大学四级模拟1168
Part Ⅰ Writing
1、Your composition should be no less than 120 words. Remember to write it neatly.
假设你是李文，请你就学校假期的安排给教育部部长写一封信，向他建议将学校传统的长假调整为几次短假并陈述相关的原因，比如：学习时间过长可能引起过度疲劳，而放假过长则可能导致浪费时间等等。
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)
Health Care and Epidemics (流行病)
Everyone suffers from disease at some time or another. However, millions of people around the world do not have good health
care. Sometimes they have no money to pay for medical treatment. Sometimes they have money, but there is no doctor. Sometimes the doctor does not know how to treat the disease, and sometimes there is no treatment. Some people are afraid of doctors. When these conditions are present in large population centers, epidemics can start.
Epidemics can change history. Explorations and wars cause different groups of people to come into contact with other. They carry strange disease to each other. For example, when the Europeans first came to North and South America, they brought diseases with them that killed about 95 percent of the Native American population. People are very afraid of unknown things, especially
diseases. People have all kinds of ideas about how to prevent and treat disease. Some people think that if you eat lots of onions or garlic, you won' t get sick. Others say you should take huge amounts of vitamins. Scientific experiments have not proved most of these theories. However, people still spend millions of dollars on vitamins and other probably useless treatments or preventatives. Some people want antibiotics whenever they get sick. Some antibiotics are very expensive. Much of this money is wasted because some diseases are caused by a virus. Viruses are even smaller than bacteria, and they cause different kinds of diseases. Antibiotics are useless against viruses.
Because of their fear, people can be cruel to victims of disease. Sometimes they fire them from their jobs, throw them out of their apartments, and refuse them transportation services.
In the plague (瘟疫) epidemics a few hundred years ago, people simply covered the doors and windows of the victim' s houses and left them to die inside, all in an effort to protect themselves from getting
sick.
Doctors know how most epidemic diseases spread. Some, like tuberculosis, are spread when people' s sneeze (喷嚏) sends the bacteria shooting out into the air. Then they enter the mouth or nose of anyone nearby.
Others are spread through human contact, such as on the hands. When you are sick and blow your nose, you get viruses or bacteria on your hands. Then you touch another person' s hand, and when that person touches his or her mouth, nose, or eyes, the disease enters
the body. Some diseases spread when people touch the same dishes, towels, and furniture. You can pick up a disease when you touch
things in public buildings.
Other diseases are spread through insects such as flies, mosquitoes, and ticks.
One disease that causes frequent, worldwide epidemics is influenza, or flu for short. The symptoms (症状) of influenza include headache and sometimes a runny nose. Some victims get sick to their stomachs. These symptoms are similar to symptoms of other, milder diseases. Influenza can be a much more serious disease, especially for pregnant women, people over sixty-five, and people already suffering from another disease, such as heart problems. About half of all flu patients have a high body temperature, called a fever. Flu is very contagious. One person catches the flu from another person; it
doesn't begin inside the body as heart disease does.
Sometimes medicine can relieve the symptoms. That is, it can make
a person cough less, make headaches less intense, and stop noses from running for a while. However, medicine can ' t always cure the disease. So far, there is no cure for many diseases and no medicine
to prevent them. People have to try to prevent them in other ways.
Some diseases can be prevented by vaccination (接种疫苗). A liquid vaccine is injected into the arm or taken by mouth and the person is safe from catching that disease. Other diseases can be prevented by good health habits, such as drinking only clean water, boiling water that might carry disease,, and washing the 'hands often.
Epidemics usually start in areas of large population. Poor people in big cities who live crowded together in miserable conditions have the most health problems. They often have the least education about disease prevention. For example, it is difficult for a person who has no electricity to refrigerate food or boil drinking water. With no money, the person can' t even buy soap to wash his or her hands.
Disease prevention costs much less than disease treatment. It seems completely illogical, but some countries like the United States spend much more health-care money on treatment for diseases than on programs to prevent disease in the first place. Most doctors and
other hospital workers stay in their institutions. Only a few doctors go out into the streets of the poor areas to educate the people. Only a few doctors and some nurses vaccinate people and supervise them to make sure they take their medicine. Most people who help the poor people with their health problems are volunteers.
