利用；3.剥削abuse[ə‘bju:z]vt./n.1.滥用，妄用；2.虐待，凌辱campaign[kæm‘pein]n.1.战役；2.运动，参选活动；v.参加运动，参加竞选活动sexually[‘seksjuəli]ad.在性方面passport[‘pɑ:spɔ:t]n.护照Filipino[`fili‘pi:nəu]n.1.菲律宾人；2菲律宾语；a.菲律宾人的；菲律宾的maid[meid]n.1.少女；2.侍女，女仆execute[‘eksikju:t]vt.1.实行，执行，完成，贯彻；2.将……处死convict[kən‘vikt，‘kɔnvikt]vt.1.证明……有罪‘mein]a.不人道的，残忍的ineffective[`ini‘fektiv]a.无效的，不起作用的civil[‘sivl]n.1.国民的，民用的；2.国内的，民间的union[‘ju:njən]n.1.工会，协会；2.结合，联合liberty[‘libəti]n.1.自由，自由权；2.冒昧，失礼；3.[常pl.]特许权，特权punishment[‘pʌniʃmənt]n.1.处罚，罚，刑罚；2.折磨，损害disaffection[`disə‘fekʃən]n.不满argument[‘ɑ:gjumənt]n.1.争论，辩论；2.论据，理由watch over看守，照管，监视in unison完全一致地call up 1.打电话；2.使想起，使忆起blues[blu:z]n.1.[用作单或复]布鲁斯（源于美国南部黑人之中抑郁伤感的曲调）；2.慢四步舞rock‘n‘roll[`rɔkn‘rəul]n.摇滚乐，摇滚舞folk[fəuk]n.1.人们；2.[口]家属，亲属；a.民间的musician[mju（:）‘ziʃən]n.音乐家；作曲家transformation[`trænsfə‘meiʃən]n.1.变化，转化；2.改造，改革rhythmic[‘riðmik]a.有韵律的；有节奏的musically[‘mju:zikəli]ad.在音乐方面；好听地；悦耳地distinct[dis‘tiŋkt]a.1.与其他不同的，独特的；2.明显的consciousness[‘kɔnʃəsnis]n.意识，知觉；觉悟youthful[‘ju:θful]a.1.年轻的；2.朝气蓬勃的anti-war[‘ænti‘wɔ:]a.反战的sentiment[‘sentimənt]n.1.感情，情绪；2.感伤spontaneous[spɔn‘teinjəs]a.1.自发的，本能的，自动的；2.出自自然的originate[ə‘ridʒineit]vi./vt.发源；发生，发起imitator[‘imiteitə]n.模仿者Negro[‘ni:grəu]n.黑人；a.黑人的eclecticism[ek‘lektisizəm]n.折衷主义synthesis[‘sinθisis]n.结合，合成jazz[dʒæz]n.爵士乐readily[‘redili]ad.1.乐意地；2.很快地，容易地limitless[‘limitlis]a.无限制的，无限的instrument[‘instrumənt]n.1.仪器；2.乐器electronic[ilek‘trɔnik]a.电子的amplifier[‘æmplifaiə]n.放大器guitar[gi‘tɑ:]n.六弦琴，吉他electronics[ilek‘trɔniks][复]n.[用作单]电子学studio[‘stju:diəu]n.1.（艺术家的）工作室；2.（无线电，电视）播音室，演播室；3.电影制片厂penetrating[‘penətreitiŋ]a.1.穿透的，贯穿的；2.深刻的，透彻的thereby[‘ðɛəbai]ad.由此，从而passive[‘pæsiv]a.1.被动的；2.消极的participant[pɑ:‘tisipənt]n.参加者；a.参与的multimedia[`mʌlti‘mi:djə]a.1.多种手段的；2.多媒体的；同时使用形、光、声效果的；n.多媒体，多媒体的使用ballroom[‘bɔ:l‘rum]n.舞厅lighting[‘laitiŋ]n.照明，照明设备take place发生take over 1.接管，接任；2.把……从一处运到另一处take on 1.具有；2.担任（工作等）；3.雇佣composer[kəm‘pəuzə]n.作曲家inspire[in‘spaiə]vt.1.鼓舞；2.使产生灵感fruitful[‘fru:tful]a.有成果的，有收获的output[‘autput]n.1.产量；2.输出theme[θi:m]n.1.题目，主题；2.主旋律invariably[in‘vɛəriəbli]ad.不变地improvise[‘imprəvaiz]vt.1.即兴创作；2.临时准备，临时凑成symphony[‘simfəni]n.1.交响曲，交响乐；2.交响乐队，交响音乐会handle[‘hændl]n.柄，把手；vt.1.拿，弄；2.运用，操纵3.经营，管理constructive[kən‘strʌktiv]a.建设的，建设性vcreative[kri（:）‘eitiv]a.创造性的notebook[‘nəutbuk]n.笔记本preliminary[pri‘liminəri]a.预备的；初步的；n.初试；预赛painstaking[‘peinz`teikiŋ]a.苦干的；费力的traditionalist[trə‘diʃənəlist]n.传统主义者；因循守旧者thematic[θi‘mætik]a.1.题目的，主题的；2.主旋律的conception[kən‘sepʃən]n.概念，观念well-established[‘wel is‘tæbliʃt]a.1.固定下来的；2.得到确认的temper[‘tempə]vt.1.[冶]使回火，锻炼；2.调合well（-）tempered[‘wel‘tempəd]1.脾气好的；2.（键盘乐器）调到平均律的clavichord[‘klævikɔ:d]n.[音]击弦古钢琴mold[məuld]n.模子；模型；vt.用模子做，浇铸sake[seik]n.缘故completeness[kəm‘pli:tnis]n.1.完整，圆满；2.完成，结束summarize[‘sʌməraiz]vt./vi.概述，总结diversified[dai‘və:sifaid]a.多样化的conventional[kən‘venʃənl]a.1.惯例的，常规的；2.（艺术等）因袭的experimental[eks`peri‘mentl]a.实验的；经验的harmony[‘hɑ:məni]n.1.协调，和谐；2.融洽，一致sonority[sə‘nɔriti]n.响亮，洪亮evident[‘evidənt]a.