满分网—资料下载—雅思
Passage One (Violence Can Do Nothing to Diminish Race Prejudice) In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has so come to be taken for granted as a means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned. There are countries where the white man imposes his rule by brute force; there are countries where the black man protests by setting fire to cities and by looting and pillaging. Important people on both sides, who would in other respects appear to be reasonable men, get up and calmly argue in favor of violence – as if it were a legitimate solution, like any other. What is really frightening, what really fills you with despair, is the realization that when it comes to the crunch, we have made no actual progress at all. We may wear collars and ties instead of war-paint, but our instincts remain basically unchanged. The whole of the recorded history of the human race, that tedious documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing. We have still not learnt that violence never solves a problem but makes it more acute. The sheer horror, the bloodshed, the suffering mean nothing. No solution ever comes to light the morning after when we dismally contemplate the smoking ruins and wonder what hit us.
The truly reasonable men who know where the solutions lie are finding it harder and herder to get a hearing. They are despised, mistrusted and even persecuted by their own kind because they advocate such apparently outrageous things as law enforcement. If half the energy that goes into violent acts were put to good use, if our efforts were directed at cleaning up the slums and ghettos, at improving living-standards and providing education and employment for all, we would have gone a long way to arriving at a solution. Our strength is sapped by having to mop up the mess that violence leaves in its wake. In a well-directed effort, it would not be impossible to fulfill the ideals of a stable social programme. The benefits that can be derived from constructive solutions are everywhere apparent in the world around us. Genuine and lasting solutions are always possible, providing we work within the framework of the law.
Before we can even begin to contemplate peaceful co-existence between the races, we must appreciate each other’s problems. And to do this, we must learn about them: it is a simple exercise in communication, in exchanging information. ‘Talk, talk, talk,’ the advocates of violence say, ‘all you ever do is talk, and we are none the wiser.’ It’s rather like the story of the famous barrister who painstakingly explained his case to the judge. After listening to a lengthy argument the judge complained that after all this talk, he was none the wiser. ‘Possible, my lord,’ the barrister replied, ‘none the wiser, but surely far better informed.’ Knowledge is the necessary prerequisite to wisdom: the knowledge that violence creates the evils it pretends to solve.
1.What is the best title for this passage?
[A] Advocating Violence.
[B] Violence Can Do Nothing to Diminish Race Prejudice.
[C] Important People on Both Sides See Violence As a Legitimate Solution.
[D] The Instincts of Human Race Are Thirsty for Violence.
2.Recorded history has taught us
[A] violence never solves anything.
[B] nothing.
[C] the bloodshed means nothing.
[D] everything.
3.It can be inferred that truly reasonable men
[A] can’t get a hearing.
[B] are looked down upon.
[C] are persecuted.
[D] Have difficulty in advocating law enforcement.
4.“He was none the wiser” means
[A] he was not at all wise in listening.
[B] He was not at all wiser than nothing before.
[C] He gains nothing after listening.
[D] He makes no sense of the argument.
5.According the author the best way to solve race prejudice is
[A] law enforcement.
[B] knowledge.
[C] nonviolence.
[D] Mopping up the violent mess.
V ocabulary
1.acute 严重的，剧烈的，敏锐的
v.抢劫，掠夺；n.赃物
2.loot
3.pillage v.抢劫，掠夺
4.crunch v.吱嘎吱嘎咬或嚼某物；n.碎裂声
when it comes to the crunch = if/when the decisive moment comes. 当关键时刻来到时。
5.war-paint 出战前涂于身上的颜料。（美印第安战士用）
https://www.doczj.com/doc/227878642.html,e to light = become known 显露，为人所知
7.sap 剥削，使伤元气，破坏
I was sapped by months of hospital treatment. 我住院治疗几个月，大伤元气。
8.mop up 擦去，对付，处理
9.wake 船迹，航迹
in the wake of sth. = come after 随某事之后到来。
难句译注
1.What is really frightening, what really fills you with despair is the realization that when it
comes to the crunch, we have made no actual progress at all.
【结构简析】when it comes to the crunch = when / if the decisive moment comes.当关键时刻来到时。
【参考译文】真正令人可怖的，令人绝望的是，在关键时刻，人们意识到我们一点儿也没有进步/前进。
2.Our strength is sapped by having to mop up the mess that violence leaves in its wake.
【结构简析】in the wake of 在…之后。
【参考译文】由于我们不得不清理掉暴力之后所留下的烂摊子，我们的力量因此削弱了。
3.After listening to a lengthy argument the judge complained that after all this talk, he was none
the wiser.
【结构简析】none + the + 比较级。固定用法，义：not at all 一点儿也不。EX: After the treatment, he is none the better.治疗后，他并没有因此见好，（一点儿也不见好）。
【参考译文】听了律师的长篇解释，法官抱怨说他一无所获，并不因此变得聪明些。4.Knowledge is the necessary prerequisite to wisdom.
【参考译文】知识是智慧的必要的先决条件。结合上下文这里意思是：了解情况是解决问题的先决条件。句子后面的解释：知识是指了解它欲以解决暴力制造的恶行。
写作方法与文章大意
作者主要以对比的手法写出了暴力是有些国家用以解决种族差异的公认方法，这是人本性没有进步的表现，真正理智的人提出了法制才是解决问题的唯一途径，而这些人遭人轻视、迫害。作者指出如果我们把使用暴力的一半精力放在消除贫民窟，改善生活水平，提供教育和就业，清除暴力造成的后果，也就是通过对它以法治理是能真正解决种族问题的。尽管这些暴力者采取充耳不闻的态度。
答案详解
1. B 暴力难以消除种族偏见。文章一开始就提出有些国家种族偏见严重，而暴力却是公认
的一种解决方法。白人采用暴力镇压，黑人以防火、掠抢为反抗。而双方的大人物平静地论及暴力，似乎这是一种合法的解决方案。作者就此指出人类的进步只在于表面――衣饰等，人类的本能没有改变。整个有记录历史的文件没有教会人类任何东西。这是真正令人可怕的事件。
第二段论及真正有理智的懂得解决方案所在的人鼓吹法制，人们不停。他们反而收到轻视、迫害。作者就此提出假设，答出真正的解决方案嗜法制，以法治理。
第三段进一步说明“交流、对话”是了解双方问题的前提，即使暴力者不同意，但知道暴力制造它假装要解决的罪恶，是智慧聪明的必要前提。
A.鼓吹暴力。C.双方重要人物都把暴力作为合法的解决方案。D. 人类的本性是嗜暴性。
2.B没有什么。第一段中就明确提出整个人类有记录历史又长又臭的暴力文件记录，一点
都没有教给我们任何东西。
A.暴力解决不了任何事情。C.杀戮（流血）没有任何意义。D.一切。
3.D在鼓吹法制方面有困难。答案在第二段，真正有理智的人鼓吹法制，遭到同类们的轻
视、不信任和迫害。他们发现要人倾听他们的意见越来越困难。
A.人们不听。
B.遭人轻视。
C.遭人迫害。这三项都包含在D项内。
4.C听后无所得。None the wiser一点也不比以前聪明（这是按字面翻译）。实际就是C项。
A.在倾听别人上他一点也不聪明。
B.他和以前一个样。D.他听不懂论点。
5.A法制。第二段最后一句，如果我们在法律的构架中进行工作，真正的持久的解决总是
能实现的。第二段第二句，他们遭到迫害是因为他们鼓吹法制这种显然令人不能容忍的
事。
B.知识。
C.非暴力。
D.处理暴力带来的混乱。
Passage Two (The Tourist Trade Contributes Absolutely Nothing to
Increasing Understanding between Nations)
The tourist trade is booming. With all this coming and going, you’d expect greater understanding to develop between the nations of the world. Not a bit of it! Superb systems of communication by air, sea and land make it possible for us to visit each other’s countries at a moderate cost. What was once the ‘grand tour’, reserved for only the very rich, is now within everybody’s grasp? The package tour and chartered flights are not to be sneered at. Modern travelers enjoy a level of comfort which the lords and ladies on grand tours in the old days couldn’t have dreamed of. But what’s the sense of this mass exchange of populations if the nations of the world remain basically ignorant of each other?
Many tourist organizations are directly responsible for this state of affairs. They deliberately set out to protect their clients from too much contact with the local population. The modern tourist leads a cosseted, sheltered life. He lives at international hotels, where he eats his international food and sips his international drink while he gazes at the natives from a distance. Conducted tours to places of interest are carefully censored. The tourist is allowed to see only what the organizers want him to see and no more. A strict schedule makes it impossible for the tourist to wander off on his own; and anyway, language is always a barrier, so he is only too happy to be protected in this way. At its very worst, this leads to a new and hideous kind of colonization. The summer quarters of the inhabitants of the cite universitaire: are temporarily reestablished on the island of Corfu. Blackpool is recreated at Torremolinos where the traveler goes not to eat paella, but fish and chips.
The sad thing about this situation is that it leads to the persistence of national stereotypes. We don’t see the people of other nations as they really are, but as we have been brought up to believe they are. You can test this for yourself. Take five nationalities, say, French, German, English, American and Italian. Now in your mind, match them with these five adjectives: musical, amorous, cold, pedantic, native. Far from providing us with any insight into the national characteristics of the peoples just mentioned, these adjectives actually act as barriers. So when you set out on your travels, the only characteristics you notice are those which confirm your preconceptions. You come away with the highly unoriginal and inaccurate impression that, say, ‘Anglo-Saxons are hypocrites’ of that ‘Latin peoples shout a lot’. You only have to make a few foreign friends to understand how absurd and harmful national stereotypes are. But how can you make foreign friends when the tourist trade does its best to prevent you?
Carried to an extreme, stereotypes can be positively dangerous. Wild generalizations stir up racial hatred and blind us to the basic fact—how trite it sounds! – That all people are human. We are all similar to each other and at the same time all unique.
1.The best title for this passage is
[A] tourism contributes nothing to increasing understanding between nations.
[B] Tourism is tiresome.
[C] Conducted tour is dull.
[D] tourism really does something to one’s country.
2.What is the author’s attitude toward tourism?
[A] apprehensive.
[B] negative.
[C] critical.
[D] appreciative.
3.Which word in the following is the best to summarize Latin people shout a lot?
[A] silent.
[B] noisy.
[C] lively.
[D] active.
4.The purpose of the author’s criticism is to point out
[A] conducted tour is disappointing.
[B] the way of touring should be changed.
[C] when traveling, you notice characteristics which confirm preconception.
[D] national stereotypes should be changed.
5.What is ‘grand tour’ now?
[A] moderate cost.
[B] local sight-seeing is investigated by the tourist organization.
[C] people enjoy the first-rate comforts.
[D] everybody can enjoy the ‘grand tour’.
V ocabulary
1.superb 卓越的，杰出的，第一流的
2.moderate 中庸的，中等的，适度的
3.grand tour 大旅行，指旧时英国富家子弟教育中，到欧洲大陆观光的旅行，为学
业必经阶段。
4.package tour 由旅行社代办而费用与路线、日程固定的假日旅游。也可用package
holiday。
5.chartered flight 包机航班
6.set out to do sth. = begin a job with a particular aim 开始做某事，决心/打算做……
7.cosset 宠爱，溺爱，纵容
8.conducted tour = guided tour 有人指导/引到下的参观，有导游的旅游
9.censor 检查
10.wander off 离开原处/正道，离群，漫步，漫游
11.quarters 住处，营
12.paella 西班牙什锦饭
13.chip 炸马铃薯条（土豆条）
14.amorous 多情的，色情的
15.pedantic 学究式的，卖弄学问的
16.generalization 归纳，概括
17.stir up 惹起，煽动，挑起
18.trite 陈腐的，老一套的
难句译注
1.What was once the ‘grand tour’, reserved for only the very rich, is now within everybody’s
grasp.
【结构简析】within sb.’s grasp.某人理解/了解，为某人所能抓到的。
【参考译文】一度只有最富有者专享的“大旅行”现在人人都可获得。
2.The package tour and chartered flights are not to be sneered at.
