Unit1：
2.英译汉
材料科学石器时代
肉眼青铜器时代
光学性质集成电路
机械(力学)强度热导率
1.材料科学指的是研究存于材料的结构和性能的相互关系。相反，材料工程指的是，在基于材料结构和性能的相互关系的基础上，开发和设计预先设定好具备若干性能的材料。
2. 实际上，固体材料的所有重要性质可以概括分为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学和腐蚀降解性。
3. 除了结构和性质，材料科学和工程还有其他两个重要的组成部分：即加工和性能。
4. 工程师与科学家越熟悉材料的结构-性质之间的各种相互关系以及材料的加工技术，根据这些原则，他或她对材料的明智选择将越来越熟练和精确。
5. 只有在极少数情况下材料在具有最优或理想的综合性质。因此，有必要对材料的性质进行平衡。
3. 汉译英
Interdispline dielectric constant
Solid materials heat capacity
Mechanical properties electro-magnetic radiation
Materials processing elasticity modulus
1.直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。
It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationship between the structural elements of materials and their properties .
2.材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。
Material engineering mainly solve the problems of materials processing and materials application.
3.材料的加工过程不但决定了材料的结构，同时决定了材料的特征和性能。
Materials processing process determines not only their structure but also their characteristic and performance.
4.材料的力学性能与其所受外力或负荷而导致的形变有关。
Material mechanical properties is relative with(relates with) its deformation coming from(resulting from, due to ) outside(applied) force or load.
Unit2：
2.英译汉
复合材料游离电子
先进材料刚度、刚性
半导体生物材料
智能材料纳米工程材料
1. 金属导电、导热能力特别强，对可见光不透明；一个抛光的金属表面具有光泽。
2. 陶瓷是典型的绝热、绝缘体，在对高温和苛刻环境的抵抗力方面，优于金属和高聚物。
3. 应用与高技术领域的材料有时候被称为先进材料。
4. 响应外加电场(或电压)，压电陶瓷会膨胀和收缩；相反的，当尺寸改变时，压电陶瓷也会产生一个电场。
5. 随着扫面探针显微镜的问世，这种显微镜允许观察单个原子或者分子，使得操作和移动原子和分子形成新的结构、基于简单原子水平上设计新材料成为可能。
3.汉译英
Advangced materials ceramic materials
High-performance materials clay minerals
Alloys implant
Glass fiber carbon nanotube
1、金属元素有许多有利电子，金属材料的许多性质可直接归功于这些电子。
Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons，many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons.
2、许多聚合物材料是有机化合物，并具有大的分子结构。
Many of polymers are organic compounds,and they have very large molecular structures.
3、半导体材料的电性特征介于导体材料（如金属、金属合金）与绝缘体（陶瓷材料和聚合体材料）之间。
Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors ( viz. metals and metal alloys ) and insulators ( viz. ceramics and polymers ).
4、生物材料不能产生毒性，并且不许与人体组织互相兼容。
Biomaterials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues.
Unit4：
2.英译汉
相转变温度比重
热导率熔点
重力加速度磁导率
1. 物体密度比水轻时将漂浮在水面，密度比水大时将下沉。类似第，比重小于1的物体将漂浮，比重大于1的物体将下沉。
2. 使磁力线相互分开，导致磁通量比真空小，这种材料被称为反磁性材料。使磁通集中、相对磁导率大于1小于或等于10的材料被称为顺磁性材料；使磁通集中、相对磁导率大于10的材料被称为铁磁性材料。
3. 某些铁电材料，特别是粉末状态或者叠层状态的铁、钢、镍合金，他们的相对磁导率可以大到1000000。反磁性材料的磁导率小于1但是相对磁导率远远小于1的物质还没有被发现。
4. 当顺磁性或铁磁性芯被插入到线圈中时，磁感应强度是空气芯时的μr倍。
3.汉译英
Relative density boling poingt magnetic induction
Thermal condution glass transition temperature nonferrous metal
1. 化学性质是用来描述一种物质是怎样变成另外一种完全不同的物质的性质。
Chemical properties are those that discribe how a substance changes into a completely different one.
2. 相变是一种物理性质，并且物质存在四种相：固相、液相、气相和等离子体。Phase transition is a physical property and matter can exist in four phases : solid , liquid , gas and plasma.
3. 当温度低于熔点时，聚合物的晶体结构破坏，但其分子任然连接在分子链上，从而形成一种柔软和柔顺性材料。
Instead , at some temperature below the melting point , polymers start to lose their
crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains , which results in a soft and pliable material.
5. 在工程应用中，渗透率通常用相对值而不是绝对值表示。
In engineering applications , permeability is often expressed in relative , rather than in absolute , terms .