明显的，明白的in other words换句话说in a sense在某种意义上at a stretch连续不断地serve as适合belong in应归入（类别、范畴等）in advance 1.在前面；2.预先It goes without saying不言而喻，理所当然for the sake of为了……之好处；为了……的目的efficiency[i‘fiʃənsi]n.1.效率；2.功效，效能，实力robotics[rəu‘bɔtiks]n.[用作单]机器人学，机器人技术robot[‘rəubət]n.机器人；自动控制装置increasingly[in‘kri:siŋli]ad.不断增加地prevalent[‘prevələnt]a.流行的，普通的automotive[`ɔ:tə‘məutiv]a.1.自动的，机动的；2.汽车的weld[weld]vt./n.焊接spray[sprei]n.1.浪花，水花；2.喷雾，喷雾状物；vt.喷；向……喷射；喷涂；vi.喷；溅散cast[kɑ:st]vt.1.投，扔，抛，掷；2.投射（光、影，视线等）（on，at）；3.浇铸，铸造；n.1.投，掷；2.模具；3.演员（阵容）frame[freim]n.构架，框架install[in‘stɔ:l]vt.安装appliance[ə‘plaiəns]n.1.应用，适用；2.用具，器械calculator[‘kælkjuleitə]n.1.计算者；2.计算器radioactive[`reidiəu‘æktiv]a.[原]放射性的；放射引起的personnel[pə:sə‘nel]n.1.[集合名词]全体人员，全体职员；2.人事（部门）expose[iks‘pəuz]vt.1.使暴露，使面临；2.揭露，揭发radiation[`reidi‘eiʃən]n.1.放射，发光；2.放射物，辐射线，辐射能reduction[ri‘dʌkʃən]n.1.减少，减小；2.降级，降职；3.归纳，归并automatic[`ɔ:tə‘mætik]a.1.自动的；2.无意识的，机械的reprogramme[‘ri:‘prəugræm]v.再次（重新）设定程序completion[kəm‘pli:ʃən]n.完成，结束；完满specific[spi‘sifik]a.1.特有的，特定的；2.具体的，明确的switch[switʃ]n.1.开关，转换器；2.（思路、话题等的）转换；vt.1.转换，改变（思路、话题等）；2.接通……电流（on），切断……电流（off）；vi.转换，变换critical[‘kritikəl]a.1.批评（性）的，批判（性）的；2.对……表示谴责的，对……感到不满的（of）；3.紧要的，关键性的，危急的digital[‘didʒitl]a.1.手指的，指状的；2.数字的，计数的camera[‘kæmərə]n.照相机，摄影机light-sensitive[‘lait‘sensitiv]a.光敏的intensity[in‘tensiti]n.强烈，剧烈grayscale[grei‘skeil]灰度（使不同黑白比例混合而得从黑到白的一系列色差灰色色调）brightness[‘braitnis]n.1.明亮，晴朗；2.聪敏，机灵scale[skeil]n.1.刻度，表度；2.规模；3.比例（尺）；4.[pl.]天平，磅秤shade[ʃeid]n.1.荫，阴影；2.遮光物，罩；vt.遮蔽，遮光calculation[`kælkju‘leiʃən]n.1.计算，计算结果；2.仔细考虑defective[di‘fektiv]a.有缺点的；有缺陷的assemble[ə‘sembl]vt.1.集合；2.装配；vi.集合attendant[ə‘tendənt]n.1.侍者，服务员；2.出席者fireman[‘faiəmən]n.消防队员housekeeper[‘haus`ki:pə]n.管理家务的主妇；女管家expose to暴露；面临；曝露in that在于，原因是in between在中间；每间隔；在……期间in question正被谈论的plenty of大量的；丰富的earthquake[‘ə:θkweik]n.地震warning[‘wɔ:niŋ]n.警告；警报；a.警告的forecast[‘fɔ:kɑ:st]vt.1.预测，预报；2.预示giant[‘dʒaiənt]n.1.巨大；2.巨物，巨大的动物；a.巨大的shift[ʃift]vt./vi.1.替换；转移；2.轮班；n.1.转换，转移；2.轮班fault[fɔ:lt]n.1.缺点，毛病；2.错误，过失；3.[地]断层seismic[‘saizmik]a.地震的precede[pri（:）‘si:d]vt.先于……，比……优先；vi.在前面，居前，领先radon[‘reidɔn]n.氡decay[di‘kei]vi.1.腐朽，腐烂；2.衰败；3.[原]衰变；vt.使腐朽，使腐烂；n.1.腐朽，腐烂；2.衰败radium[‘reidjəm]n.镭underground[‘ʌndəgraund]a.1.地下的；2.秘密的，隐蔽的；ad.1.在地下；2.秘密地，隐蔽地speculate[‘spekjuleit]vi.思索；推测（on/upon，about）；vt.1.投机；2.思索，推测subside[səb‘said]vi.1.沉淀；2.沉降，下沉；3.平静下来，平息，减退datum[‘deitəm]1.资料，材料，2.数据reliability[ri`laiə‘biliti]n.可靠性partial[‘pɑ:ʃəl]a.1.偏袒的，偏心的，对……偏袒（to）；2.部分的，不完全的up-to-date[‘ʌp tu:deit]a.1.最新的，现代化的；2.直至目前的analyze[‘ænəlaiz]vt.分析eastern[‘i:stən]a.1.东方的，东部的；2.向东方的，来自东方的work on 1.从事……；2.对……有影响set up 1.设立，建立；2.建立，提出on the alert警戒，处于戒备状态leadership[‘li:dəʃip]n.1.领导；2.[总称]领导人员research[ri‘sə:tʃ]n.研究，调查；vi.调查，研究attach[ə‘tætʃ]vt.（to）1.固定住，系；2.附加，隶属；3.把（重点等）放在；4.使喜爱，使依恋possession[pə‘zeʃən]n.1.有，拥有；2.[常pl.]占有物；财产satisfaction[`sætis‘fækʃən]n.满意，满足relaxation[`ri:læk‘seiʃən]n.1.松弛，放松；2.缓和，减轻；3.休养desirable[di‘zaiərəbl]a.称心的，合意的，理想的occupation[`ɔkju‘peiʃən]n.1.占领；2.占有；3.职业portray[pɔ:‘trei]vt.