【参考译文】旅行社包办的旅游，包机航班决不会遭人耻笑。
3.They deliberately set out to protect their clients from too much contact with the local
population.
【参考译文】旅行社有意使他们的谷底和当地居民少接触。
4.The modern tourist heads a cosseted sheltered life.
【参考译文】现代旅行者过的使爱护有加与世隔绝的生活。
5.Conducted tours to places of interest are carefully censored.
【参考译文】有人指导下参观一些静电收到组织者――旅行社仔细的检查核准。
6. A strict schedule makes it impossible for the tourist to wander off on his own; and anyway,
language is always barrier, so he is only too happy to be protected in this way.
【结构简析】only too + 形容词/分词 = very非常。
【参考译文】严格致密的计划值得旅行者不可能自己一个人到处闲逛；再说，至少语言总是个障碍，所以他对这样保护非常高兴。
7.At its very worst, this leads to a new and hideous kind of colonization.
【结构简析】at one’s worst 在情况最坏的时候。
【参考译文】最糟的时候，这种保护会导致形成一种新型而又可怕的殖民现象。
8.Carried to an extreme, stereotypes can be positively dangerous.
【结构简析】carried to an extreme (to an excess )如果做得过分。
【参考译文】如果走向极端，模式化的想法会非常危险。
9.Wild generalizations stir up racial hatred and blind us to the basic fact.
【参考译文】野蛮（乱七八糟）的概括/归纳会激起种族仇恨，使我们对这基本事实视而不见。
写作方法与文章大意
文章主要采用因果写法。虽然旅游业发展，人们可享受以前只有最富有者享受的大旅游，但由于旅行社种种限制/呵护及其它，使旅游者难以和当地居民接触。陈旧的固定的想――对民族的模式化想法，只有通过接触才能接触模式。而旅行社的种种都使人相互难以理解。
答案详解
1. A 旅游对增进民族了解毫无建树。第二段开始点出，许多旅游组织直接负责旅游事宜，
他们有意识不让旅游者接触当地居民，让他们过着一种关怀备至又与世隔绝的生活。住的是国际饭店，吃的是国际食品，喝的是国际饮料，在原处观看当地居民。严格有序的计划使旅游者难以自己一人闲逛，语言的障碍，又使他们乐意接受保护。第三段涉及坚持民族模式化――老一套的想法，所以一开始旅游，你见到的民族特性就只是证实了你自己设想的基本事实――所有人民都是人类。只有交朋友才能知道民族模式是多么荒谬、有害，可是旅行社竭力制止，你又怎么能交上外国朋友呢？这一切说明A项对。
B.旅游很累。
C.导游观光很单调乏味。
D.旅游确实对国家有贡献。
2. C 批评。
3. B 吵吵闹闹的。
4. B 旅游的方式应改变。整篇文章（除第一段外）都环绕旅游方式不理想来进行批评。第
二段集中在导游观光使旅游者难以和当地人民接触。第三段，见到的只是证实了旅游者本人事先形成的思想/先入之见，旅游根本达不到了解对方的目的。第四段讲了民族固定模式（先入之见的模式）的可怕后果。要使人懂得所有的人们都是人类，彼此相似，又各具特点，就得改变旅游的方式。
A.导游观光令人失望。C.旅游时，你见到的特性证实了你的先入之见。D.民族模式应
当改变。这三条都是批评的具体内容。
5. D 人人都能享受大旅游。大旅行是专指英国富家子弟上学中的一门课程－到欧洲大陆观
光。不是人人都能享受。这里用grand tour表示人人都能享受类似grand tour的一切，甚至超过，如第一段指出：现代旅游者享受的舒适设施，达到了大旅行中老爷、小姐们做梦都没有想到的水平。海陆空高级交流联络通讯系统，使人们有可能钱花得不多就能访问、观光别的国家。所以说，曾是有钱人专享的大旅行，普通人也能领略。“grand tour”
有引号，表明作为比喻。
A.费用不高。文内是费用合适、中等、恰当。
B.当地观光受组织审查。
C.人们喜欢一流
舒适设施。
Passage Three (Pop Stars Earn Much)
Pop stars today enjoy a style of living which was once the prerogative only of Royalty. Wherever they go, people turn out in their thousands to greet them. The crowds go wild trying to catch a brief glimpse of their smiling, colorfully dressed idols. The stars are transported in their chauffeur driven Rolls-Royces, private helicopters or executive aeroplanes. They are surrounded by a permanent entourage of managers, press agents and bodyguards. Photographs of them appear regularly in the press and all their comings and goings are reported, for, like Royalty, pop stars are news. If they enjoy many of the privileges of Royalty, they certainly share many of the inconveniences as well. It is dangerous for them to make unscheduled appearances in public. They must be constantly shielded from the adoring crowds which idolize them. They are no longer private individuals, but public property. The financial rewards they receive for this sacrifice cannot be calculated, for their rates of pay are astronomical.
And why not? Society has always rewarded its top entertainers lavishly. The great days of Hollywood have become legendary: famous stars enjoyed fame, wealth and adulation on an unprecedented scale. By today’s standards, the excesses of Hollywood do not seem quite so spectacular. A single gramophone record nowadays may earn much more in royalties than the films of the past ever did. The competition for the title ‘Top of the Pops’ is fierce, but the rewards are truly colossal.
It is only right that the stars should be paid in this way. Don’t the top men in industry earn enormous salaries for the services they perform to their companies and their countries? Pop stars earn vast sums in foreign currency – often more than large industrial concerns – and the taxman can only be grateful fro their massive annual contributions to the exchequer. So who would begrudge them their rewards?
It’s all very well for people in humdrum jobs to moan about the successes and rewards of others. People who make envious remarks should remember that the most famous stars represent only the tip of the iceberg. For every famous star, there are hundreds of others struggling to earn a living. A man working in a steady job and looking forward to a pension at the end of it has no right to expect very high rewards. He has chosen security and peace of mind, so there will always be a limit to what he can earn. But a man who attempts to become a star is taking enormous risks. He knows at the outset that only a handful of competitors ever get to the very top. He knows that years of concentrated effort may be rewarded with complete failure. But he knows, too, that the rewards for success are very high indeed: they are the recompense for the huge risks involved and if he achieves them, he has certainly earned them. That’s the essence of private enterprise.
1.The sentence Pop stars’ style of living was once the prerogative only of Royalty means
[A] their life was as luxurious as that of royalty.
[B] They enjoy what once only belonged to the royalty.
[C] They are rather rich.
[D] Their way of living was the same as that of the royalty.
2.What is the author’s attitude toward top stars’ high income?
[A] Approval.
[B] Disapproval.
[C] Ironical.
[D] Critical.
3.It can be inferred from the passage
[A] there exists fierce competition in climbing to the top.
[B] People are blind in idolizing stars.
[C] Successful Pop stars give great entertainment.
[D] The tax they have paid are great.
4.What can we learn from the passage?
[A] Successful man should get high-income repayment.
[B] Pop stars made great contribution to a country.
[C] Pop stars can enjoy the life of royalty.
[D] Successful men represent the tip of the iceberg.
5.Which paragraph covers the main idea?
[A] The first.
[B] The second.
[C] The third.
[D] The fourth.
V ocabulary
1.prerogative 权力，（尤指）特权
2.chauffeur 受雇开车人，（尤指富人、要人的）司机
3.entourage 随行人员，伴随者，近侍；建筑物周围
4.astronomical 庞大的，天文的
5.adulation 奉承
6.gramophone 灌音
7.colossal 巨大的
8.exchequer 国库，财源
Exchequer Bond 国库债券
9.begrudge 感到不快/不满，忌妒
10.humdrum 平淡的，单调的
11.moan 呻吟声
moan about 发牢骚
难句译注
1.the prerogative of Royalty或the royal prerogative
皇家的特权（再英国指国王名义上享有不经议会认可而采取行动的权力）。
2.People turn out in their thousands to greet them.
【结构简析】turn out露面、集合、出席。EX: A vast crowd turned out to watch the match.
大批观众到场观看比赛。
【参考译文】成千上万的人们出来欢迎他们。
3.The great days of Hollywood have become legendry.
【参考译文】好莱坞鼎盛时期成了神话。
4.By today’s standards, the excesses of Hollywood do not seem quite so spectacular.
【参考译文】按今天的标准来看，好莱坞的奢华（过分的行为）似乎并不那么引人注目。
5. A single gramophone record nowadays may earn much more in royalties than the films of the
past ever did.
【参考译文】今天单张录音唱片挣的版税要比过去一步电影还要多得多。
写作方法与文章大意
作者以对比、因果写作手法，写出歌星享受者贵族般生活方式，出门受千万人群欢迎，出入高级车、机，身后保镖、经纪人、新闻记者，来去都有报道，这一切是社会对高级演员
的慷慨赠予。公司的高级人员享受高薪，歌星也应享受。再则顶尖歌星冒有很大风险。
答案详解
1. B 他们享受一度只属于贵族享用的一切。第一段集中谈了这些：他们走到哪里，成千上
万人们出来欢迎，却中发疯地要看一眼穿着花哨的偶像的笑容。这些歌星坐着司机开动的Rolls-Royces汽车、私人直升飞机，高级长官飞机到处走，永远围着一批经纪人、报界记者和保镖随从人员。他们的照片定期登在报刊上，因为歌星象贵族一样是新闻人物。
A.他们的生活和贵族一样奢侈。C.他们很富。D.他们的生活方式和贵族生活方式一个样。
2. A 赞成。在第一段最后一句：“他们为他们的牺牲所获取的报酬难以计算，支付率惊人。”
第二段一开始就点明“为什么不惊人？社会对高级表演者总是慷慨解囊。好莱坞的鼎盛时期名扬天下，著名歌星先手空前绝后的名、利、奉承。”第三段更明确指出：应该这样支付星族，这完全正确。企业中的顶尖人物因为他们为公司和国家所作的一切不也挣得高额工资？税务员应感谢他们每年为国库做出了巨大的贡献。所以谁会忌妒他们的报酬呢？最后一段进一步说明：欲成为星族的人冒着很大的风险，谁都知道只有一小撮人能成为顶尖人物，也可能多年的努力以彻底失败而告终，而成功的报酬确实很高，这是对他们冒险的补偿。这些内容都说明作者赞成巨额报酬。
A.不同意。C.讽刺的。D.批评的。
3. A 在攀登顶峰中存在着激烈的竞争。这在第三段最后一句明确指出：获取顶尖的流行歌
星的称号竞争激烈，但其报酬确实惊人。最后一段的风险说。还有最后一段第二句：说忌妒话的人应记住：最有名的星族代表的只是冰山之巅――人极少。每个成名的歌星身后就有成千上百个其他歌者为生存而奋斗。这都说明“竞争激烈”。
B.人们盲目崇拜偶像歌星。
C.成功的流行歌星演出给人极大的享受。
D.他们支付的税收
巨大。
4. D 成功者只是冰山的顶尖――少极了。
A.成功的人应当获得高收入。
B.流行歌星对国家做出巨大贡献。
C.流行歌星能享受贵族
生活。
5. D 第四段。主旨句是倒数第一、二句，成功的报酬确实很高，这是对其高度风险的还报
补偿，如果他成功了，他肯定挣得多。那就是私人事业的根本/本质。
A.第一段。这段之对比了贵族和歌星的生活方式。
B.第二段。这段讲了挣得多，但竞争
激烈。C.第三段。歌星和企业顶尖人物对比。
Passage Four (Examinations Exert a Pernicious Influence on Education) We might marvel at the progress made in every field of study, but the methods of testing a person’s knowledge and ability remain as primitive as ever they were. It really is extraordinary that after all these years, educationists have still failed to device anything more efficient and reliable than examinations. For all the pious claim that examinations text what you know, it is common knowledge that they more often do the exact opposite. They may be a good means of testing memory, or the knack of working rapidly under extreme pressure, but they can tell you nothing about a person’s true ability and aptitude.