Unit5：
2.英译汉
服役期限纵向方向
动态或循环载荷初始长度
塑性形变局部形变
1. 金属的力学性质决定了材料使用范围，和服役期限。
2. 因此，为了确定力学性质，一般需要做大量实验，报道的值一般是平均值或者经过计算的统计学上的最小值。
3. 材料受载方式很大程度上决定了其力学性质，同时也在很大程度上决定了零部件怎样失效或者是否失效，以及在失效发生以前，是否会给出预警信号。
4. 但是，承受弯曲载荷的棒其应力分布状态与垂直法线轴的距离有关。
5. 低于一个被称为屈服极限的临界应力时，材料仅仅发生弹性形变。
3.汉译英
test specimen static loading applied force normal axis
engineering strain critical stress yield strength stress area
stress-strain curve
1. 通常，温度高于室温时，金属合金的强度性质降低，而延展性、破碎韧度和拉伸性能增强。
Temperature above room temperature usually cause a decrease in the strength properties of metallic alloys，but a nincrease in ductility, fracture toughness and elongation.
2. 从材料的角度来说，应力是一种在材料内部所分布的力，它可以平衡所施加的负荷并与其发生相互作用。
From the perspective of what is happening within a material , stress is the internal distribution of forces within a body that balance and react to the loads applied to it.
3. 工程应变可定义为：所施加立方向上的材料的改变量与材料原始长度的比值。Engineering strain is defined as the amount of deformation in the direction of the applied force divided by the initial length of the material .
4. 高强度和高延展性的材料比低强度和地延展性的材料的韧性高。A material with high stress and high ductility will have more toughness than a material with low strength and low ductility
Unit6：
国内生产总值GDP
市场经济market economies
社会问题societal issues
经济指数economic index
卫生保健health cane
材料科学与工程MSE
国民生产总值GNP
人口增长率population grouth rate
1、然而，随着时间的变化，人类的革新与创造力，工程师满足社会需求的能力
和建立工程企业的精神是永恒不变的。However，some things that have been constant over time are human innovation and creativity, the engineer’s ability to address societal needs , and the entrepreneurial spirit of engineering.
2、我们可以看到医学、通信学和运输工业的革命给我们生活带来的变化。 We
have witnessed the re-shaping of our lives through revolution that have taken place in medicine, telecommunications, and transportation industries.
3、18%的世界人口缺少安全饮用水，几乎40%缺少环境卫生设施。 Eighteen
percent of the world’s population lacks access to safe drinking water and nearly 40% has no access to sanitation.
4、材料与社会是相互联系的，并且我们应当认为材料科学工程的发展与影响人
类生存条件的全球社会问题存在密切的关系，这是唯一理性的看法。
Materials and society are interlinked, and it is only rational that we should see a close relation between the MSE research agenda and societal issues that affect the human condition on the globe.
Unit16：
2.英译汉
工程材料结果形成的材料
增强的混凝土金属基复合材料
陶瓷基复合材料三明治结构
1. 例如，多相金属在微观层次上是复合材料，但广义上讲，复合材料这个术语，指代的是两个或多个不同材料之间依靠机械力结合而形成的材料。
2. 许多情况系下，复合材料有一个体相：它是连续的，被称为基体，还包括一个分散的、不连续相，被称为增强体。
3. 先进复合材料是树脂和纤维的结合，通常是碳纤维/石墨、凯夫拉纤维、玻璃纤维和树脂。纤维保证刚度，周围的聚合物树脂基体将整个结构固定起来。
4. 如果复合材料被正确地设计和加工，它具备增强体的强度、基体的韧性，获得所需要的结合的性质，这种性质是任何传统单一材料所不具备的。
3.汉译英
Composite materials reinforced materials
Glass fiber host/matrix materials Strengthening mechanism traditional materials
1.复合材料既保留了各组分原有的性能，由具有每种组分单独存在时所不具备的性能。
A composite retains its own distinctive properties that cannot be achieved by any of the components acting alone.
2.碳环氧树脂复合物的重量是铝的2/3，硬度是铝的2.5倍。该材料耐老化，易修复。
Carbon-epoxy composites are two thirds the weight of aluminum, and two and a half times as stiff. Composites are resistant to fatigue damage and harsh environments, and are repairable.
3.由复合材料的概念可知，强化塑料、金属基复合物、陶瓷基复合物及混凝土都是复合材料。
From the concept of composites, reinforced plastic, metal-matrix composite, ceramic-matrix composite and concrete, etc, are all composites.
4.在纤维增强复合材料中，纤维主要起承载负荷的作用。玻璃纤维和碳纤维就是这种复合材料中的两种。
In fiber-reinforced composites, the fiber is the primary load bearing component. Fiberglass and carbon fiber components are examples of fiber-reinforced composites.