描绘；描写；描述urban[‘ə:bən]a.城市的，都市的stressful[‘stresful]a.紧张的；压力重的loom[lu:m]vi.隐隐呈现；逼近renewal[ri‘nju（:）əl]n.1.更新；2重新开始underlie[`ʌndə‘lai]vt.支撑；构成（理论，政策，行为等）的基础acquire[ə‘kwaiə]vt.获得，得到recognition[`rekəg‘niʃən]n.1.认出；2.承认，公认impart[im‘pɑ:t]vt.把……分给；给予作业freshman[‘freʃmən]n.1新手，生手；2.大学一年级学生kid[kid]vt./vi./n.1.戏弄，开玩笑；2.欺骗，哄骗faithfully[‘feiθfuli]忠诚地；如实地temptation[temp‘teiʃən]n.引诱，诱惑look ahead to向前看；展望未来allocate……for分配给……；配给fall by the wayside半途而废，中途退出hang up 1.把……挂起来；2.挂断（电话）；3.延迟，拖延throw off扔掉；摆脱work out做出；制定出up to date 1.最新的，新式的；2.切合目前情况的（on）kid……into doing欺骗……去做……stick with坚持；继续jet[dʒet]n.1.喷射；2.喷嘴；3.喷气式飞机，喷气式发动机lag[læg]vi.走得慢，落后；n.落后，滞后flight[flait]n.1.飞行，飞翔；2.航班，班机；3.逃跑，溃退physiological[`fiziə‘lɔdʒikl]a.生理的，生理学的regulatory[‘regjulətəri]a.1.规章的；2.调节的mechanism[‘mekənizəm]n.1.[机]机构，机制；2.（自然现象等）作用过程hormonal[hɔ:‘məunl]a.荷尔蒙的，激素的secretary[‘sekrətri]n.1.秘书；2.书记；3.（英，美等国的）部长，大臣negotiation[ni`gəuʃi‘eiʃən]n.谈判，协商proceeding[prə‘si:diŋ]n.1.程序，进程；2.[pl.]项目，活动，会议文集instantaneously[`instən‘teinjəsli]ad.瞬间地；即刻地transport[træns‘pɔ:t，‘trænspɔ:t]vt.运输；n.运输overcome[`əuvə‘kʌm]vt.战胜；克服regulate[‘regjuleit]vt./n.1.管理；2.调节timing[‘taimiŋ]n.1.时间的选择；2.计时，定时periodicity[`piəriə‘disiti]n.周期性，间发性internal[in‘tə:nl]a.1.内部的，内在的；2.国内的suprachiasmatic[‘sju:prəkaiəz‘mætik]a.超（染色体）交叉的rhythm[‘riðəm]n.1.韵律，格律；2.节奏timer[‘taimə]n.计时员，定时器external[eks‘tə:nl]a.外在的，在外的alarm[ə‘lɑ:m]n.1.警报；2.惊恐；vt.1.向……报警，使警觉；2.使……惊恐，打扰reset[ri:‘set]vt./n.重新安排，重调palm[pɑ:m]n.手掌sweat[swet]n.汗；vi.出汗；vt.使出汗discrepancy[dis‘krepənsi]n.差异；不一致bodily[‘bɔdili]a.身体的，肉体的cortisol[‘kɔ:tisɔl]n.[生]皮质（甾）醇excretion[eks‘kri:ʃən]n.排泄；分泌destination[`desti‘neiʃən]n.目的地，终点feasible[‘fi:zəbl]a.可行的，可能的pharmacological[`fɑ:məkə‘lɔdʒikəl]a.药物学的，药理学的assumption[ə‘sʌmpʃən]n.1.假定，设想；2.承担，采取mid-afternoon[‘mid`ɑ:ftə‘nu:n]a.下午三点左右的neutral[‘nju:trəl]a.1.中立的；2.中性的wakefulness[‘weikfulnis]n.觉醒，不眠promote[prə‘məut]vt.1.促进，发扬；2.提升，升级；3.发起，创办synchronize[‘siŋkrənaiz]vi.同时发生，同步；vt.使在时间上一致；使同步effect on对……的作用blame……on把……归咎于to advantage有利地，有效地as fresh as paint精神饱满now that（连词）既然，由于leave……alone 1.不管，不理；2.听其自然out of step步伐不一致；不协调in time 1.及时；2.终于span[spæn]n.1.指距，一柞宽；2.跨距；3.一段时间fluctuate[‘flʌktjueit]vi.1.波动，起伏；2.动摇，不定；vt.使波动，使起伏fluctuation[`flʌktju‘eiʃən]n.波动，起伏tick[tik]n.（钟表的）滴答声；vi.（钟表的）滴答响fade[feid]vi.1.凋谢，枯萎；2.（颜色）褪去；3.（声音等）衰弱下去；vt.使褪色illusion[i‘lju:ʒən]n.错觉；幻觉duration[djuə‘reiʃən]n.持续；持续时间infrequent[in‘fri:kwənt]a.很少发生的illustration[`iləs‘treiʃən]n.1.说明；2.例证，插图moderate[‘mɔdərit]a.1.中等的，适度的；2.温和的，有节制的distraction[dis‘trækʃən]n.1.精神涣散，精神不集中；2.消遣，娱乐distractor[dis‘træktə]n.分散注意力的东西focal[‘fəukəl]a.焦点的；vt.1.治疗；2.补救（法）；vt.1.治疗；2.补救，纠正fearful[‘fiəful]a.1.可怕的，吓人的；2.害怕的，胆怯的productivity[`prɔdʌk‘tiviti]n.1.生产率；2.丰饶，多产finance[fai‘næns]n.1.财政，金融；2.经费，资金retention[ri‘tenʃən]n.保持；保留distract[dis‘trækt]vt.分散（注意，心思等）；使人分心adversely[‘ædvə:sli]ad.1.相反地；2.不利地，有害地appreciate[ə‘pri:ʃieit]vt.1.欣赏，鉴赏；2.正确评价，鉴别；3.感激，感谢contrary[‘kɔntrəri]a.相反的，相对的，与……相反（to）mislead[mis‘li:d]vt.把……带错路，使……错或做错motivation[`məuti‘veiʃən]n.