As anxiety-makers, examinations are second to none. That is because so much depends on them. They are the mark of success of failure in our society. Your whole future may be decided in one fateful day. It doesn’t matter that you weren’t feeling very well, or that your mother died. Little things like that don’t count: the exam goes on. No one can give of his best when he is in mortal terror, or after a sleepless night, yet this is precisely what the examination system expects him to do. The moment a child begins school, he enters a world of vicious competition where success and failure are clearly defined and measured. Can we wonder at the increasing number of ‘drop-outs’: young people who are written off as utter failures before they have even embarked on a career? Can we be surprised at the suicide rate among students?
A good education should, among other things, train you to think for yourself. The examination system does anything but that. What has to be learnt is rigidly laid down by a syllabus, so the student is encouraged to memorize. Examinations do not motivate a student to read widely, but to restrict his reading; they do not enable him to seek more and more knowledge, but induce cramming. They lower the standards of teaching, for they deprive the teacher of all freedoms. Teachers themselves are often judged by examination results and instead of teaching their subjects, they are reduced to training their students in exam techniques which they despise. The most successful candidates are not always the best educated; they are the best trained in the technique of working under duress.
The results on which so much depends are often nothing more than a subjective assessment by some anonymous examiner. Examiners are only human. They get tired and hungry; they make mistakes. Yet they have to mark stacks of hastily scrawled scripts in a limited amount of time.
They work under the same sort of pressure as the candidates. And their word carries weight. After a judge’s decision you have the right of appeal, but not after an examiner’s. There must surely be many simpler and more effective ways of assessing a person’s true abilities. Is it cynical to suggest that examinations are merely a profitable business for the institutions that run them? This is what it boils down to in the last analysis. The best comment on the system is this illiterate message recently scrawled on a wall: ‘I were a teenage drop-out and now I are a teenage millionaire.’
1.The main idea of this passage is
[A] examinations exert a pernicious influence on education.
[B] examinations are ineffective.
[C] examinations are profitable for institutions.
[D] examinations are a burden on students.
2.The author’s attitude toward examinations is
[A]detest.
[B] approval.
[C] critical.
[D] indifferent.
3.The fate of students is decided by
[A] education.
[B] institutions.
[C] examinations.
[D] students themselves.
4.According to the author, the most important of a good education is
[A] to encourage students to read widely.
[B] to train students to think on their own.
[C] to teach students how to tackle exams.
[D] to master his fate.
5.Why does the author mention court?
[A] Give an example.
[B] For comparison.
[C] It shows that teachers’ evolutions depend on the results of examinations.
[D] It shows the results of court is more effectise.
V ocabulary
1.pernicious 有害的，恶性的，破坏性的
2.knack 窍门，诀窍
3.embark 乘船，登记
4.write off 勾销，注销。确认某食物已损失或无效
5.syllabus 教学大纲
6.cram 塞入，把某物塞进，突击式学习（尤指应考），以注入方式教人
7.duress 威胁，逼迫
8.stack 堆，垛
9.scrawl 写/画（的内容不工整，不仔细）潦草的笔迹，七扭八歪的字
10.script 讲稿，剧本，脚本，笔试答卷
11.cynical 愤世嫉俗的，自私得为人不齿的
12.boil down 熬浓，浓缩，归纳
难句译注
1.For all the pious claim that examinations test what you know, it is common knowledge that
they more often do the exact opposite.
【参考译文】尽管所有那些虔诚的说法说考试能测定你所知道的东西，但其结果常常是适得其反，这是众所周之的常识。
2.As anxiety-makers, examinations are second to none.
【结构简析】second to none固定搭配，义：不亚于任何人或事物。
【参考译文】（测）考试作为忧虑的制造者，真是出类拔萃。
3.induce cramming
诱人采用突击式学习方式。Cram尽力塞入，应试突击学习。EX: cram for a chemistry test.
为应付化学考试而临时抱佛脚。Cram pupils以填鸭式教学生。
4.Yet you have to mark stacks of hastily scrawled scripts in a limited amount of time.
【参考译文】他们不得不在限定的时间内，给一大堆匆忙涂写而成的笔试答卷批分。
5.And their word carries weight.
【参考译文】可他们的话/文字（这里指分数）有份量（有影响）。
6.This is what it boils down to in the last analysis.
【参考译文】这就是最终分析所归纳的一切。
写作方法与文章大意
这是一篇类似分类写作的文章。罗列了考试种种恶果。作者首先指出考试难以测定人的真正能力和水平，反而是适得其反。二是考试是忧虑的制造者，因为它决定了人的成败命运。三是考试促使学校进行应试技巧教育，否定了教会人独立思考、扩大视野。四是教师或者说测试人又累又饿，犯错误，还得在限定时间披阅成堆的试卷，他们的压力和考试者一样很大，而他们的话――分数有份量，审判官的裁决，你有权上诉，而他们的裁决――一笔定终身。
最后引用“辍学者成为百万富翁”来点明测试这种形式对教育的坏影响。
答案详解
1. A 考试对教育具有有害的影响。文章第一段就点明：考试是测试记忆的好方法，是测试
在巨大压力下快速工作的技巧的好方法，却测不出一个人的真正能力和水平。第三段集中指出：考试不是促进学生广泛阅读，反而限制其阅读；考试不能使学生追求更多的知识，而是诱导学生进行应付考试的突击式学习。他们降低了教学水平，因为他们剥夺了老师的一切自由。常常以考试结果而不是所教课程来评定老师，是他们不得不以他们所轻视的考试技巧来培训学生。第二段和第四段也涉及其后果。
B.考试无效。这是考试后果的一个方面。
C.考试对教育机构有利。这也是一个方面。
D.
考试对学生是一种负担。
2. C 批评的。第一段中作者明确指出，考试方法依旧，不能测出人的能力和水平。第二段
点名，这种无用的考试决定人生的成败。第三段说考试最成功的考试者经常不是最佳的受教育者，他们是在胁迫下最佳获得考试技巧者，而好的教育应能培养人的独立思考。
第四段涉及阅卷者又累又饿，常犯错误，不得不在限定时间披阅一大堆匆忙中七扭八歪写出的卷子。最后一句“我过去是一个是来岁的辍学者，现在我是一个年轻的百万富翁”
画龙点睛地指出，考试指挥下的教育的失败。这一切都说明作者对考试的批评态度。
A.嫌恶，厌恶。此答案从意义上说是对的。但语法不通，因为这是个东西，而is后要求
是名词或形容词。B.赞成。D.漠不关心的。
3. C 考试。答案在第二段，考试是最终忧虑制造者，那是因为许多事情取决于考试：它们
是我们社会中成功或失败的标志。你的未来可能全取决于这决定性的一天。
A.教育。
B.教育机构。D.学生自己。
4. B 培养学生进行独立思考。第三段第一句话点明：好的教育应该是培养学生自己独立思
考。
A.鼓励学生广泛阅读。教学生如何应考。C.教学生如何应考。D.掌握自己命运。
5. B 作对比，答案在最后一段倒数第二句“审判官裁决后，你有权力上诉，而披阅考卷人
给分后，学生可没有上诉权”后面又谈及“一想到考试只对进行考试的机构有礼，未免太自私了。这酒是最终分析归纳的东西。”所以作者呼吁，可定还有许多更简便，更有效的评估人真正能力的方法。
A.给出一个例子。C.表示老师是由考试结果评定好坏。这是第三段讲的不分内容，教师
他们自己常由考试结果而不是所教课程优劣来评定。所以他们不得不对学生进行应试技巧教育，降低教学水平。D.表明审判官裁决更有效。
Passage Five (Killing in the Name of God Ugandan Deaths
Spotlight Rise of Cults)
How could faith beget such evil? After hundreds of members of a Ugandan cult, the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God, died in what first appeared to be a suicidal fire in the village of Kanungu two weeks age, police found 153 bodies buried in a compound used by the cult in Buhunga, 25 miles away. When investigators searched the house of a cult leader in yet another village, they discovered 155 bodies, many buried under the concrete floor of the house. Then scores more were dug up at a cult member’s home. Some had been poisoned; others, often-young children, strangled. By week’s end, Ugandan police had counted 924 victims – including at least 530 who burned to death inside the sealed church – exceeding the 1978 Jonestown mass suicide and killings by followers of American cult leader Jim Jones that claimed 913 lives.
Authorities believe two of the cult’s leaders, Joseph Kibwetere, a 68-year-old former Roman Catholic catechism teacher who started the cult in 1987, and his “prophetess, ” Credonia Mwerinde, by some accounts a former prostitute who claimed to speak for the Virgin Mary, may still be alive and on the run. The pair had predicted the world would end on Dec. 31, 1999. When
that didn’t happen, followers who demanded the return of their possessions, which they had to surrender on joining the cult, may have been systematically killed.
The Ugandan carnage focuses attention on the proliferation of religious cults in East Africa’s impoverished rural areas and city slums. According to the institute for the study of American religion, which researches cults and sects, there are now more than 5,000 indigenous churches in Africa, some with apocalyptic or revolutionary leanings. One such group is the Jerusalem Church of Christ in Nairobi’s Kawangwara slums, led by Mary Snaida-Akatsa, or “mommy” as she is known to her thousands of followers. She prophesies about the end of the world and accuses some members of being witches. One day the brought a “special visitor” to church, an Indian Sikh man she claimed was Jesus, and told her followers to “repent or pay the consequences.”
Most experts say Africa’s hardships push people to seek hope in religious cults. “These groups thrive because of poverty,” says Charles Onyango Obbo, editor of the Monitor, an independent newspaper in Uganda, and a close observer of cults. “People have no support, and they’re susceptible to anyone who is able to tap into their insecurity.” Additionally, they say, AIDS, which has ravaged East Africa, may also breed a fatalism that helps apocalyptic notions take root.
Some Africans turn to cults after rejecting mainstream Christian churches as “Western” or “non-African.” Agnes Masitsa, 30, who used to attend a Catholic church before she joined the Jerusalem Church of Christ, says of Catholicism: “It’s dull.”
Catholic icons. Yet, the Ugandan doomsday cult, like many of the sects, drew on features of Roman Catholicism, a strong force in the region. Catholic icons were prominent in its buildings, and some of its leaders were defrocked priests, such as Dominic Kataribabo, 32, who reportedly studied theology in the Los Angeles area in the mid-1980s. He had told neighbors he was digging a pit in his house to install a refrigerator; police have now recovered 81 bodies from under the floor and 74 from a field nearby. Police are unsure whether Kataribabo died in the church fire.
Still, there is the question: How could so many killings have been carried out without drawing attention? Villagers were aware of Kibwetere’s sect, whose followers communicated mainly through sign language and apparently were apprehensive about violating any of the cult’s commandments. There were suspicions. Ugandan president Yoweri Mseveni told the BBC that intelligence reports about the dangerous nature of the group had been suppressed by some government officials. On Thursday, police arrested an assistant district commissioner, the Rev. Amooti Mutazindwa, for allegedly holding back a report suggesting the cult posed a security threat.
Now, there are calls for African governments to monitor cults more closely. Says Gilbert Ogutu, a professor of religious studies at the University of Nairobi: “When cult leaders lose support, they become dangerous.”
1.Why did so may Ugandans die in faith?
[A] Many of them were killed for asking for the return of their possessions.
[B] They found the cult’s leaders had cheated them.
[C] They lost faith in cults.
[D] They are willing to die.
2.The main reason of people’s joining the cults is
[A] poverty.
[B] insecurity.
[C] AIDS.
[D] fatalism.
3.What does Mary Snaide Akatsa prophesy?
[A] She prophesies the world will be flooded.
[B] She prophesies the world will be in fire.
[C] She prophesies about the end of the world.
[D] She prophesies he followers should die in faith.
4.Why do some Africans reject Christian Churches?
[A] They feel Christianity is dull.
[B] They reject Christian Churches as Western or non-African.
[C] They are susceptible.
[D] They are dangerous persons.
5.How could so many killing have been carried out without drawing attention?
[A] The cult acted secretly.
[B] The government officials did not see through its dangerous nature.
[C] There were no preventive measures.
[D] People were frightened.