Unit19：
2.英译汉
纳米结构材料制造过程
表面积/体积比(比表面积) 纳米尺度
球半径光电器件
伯氏矢量钉扎点
1. 大多数生物分子和其他生物材料是纳米尺寸的，因此纳米尺度提供了一个研究这些生物分子、材料和其它材料发生交互作用的最佳机会/手段。
2. 不管纳米材料性质和它们的制作过程如何，纳米材料许多奇异、甚至令人兴奋的性质可以归结为一个简单道理：如果材料/结构的尺度接近纳米时，物理性质和化学性质将发生巨大的变化。
3. 这对纳米材料的光学性质产生巨大的影响：例如吸收光谱又红外向可见光区域移动。
4. 另外一种磁学上的纳米效应是所谓的巨磁电阻效应，已经被用来制作磁存储器件。
5. 根据这个方程可知：预置裂纹越小，临界应力越高。
3.汉译英
Nanotechnology interdisplinary subject
Two-dimentional nanostructure critical length
Surface tention thermal motion
Self-organization brittle failure
1. Nanotechnololgy deals with materials with dimensions in the nanometer range.
2. If the dimensions of materials approach the nanoscale, three amazing effects come to play a role.(Materials will possess three new
effects/properties, which the original ones do not have.)
3. Nanotechnololgy consists of nano-eletronics, nano-mechanics and nano-materials, etc..
4. The hardness of nanocrystalline copper is five times higher than that of microcrystalline one.
Unit22：
2.英译汉
密切接触惰性材料
人工材料药理接受性
组织力学和动力学个体应用
微球胶囊技术
1. 生物材料是一种合成材料，它是以一种同活体组织密切接触的方式替换生命系统中的某一部分或者发挥功能的材料。
2. 相反，生理材料是生理系统产生的材料，例如：骨头、皮肤或动脉。
3. 如果不被取出来，暂时性植入体也会变成永久性植入体，例如用以固定骨折部位所使用的接骨板，愈合后不取出来的话，就变成了永久性植入体。
4. 器官移植可以恢复某些功能，这些功能是人造材料所不具备的，或者是天然器官所具备的更好的功能。
5. 基于基体组织的科学知识在探索生物材料的研究和发展的各种方法中，具有很大的帮助。
3.汉译英
Biomaterial biocompatibility
Hearing aids ethylene oxide
Tissue engineering transplantation of organs
1. One can classify biomaterials into permanent and transient, depending on the time intended to be in the body.
2. Generally, this study, known as biomechanics, is incorporated into the design and insertion of implants.
3. New areas of biomaterials may develop using nanoscale materials or devices.
4. The scaffold materials are important since they must be compatible with the cells and guide their growth.
Unit3：
2.英译汉
肉眼过渡元素
力学性能原子序数
基础(元素)化学带正电的质子
1. 金属行为不同于陶瓷，陶瓷行为不同于高聚物。
2. 原子结构主要影响材料的化学性能、物理性能、热性能、电学性能、磁学性能、光学性能，微观结构和宏观结构也影响这些性能但更主要影响材料的力学性能和化学反应速率。
3. 金属的强度表明这些原子靠强键结合。
4. 元素原子序数表明原子核中带正电的质子数目。原子量表明原子核中有多少个质子和中子。
3.汉译英
Microstructure macrostructure
Chemical reaction atomic weight
Balanced electric charge positively charge nucleus
1、从我们呼吸的空气到各种各样性质迥异的金属，成千上完中物质均是由100多种院子组成的。
These same 100 atoms form thousands of different substances ranging from the air we breathe to the metals of various properties.
2、事实证明金属原子是通过很强的键结合在一起的。
The facts suggests that metal atoms are held together by strong bonds.
3、微观结构是指能够通过显微镜观察到的而不是用肉眼直接观察到的结构，宏观是指可以直接用肉眼观察到的结构。
Microstructure indicates features that cannot be seen with the naked eye, but macrostructure indicates features that can be seen with the naked eye.
4、原子核中质子和中子的量的综合就是原子量。
The combination(total) of protons and neutrons in the nucleus is the atomic weight of an atom.
Unit7：
2英译汉
导带碱金属
原子半径轨道能量重叠
离子晶格固溶体
1. 化学上，金属被定义为这样一种元素：容易失去电子行程正离子、容易和其他金属原子形成金属键。
2. 金属键的非方向性被认为是金属延展性的主要原因。
3. 共价键晶体只有打破原子间价键才能发生形变，因此导致了晶体破碎。
4. 为一些高性能场合应用，如喷气式发动机，特殊设计的合金可以包含10种以上元素。
delocalized electrons electrical structure
alkali-earth metals electrochemical cell
nuclear charge electrical conductivity
1、金属有时被描述为由游离电子团包围的正离子晶格。
Metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a cloud of delocalized electrons.
2、通常地，金属具有良好的导电性和导热性，具有金属光泽，密度较大，并且具有在压力下变形而不会断裂的能力。
Metals in general have superior electric and thermal conductivity, high luster and density and the ability to be deformed under stress without cleaving.