动机；动力inefficient[`ini‘fiʃənt]a.无效的；效率低的exceptional[ik‘sepʃənl]a.1.例外的；2.异常的，特殊的hinder[‘hində，‘haində]vt.阻止；妨碍typical[‘tipikəl]a.典型的，代表性的to date到目前为止attend to专心；注意；照顾make the grade取得成功，达到理想标准fall apart四分五裂；崩溃be true of符合于……，对……适用classify[‘klæsifai]vt.1.把……分类，把……分等级；2.把……列为（as）aged[eidʒid]a.年老的，老的northwestern[‘nɔ:θ‘westən]a.1.在西北的，向西北的；2.来自西北的approximate[ə‘prɔksimit，ə‘prɔksimeit]a.近似的，大约的；vt.1.近似，接近；2.使接近；vi.接近（to）paradox[‘pærədɔks]1.似非而可能是的论点；2.自相矛盾的话proportion[prə‘pɔ:ʃən]n.比率，比例；vt.使成比例，使相称dependency[di‘pendənsi]n.从属；依赖（on）advantageous[`ædvən‘teidʒəs]a.有利的，有助的liability[`laiə‘biliti]n.1.责任，义务；2.[pl.]债务，负债；3.不利条件，妨碍的人（或物）inactive[in‘æktiv]a.不活动的；不活跃的appreciation[ə`pri:ʃi‘eiʃən]n.1.欣赏，鉴赏；2.正确评价；3.感激，感谢salient[‘seiljənt]a.1.突出的，凸起的；2.显著的resettlement[ri:‘setlmənt]n.重新定居，重新安置acknowledge[ək‘nɔlidʒ]vt.1.承认；2.表示感谢fore[fɔ:]ad.在前面；a.1.先时的，先前的；2.在前部的；n.前部gathering[‘gæðəriŋ]n.1.聚集；2.集会birthrate[‘bə:θreit]n.出生率elsewhere[‘els‘wɛə]ad.在别处；向别处demography[di‘mɔgrəfi]n.人口统计学alter[‘ɔ:ltə]vt./vi.改变，改动experiential[iks`piəri‘enʃəl]a.经验的；凭经验的continued[kən‘tinju（:）d]a.继续的，连续的lengthen[‘leŋθən]vt.使延长；vi.变长，延伸wealthy[‘welθi]a.富裕的；丰富的neglect[ni‘glekt]vt.1.忽视，忽略；2.疏忽；n.忽略；疏忽expectation[`ekspek‘teiʃən]n.1.期待；2.估计寿命slippery[‘slipəri]a.1.滑的；2.圆滑的demographer[di‘mɔgrəfə]n.人口学家revision[ri‘viʒən]n.修订，修改upwards[‘ʌpwədz]ad.向上；趋向上升approximate to与……接近to the fore 1.在前面，到前面；2.在显著地位resistance to对……的阻力esteem[is‘ti:m]vt./n.尊敬，尊重cope[kəup]vi.对付，妥善处理（with）parenting[‘pɛərəntiŋ]n.父母对孩子的养育tone[təun]n.1.音调，音色；2.腔调，语气；3.[语]声调，语调infant[‘infənt]n.婴儿，幼儿；a.婴儿的，幼儿的lovable[‘lʌvəbl]a.可爱的，讨人喜欢的manageable[‘mænidʒəbl]a.易管理的unlovable[ʌn‘lʌvəbl]a.不可爱的；不讨人喜爱的worthless[‘wə:θlis]a.1.无价值的，无用的；2.不足道的，不可取的ultimately[‘ʌltimətli]ad.最后，最终地self-defeating[`selfdi‘fi:tiŋ]a.1.自我挫败的；2.有违被衰的crisis[‘kraisis]n.1危机；2.决定性时刻withdraw[wið‘drɔ:]vt.1.收回，提取；2.撤退，撤销；vi.1.撤退，退出；2.退缩，逃避现实inconsiderate[`inkən‘sidərit]a.不替别人考虑的；不体谅人outcome[‘autkʌm]n.1.结果，结局；2.出路，出口reinforcement[`ri:in‘fɔ:smənt]n.增强，加固；强化tangible[‘tændʒəbl]a.1.可触摸的，可感知的；2.确实的，真实的attribute[ə‘tribju:t]n.1.属性，特征；2.[语]定语；vt.把……归因于（to）fold[fəuld]vt./vi.折叠；对折；n.褶（痕）appropriate[ə‘prəupriət]a.适合的，恰当的，相宜的cope with对付；处理no other……than 1.除……外没有，只有；2.正是，就是take advantage of 1.利用；2.占……便宜act out 1.将……表演出来；2.（用行动）表示出来election[i‘lekʃən]n.选举；选举权presidential[`prezi‘denʃəl]a.总统（或校长）的；总统（或校长等）职务的winner[‘winə]n.获胜者，优胜者；成功者republican[ri‘pʌblikən]a.1.共和国的；2.[R-]（美国）共和党的；n.1.共和主义者；2.[R-]共和党党员democratic[demə‘krætik]a.民主的，民主主义的nominee[`nɔmi‘ni:]n.被提名者；被任命者vote[vəut]n.1.选举，投票；2.票，选票；vi.投票，选举certainty[‘sə:tənti]n.一定；必定nomination[`nɔmi‘neiʃən]n.提名；任命loyalty[‘lɔiəlti]n.忠诚；忠心decline[di‘klain]vi.1.下倾，下降；2.衰退，衰落；3.谢绝，拒绝；vt.拒绝，谢绝；n.1.下倾，下降；2.衰退，衰落democrat[‘deməkræt]n.1.民主主义者，民主人士；2.[D-]民主党党员voter[‘vəutə]n.选举人，投票人strategically[strə‘ti:dʒikəl]ad.战略上地，颇具策略地pursue[pə‘sju:]vt.1.追赶；2.追求，寻求；3.进行，从事impact[‘impækt，im‘pækt]n.1.冲击，碰拦；2.效果，影响；vt.装紧，压紧headquarters[‘hed‘kwɔ:təz][复]n.1.司令部，指挥部；2.（机构，企业）总部，总店economy[i（:）‘kɔnəmi]n.1.经济；2.