V ocabulary
1.beget 产生，引起，招致
2.cult 祭礼，狂烈的崇拜（者），迷信，邪教
https://www.doczj.com/doc/227878642.html,pound 院子，场地
4.strangle 扼死，闷死
5.carnage 残杀，大屠杀，成堆的尸体
6.catechism 教理问答
7.prophet 预言者，先知
8.on the run 在逃
9.proliferation 扩散，繁殖
10.indigenous 本土的，土生土张的
11.apocalypse （基督教）启事（录）《圣经新约》
12.be susceptible 易受人影响
13.ravage 蹂躏，劫掠
14.fatalism 宿命论
15.apocalyptic 预警的
16.icon （东正教）圣像
17.doomsday 世界末日
18.Jerusalem 耶路撒冷，喻：天堂
19.Kenya 肯尼亚
20.Nairobi 内罗毕，肯尼亚首都
21.mommy 嬷嬷＝mother
22.repent 忏悔
23.Sikh 锡克教（信徒）
24.defrock 免去…圣职的。这里指：免去圣职的牧师
25.sect 宗教小组
26.pose 提问
难句译注
1.…the Movement for the restoration of the Ten Commandments of God…
【结构简析】Ten commandments 十戒，是圣经中上帝再西奈山上给予摩西（犹太人的古代领袖）十大行为的神圣准则：
a)have no other god.
b)Do not make or warship idols.
c)Do not take the word of the lord in vain.
d)Keep the Sabbath holy.
e)Honor one’s father and mother.
f)Do not kill.
g)Do not commit adultery.
h)Do not steal.
i)Do not give false evidence.
j)Do not covet another’s property or wife.
这十戒为犹太教、基督教的教条。
【参考译文】这是乌干达回复上帝十戒运动头目以上帝的名义在2000年屠杀了924名信徒。
2.the 1978 Jonestown mass suicide and killings by followers of American cult leader Jim Jones
that claimed 913 lives.
这是指美国的一个邪教组织――人民圣殿教。1978年11月19日教徒在教主Jim Jones 的蒙骗或胁迫下在圭亚那集体自杀或扼杀（或强制和下Kool-Aid）或遭袭击而死。人数高达913。此后Jones一词意为残忍的人。杀人的地点就成为Jonestown。
3.they are susceptible to any one who is able to tap into their insecurity.
【参考译文】他们易受任何人的影响，这些人能利用他们不安的情绪。
4.drew on features of Roman Catholicism.
【参考译文】利用罗马天主教义等特点。
写作方法与文章大意
文章以因果写作方法，先提出各种邪教残害的人数，然后一一点出邪教兴起的原因：人民贫穷、艾滋病之猖獗，为宿命论提供了温床。加上邪教头目种种欺骗手段：如世界末日来
临利用一些正教教义或以基督、圣母玛利亚的身份出现控制、麻木信徒，一旦欺骗手段暴露信徒就惨遭杀害。
答案详解
1. A 许多人由于要归还他们的财产而遭到杀害。答案见第二段倒数第二句，这一对邪教领
袖曾预言世界将于1999年12月31日借宿――世界末日来临。结果并没有发生，追随者就要求归还他们在入教时献上的一切，而遭到有计划有步骤地杀害。
B. 他们发现邪教头目欺骗他们。这只是起因之一，如果发现后不吭声也许不会遭劫。
C.他们对邪教失去了信任。
D. 他们愿意去死。
2. A 贫穷。主要原因就是穷。答案见第四段。许多专家认为非洲之艰苦生活促使人民在邪
教中寻找希望。这些邪教群体之兴起就是因为贫穷。人民没有支柱、保障，很容易受影响。任何人都可利用他们不安的情绪。其次艾滋病在东非之猖獗，培育出宿命论观点，从而帮助预示可怕事情即将来临的思想扎根于心灵。
B.不安全。
C.艾滋病。
D.宿命论。
3. C 她预言世界末日。
A.她预言世界将遭水淹。
B.她预言世界将烧光。D.她预言她的追随者将死于信仰。
4. B 他们把基督教会视为西方的或非非洲的而拒之门外。见第五段：有些非洲人在把基督
教会视作西方的或非非洲的而拒之门外后皈依邪教。
A.认为基督教非常沉闷单调。C.他们易受影响。D.他们是一伙危险人物。
5. A 邪教行动神秘。例：第一段中描述的好几百乌干达邪教组织成员死于初看好像是自杀
性的火焰之中（自焚），在一个场院诱发现了153具尸体，在搜查邪教头目的房子中又发现了156具尸体，许多埋于房子的混凝土地板下面，还有好几十具从邪教成员家中挖出，其中有些人被毒死。其他，特别是孩子都是扼杀（窒息而死）。共计924人，至少有530人烧死在封闭的教堂里。倒数第三段，乌干达世界末日邪教一个头目――免去圣职的牧师，据说80年代中他研究神学，他告诉邻居他在家挖一个地窖放冰箱。现在警察发现地板下81具尸体，附近一场地74具尸体。上述两例都是神秘杀害，至于要归还财产之人更遭神秘杀害了。
B.政府官员没有看出邪教的危险性（原因之一）。
C.没有防范措施。
D.人民害怕。Passage Six (Equality of opportunity in the twentieth Century Has Not
Destroyed the Class System)
These days we hear a lot of nonsense about the ‘great classless society’. The idea that the twentieth century is the age of the common man has become one of the great clichés of our time. The same old arguments are put forward in evidence. Here are some of them: monarchy as a system of government has been completely discredited. The monarchies that survive have been deprived of all political power. Inherited wealth has been savagely reduced by taxation and, in time, the great fortunes will disappear altogether. In a number of countries the victory has been complete. The people rule; the great millennium has become a political reality. But has it? Close examination doesn’t bear out the claim.
It is a fallacy to suppose that all men are equal and that society will be leveled out if you provide everybody with the same educational opportunities. (It is debatable whether you can ever provide everyone with the same educational opportunities, but that is another question.) The fact is that nature dispenses brains and ability with a total disregard for the principle of equality. The old rules of the jungle, ‘survival of the fittest’, and ‘might is right’ are still with us. The spread of education has destroyed the old class system and created a new one. Rewards are based on merit. For ‘aristocracy’ read ‘meritocracy’; in other respects, society remains unaltered: the class system is rigidly maintained.
Genuine ability, animal cunning, skill, the knack of seizing opportunities, all bring material rewards. And what is the first thing people do when they become rich? They use their wealth to secure the best possible opportunities for their children, to give them ‘a good start in life’. For all the lip service we pay to the idea of equality, we do not consider this wrong in the western world. Private schools which offer unfair advantages over state schools are not banned because one of the principles in a democracy is that people should be free to choose how they will educate their children. In this way, the new meritocracy can perpetuate itself to a certain extent: an able child from a wealthy home can succeed far more rapidly than his poorer counterpart. Wealth is also used indiscriminately to further political ends. It would be almost impossible to become the leader of a democracy without massive financial backing. Money is as powerful a weapon as ever it was.
In societies wholly dedicated to the principle of social equality, privileged private education is forbidden. But even here people are rewarded according to their abilities. In fact, so great is the need for skilled workers that the least able may be neglected. Bright children are carefully and
expensively trained to become future rulers. In the end, all political ideologies boil down to the same thing: class divisions persist whether you are ruled by a feudal king or an educated peasant.
1.What is the main idea of this passage?
[A] Equality of opportunity in the twentieth century has not destroyed the class system.
[B] Equality means money.
[C] There is no such society as classless society.
[D] Nature can’t give you a classless society.
2.According to the author, the same educational opportunities can’t get rid of inequality because
[A] the principle ‘survival of the fittest’ exists.
[B] Nature ignores equality in dispensing brains and ability.
[C] Material rewards are for genuine ability.
[D] People have the freedom how to educate their children.
3.Who can obtain more rapid success
[A] those with wealth.
[B] Those with the best brains.
[C] Those with the best opportunities.
[D] Those who have the ability to catch at opportunities.
4.Why does the author say the new meritocracy can perpetuate itself to a certain extent?
Because
[A] money decides everything.
[B] Private schools offer advantages over state schools.
[C] People are free to choose the way of educating their children.
[D] Wealth is used for political ends.
5.According to the author, ‘class divisions’ refers to
[A] the rich and the poor.
[B] Different opportunities for people.
[C] Oppressor and the oppressed.
[D] Genius and stupidity.
V ocabulary
1.discredit 损害，破坏，败坏（某人的名声），不可信
2.monarch 国王，女皇，君主政体
https://www.doczj.com/doc/227878642.html,lennium 千年
the millennium 千僖年
4.bear out 证实
5.level out （升跌之后）呈平稳状态
6.meritocracy 英才管理，英才教育，能人统治
7.knack 技巧，诀窍
8.perpetuate 使永久，永存或持续
9.indiscriminate 不加鉴别的，不加分析的，任意的
10.boil down 归结为……
难句译注
1.Close examination doesn’t bear out the claim.
【参考译文】深入探索证实此断言不确。（也就是说太平盛世并没有成为政治现实）。2.might is right
谚语：强权即公理。
3.For all the lip service we pay to the idea of equality, we do not consider this wrong in the
western world.
【结构简析】lip-service口惠而实不至。EX: He pays lip-service to feminism but his wife still does all the housework.他口口声声说支持女权主义，但全部家务仍是他妻子的事。
【参考译文】我们口口声声赞扬平等思想，我们在西方世界中并不认为这一思想事错误的。
4.In the end, all political ideologies boil down to the same thing: class divisions persist whether
you are ruled by a feudal king or an educated person.