3、合金是指两种或两种以上的元素形成的固溶体混合物，其中主要组分为金属。An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in solid solution in which the major component is a metal.
4、不同比率的金属结合成为合金可以改变纯金属的性质，从而产生所需要的性能。
Combining different ratios of metals as alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produe desirable characteristics.
2.英译汉
高性能合金机械(力学)强度
单晶合金抗氧化腐蚀性
沉淀强化晶格
1. 超级合金的发展高度依赖于化学和工艺的革新、主要由航空和能源工业推动。
2. 抗蠕变依赖于在晶体结构中降低位错移动速度。
3. 超级合金加工技术的历史发展导致了超级合金使用温度的巨大提高。
4. 单晶超级合金材料是以一种单晶体状体态而形成的，这种单晶体是应用一种修正的定性凝固技术被制造出来的，因此单晶超级合金材料中没有晶界。
3. 英译汉
Face centered cubic crystal structure turbine inlet temperature Metallic material phase stability
Nuclear reaction synthesis of nanoparticles
1. Superalloys typically have an austenitic face-centered cubic crystal structure.
2.Superalloys are used where there is a need for high temperature strength
and corrosion /oxidation resistance, according to their properties.
3.The largest applications of superalloys are the following: aerospace, submarines, nuclear reactors and military electric motors.
4.At high temperatures, the gaseous aluminum chloride or fluoride is transferred to the surface of the superalloy from its inner part.
Unit10：
2.英译汉
原材料的提纯长链烷烃
玻璃烧杯粘性液体
火花塞绝缘子玻璃陶瓷
计算机辅助过程控制表面分析方法
1. 我们将审视几个性质，会看到这些性质与我们对陶瓷构成的预判是何等匹配啊。
2. 高温下(高于玻璃转变温度)，玻璃不在表现出脆性行为，而是表现得像粘状液体一样。
3. 它们表现出优异的力学性能、抗氧化腐蚀性能、或者电学、光学磁学性能。
4. 尽管传统的粘土基陶瓷已经使用了25000多年，先进陶瓷仅仅是近100年内发展起来的。
3.汉译英
Glass transiton temperature covalent ionic bonding
Stress distribution thermal expansion coefficient Glass fiber materials science and engineering Solid-oxide fuell cells electron microscope
1. Diamond, which is classified as a ceramic, has the highest thermal conductivity of any known materials.
2. Ceeramics are stronger in compression than in tension, whereas metals have comparable tensile and compressive strengths.
3. Ceramics generally have low toughness, although combining them in composites can dramatically improve this property.
4. The functions of ceramic products are dependent on their chemical compositon and microstructure, which determines their properties.
Unit11：
2.英译汉
电子构型(组态) 多晶陶瓷
氧含量氧化物涂层
电子束电绝缘体
浅谈中国菜名的翻译 我国悠久的历史和广袤的国土孕育了中国独特的烹饪艺术和丰富的饮食文化。我们国家也以几千年的饮食文化文明于世。随着我国经济飞速发展，与国外交流日益增多，餐饮业也面临着走向世界的机遇和挑战。中国菜名是汉语语汇中承载中国文化最多的语汇之一, 不仅承载着几千年来的中国饮食文化, 还承载着大量的非饮食文化, 如神话、民俗、历史、文学、宗教信仰等等, 在菜名所传达的表层语义背后有着更为深厚复杂的多元文化元素。同时由于饮食与文化的密切联系，这些都大大增大了翻译的难度。 1.首先我们来看一下一些我们常见的错误翻译 长期以来，菜名的翻译没有统一的标准，加上译者水平有限和地域差异，并不了解菜式的内涵，致使很多菜名的翻译让人感到不知所云。比如口水鸡slobbering chicken、童子鸡chicken without sexual life、夫妻肺片the couple’s lung 等，这翻译让外国人看了都吓跑了，哪里还有食欲吃饭呢？再如东坡肉poet Dongpo’s braised pork，东坡肉是用蒸的方法做出来的，所以这里应该为Poet Dongpo’s steamed pork 而不是用braised；“鱼香肉丝”较常见的有两种译法，另外也有人译为shredded pork with garlic sauce，前者译法为直译，后者加了简单的解释，虽然看似简单易懂，很直观，但是译者没有弄清楚此菜的配料，川菜口味浓重，很多菜肴的配料都是少不了“川菜之魂”郫县豆瓣酱，鱼香肉丝正是用到此配料，是不用所谓的大蒜酱，所以后者翻译存在误的地方；水煮鱼，也是川菜中的代表作，又麻又辣，有译者翻译为tender stewed fish，这个译法不够全面，应该在后面加上in chili sauce；夫妻肺片译为pork lungs in chili sauce，这个译法的译者应该不明白此菜的来历和主料，夫妻肺片根本不是用猪肺做成的，而且和肺一点都不沾边，此菜的主料都是用牛内脏，所以这个译发讲不通。对于以上的翻译错误我们不能只是一笑而过，我们应该感受到菜名翻译的难度，从而思考怎样才能更好的翻译来达到最佳的效果。
In the case of a resistor, the voltage-current relationship is given by Ohm’s law, which states that the voltage across the resistor is equal to the current through the resistor multiplied by the value of the resistance. 就电阻来说, 电压—电流的关系由欧姆定律决定。欧姆定律指出:电阻两端的 电压等于电阻上流过的电流乘以电阻值。 2]It may be that the inductor voltage rather than the current is the variable of interest in the circuit. 或许在电路中,人们感兴趣的变量是电感电压而不是电感电流。 Viewed in this light, it will be found that the analysis of three-phase circuits is little more difficult than that of single-phase circuits. 这样看来,三相电路的分析比单相电路的分析难不了多少。 At unity power factor, the power in a single-phase circuit is zero twice each cycle. 在功率因数为 1时,单相电路里的功率值每个周波有两次为零。 It should be noted that if the polarity of point Awith respect to N ( is assumed for the positive half-cycle, then when used in the same phasor diagram should be drawn opposite to, or 180? out of phase with, . 应该注意,如果把 A 点相对于 N 的极性(定为正半周,那么在用于同一相量图中时就应该画得同相反,即相位差为 180? One problem with electronic devices corresponding to the generalized amplifiers is that the gains, AU or AI, depend upon internal properties of the two-port system. 对应于像广义放大器这样的电子装置,一个问题就是增益 AU 或者 AI ,它们取决于两输入端系统的内部特性。
英语专业基础英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编21 (总分：40.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、1 翻译(总题数：20，分数：40.00) 1.cultural industry（分数： 2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 2.open economy（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 3.non-profit organization（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 4.Interior Ministry（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 5.down payment（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 6.IMF（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 7.NATO（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 8.a stock exchange（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 9.The State Council（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 10.Mount Everest（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 11.anti-dumping（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 12.breaking news（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 13.national census（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 14.