节约strategist[‘strætidʒist]n.战略家rating[‘reitiŋ]n.1.等级，规格；2.评定结果，（电视）收视率poll[pəul]n.1.选举，投票；2.民意测验；1.得到选票；2.对……进行民事测验；vi.投票stir[stə:]vt.1.搅拌，搅动；2.激起，打动；vi.微动；活动；n.惊动；轰动strategy[‘strætidʒi]n.战略；策略constitutional[`kɔnsti‘tju:ʃənl]a.1.宪法上规定的；2.组成的，构成的provision[prə‘viʒən]n.1.供应，供应品；2.条款，规定；3.[常pl.]给养，口粮electoral[i‘lektərəl]a.选举的representation[`reprizen‘teiʃən]n.1.描写，表现；2.代表，代理congress[‘kɔŋgres]n.1.（代表）大会；2.国会，议会；3.[C-]（美法等的）参议院，上院House[haus]n.[英]议院district[‘distrikt]n.1.区，行政区；2.地区，区域representative[`repri‘zentətiv]n.代表，代表人；a.典型的，有代表性的presidency[‘prezidənsi]n.1.总统（或校长，会长，行长等）职务（或职权，任期）；2.管辖overwhelming[əuvə‘（h）welmiŋ]a.压倒之势的stand no chance没有可能；没有希望identify……as把……看作impact on对……之影响contest[‘kɔntest]n.1.竞争，比赛；2.争夺，竞争；3.争论，争辩rivalry[‘raivəlri]n.竞争；对抗dozen[‘dʌzn]n.1.一打，十二个；2.十来个，十几个nominate[‘nɔmineit]vt.1.提名；2.任命；3.命名electorate[i‘lektərit]n.全体选民；选区inevitably[in‘evitəbli]ad.不可避免地，必然地dominance[‘dɔminəns]n.优势，控制，统治assault[ə‘sɔ:lt]n.1.攻击，袭击；2.（军）冲击，突击，强击parliamentary[`pɑ:lə‘mentəri]a.议会的，国会的congressman[‘kɔŋgresmən]n.（美）国会议员statistically[stə‘tistikəli]ad.在统计方面dominant[‘dɔminənt]a.占优势的；支配的majority[mə‘dʒɔriti]n.1.多数，大半；2.多数党，多数派automatically[`ɔ:tə‘mætikəli]ad.自动地；习惯性地competitor[kəm‘petitə]n.竞争者；对手running[‘rʌniŋ]n.1.跑，赛跑；2.竞选inevitable[in‘evitəbl]a.不可避免的，必然（发生）的peaceful[‘pi:sful]a.1.平静的，安宁的；2.和平的，和平方式的transfer[træns‘fə:]vt.1.转移，传输；2调动；3.改变；vi.1.转移，转学；2.换车；换船；n.转移，传输，变换overturn[`əuvə‘tə:n]vt./n.1.打翻，使翻过来；2.推翻，颠覆，毁灭；vi.翻身；倒下foolproof[‘fu:l‘pru:f]a.1.连傻子都懂的；2.不会出毛病的；3.有安全装置的monopoly[mə‘nɔpəli]n.垄断；专卖opposition[`ɔpə‘ziʃən]n.1.反对，反抗；2.对立，意见相反monopolize[mə‘nɔpəlaiz]v.垄断；专卖moderation[`mɔdə‘reiʃən]n.1.温和，适度；2.缓和，减轻legislation[`ledʒis‘leiʃən]n.1.立法；2.法律，法规temporarily[‘tempərərili]ad.暂时地，临时地break up打碎；结束；驱散；散开；分解in the running参赛，参加竞选in power掌权的，执政的out of power丧失权力in favour of 1.赞成，支持；2.为……的利益，有利于；3.支付给come into power上台；开始掌权carry on 1.经营，进行；2.继续anaesthetics[`ænis‘θetiks]n.麻醉学vaccine[‘væksi:n]n.牛痘苗；疫苗；a.牛痘的；疫苗的diabetes[daiə‘bi:ti:z]n.糖尿病developmental[di`veləp‘ment]a.1.发展的，开发的；2.促使成长的，起改进作用的disorder[dis‘ɔ:də]n.1.混乱；2.失调，紊乱；vt.使混乱；使失调irrelevant[i‘relivənt]a.不相干的，离题的，与……不相干（to）misleading[mis‘li:diŋ]a.引入歧途的；使人误解的irresponsible[`iri‘spɔnsəbl]a.无责任感的，不负责任的unethical[ʌn‘əθikəl]a.不合伦理的；不合道德的thalidomide[θə‘lidəmaid]n.[药]萨立多胺（原用作中枢神经镇静剂，因有造成胎儿缺肢畸形的副作用，已被禁用）replacement[ri‘pleismənt]n.1.复位，复职；2.替换，代替refinement[ri‘fainmənt]n.精炼，精制simulate[‘simjuleit]vt……假装，冒充；2.模仿，模拟cell[sel]1.细胞；2.小房间，单人牢房toxicity[tɔk‘sisiti]n.毒性eventual[i‘ventjuəl]a.最后的，结局的dose[dəus]n.（一次）剂量replace[ri（:）‘pleis]vt.1.把……放回（原处），使恢复（原职）；2.更换，以……替代tube[tju:b]n.1.管，软管；2.电子管，真空管；3.[英]地铁partly[‘pɑ:tli]ad.部分地；在一定程度上polio[‘pəuliəu]n.[医]脊髓灰质炎，小儿麻痹症biomedical[‘baiəu‘medikəl]a.生物医学的ethics[‘eθiks]n.[pl.]1.[用作单]伦理学；2.伦理观，道德标准undergo[`ʌndə‘gəu]vt.经历，经受；忍受suitable[‘sju:təbl]a.合适的；适当的rabbit[‘ræbit]n.兔litter[‘litə]n.1.（供动物睡眠或植物防冻的）干草；2.杂乱无章；3.（猫狗等）一窝（仔畜）；4.[总称]乱丢的东西（尤指废纸等杂物）；vt.1.为（动物）铺草；2.（多产动物）产（仔）；3.乱丢refine[ri‘fain]vt.1.提纯，精制；2.使精美，使改进；vt.1.精炼，提纯；2.