【参考译文】最终，一切政治意识，都归结为一件事：不论你是由封建国王统治还是英才统治，阶级区分依然存在。
写作方法与文章大意
这是一篇对“无阶级社会和人人平等”论点的驳斥文章。作者从四个方面进行论述。1、天赋的才能和智慧与平等原则无关。2、“适者生存，强权即公理”依然存在。3、人获得的报酬是取决于人的才能而不是平等。4、金钱的作用，它不仅可以培育有能力的人，还是政治的后盾。只有金钱加能力是成功的关键。所以所谓平等不存在，更没有无阶级的社会。答案详解
1. A 二十世纪平等的机遇并没有摧毁阶级。文章一开始就对无阶级社会的论点进行了反
驳：有人认为君主整体已完全摧毁，幸存下来的王公贵族已经被剥夺了一切政治权力，继承的财产为税收大幅度的削减，到时候，巨大的财富将消失殆尽，在许多国家中，已全面胜利，人民进行统治，伟大的太平盛世已成为政治显示。作者认为：深入检查证实这一断言不实。第二段提出了即使人人都获同样的受教育的机会，可人的天然智慧和能力与平等原则无关，适者生存，强权即公理依然存在。教育的普及摧毁了老的阶级体制，却创造新的，报酬是机遇才干成就。贵族统治就是英才统治，可在其他方面，社会依然，阶级确实存在。后面两段集中论述了金钱的作用。
B.金钱意味着平等是错误的。
C.不存在无阶级社会。内容是对的，但不是本文的主题思
想。D.自然界不会赋予你一个无阶级社会。
2. B 自然界在分赋人智慧和能力是不会顾及平等。
A.适者生存的原则存在。根据这一原则无智慧和能力者难以生存于社会。C.物质报偿是
根据人的真正能力。D.人们有自由选择如何教育自己的孩子。这三项都基于一点――人的智慧和能力。有智慧能力才能生存，才能获报偿，这已经是不平等，即使获同样的受教育的机会，也不可能铲除不平等。
3. A 有钱的人。第三段一开始就点明：真正的能力、动物般机敏狡猾、技能、善抓机会的
诀窍，这一切都带来物质报偿。有了钱的人首要作的事情就是给孩子最佳教育机会，而私人学校教育优于公立学校，人们又有自由选择如何教育自己的孩子。在这个意义上，英才教育在某种程度上是永存的。一个来自富有家庭的有能力的孩子要比其对立面获得成功要快得多得多。
B.具有很高智慧的人，若没有钱是难以成功的。第三段的最后一句话也点明这一点，金
钱同从前一样是强有力的武器。文章最后一段即使在完全遵循社会平等原则的社会里，禁止特权的私人教育，人们也是按能力获报酬。小心翼翼而又耗费巨大地把聪明的孩子培养成未来的统治者。C.具有最佳机遇的人。D.是B和C的结合。
4.A金钱决定一切。新的英才教育在一定程度上永存。没有钱，上不起私立学校，谈不上
机会，更不用说英才教育。有了钱才能为孩子创造机会。
B.私立学校提供的优越性高于公立学校。
C.人们有自由选择教育孩子的方式方法。
D.财
富用于政治目的。第三段最后三句话：“财富也可以不加区别地用于更远的政治目的。
没有强大的财政作后盾，成为民主国家的元首几乎是不可能。金钱和过去一样是强有力的武器，这也说明了金钱的力量，决定一切。”
5. A 富人和穷人。纵然作者提及，同样的教育机会也不可能铲除不平等，因为上天赋予人
之智慧是不可能考虑平等原则，可是作者也提到适者生存、强权即公理。贵族政治可读成英才教育。这已说明英才指的是贵族的英才。第四段进一步指出有钱的人首先要做的就是给子女一个良好的教育机会。而私立学校的教育质量优于公立学校。有钱人家的有能力的孩子成功机遇就高。财产还可用于政治目的，要成为民主国家的领袖就得有雄厚的财力支持。钱财和过去一样强有力。即使在以社会平等为原则的社会中，私立学校被禁，酬劳还是以人的能力为准，大量需要有技能的工作人员，而差劲的人没有人关注。
天才的孩子予以仔细而又及其昂贵的培养以成为未来的统治者。
总之，政治意识归结为同一个东西――阶级划分存在，不论你是为封建帝王统治，还是为受过教育的农民统治，从这里看，作者的class division指的是A项。
B.人们不同的机遇。
C.压迫者和被压迫者。
D.天才和笨蛋。
Passage Seven (The Most Important of All Human Qualities is a Sense of
Humor)
Biologically, there is only one quality which distinguishes us from animals: the ability to laugh. In a universe which appears to be utterly devoid of humor, we enjoy this supreme luxury. And it is a luxury, for unlike any other bodily process, laughter does not seem to serve a biologically useful purpose. In a divide world, laughter is a unifying force. Human beings oppose each other on a great many issues. Nations may disagree about systems of government and human relations may be plagued by ideological factions and political camps, but we all share the ability to laugh. And laughter, in turn, depends on that most complex and subtle of all human qualities: a sense of humor Certain comic stereotypes have a universal appeal. This can best be seen from the world-wide popularity of Charlie Chaplin’s early films. The little man at odds with society never
fails to amuse no matter which country we come from. As that great commentator on human affairs, Dr. Samuel Johnson, once remarked, ‘Men have been wise in very different modes; but they have always laughed in the same way.’
A sense of humor may take various forms and laughter may be anything from a refined tingle to an earth quaking roar, but the effect is always the same. Humor helps us to maintain a correct sense of values. It is the one quality which political fanatics appear to lack. If we can see the funny side, we never make the mistake of taking ourselves too seriously. We are always reminded that tragedy is not really far removed from comedy, so we never get a lop sided view of things.
This is one of the chief functions of satire and irony. Human pain and suffering are so grim; we hover so often on the brink of war; political realities are usually enough to plunge us into total despair. In such circumstances, cartoons and satirical accounts of somber political events redress the balance. They take the wind out of pompous and arrogant politicians who have lost their sense of proportion. They enable us to see that many of our most profound actions are merely comic or absurd. We laugh when a great satirist like Swift writes about war in Gulliver’s Travels. The Lilliputians and their neighbors attack each other because they can’t agree which end to break an egg. We laugh because we meant to laugh; but we are meant to weep too. It is too powerful a weapon to be allowed to flourish.
The sense of humor must be singled out as man’s most important quality because it is associated with laughter. And laughter, in turn, is associated with happiness. Courage, determination, initiative – these are qualities we share with other forms of life. But the sense of humor is uniquely human. If happiness is one of the great goals of life, then it is the sense of humor that provides the key.
1.The most important of all human qualities is
[A] a sense of humor.
[B] A sense of satire.
[C] A sense of laughter.
[D] A sense of history.
2.The author mentions about Charlie Chaplin’s early films because
[A] they can amuse people.
[B] Human beings are different from animals.
[C] They show that certain comic stereotypes have a universal appeal.
[D] They show that people have the same ability to laugh.
3.One of the chief functions of irony and satire is
[A] to show absurdity of actions.
[B] to redress balance.
[C] to take the wind out of politicians.
[D] to show too much grimness in the world.
4.What do we learn from the sentence ‘it is too powerful a weapon to be allowed to flourish in
totalitarian regimes?’
[A] It can reveal the truth of political events with satire.
[B] It can arouse people to riot.
[C] It shows tragedy and comedy are related.
[D] It can make people laugh.
5.Who is Swift?
[A] A novelist.
[B] A poet.
[C] A dramatist.
[D] A essayist.
V ocabulary
1.devoid 没有，缺乏
2.plague n.瘟疫，惹人烦恼的人和事v.给……造成麻烦，痛苦，困难
3.faction 派别
https://www.doczj.com/doc/227878642.html,ic stereotype 可笑/滑稽的模式
https://www.doczj.com/doc/227878642.html,mentator （集注）作者，评论员，解说员
6.tinkle n.一连串的丁零声，电话声，v.使发出丁零声
7.fanatic 狂热者（尤指宗教、政治的狂热）
8.lop-sided 不均匀的
9.hover 翱翔，盘旋；彷徨
10.somber 低沉的，暗淡的，严峻的
11.redress 纠正，补偿
12.pompous 自大的，浮夸的
13.arrogant 傲慢的
14.proportion 均衡，匀称，平衡，比例
15.Lilliputian 微型的，极小的，源自《格列佛游记》中的小人国里的人
16.totalitarian 极权主义的
17.regime 政体，政权，统治方式或制度
难句译注
1．In a divided world, laughter is a unifying force.
【参考译文】在分裂的世界中，笑是一种促成一致（团结）的力量。
2．Human relations may be plagued by ideological factions and political camps, 【参考译文】人际关系可能因思想意识派别和政治阵营的不同而受侵扰。
3．Certain comic stereotypes have a universal appeal.
【参考译文】某些滑稽的模式具有全球性的效果。
4．Charlie Chaplin查理·卓别林1889-1977，英国讽刺滑稽剧及电影演员，导演及制片人。
5．At odds with society和社会格格不入。
6．Dr. Samuel Johnson撒缪尔·约翰生，1709-1784，英国辞典编撰者及作家。
7．A sense of humor may take various forms and laughter may be anything from a refined tinkle to an earth quaking roar.
【参考译文】幽默感表现的方式多种多样，笑也许是银铃般优雅轻笑，也许是震耳
欲聋的放声大笑。
8．If we can see the funny side, we never make the mistake of taking ourselves too seriously.
【参考译文】如果我们能见到可笑的一面，我们就不会犯这种错误：对自己看得过
重（自以为了不起）。
9．We are always reminded that tragedy is not really far removed from comedy, so we never get a lop-sided view of things.
【参考译文】我们会经常提醒自己祸兮福所伏（悲剧离喜剧实际并不遥远），那我
们决不会偏执一词地看事物。
10．Take the wind out of sb’s sails使某人气馁或泄气。
11．Swift Jonathan swift乔纳森·思维福特1667-1745，英国作家，生于都柏林，曾获牛津大学硕士，三一学院神学博士学位，1688年到英国，后加入英国国教会。他同情英国统治下的爱尔兰人民，积极参加他们为争取自由和民族独立的斗争。他以政治讽刺文著世，其文笔犀利、讽刺尖锐、文章推理严密，用词简洁、语言朴实清晰，被认为是英语的典范，《格列佛游记》是他的代表作之一。
12．We laugh because we are meant to laugh; but we are meant to weep too.
【结构简析】mean to do是打算或注定要…，一般用于被动。
【参考译文】我们笑是因为想笑，可是我们也想哭。是指小人国和邻国仅仅为打鸡蛋一类小事而打仗可笑，确实也是可悲。作者结合现实指出是人类悲剧之所在。
写作方法与文章大意
文章以部部深入，一般到具体的写作手法论及笑是人类特有的功能。
形式多种、效果一样。天下人有各种观点、制度、人际关系，对滑稽的东西都会报之以笑――一种一致的力量。
笑基于幽默感，有了它，人们会乐观、愉快、轻松，不偏不倚地对待一切，悲剧中寓以喜剧，幽默感又是人类开启幸福之门的钥匙。
论及的同时作者佐以例子，卓别林的早期电影，《格列佛游记》中的小人国战争等。
答案详解
1. A 幽默感。文章一开始就提出人类有别于动物是人有笑的功能，世界纷争繁杂、人际关
系因意识观点差异而对峙，国家制度不一，但人们都能笑。笑基于人类最复杂而又微妙的品质――幽默感。反过来说没有幽默感的人恐怕难以笑。第二段正式指出：幽默感表现形式多种多样，而笑可由微笑到狂笑种种，但其效果相同，幽默感有助于我们保持正确的价值观。这是政治狂热者所缺乏的特征。如果我们能看见滑稽可笑的一面，我们就不会犯过于看重自己的错误。我们总会记得悲剧离喜剧不愿，因此，我们不会有偏重某一测的观点。第四段画龙点睛的指出幽默是人类最重要的特征，因为它和笑声结合在一起。而笑又是和幸福联系在一起。勇气、决心、创造力特征，我们和其他生命形式共享，而幽默感是人类所独有的。如果幸福是我们生活的伟大目标，那幽默感就是开启幸福的
钥匙。
B.讽刺感。这是第三段讲的内容，讽刺的功能，但不是人类最重要的特征。
C.笑感。
D.
历史观点。
2. C 作者提卓别林的电影的目的是证明某些喜剧模式对全世界都有吸引力。
A.它可以取悦任何人。
B.人类和动物不同。D.证明人有同样笑的功能。
3.B使各种事情重新相等和均衡。第三段着重讲了这一点。人类在痛苦中挣扎，常处于战
争的边缘。政治实现令人绝望，在这种处境中，对某些政治事物的讽刺挖苦和漫画可以使各种心理重新平衡，可使失去均衡感的政客地下高傲头颅；可使我看见许多深邃的事情荒谬可笑。
A.表现行为的荒唐。C.使政治家气馁。D.表现世界上太多的令人沮丧之事。
4.A它可以以讽刺的手法解释政治时间的真相。
B.这可促使人民暴动。
C.它表示了悲剧和喜剧相联系。
D.它能使人哭。
5.A小说家。
B.诗人。
C.戏剧家。
D.散文家。
Passage Eight (The Improving Economic Situation In Greece) Greece, economically, is in the black. With very little to export other than such farm products as tobacco, cotton and fruit, the country earns enough from ‘invisible earnings’ to pay for its needed, growing imports. From the sending out of things the Greeks, earn only $285 million; from tourism, shipping and the remittances of Greeks abroad, the country takes in an additional #375 million and this washes out the almost $400 million by which imports exceed exports.
It has a balanced budget. Although more than one drachma out of four goes for defense, the government ended a recent year with a slight surplus -- $66 million. Greece has a decent reserve of almost a third of a billion dollars in gold and foreign exchange. It has a government not dependent on coalescing incompatible parties to obtain parliamentary majorities.
In thus summarizing a few happy highlights, I don’t mean to minimize the vast extent of Greece’s problems. It is the poorest country by a wide margin in Free Europe, and poverty is widespread. At best an annual income of $60 to $70 is the lot of many a peasant, and substantial unemployment plagues the countryside, cities, and towns of Greece. There are few natural resources on which to build any substantial industrial base. Some years ago I wrote here: “Greek statesmanship will have to create an atmosphere in which home and foreign savings will willingly seek investment opportunities in the back ward economy of Greece. So far, most American and other foreign attempt have bogged down in the Greek government’s red tape and shrewdness about small points.”