将下列短文译成汉语。(首都师范大学2010研，考试科目：英语翻译基础)A very large number of people cease when quite young to add anything to a limited stock of judgments. After a certain age, say 25, they consider that their education is finished.（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 15.It is perhaps natural that having passed through that painful and boring process, called expressly education, they should suppose it over, and that they are equipped for life to label every event as it occurs and drop it into its given pigeonhole. But one who has a label ready for everything does not bother to observe any more, even such ordinary happenings as he has observed for himself, with attention, before he went to school. He merely acts and reacts.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ 16.For people who have stopped noticing, the only possible new or renewed experience, and, therefore, new knowledge, is from a work of art. Because that is the only kind of experience which they are prepared to receive on its own terms: they will come out from their shells and expose themselves to music, to a play, to a book, because it is the accepted method of enjoying such things. True, even to plays and books they may bring artistic prejudices which prevent them from seeing that play or comprehending that book. Their artistic sensibilities may be as crusted over as their minds.（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________
桂林理工大学土木与建筑工程学院 土木工程专业英语外文翻译，中文翻译 姓名：马凤志 专业：土木应用 班级：10级9班 学号：3100510939
原文
中文翻译 The Influence of Concrete Compaction on the Strength of Concrete Filled Steel Tubes 压实混凝土对混凝土强度的影响 Lin-Hai Han School of Civil Engineering, Harbin University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Haihe Road 202, PO Box 689, Harbin 150090, P.R. China 韩林海，哈尔滨建筑大学，土木与建筑工程学院，海河路202号，邮政信箱，689，哈尔滨，150090 中国 ABSTRACT: Tests on twenty-one concrete filled steel tubes to investigate the influence of compaction methods on the strength of concrete filled steel tubular members are reported. 摘要：测试二十一钢管混凝土试验，研究了钢管对混凝土构件强度压实方法的影响报告。 Two parameters were investigated, including slenderness ratio and load eccentricity. 对两个参数进行研究，包括长细比和荷载偏心。 It was found that better compaction of concrete resulted in higher values of the ultimate strength of concrete filled steel
1.Our big old house was closely related with the joys and sorrows of four generations. 2.I planted these roses a long, long time ago before your mother was born. 3.Many sons left home to fight against the Fascist Nazi. 4.Take the first friendly greeting and always keep it deep in your heart. 1.He has prepared answers to the questions that he expects to confront during the interview. 2.His sad story touched us so deeply that we nearly cried. 3.The two of them are walking hand in hand along the river bank, chatting, laughing, and looking happy. 4.When he heart the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes. 5.People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect have much in common. 6.Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years. 7.He finally gave in to his daughter’s repeated requests to further her education abroad. 8.We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday. 9.Although we have parted from eah other, I hope that we will remain good friends and that we will care for and help each other just as we did in the past. 10.At that critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics which would make it possible to conquer the enemy. Unit 2 1.A gracious manner adds the greatest splendour to your image. 2.I firmly believed the note my guest sent me didn’t take long to write. 3.The simple phrase “Excuse me.” made most of your irritation disappear. 4.Being on time is a virtue which belongs not only to the past but also to the present. 5.Y ou shouldn’t accept the other person’s presence without thinking of its importance. 6.Good manners produce the same feelings or actions in others. 1.I am sorry I am late; I was at a meeting and couldn’t get away. 2.At the concert whnever a singer finished singing a beautiful song, the audience would burst into loud cheers to show their appreciation. 3.As a stylish dresser, she is always wearing stylish clothes, but she seldom cares about what she eats or drinks. 4.The nurse tells me that the doctors have done wonders for your heart disease. 5.When awarding the prize, the chairman complimented the winner on his great contribution to mankind. 6.This problem has bothered the experts for many years. 7.The crowd of demonstrators melted away when the police arrived. 8.Since punctuality is a good habit, we should pay much attention to it and make great efforts to cultivate this good habit. 9.The old man cherishes that girl, as if she were his own daughter. 10.It is just a routine physical checkup, nothing to get worried about.