变优雅regeneration[ri`dʒenə‘reiʃən]n.新生，再生，复兴paralyse[‘pærəlaiz]vt.1.使麻痹，使瘫痪；2.使无力，使气馁regrow[ri:‘grəu]vt.再生长，重新生长reproduce[`ri:prə‘dju:s]vt.1.繁殖；2.再生产，再生长（器官）；3.复制；4.再现，重现sacrifice to向……献祭；为……而牺牲；为……而失去do research into进行……的研究be central to对……极为重要的do experiment on用……做实验be irrelevant to与……不相干；不切题test on对……进行试验aim for瞄准；以……为目标pet[pet]n.宠物，爱畜；a.宠爱的，表示亲昵的delightful[di‘laitful]a.令人高兴的；讨人喜欢的humanity[hju（:）‘mæniti]n.1.人性，博爱，仁慈；2.人类negative[‘negətiv]a.1.否定的，否认的；2.反面的，消极的；3. [数]负的，[电]阴性的；n.1.负片，底片；2.负数remark[ri‘mɑ:k]vt.说，评论；vi.评论，议论（on）；n.评论，看法touching[‘tʌtʃiŋ]a.动人的，使人感伤的going[‘gəuiŋ]n.进行状况；a.进行中的；现行的coming[‘kʌmiŋ]a.正在到来的，即将来到的；n.来到，到达literal[‘litərəl]a.1.精确的，如实的；2.逐字的，字面的grant[grɑ:nt]vt.同意；准予；n.1.同意，授予；2.拨款contented[kən‘tentid]a.满足的，满意的serene[si‘ri:n]a.安详的；宁静的contemplate[‘kɔntempleit]vt.1.注视，凝视；2.沉思plea[pli:]n.1.请求，恳求；2.托词devotion[di‘vəuʃən]n.献身，忠诚ownership[‘əunəʃip]n.1.拥有；2.所有权，所有制imperative[im‘perətiv]a.1.绝对必要的，迫切的；2.命令，强制的；3.[语]祈使的stricken[‘strikən]I.strike的过去分词II.a.1.被打中的，被击伤的；2.（常用以构成复合词）受灾的，受侵袭的relief[ri‘li:f]n.1.（痛苦，压迫等）减轻，宽慰；2.救济donation[dəu‘neiʃən]n.捐献；赠送afflict[ə‘flikt]vt.使苦恼，折磨deprive[di‘praiv]vt.夺去，剥夺；使失去（of）individualistic[`indi`vidjuə‘listik]a.个人主义（者）的prevail[pri‘veil]vi.1.胜过（over，against）；2.流行，盛行starvation[stɑ:‘veiʃən]n.饥饿；饿死kwashiorkor[`kwɔʃi‘ɔ:kɔ:]n.[医]恶性营养不良症deficiency[di‘fiʃənsi]n.缺乏，不足starve[stɑ:v]vi.1.饿死；2.挨饿；3.极需，渴望（for）；vt.使饿死；使挨饿sustain[səs‘tein]vt.1.支撑，承受住；2.供养，维持unreasonable[ʌn‘ri:znəbl]a.1.不讲道理的，非理智的；2.不合情理的，过度的bring out 1.使显现，显示；2生产，使产生attach……to使……与……相关，把……附加到goings and comings 1.来往；2.活动，发生的事take……for granted 1.认为真实；2.视为当然at ease自在的，舒适的plea for恳求；请求not that……并不是说not（never）for a moment决不；从不break in on（upon）1.打扰；2.打断，闯进feel bitter at对……怀恨seize hold of 1.抓住；2.占有daydream[‘deidri:m]vi./n.白日做梦symptom[‘simptəm]n.症状，征兆habitual[hə‘bitjuəl]a.1.习惯性的，习以为常的；2.惯常的，已成规则的maladjustment[mælə‘dʒʌstmənt]n.1.失调；2.不适应环境compensatory[kəm‘pensətəri]a.赔偿，补偿的equilibrium[`i:kwi‘libriəm]n.1.平衡，均衡，平均，相称；2.均势；3.（心情的）平静；4.（判断上的）不偏不倚intellectual[`inti‘lektjuəl]n.知识分子；a.智力的，理智的detail[‘di:teil]n.细节，详情；vt.详述，详细说明enhance[in‘hɑ:ns]vt.提高；增强spur[spə:]vt.1.用催马刺催促（马）；2.激励，鞭策；n.1.踢马刺；2.刺激（物），激励，鼓舞initial[i‘niʃəl]a.1.最初的，开始的；2.词首的；n.首字母inventor[in‘ventə]n.发明者，创造者waylay[wei‘lei]vt.伏击；拦住……问讯muse[mju:z]v./n.沉思，冥想confront[kən‘frʌnt]vt.1.面对，遭遇；2.正视，对抗painter[‘peintə]n.漆工；画家sensitivity[`sensi‘tiviti]n.敏感性；灵敏度inner[‘inə]a.1.内部的，里面的；2.思想的，精神的；n.内部；里面reflection[ri‘flekʃən]n.1.反射，反映，映像；2.深思，考虑creativity[`kri:ei‘tiviti]n.创造性effortless[‘efətlis]a.1.不作努力的；2.不费力的，容易的dreamlike[‘dri:mlaik]a.梦一般的，梦幻的surrounding[sə‘raundiŋ]n.[pl.]周围的事物；环境；a.周围的character[‘kæriktə]n.1.性格，品质；2.特性，特征；3.人物，角色；4.（书写或印刷）符号，（汉）字thinker[‘θiŋkə]n.思想家；思考者steadily[‘stedili]ad.稳固地；稳定地vividly[‘vividli]ad.鲜明地；生动地drift[drift]n.1.漂流；2.趋势，倾向；vi.漂流；漂泊；vt.使漂流trace[treis]n.1.痕迹，踪迹；2.微量，少许；vt.跟踪，查找undisturbed[‘ʌndis‘tə:bd]a.不受干扰的；宁静的tune[tju:n]n.1.曲调，曲子；2.和谐，协调；vt.1.为（乐器）调音；2.和谐，调节midst[midst]n.中间，当中；prep.（=amidst）在……当中impoverished[im‘pɔvəriʃt]a.贫困的，赤贫的。