Great strides have been made. As far back as 1956, expanding tourism seemed a logical way to bring needed foreign currencies and additional jobs to Greece. At that time I talked with the Hilton Hotel people, who had been examining hotel possibilities, and to the Greek government division responsible for this area of the economy. They were hopelessly deadlocked in almost total differences of opinion and outlook.
Today most of the incredibly varied, beautiful, historical sights of Greece have new, if in many cases modest, tourist facilities. Tourism itself has jumped from approximately $31 million to over $90 million. There is both a magnificent new Hilton Hotel in Athens and a completely modernized, greatly expanded Grande Bretagne, as well as other first-rate new hotels. And the advent of jets has made Athens as accessible as Paris or Rome – without the sky-high prices of traffic-choked streets of either.
1.The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is
[A] Greek income and expenditures.
[B] The improving economic situation in Greece.
[C] The value of tourism.
[D] Military expenditures.
2.Many peasants earn less than
[A] $60 a week.
[B] $2 a week.
[C] $1 a day.
[D] $10 a month.
3.The Greek Government spends
[A] more than 25%of its budget on military terms.
[B] More than its collects.
[C] A third of a billion dollars in gold.
[D] Less than 25% of its budget on military terms.
4.According to the passage, Greece has
[A] a dictatorship.
[B] a monarchy.
[C] a single majority party.
[D] too much red tape.
5.Greece imports annually goods and materials
[A] totaling almost $700 million.
[B] that balance exports.
[C] that are paid by tourists.
[D] costing $66 million.
V ocabulary
1.remittance 汇款（额）
2.wash out 洗掉，取消、告吹、冲掉、筋疲力尽
3.drachma 古希腊银币德拉克马（现代希腊货币单位）
4.lot 份额
5.incompatible 水火不相容的，不能共存的
6.coalesce （政党）联合，愈合，接合
7.highlight 光线最强处，最重要部分，最精彩场面
8.margin （成本和售价的）差额，空白，边缘
9.bog down 陷于困境，使停顿
10.red tape 官样文章，烦琐和拖拉的公务程序
11.shrewdness 清明，机灵
12.deadlock 僵局，僵持；使陷于僵局
难句译注
1.Greece, economically is in the black.
【参考译文】希腊经济上说是赢利/富裕的
2.With very little export other than such farm products as tobacco, cotton and fruit, the country
earns enough from invisible earnings to pay its needed, growing imports.
【参考译文】除了农产品，如烟草、棉花和水果之外，希腊没有什么出口货，但它从“无形的收益”中挣不少，足够致富所需的一切――日益增长的进口货。
3.This washes out almost $400 million by which imports exceed exports.
【参考译文】这笔钱冲掉了进口超过出口近4亿美元的差额。
4.So far most American and other foreign attempts have bogged down in the Greek
government’s red tape and shrewdness about small points.
【参考译文】到目前为止由于希腊政府那种繁琐而又拖拉的公务程序和对小事的精明，大多数美国和其他国家的尝试的工作都陷入困境。
5.They were hopelessly deadlocked in almost total differences of opinion and outlook.
【参考译文】他们绝望地陷于意见和观点完全分歧的僵局之中。
6.And the advent of jets has made Athens as accessible as Paris and Rome – without the
sky-high prices of traffic chocked streets of either.
【参考译文】喷气式飞机的发展使雅典和巴黎、罗马一样很容易到达，却没有那两个城市的交通堵塞的接到的高昂代价。
写作方法与文章大意
这是一篇以过去和现在对比的手法，论述了希腊经济，主要是旅游业的发展。过去，希腊以无形资产赢得之利润，来消除赤字，还可稍有节余。但贫穷、事业情况严重，政府办事拖拉、繁琐也影响国外的投资，虽然早在1956年就准备扩展旅游业，但意见分歧。现在，情况大变，就旅游一项年收入由3100万增至9000万美元。
答案详解
1. B 希腊经济形式的改善。文章围绕这一中心而写。文章一开始就提出希腊出口除了农产
品之外，没有什么东西，而无形资产如旅游、运输和国外的汇款等可挣得37500万美元。
两项加在一起来抵消入超赤字近4亿美元，稍有结余。第三段指出，希腊是自由欧洲最穷的国家，许多农民年收入为60－70美元。失业现象席卷城市乡镇，建立工业基地的自然资源极少。政府的繁琐事务程序，关注琐事等情况使美国和其他国家试图展开工作陷于停滞状态。第四段开始指出1956年起开拓旅游业，不过意见还是分歧。第五断提出今天惊人的变化，美丽的历史古城呈现新貌，就旅游一项收入由3100万增至9000万
美元。旅馆面貌大变。
A.希腊的收支。C.旅游的价值。D.军事费用。
2.B少于2美元一星期。文章第三段第三句：最佳情况，年收入为60－70美元使大多数
农民的份额。所以B项最接近年收入。
A.60美元一星期。C.一天一美元。D.一个月10美元。
3. A 百分之25以上用于军事。第二段：虽然四个德拉克马中有一个用于国防，政府最终
还稍有结余――6600万美元。
B.比收入的还多。
C.十亿金子中的三分之一。
D.少于百分之25。
4.C单一大党。第二段：希腊的政府不依靠水火不相容的政党之间的合作来取得一会的多
数席位，这说明是单一大党。
A.独裁、专政。
B.君主政体。D.太多的繁琐程序。
5.A总计几乎在7亿美元左右。第一段中提到希腊出口商品价值28500万美元，而进口超
出出口4亿美元。两者相加为6亿2千5百万美元，相当于几乎在7亿美元左右。
B.和出口平衡。
C.由旅游者支付。
D.花费6600万美元。
Passage Nine (The Program-Federal Government Helps Minority
Business)
Federal efforts to aid minority businesses began in the 1960’s when the Small Business Administration (SBA) began making federally guaranteed loans and government-sponsored management and technical assistance available to minority business enterprises. While this program enabled many minority entrepreneurs to form new businesses, the results were disappointing, since managerial inexperience, unfavorable locations, and capital shortages led to high failure rates. Even 15 years after the program was implemented, minority business receipts were not quite two percent of the national economy’s total receipts.
Recently federal policymakers have adopted an approach intended to accelerate development of the minority business sector by moving away from directly aiding small minority enterprises and toward supporting large, growth-oriented minority firms through intermediary companies. In this approach, large corporations participate in the development of successful and stable minority businesses by making use of government-sponsored venture capital. The capital is used by a participating company to establish a Minority Enterprise Small Businesses that have potential to become future suppliers of customers of the sponsoring company.
MESBIC’s are the result of the belief that providing established firms with easier access to relevant management techniques and more job-specific experience, as well as substantial amounts of capital, gives those firms a greater opportunity to develop sound business foundations than does simply making general management experience and small amounts of capital available. Further, since potential markets for the minority businesses already exist through the sponsoring companies, the minority businesses face considerably less risk in terms of location and market fluctuation. Following early financial and operating problems, sponsoring corporations began to capitalize MESBIC’s far above the legal minimum of $500,000 in order to generate sufficient income and to sustain the quality of management needed. MESBIC’s are now emerging as increasingly important financing sources for minority enterprises.
Ironically, MESBIC staffs, which usually consist of Hispanic and Black professionals, tend to approach investments in minority firms more pragmatically than do many MESBIC directors, who are usually senior managers from sponsoring corporations. The latter often still think mainly in terms of the ‘social responsibility approach’ and thus seem to prefer deals that are riskier and less attractive than normal investment criteria would warrant. Such differences in viewpoint have produced uneasiness among many minority staff members, who feel that minority entrepreneurs and businesses should be judged by established business considerations. These staff members believe their point of view is closer to the original philosophy of MESBIC’s and they are concerned that, unless a more prudent course if followed, MESBIC directors may revert to policies likely to re-create the disappointing results of the original SBA approach.
1.Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?
[A] The use of MESBIC’s for aiding minority entrepreneurs seems to have greater potential
for success than does the original SBA approach.
[B] There is a crucial difference in point of view between the staff and directors of some
MESBIC’s.
[C] After initial problems with management and marketing, minority businesses have begun
to expand at a steady rate.
[D] Minority entrepreneurs wishing to form new businesses now have several equally
successful federal programs on which to rely.
2.According to the passage, the MESBIC approach differ s from the SBA approach in that
MESBIC’s
[A] seek federal contracts to provide market for minority businesses.
[B] Encourage minority businesses to provide markets for other minority businesses.
[C] Attempt to maintain a specified rate of growth in the minority business sector.
[D] Rely on the participation of large corporations to finance minority businesses.
3.Which of the following statements about the SBA program can be inferred from the passage?
[A] The maximum term for loans made to recipient businesses was 15 years.
[B] Business loans were considered to be more useful to recipient businesses than was
management and technical assistance.
[C] The anticipated failure rate for recipient businesses was significantly lower than the rate
that actually resulted.
[D] Recipient businesses were encouraged to relocate to areas more favorable for business
development.
4.The author refers to the ‘financial and operating problems’ encountered by MESBIC’s
primarily in order to
[A] broaden the scope of the discussion to include the legal considerations of funding
MESBIC’s through sponsoring companies.
[B] call attention to the fact that MESBIC’s must receive adequate funding in order to
function effectively.
[C] show that sponsoring companies were willing to invest only $500,000 of
government-sponsored venture capital in the original MESBIC’s.
[D] Compare SBA and MESBIC limits on minimum funding.
5.It can be inferred from the passage that the attitude of some MESBIC staff member toward the
investments preferred by some MESBIC directors can be best described as
[A] disappointing.
[B] Indifferent.
[C] Shocked.
[D] Defensive.
V ocabulary
1.implement 执行，履行
2.growth-oriented 增长潜力的，有发展性的
3.intermediary company 中介公司，中间公司
capital 风险资本
4.venture
5.entrepreneur 企业家，创业者
6.fluctuation 波动，涨落，起伏
7.pragmatically 实用地
难句译注
1.Even 15 years after the program was implemented minority business receipts were not quite
two percent of the national economy’s total receipts.
【参考译文】甚至在这个计划执行后15年，少数民族工业的收入还不到全国总收入的2％。
2.Recently federal policy makers have adopted an approach intended to accelerate development
of the supporting large, growth oriented minority firms through intermediary companies.
【参考译文】最近，联邦决策者采取一项措施，旨在加速少数民族工商业的发展，他们不再直接帮助小型的少数民族企业，而是转向通过中间公司来支持规模较大、有发展潜力的少数民族公司。
3.By making use of government-sponsored venture capital.
利用政府资助的风险资本。
4.The MESBIC then provides capital and guidance to minority businesses that have potential to
become future suppliers or customers of the sponsoring company.