英译中 1.Engineering graduates have to pass an examination, similar the bar examinations for a lawyer. 工程专业毕业生必须通过考试，就类似于律师要通过职业考试。 2.In the engineering curriculum, a current trend is to require students to take course in social sciences. 在工程课程中，当今一个潮流就是要选修社会科学课程 3.The relationship between engineering and society is getting closer. 工程学和社会学的关系变得越来越密切 4.The student who is preparing to become a civil engineer may deal with such subjects as geodetic surveying etc. 一个想成为土木工程师的学生，或许需要学习大地测量等课程。 5.young engineers may choose to go into environmental or sanitary engineering.. 年轻的工程师可以选择环境或卫生工程 6.On-the-job training can be acquired that will demonstrate his or her ability to translate theory into practice to the supervisors. 在职培训将使主管人了解他将理论运用于实践的能力 7.The civil engineer may work in research, design ,maintenance ,even in sales op management. 土木工程师可以从事研究，设计，养护甚至于销售或管理工作 8.Research is one of the most important aspects of scientific and engineering practice. 研究是科研和工程实践中最重要的方面之一 9.As we have seen, civil engineers work on many different kinds of structures practice 正如我们所知，土木工程师可从事有关建筑方面的多种工作 10.Civil engineers were necessary in the design and construction of such structures as launching pads 设计和建设像发射台这样的建筑需要土木工程师的参与 11.Many civil engineers therefore specialize in the construction phase. 许多土木工程师因此专攻施工方面工作 12.Bridge,tunnels,and skyscrapers under construction can also be dangerous places to work. 在桥梁，隧道，摩天大楼，地下建筑中工作也同样存在危险 13.These great buildings were not the product of knowledge of mathematics and physics. 这些伟大的建筑物不是数学和物理知识的产物 14.Many of these great buildings built in earlier ages were poorly constructed and sometimes collapsed with considerable loss of life 许多早期的建筑物建筑水平不高，有时甚至会倒塌造成巨大的人员伤亡 15.Since the structures designed by civil engineers are intended to be stationary or stable, these forces must be kept in balance. 土木工程师设计的目的就是使建筑物的结构稳定，所以建筑物伤各方力都必须平衡 16.If a beam supports a load above, the beam itself must have sufficient strength to counterbalance that weight 一旦梁上面有负载，那么这根梁必须有足够的强度来支撑这个负载 17.Forces that might pull the structure around must be countered with forces that pull in the opposite direction. 建筑物四周的受力必须与反方向的力平衡 18. the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the result of not considering the last of these factors. Tacoma Narrows 桥倒塌是由于没有考虑到这些因素中的最后一个 19. It is now common practice to test scale models of bridges in wind tunnels for aerodynamic resistance. 现在的通常作法是按比例缩小的桥梁模型放在风洞里检测它们的空气动力抵抗力 20. Steel and concrete complement each other in another way 钢筋和混凝土可以在另一方面互补 21. Acid corrodes steel, whereas concrete has an alkaline chemical reaction the opposite of acid. 酸可以腐蚀钢，而混凝土中有一种碱性化学反应，可以中和酸化作用 22. Aluminum beams have already been used for bridge construction and for the framework of a few buildings. 铝制梁已在桥梁建筑及一些建筑的框架中使用 23. Attempts are also being made to produce concrete with more strength and durability and with a lighter weight.