第一讲 重点知识讲解回顾unit 1T ext A What Is a Decision?T ext B Secrets of Success at an Interview重点单词和短语objective accomplish predict accomp any attain scheme skilled ar gue define interview prospect course of action in the way(by the way, in no way, in a way) mak e a guess at contribute to and the like (and so on)seek to do sth. in part point of view vary from …to … apply for (to)have no idea bring about tak e the trouble to do sth. put oneself in one ’s place to one ’s adv antage at a disadv antage ask for in hand day-to-day turn down (up, on, off, out, over , back) bother to do sth. mak e sure (of/that) as soon as aim to do sth./ aim at doing sth. in case重点、难点句子详解1.A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.解析：courses of action 意思是“行动方案、做事步骤”；made 是过去分词；from among 为二重介词2. … some suggest that the management process is decision making.解析：suggest 表示“认为、提出、暗示”意思，后面不用虚拟语气，表示“建议”意思时，后面用虚拟语气。

自考专升本复习资料更多资料《英语》（二）资料（课程代码：0015）一、语法和词汇1、被动语态①We shall put off the meeting till Friday.The meeting will be put off till Friday.②Not until 1989 was he set free.③I’m glad to be allowed to visit your school.④He was robbed of wallet last night.2、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的变化规则、不规则变化①程度相等：He is as busy as before.②程度不相等：It is not so (as) cold today as yesterday.③……许多：far, a lot, a great deal, a little, a bit, much.④越…越…：The more, the better.⑤最高级：The Yangtze is the longest river in China.3、介词①at表示某一时间点，地点（小）arrive at airport②in表示某一时间段，地点（大）arrive in HK③on表示某一天，星期几，在…之上，arrive on Friday④between（两个之间）与among（三个以上之间）⑤for所朝向的目标，leave for HK（去香港）⑥from…to…，从…到…，from9AM to 5 PM⑦by后面不加冠词/完成时的标志，by air, by bus By the time I got there, the film had already begun.I have been teaching for 10 years/since 1990.4、情态公司①can. Two eyes. can see more than one.They cannot have gone out because the light’s on. You can go now.②may. May I ask you a question?/He may have seen the movie.③must. We must leave now./ She must have made a mistake.④ouht. You ought to take his advice.When I got there, the film had already begun, I ought to have got there earlier.⑤need. You needn’t tell him.⑥dare. How dare they do such a thing?⑦should. He should learn how to drive./ He should have been there earlier.5、定语似句①关系代词：Which, who, whom, whose, that的用法②关系副词：when, why, howThat is the reason why I am not taking your advice.③介词+which/whom(仅有的两个)The girl to whom you speak is my sister.④非限制性定语从句：I have three types of pens in my box, each of them writes smoothly.6、倒装句①否定词在句首：Not until he told me the news, did I know he was killed lastnight.②only 在句首：Only after class was he allowed to go.③so, nor, neither 在句首：The first one wasn’t good enough and neither wasthe second.④虚拟语气中：Had they not working so hard, they wouldn’t have succeeded.Had we made up our mind, we might have succeeded.If I were you, I would consider it.7、虚拟语气：表示建议、命令、重要性等句子中使用，如suggest/insist/order/propose/require+should+动词原形，should常被省略，这些词的名词、形容词形式也一样，如They suggest that he not smoke here.Their suggestion was we all join the party. It’s important that we do it.8、强调句：It+is/was（仅此两种）+that/who（人）/which （有时）9、as的用法（下册P21-26）10、一致原则、就近原则（下册P73-75）11、虚所语气（续）（下册P233-P236）二、英汉互译1、我们拥有大量的自然资源We have plenty of natural resources.2、Parents, teachers in schools, work associates and communicators in or using the mass media are all capable of arousing our potential interests. For example, the degree to which and the ways in which a school encourages participation in games, sports and cultural pursuits are likely to contribute to the shaping of leisure attitudes on the part of the students.Schools usually set as their educational objective the attainment of a balanced development of the porson.The jore seriously this is sought, the more likely positive attitude towards leisure as well as academic word will be encouraged. (P162)3、他在纠正学生错误时总是采取积极的态度He always takes positive attitude to correct the students’ mistakes.4、他的肤色与他是否是个律师无关His color of skin is not relevant towhether his is a good lawyer or not.5、Some concentrated study each day is betterthan many study hours one day and nothingthe next. As you work out your individualschedule, attempt to include a minimum oftwo study hours every day. This will not onlykeep the study habit alive but also keep youup to date on your class assignments andprojects.(P175)6、他同现代生活不合板。