【参考译文】然后再由MESBIC向那些少数民族企业提供资金、进行指导。这些企业是有成为赞助公司的未来供应商或客户的潜力的。
5.MESBIC – minority enterprise small business investment company
少数民族小型企业投资公司。
6.MESBIC’s are the result of the belief that providing established firms with easier access to
relevant management techniques and more job-specific experience, as well as substantial
第一单元 课程开始之际，就如何使学习英语的任务更容易提出一些建议似乎正当其实。 学习英语的几种策略 学习英语决非易事。它需要刻苦和长期努力。 虽然不经过持续的刻苦努力便不能期望精通英语，然而还是有各种有用的学习策略可以用来使这一任务变得容易一些。以下便是其中的几种： 1．不要以完全相同的方式对待所有的生词。你可曾因为简直无法记住所学的所有生词而抱怨自己的记忆力太差？其实，责任并不在你的记忆力。如果你一下子把太多的生词塞进头脑，必定有一些生词会被挤出来。你需要做的是根据生词日常使用的频率以不同的方式对待它们。积极词汇需要经常练习，有用的词汇必须牢记，而在日常情况下不常出现的词只需见到时认识即可。你会发现把注意力集中于积极有用的词上是扩大词汇量最有效的途径。 2．密切注意地道的表达方式。你可曾纳闷过，为什么我们说“我对英语感兴趣”是“I’m interested in English”，而说“我精于法语”则是“I’m good at French”?你可曾问过自己，为什么以英语为母语的人说“获悉消息或密秘”是“learnthenewsorsecret”,而“获悉某人的成功或到来”却是“learn of someone’s success or arrival”?这些都是惯用法的例子。在学习英语时，你不仅必须注意词义，还必须注意以英语为母语的人在日常生活中如何使用它。 3．每天听英语。经常听英语不仅会提高你的听力，而且有助你培养说的技能。除了专为课程准备的语言磁带外，你还可以听英语广播，看英语电视和英语电影。第一次听录好音的英语对话或语段，你也许不能听懂很多。先试着听懂大意，然后在反复地听。 你会发现每次重复都会听懂更多的xx。 4．抓住机会说。的确，在学校里必须用英语进行交流的场合并不多，但你还是可以找到练习讲英语的机会。例如，跟你的同班同学进行交谈可能就是得到一些练习的一种轻松愉快的方式。还可以找校园里以英语为母语的人跟他们
1. Rome Wasn't Built in a Day p.1. English is an international language. Therefore, it is necessary(/ important) for us to learn it. It(/learning English) can be rewarding or just(/only) a waste of time. It's up to you. It depends on how you study it. Here are some tips about(/on) learning English. First, don't be afraid to make(/of making) mistakes. You will learn (something)from them(the mistakes that you make). Second, you must not be shy. Be thick-skinned and speak up! Finally, you must be patient. Remember, "Rome wasn't built in a day." Well, Rome does not refer to the city of Rome only, it refers to the Roman empire, that is the great country that Rome built more than 2000 years ago. It was a great empire and of course you can not build anything good or great in just a short time . the Roman Empire [??m?pa?r] 罗马帝国 Empire--this word is spelled e-m-p-i-r-e. Now, I have this question: in what situation will you use this expression "Rome wasn't built in a day "? Please give us an example. Well, let's say that your friend wants to learn how to do something, like typing or swimming, and at first, your friend feels a little discouraged, because it is not easy to learn a new skill, but you tell him: Hey, come on. Rome wasn't built in a day. We want to encourage our friends with this saying. Your friend is learning how to type. He is a little bit discouraged. We can encourage our friends with this saying. 谚语 We say that English is an international language, because English is spoken around the world. Of course, there are more speakers of Mandarin than of English, but English is spoken by more people in more countries than Mandarin is, so, when you travel or do business or study overseas, you can always find English speakers, and English TV programs and English newspapers. In other words, English is a universal/ an international language, that is why we should learn it. Mandarin 普通话，国语Bruce speaks beautiful Mandarin.[?m?nd?r?n] foul language 下流话 Your stay here is just(or only) a waste of time. rewarding a.有（获）益的；值得做的，划算的． Teaching is a very rewarding profession.教书是一种很有价值的职业． Exercise is very rewarding for our health. It pays(/is rewarding) to exercise It is up to you. 随你吧 Well, if Peter asks me: do you want to go to a restaurant first or see a movie first tonight? I might say: it's up to you. Do we go to the movies first or shall we go to a restaurant first? It's up to you .but I know the true answer. He enjoys eating more than anything, let's go to the restaurant first . In our studio[?studio?], we have got a small studio over here and we have only two people here, that's Bruce and me, but Bruce is much too big, we have little room left here. by fits and starts adv.间歇地,断断续续地,一阵一阵地 If you learn English by fits and starts, you’ll get no where. My brother studied accounting by fits and starts, so he failed. If you give me a tip, I’ll give some tips on how to learn English.
经验交流英语(精选多篇) 第一篇：八年级英语经验交流 八年级英语经验交流 作为一名只有四、五年英语教龄的英语教师,英语教学工作对本人来说还需要不断学习、不断实践和完善,今天本人把教学当中的一点体会和收获与在座的各位同仁一起分享。其实,谈不上什么教学经验的交流,只是谈谈平时教学过程中的一些想法和做法。还请在座的同仁们予以批评和指正。 一、农村学校八年级英语学情分析 1.学生学习的习惯 我校学生大多是打工子女和农村子女,他们的家庭环境影响着他们的学习习惯,加之原先英语基础也较弱,这就需要花费大量的时间和精力去提高他们的英语水平。 2.学习方法不灵活 学生学习英语只是死记、死学,有些人存在着为父母学、为老师学的现象较为严重。有些人受社会不良风气的影响,存在着“做
一天和尚撞一天钟”,混到初三就解放,反正上大学出来也找不到工作的想法。 二、教学策略 1.抓好课堂管理,培养良好的英语学习习惯,向课堂40分钟要质量。 (1)上课前要求把上课要用的书、练习册等准备好,并且把与英语无关的东西一律收下去,培养学生的英语学习兴趣。 (2)根据单元知识的内容,利用上课的前10分钟创造一个良好的课堂气氛。如:让学生听唱一些英语歌曲,开展猜谜语游戏,或是一些chant有趣的复习知识型的游戏,活跃课堂气氛,增强英语课堂的趣味性,引发学生的求知欲。 (3)教材的重组(比如八年级上册) unit1 hoatter? unit5 can you come to my party?
unit11 could you please clean your room? (4)如何教学生单词 1)从音标入手,培养学生的拼读能力,如初一,他们的音标学的不好,在初二开学用3～4节课,把系统的音标教完,再教辅音,最后整体拼读,重点教他们如何把握重音。教完了音标之后,在学每个单元之前,用10分钟左右就可以让学生自己看着音标读出来,解决了他们在家不会读,又没人问的现象,也解决了他们遇到单词如何通过字典去学单词的问题。 2)在学新单元前,让学生预习时把本单元书后所列的单词在课文中找出,把汉语意义标在下面,当学到这个单词时教师再进行领读加强记忆。 3)运用英语中的构词法帮助学生利用以前学过的单词来记新单词。比如,常见的 un-(不、非、表示否定) friondly—unfriendly, comfortable—uncomfortable,happy—unhappy;
谈如何改进英语精读教学 随着我国英语教育水平的不断提高，我国高等英语教学目标越来越明确，本科与专科英语教学区别也越来越大，要求也有所不同，现在对专科学生英语学习也有了级别的要求，那就是高职高专英语应用能力考试，因此专科学生英语教学应根据教育部高职高专英语教学大纲做适当的调整。 因此，针对这一教学要求我们教师要有针对性、目的性地调整教学态度、方法，采取高职高专学生乐于接受的、适合高职高专学生水平的英语教学手段，切实提高高职学生的英语综合运用能力。 一、教师要改变一贯的教学态度，转变思想观念 在这里，教师的任务不但是传授英语知识，同时更是学生学习的引导者、兴趣的培养者、学习的督促者、英语学习的组织者、鼓励者、英语学习方法和资源的建议者和英语学习效果的评估者。 1、按照“实用为主，够用为度”的指导思想，做到“够用”。摈弃原来英语教学越多越好，越全越好，越细越好的教学思路，针对学生英语水平，有重点，有难点，而不是面面俱到的备课、准备教学内容。 2、要把重点放在培养学生的英语综合应用能力上来。目前我国为考察高职高专学生英语水平而开设的《高职高专英语应用能力考试》目的就是考察学生听、读、写、译的综合能力。虽然当中没有设置口语的考试，但根据高职高专学生毕业后的就业趋势——他们是生产、建设、管理、服务第一线的高等技术应用型人才，口语也是必须重视的。因此，在教学中应注意把握这一点，合理组织安排精读当中不同部分的教学课时。 二、学生要转变观念，提高课堂参与意识，培养自主学习习惯 1. 提高课堂参与意识。很多学生上课极少发言或者不发言、不回答问题，只是被动的接受教师的输出，这大大降低了学生学习的积极主动性，授课效果大打折扣。要让学生意识到英语综合运用能力是他们今后毕业必然会用到的一种能力，这样才会提高学生课堂参与意识，认真抓住课上任何一个机会，回答教师的提问，锻炼自己的口语，阅读等能力。学生真正参与到课堂活动中来，才能很大程度上改善授课质量，使学生真正成为学习的主人。 2.提高自主学习意识。高职高专英语精读课一般是周四课时，教师讲授居多，在这么少的时间内掌握大量的知识，没有课下的自主学习是达不到教学目标要求的。况且教师不可能跟中学教师一样时刻告诉学生要做什么准备、催促学生要完成布置的作业。因此，只有学生提高自主学习意识，能够自己做好课前的预习准备工作，课后认真完成教师布置的任务，才有可能达到教学目标的要求，才会提高自己的英语水平。 通过提高课堂参与意识，培养自主学习习惯，学生在课堂上就会积极、主动参与课堂教学活动，配合教师，充分发挥学习主体这一角色的作用，活跃课堂气氛，获得好的学习效果。 三、针对高职高专学生特点，改进教学方法和手段 高职高专学生英语基础弱、词汇量少、听、说、读、写、译能力较差，自我约束、控制力差。这些特点决定了过分强调和突出教师的作用，以教师为中心的传统的、“填鸭式”的教学不适合高职高专学生。因此，要切实提高高职高专学生的英语综合运用能力水平，必须改进高职高专英语精读教学方法。 1、英语学习兴趣的培养 作为英语精读教师，大多数人对学生上课的不积极态度都有很深的了解和体会。作为
大学英语 1、要是有更多的钱，我就能在市区买一套公寓了。( with) With more money, I could buy an apartment in downtown. 2、记住一定要复习我们课堂上学过的新单词和词组。(make sure) Make sure that you must review these new words and phrases that you had studied in class. 3、他打量着她的脸，思考着如何告诉她那个消息。( study) Studying her face, he was thinking how to tell her that story. 4、市内交通被暴风雪阻断。( interrupt) The city traffic was interrupted by the snowstorm. 5、你可以帮我递一下那份考卷吗？(do sb. a favor) Can you do me a favor wether you pass that paper to me. 6、虽然老太太一个人住着，但她并不感到孤独。（alone, lonely） Althouth the old lady lives alone, she doesn’t feel lonely. 7、我希望有朝一日能够再见到你。(sometime) I hope I will meet you again sometime. 8、那个正和李教授谈话的人是个著名的艺术家，或类似的身份。( or something) That man who is talking with professor Li is a great artist or something. 9、我们应该充分利用网络资源获取信息。(make use of) We should make good use of the Internet to gain information. 10、他还没有意识到诚信的重要性。(be aware of) He isn’t aware of the importance of honesty. 11、老板进来的时候他假装在看一份重要文件。（pretend） He was pretended to read an important document when the boss came in. 12、警察有责任维护公共秩序和安全。(be responsible for) Police are responsible for the preservation of public order and security. 13、他是唯一穿着正装出席晚会的人，这使他感到很不自在。( out of place) He is the only one that wears formal clothes in the evening party, which makes him out of place. 14、我能有额外的时间来完成这个任务吗？（extra） Can I have extra time to finish the task. 15、这个新方法会帮助你们解决这个难题。（enable） This new method enables you to solve this difficult problem. 16、他不久就要离开了，但我们还没有找到可以替代他的人。(take the place of) He will be leaving soon, but we don’t fi nd a person to take the place of him. 17、那位著名演员在剧中扮演重要角色。（play a …role） The famous actor plays a important role in the play. 18、报纸影响思想潮流。( influence, current) Newspaper influences the current. 19、我以前从未听说过那个名字，他一定是新记者。( hear of ) I haven’t heared of the nam e, he must be a new reporter.