第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握 第一部分： 1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法 2 专业英语Specialty English 3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering 4 土木工程Civil Engineering 5 地下工程Underground Engineering 6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering 7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering 8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering 9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering 10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics 11 交通工程Traffic Engineering 12 港口工程Port Engineering 13 安全性safety 17木结构timber structure 18 砌体结构masonry structure 19 混凝土结构concrete structure 20 钢结构steelstructure 21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure 22 素混凝土plain concrete 23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete 24 钢筋rebar 25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete 26 静定结构statically determinate structure 27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure 28 桁架结构truss structure 29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure 30 近海工程offshore engineering 31 静力学statics 32运动学kinematics 33 动力学dynamics 34 简支梁simply supported beam 35 固定支座fixed bearing 36弹性力学elasticity 37 塑性力学plasticity 38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity 39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics 40 土力学soil mechanics 41 水力学hydraulics 42 流体力学fluid mechanics 43 固体力学solid mechanics 44 集中力concentrated force 45 压力pressure 46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure 47 均布压力uniform pressure 48 体力body force 49 重力gravity 50 线荷载line load 51 弯矩bending moment 52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress 54 应变stain 55 正应力normal stress 56 剪应力shearing stress 57 主应力principal stress 58 变形deformation 59 内力internal force 60 偏移量挠度deflection 61 settlement 沉降 62 屈曲失稳buckle 63 轴力axial force 64 允许应力allowable stress 65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis 66 梁beam 67 壳shell 68 板plate 69 桥bridge 70 桩pile 71 主动土压力active earth pressure 72 被动土压力passive earth pressure 73 承载力load-bearing capacity 74 水位water Height 75 位移displacement 76 结构力学structural mechanics 77 材料力学material mechanics 78 经纬仪altometer 79 水准仪level 80 学科discipline 81 子学科sub-discipline 82 期刊journal ,periodical 83文献literature 84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号 85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号 86 卷volume 87 期number 88 专着monograph 89 会议论文集Proceeding 90 学位论文thesis, dissertation 91 专利patent 92 档案档案室archive 93 国际学术会议conference 94 导师advisor 95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis 96 博士研究生doctorate student 97 研究生postgraduate 98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引 99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引 100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引 101 题目title 102 摘要abstract 103 全文full-text 104 参考文献reference 105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation 106 主题词Subject 107 关键字keyword 108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会 109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署
Analog computers are analog devices. That is, they have continuous states rather than discrete numbered states. An analog computer can represent fractional or irrational values exactly, with no round-off. Analog computers are almost never used outside of experimental settings. 模拟计算机是模拟设备。也就是说，他们是连续状态而不是离散的有限状态。一个模拟计算机可以精确代表小数或无理数，没有舍入。模拟计算机几乎从不被使用在实验设置以外。 A processor typically contains an arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), control unit( including processor flags, flag register, or status register), internal buses, and sometimes special function units( the most common special function unit being a floating point unit for floating point arithmetic). 一个处理器通常包含一个算术/逻辑单元（运算器），控制单元(包括处理器标志，标志寄存器，或状态寄存器)，内部总线，有时特殊功能单元(最常见的特殊功能单元作为一个浮点单元用于浮点运算)。 CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer. Mainframe computers and minicomputers were CISC processors, with manufacturers competing to offer the most useful instruction sets. Many of the first two generations of microprocessors were also CISC. CISC代表复杂指令集计算机。大型计算机和小型计算机是CISC处理器，与制造商竞争提供最有用的指令集。微处理器的前两代中许多也是CISC。 Lesson 2 Supercomputer is a broad term for one of the fastest computers currently available. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense mounts of mathematical calculations (number crunching). 超级计算机是一个广泛的术语，因为它是目前可用的最快的计算机之一。超级计算机是非常昂贵的，并且它被用于需要大量的数学计算（数字运算）的专门应用。 It is a midsize computer. In the past decade, the distinction between large minicomputers and small mainframes has blurred, however, as has the distinction between small minicomputers and workstation. But in general, a minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting up to 200 users simultaneously. 它是一个中型计算机。在过去的十年中，大的小型机和小的大型机之间的区别已经模糊，然而，有小的小型机和工作站之间的区别。但在一般情况下，一个小型机是一个能够同时支持多达200个用户的多处理系统。 Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolution graphics screen, a large amount of RAM, built-in network support, and a graphical user interface. Most workstations also have a mass storage device such as disk drive, but a special type of workstation, called a diskless workstation, comes without a disk drive. 工作站一般都配有一个大的，高分辨率的图形屏幕，大量的内存，内置网络支持以及一个图形用户界面。大多数工作站也有一个大容量存储设备如磁盘驱动器，但是一种特殊类型的工作站，被称为无盘工作站，是不带磁盘驱动器的。