2018年10月高等教育自学考试全国一致命题考试英语（二）试卷( 课程代码 00015)本试卷共 8 页，满分 100 分，考试时间 150 分钟 ? 考生答卷前一定将自己的姓名和准考据号写在答题卡上。

一定在理睬卡上答 ,写在试卷上的答案无效。

第一部分：阅读判断（第 1? 10 题 ,每题 1 分，共 10 分）下边的短文后列出了 10 个句子，请依据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：假如该句供给的是正确信息，选择 A; 假如该句供给的错误信息，选择 B;假如该句的信息文中没有说起，迭择 C，在答题卡相应地点大将答案选项涂黑。

The British SummerBritain is well known for its rainy climate. People joke that even inthe summer time the country never gets any sun and that the skies stay disappointingly grey even during the months of July and August.Last summer though, it was So hot that people could hardly believe it. British people weren't used to such high temperatures, so every day onthe news there were stories about people struggling to work in suchunusual weather conditions. Radio and television programmers alsoreminded everyone to drink more water and not to stay too long in thesun. When the sun comes out, British people tend to spend time in theirgarden if they have one. lt's common to invite friends and neighboursaround for a barbecue where everyone sits outside and eats food likegrilled meat (烤肉) and salads. There' s always a back-up plan in case ofrain though, and the meal sometimes has to be cooked in thekitchen and eaten indoors.People also spend a lot of time in parks during the summer, having picnics or playing sports. In every green area, there's always at least one ice cream van, a kind of car that plays children's music and sells ice creams.Towns like Blackpool and Brighton are popular for their beaches and amusement arcades ( 游玩场 ) . People go there to swim, sunbathe and eat fish and chips. The water can be quite cold, though, and that's why quitea lot of people prefer to go abroad for their summer holiday instead. Popular destinations include Spain, Germany and France: allcountries that promise a lot of sunshine!1.There is little sunshine in Britain in summer.A. TrueB. FalseC. Not Given2.British people like to tell jokes about each other.A. TrueB. FalseC. Not Given3.It was unusually hot last summer in Britain.A.TrueB.FalseC. Not Given4.British people enjoyed the high temperatures of last summer.A. TrueB. FalseC. Not Given5.The media advised people to enjoy the sunshine.A.TrueB.FalseC.Not Given6.Most British people have a garden of their own.A. TrueB. FalseC. Not Given7.People having a barbecue often have a plan against the rain.A. TrueB. FalseC. Not Given8.Children like the music from the ice cream vans.A.TrueB.FalseC.Not Given9. Blackpool and Brighton are known for their beaches.A.TrueB.FalseC.Not Given10. People go to Spain in summer to enjoy the cooler sea water.A.TrueB.FalseC.Not Given第二部分：阅读选择（第 11 ? 15 题，每题 2 分，共 10 分）阅读下边短文，请从短文后所铪各题的 4 个选项（ A、B、C、D)中选出 1个最正确选项，并在答题卡相应地点大将该项涂黑。

Unit 1第一部分Text A【课文译文】怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者决策是从可供挑选的行动方案中作出选择，目的在于确定并实现组织机构的目标或目的。

之所以要决策是因为存在问题，或是目标或目的不对，或某种东西妨碍目标或目的实现。

因此，决策过程对于管理人员非常重要。

管理者所做的一切几乎都与决策有关，事实上，有人甚至认为管理过程就是决策过程。

虽然决策者不能预测未来，但他们的许多决策要求他们必须考虑未来可能会发生的情况。

管理者必须对未来的事情作出最佳的猜测，并使偶然性尽可能少地发生。

但因为总是存在着未知情况，所以决策往往伴随着风险。

有时失误的决策带来的后果不很严重，但有时就会不堪设想。

选择就是从多种选项中进行取舍，没有选择，就没有决策。

决策本身就是一个选择的过程，许多决策有着很广的选择范围。

例如，学生为了实现自己获得学位的目标，可能会从多门课程中进行选择，对于管理者来说，每一个决策都受到政策、程序、法律、惯例等方面的制约，这些制约存在于一个组织的各个部门里。

选项就是可供选择的种种可行的行动方案。

没有选项，就没有选择，因而也就没有决策。

如果看不到任何选项，这意味着还没有对问题进行彻底的研究。

例如，管理者有时会用“非此即彼”的方式处理问题，这是他们简化问题的方法。

这种简化问题的习惯常常使他们看不到其他的选项。

在管理这个层次上，制定决策包括：识别选项和缩小选项范围，其范围小到微乎其微，大到近乎无限。

决策者必须有某种方法来断定几种选项中的最佳选项，即哪个选项最有利于实现其组织的目标。

组织的目标是指该组织努力完成或达到的目标或现状。

由于个人(或组织)对于怎样实现其目标的方式都有不同的见解，最佳的选择就在于决策者了。

常常是一个组织的下属部门做出的决策对自己有利，而对上一级的部门来说，就不是较佳选择了。

这种增加部门的局部利益而减少其他部门的局部利益所作出的权衡，叫做局部优化。

例如，市场营销经理为增加广告预算可能会讲得头头是道，但从更大的布局来看，增加优化产品的研究经费也许对组织更有利。