赖世雄中级美语教程41-50课笔记（彩色word版）41. Getting a Tan p.271 Both my brother and I are outgoing people. He as well as I likes being in the sun. It goes without saying, therefore, that we spend a lot of our free time at the beach. We go there to relax as well as to keep fit. To be frank, though, he no less than I enjoys looking at the beautiful "scenery" around the beach. However, if you are anything(强调) like us, we have a piece of advice for you. Don't forget to rub a good amount of sunscreen lotion all over your body. Not only does it protect you from getting skin cancer, but it also helps to keep you nicely tanned(过分做a.). Both my brother and I forgot to do that and now we look like Afro-Americans rather than Chinese. ☆tan tanned/ tanned mongolian 人种 v.晒太阳I like to tan at the beach in summer. n.黄褐色I like to have a tan in summer. The girl lay in the sun to tan her body. 那女孩躺在阳光下将她的身体晒成古铜色． ☆outgoing a.坐不住的,爱外出的easy-going 随和的 ☆What do you do relax on weekends? ☆He as well as I is a student. no less than = as well as以及，都 ☆keep fit 保持健康体魄= remain fit Jogging is a good way to keep fit. ☆to be frank = frankly John hurt Sally’s feelings by being too frank. ☆a lot of scenery 永远不可数scene 风景（可数）breathtaking 扣人心弦的 ☆an advice 错应为：a piece of advice, some advice, a lot of advice advice 不可数 take one’s advice 接受建议 ☆apply=rub 涂，敷，抹suntan lotion = sunscreen lotion Apply medicine to his wound. 在他伤口上涂药。 ☆Never is he quite. = He is never quite. 倒装 ☆Afro-Americans 美国黑人／非裔美国人 42. Roast Beef p.282 My brother, Luke, goes to see his girlfriend, Daisy. D: What on earth happened to you? 你到底／究竟怎么了？ L: Oh, I just had a lazy day at the beach. D: My goodness! You're really burnt. Are you alright? L: Well, yes, but I feel like I've been roasted. D: In that case, let's eat in rather than go out for dinner. L: Up to you. D: What would you like to eat? L: Uh… D: How about your favorite: roast beef?
最牛英语口语培训模式：躺在家里练口语，全程外教一对一，三个月畅谈无阻！ 洛基英语，免费体验全部在线一对一课程：https://www.doczj.com/doc/227878642.html,/ielts/xd.html（报名网址） Passage Nine (The Continuity of the Religious Struggle in Britain) Though England was on the whole prosperous and hopeful, though by comparison with her neighbors she enjoyed internal peace, she could not evade the fact that the world of which she formed a part was torn by hatred and strife as fierce as any in human history. Men were still for from recognizing that two religions could exist side by side in the same society; they believed that the toleration of another religion different from their own. And hence necessarily false, must inevitably destroy such a society and bring the souls of all its members into danger of hell. So the struggle went on with increasing fury within each nation to impose a single creed upon every subject, and within the general society of Christendom to impose it upon every nation. In England the Reformers, or Protestants, aided by the power of the Crown, had at this stage triumphed, but over Europe as a whole Rome was beginning to recover some of the ground it had lost after Martin Luther’s revolt in the earlier part of the century. It did this in two ways, by the activities of its missionaries, as in parts of Germany, or by the military might of the Catholic Powers, as in the Low Countries, where the Dutch provinces were sometimes near their last extremity under the pressure of Spanish arms. Against England, the most important of all the Protestant nations to reconquer, military might was not yet possible because the Catholic Powers were too occupied and divided: and so, in the 1570’s Rome bent her efforts, as she had done a thousand years before in the days of Saint Augustine, to win England back by means of her missionaries. These were young Englishmen who had either never given up the old faith, or having done so, had returned to it and felt called to become priests. There being, of course, no Catholic seminaries left in England, they went abroad, at first quite easily, later with difficulty and danger, to study in the English colleges at Douai or Rome: the former established for the training of ordinary or secular clergy, the other for the member of the Society of Jesus, commonly known as Jesuits, a new Order established by St, Ignatius Loyola same thirty years before. The seculars came first; they achieved a success which even the most eager could hardly have expected. Cool-minded and well-informed men, like Cecil, had long surmised that the conversion of the English people to Protestantism was for from complete; many—Cecil thought even the majority—had conformed out of fear, self-interest or—possibly the commonest reason of all—sheer bewilderment at the rapid changes in doctrine and forms of worship imposed on them in so short a time. Thus it happened that the missionaries found a welcome, not only with the families who had secretly offered them hospitality if they came, but with many others whom their first hosts invited to meet them or passed them on to. They would land at the ports in disguise, as merchants, courtiers or what not, professing some plausible business in the country, and make by devious may for their first house of refuge. There they would administer the Sacraments and preach to the house holds and to such of the neighbors as their hosts trusted and presently go on to some other locality to which they were directed or from which they
UNIT 1 As we are at the start of the course, this seems a good moment to offer some advice on how to make the task of learning English easier. 课程开始之际，就如何使学习英语的任务更容易提出一些建议似乎正当其时。 Some Strategies for Learning English Learning English is by no means easy. It takes great diligence and prolonged effort. 学习英语绝非易事。它需要刻苦和长期努力。 Nevertheless, while you cannot expect to gain a good command of English without sustained hard work, there are various helpful learning strategies you can employ to make the task easier. Here are some of them. 虽然不经过持续的刻苦努力便不能期望精通英语，然而还是有各种有用的学习策略可以用来使这一任务变得容易一些。以下便是其中的几种。 1. Do not treat all new words in exactly the same way. Have you ever complained about your memory because you find it simply impossible to memorize all the new words you are learning? But, in fact, it is not your memory that is at fault. If you cram your head with too many new words at a time, some of them are bound to be crowded out. What you need to do is to deal with new words in different ways according to how frequently they occur in everyday use. While active words demand constant practice and useful words must be committed to memory, words that do not often occur in everyday situations require just a nodding acquaintance. You will find concentrating on active and useful words the most effective route to enlarging your vocabulary. 1. 不要以完全同样的方式对待所有的生词。你可曾因为简直无法记住所学的所有生词而抱怨自己的记忆力太差？其实，责任并不在你的记忆力。如果你一下子把太多的生词塞进头脑，必定有一些生词会被挤出来。你需要做的是根据生词日常使用的频率以不同的方式对待它们。积极词汇需要经常练习，有用的词汇必须牢记，而在日常情况下不常出现的词只需见到时认识即可。你会发现把注意力集中于积极有用的词上是扩大词汇量最有效的途径。 2. Watch out for idiomatic ways of saying things. Have you ever wondered why we say, "I am interested in English", but "I am good at French"? And have you ever asked yourself why native English speakers say, "learn the news or secret", but "learn of someone's success or arrival"? These are all examples of idiomatic usage. In learning English, you must pay attention not only to the meaning of a word, but also to the way native speakers use it in their daily lives. 2．密切注意地道的表达方式。你可曾纳闷过，为什么我们说“我对英语感兴趣”是“I'm interested in English”，而说“我精于法语”则是“I'm good at French”？你可曾问过自己，为什么以英语为母语的人说“获悉消息或秘密”是“learn the news or secret”，而“获悉某
Lesson 7 Doctor Death Whether very sick people should be helped to end their own lives is a question many people cannot answer. However, Dr.Kevorkian is an exception. That he has done this more than twenty times is known to everyone. Some say what he is doing is immoral. They call him Doctor Death. Others say what he is doing is merciful. They call it mercy killing. Whether Dr.Kevorkian should be allowed to continue doing this is a real problem for the government. There seem to be two sides to the argument. Which side are you on? spooky 幽灵般的Halloween 万圣节 to end one's own life = to put an end to one's own life When the movie came to an end, many people were crying. 结束 I helped Mother wash(do) the dishes last night. Every rule has its exception. = There is an exception to every rule. With an exception .... inconvenient 不方便不说：Are you convenient? 而说：Are you free? That he doesn't study makes me angry. 名词从句that 不能省 mercy killing 安乐死 One is known by company he keeps. 观其友，知其人 讲解： P: Are we talking here or do we have any purposes on the air? B: Well, yes, we do. We are trying to teach our students how to read and understand by listening these English lessons. P: So we are not simply chatting. In fact, we do have a plan over here. That is we want to acquaint our students with more of English. B: Our plan is to teach English. P: Doctor death It sounds spooky. B: It certainly does. Well, in the United Stated, Halloween is a spooky night. P: Following is an article, and has a title here "Doctor death". This article sounds a little spooky, but we will find out about this. So we'd like have Bruce read this article for us first. Whether very sick people should be helped to end their own lives is a question many people cannot answer. Whether we should help very sick people end their own lives. B: I help Mother to wash the dishes last night.
大学英语精读课的教学心得 本学期本人任教一年级大学英语课程，工作中自觉遵守教学规律，贯彻党的教育方针，以身作则，教书育人。关注本学科及相关的学术发展动态，刻苦钻研，努力提高自身业务水平，坚持学习，与同事进行交流合作，积极参加科组教研活动，例如到深圳职业技术学院参观学习，学院第二英语角活动，主动提出意见建议，促进教学教改。关心学院发展与建设，服从工作安排，遵守各规章纪律，保持全勤，参与学院的集体活动。以下是本人的几点教学心得： 我们的学生在中学阶段已经掌握了较系统的语法知识，故目前在教学中重点是提高学生的阅读理解能力，进而培养学生的书面表达能力。据学生反映，他们的难题主要是单词和课文内容。相应的教学方法是： 一、单独讲解单词。如果只是简单地解释词性、意思、词组，然后做翻译练习，不免显得枯燥，而且学生很难整节课都集中注意力，因而达不到良好教学效果。本人采用的方法是尽量地把本课单词有机地串联起来，帮助学生形成一种记忆链条，并且给他们定一个目标：Try to put everything in mind instead of on the notebook！例如，在这个单元中，主要探讨科学的发展及其对我们生活的影响。上课的时候，首先从手机（mobile phone）展开话题，由其体积大小、价格的变化，引出技术发展两个新词：technology，develop，（development），继而是技术发展的动力之一“竞争”（competition），而当今的竞争是激烈的（severe）、“全球性的”（global），创造力（inventiveness）、自创精神（initiative）尤为重要，接下来讨论科技发展（technology development）对我们日常生活的影响或关联（relevance）。到此，让学生尝试用几句话把这些词串连起来：Technology develops at a rapid rate nowadays. Anyway, the rapid development has been brought about by the force of competition, which is severe and global, and needs initiative. Does the development have any relevance to our daily life? Sure. Ten years ago, it was impossible for a student to have a mobile phone. 在讲解完一组相关的词后，让学生做课本的选词填空练习，巩固对单词词义的理解和掌握正确用法。其次，以游戏的方式练习词汇。由一或两名学生背对黑板，教师写上词或词组，全班同学给提示直到他们猜出词语。这样既活跃课堂又使学生有机会练习口头表达能力，也可锻炼当众表演的胆量。例如，dream一词，提示有：something in your mind when you sleep, sometimes it is true, sometimes it is imagination, people may appear, animal may also come into sight, you might be happy, might be frightened, even in horror……大量旧词汇得到复习。 二、课文讲解。由于课是两节或三节连堂，如果按照传统的语言点、加语法、再加句子分析翻译，学生很难完全接受。较可行的方法是分成三部分。第一，先完成整篇的理解性问题，课本的“content question”，让学生了解课文大概。第二，语言点、语法结构讲解，分段落完成。学生们逐段阅读，留一定时间给他们提问，然后就学生忽视的内容个别提问、再总结，形成教与学的互动，促使学生思考。第三，完成第一、第二阶段的教学后，再分析整篇文章的结构，每部分的main ideas，总结全文观点。让学生练习表达能力。同时回顾一些重要的细节或段落、句子，构成完整的篇章学习。部份故事性趣味性强的文章，采用分组表演，促进学生团对合作。很受欢迎。 三、课后练习：时间充裕的话，可让学生在课堂完成，再评讲，或者布置为家庭作业，课堂评讲。这也可作为语法、语言点的练习与复习。尽量运用本单元新学的知识，再与先前所掌握的作比较。 四、随堂测验。每讲完一小单元，如单词、语法或语言点之后，用十分钟左右进行随堂测验，可用口头或书面形式。可深化学生的记忆，达到良好的教学效果。 五、作业批改。学生首先关注的是分数，往往忽视错误部分，故批改时只圈出错的地方，学生自己改正后再上交，然后针对个别辅导。真正巩固知识。 以上是本人的教学心得。在今后的工作中，本人将继续努力，不断提高教学水平，高质量完成教学任务。