Unit 1 1. 他相当足球明星的梦想随着时间的推移慢慢消退了。 His dream of becoming a football star faded out as time went by. 2. 一架波音747 飞机没有升到足够的高度以飞越那座高山，转瞬间一头撞向大山爆炸了。机上无人生还。 A Boeing 747 aircraft didn 't gain enough height to clear the mountain. In a twinkling, it crashed into the mountain and blew up. No one survived the accident. 3. 学生们可以很容易地获得图书馆的资源，所以他们应该充分地利用好图书馆。Students have easy access to the resources in the library, so they are supposed to make the best of it. 4. 当时世界上最豪华的游轮泰坦尼克号在她前往美国的途中撞到了冰山，结果轮船沉没在大西洋中，成百上千的人死于这场海难。 Titanic, the most luxurious ship in the world at that time , hit an iceberg when she was under way to the US. Consequently, the ship sank into the Atlantic Ocean and thousands of people died in this shipwreck. 5. 每天夏天，游客们都涌向这一著名的海滩。来此享受日光浴的游客像沙丁鱼一样挤满了海滩。 Every summer, all the tourists pour into this famous beach. They lie packed like sardines on the beach to enjoy the sunbathing. 6. 他们曾经到圣路易斯去过一次，对于哪里的新奇事物稍微知道一个大概，可是现在他们的光荣时代已经成过去了。他们从此自知没趣，再也不说话了，而且每逢这个毫不留情的机匠走过来的时候，他们就知道赶快躲开。 The have been to St. Louis once and have a vague general knowledge of its wonders, but the day of their glory is over now. They lapse into humble silence and learn to disappear when the ruthless engineer approaches. Unit 2 1. 有些网络专家认为因特网可以防止战争、减少污染，还能克服种种形式的不平等。Some cyber gurus claim that the Internet will prevent wars, reduce pollution, and combat various forms of inequality. 2. 不可否认，因特网可以增进交流，但他却无法消除战争，因为战争的爆发并不仅仅是由于不同种族间缺乏充分理解而引起的。 Although the Internet undeniably fosters communication, it will not put an end to war, since wars are by no means caused simply by the failure of different peoples to understand each other adequately. 3. 只有当网上的活动能够真正取代现实世界中的行为时，因特网才能帮助节约能源，减少污染。 The Internet can help reduce energy consumption and pollution only if doing things online genuinely displaces real-world activities. 4. 穷人不用因特网并不是因为他们买不起，而是因为他们缺乏必要的技能来有效地利用它，所以提高老百姓的文化水平要比给他们提供上网机会更有意义。 The poor are not shunning the Internet because they cannot afford it. The problem is that they lack the skills to exploit it effectively. Therefore, it makes more sense to aim for universal literacy than universal Internet access.
Unit 6 "Don't ever mark in a book!" Thousands of teachers, librarians and parents have so advised. But Mortimer Adler disagrees. He thinks so long as you own the book and needn't preserve its physical appearance, marking it properly will grant you the ownership of the book in the true sense of the word and make it a part of yourself. HOW TO MARK A BOOK Mortimer J. Adler You know you have to read "between the lines" to get the most out of anything. I want to persuade you to do something equally important in the course of your reading. I want to persuade you to "write between the lines." Unless you do, you are not likely to do the most efficient kind of reading. You shouldn't mark up a book which isn't yours. Librarians (or your friends) who lend you books expect you to keep them clean, and you should. If you decide that I am right about the usefulness of marking books, you will have to buy them. There are two ways in which one can own a book. The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you pay for clothes and furniture. But this act of purchase is only the prelude to possession. Full ownership comes only when you have made it a part of yourself, and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing in it. An illustration may make the point clear. You buy a beefsteak and transfer it from the butcher's icebox to your own. But you do not own the beefsteak in the most important sense until you consume it and get it into your bloodstream. I am arguing that books, too, must be absorbed in your bloodstream to do you any good. There are three kinds of book owners. The first has all the standard sets and best-sellers -- unread, untouched. (This individual owns wood-pulp and ink, not books.) The second has a great many books -- a few of them read through, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the day they were bought. (This person would probably like to make books his own, but is restrained by a false respect for their physical appearance.) The third has a few books or many -- every one of them dog-eared and dilapidated, shaken and loosened by continual use, marked and scribbled in from front to back. (This man owns books.) Is it false respect, you may ask, to preserve intact a beautifully printed book, an elegantly bound edition? Of course not. I'd no more scribble all over a first edition of "Paradise Lost" than I'd give my baby a set of crayons and an original Rembrandt! I wouldn't mark up a painting or a statue. Its soul, so to speak, is inseparable from its body. And the beauty of a rare edition or of a richly manufactured volume is like that of painting or a statue. If your respect for magnificent binding or printing gets in the way, buy yourself a cheap edition and pay your respects to the author. Why is marking up a book indispensable to reading? First, it keeps you awake. (And I don't mean merely conscious; I mean wide awake.) In the second place, reading, if it is active, is thinking, and thinking tends to express itself in words, spoken or written. The marked book is usually the thought-through book. Finally, writing helps you remember the thoughts you had,