How can you use all this information for your own good health? When someone you know becomes ill, try to avoid physical contact with that person. If you get sick yourself, keep your towel and dishes separate from everyone else' s. Try not to touch things that belong to others. Don' t touch other people, and don' t shake
hands. Explain why, however--you don' t want people to think you are impolite. Wash your hands often if you are ill or if anyone around you is ill.
Researchers continue searching for a way to cure or prevent epidemic diseases. Meanwhile, it is worth the money for governments to provide preventative health care for all of their people. Preventing epidemics is much cheaper than stopping them after they have started and thousands of people are ill.
1、This passage is mainly about how epidemics spread and how to prevent in advance.
2、When there are no efficient doctors in large population centers, epidemics start.
3、Antibiotics have no effect on diseases caused by viruses.
4、In the past, epidemics spread much faster than at present.
5、The symptoms of influenza are quite similar to those of other more serious diseases.
6、People in remote areas who live in miserable conditions have the most health problems.
7、The United States spend much more money on programs to prevent diseases than on treatment for diseases.
8、Besides pregnant women, people over sixty-five, Influenza can be an especially serious disease for people ____________________.
9、Epidemic diseases usually spread through people's sneeze, human contact, and ____________________.
10、Diseases can be prevented by means of vaccination or
____________________.
Part Ⅲ Listening Comprehension
Section A
11、 A) Where was the massage left. B) What the person said about Margaret.
C) When the message was left. D) What information the person left.
12、 A) She's probably been in and out all week. B) She is probably not here on Sunday.
C) She has probably no free time this week. D) She has probably tried to call.
13、 A) Check if the status of the television is ready.
B) Help the woman buy a new television before Friday.
C) Fix the woman's television.
D) Order a new television for the woman.
14、 A) The movie did not get any reviews.
B) The movie was worth the price.
C) It's a pity the woman didn't watch the movie.
D) He agrees with the woman about the movie.
15、 A) He was preparing for next week's exam. B) He wishes he could go to the movie.
C) He didn't like watching movies. D) He has seen the movie before.
16、 A) She is a chemist and has to do lots of experiments.
B) He must be extremely careful.
C) He is very careless during the experiment.
D) She doesn't think the man is right.
17、 A) The man should buy a meal ticket every month.
B) Paying each meal separately will save lots of money.
C) Buying the meal ticket won't save the man money.
D) The price of each meal is different.
18、 A) She will help him make the model. B) She completed her model quickly.
C) She is very smart and clever. D) She thinks he can also finish it quickly.
16、 A) Her mild temper. B) Her broad knowledge.
C) Her teaching style. D) Her detailed answers.
17、 A) Enter the stock market instead of investing in clothing.
B) Move to another residence from Wall Street.
C) Transfer his investment to the Chinese stock market.
D) Share his money-making experience with other marketers.
18、 A) Sign his name for the fan. B) Fill in an application form.
C) Exchange gifts with his friends. D) Get a purchase refunded.
19、 [A] He is a teacher of English in Cambridge.
[B] He is a specialist in computer science.
[C] He is a consultant to a Scottish company.
[D] He is a British tourist to China.
20、[A] 22℃.
[B] 23℃.
[C] 25℃.
[D] 34℃.
21、 [A] With an English family.
[B] In a flat near the college.
[C] With a language teacher.
[D] In a student dormitory.
22、 [A] Certain things cannot be learned from books.
[B] Foreign students had better live on campus.
[C] Choice of where to live varies from person to person.
[D] British families usually welcome foreign students.
Section B
26、 A) How to improve transportation.
B) The best transportation facilities.
C) A comparison between railway and airplane.
D) Transportation in China.
27、 A) Not comfortable. B) Rather crowded and slow.
C) Interval is long. D) Cannot reach suburban areas.
28、 A) By buses. B) By private cars. C) By
rail. D) By air.
30、 A) It's economical. B) It helps build relations with others.
C) It's safe and convenient. D) It's quite an experience.
31、 A) They should devote time to their housekeeping. B) They should behave themselves in study.
C) They should deal with the sanitary work. D) They should obey relevant regulations.
32、 A) Students are not free to choose roommates. B) Students may have to furnish their own apartments.
C) Living off campus is not as good as living on campus. D) Living off campus may be a bit expensive.
30、 A) A short presentation clearly delivered. B) A package of ideas formally presented.
C) A clever use of visual aids in presentation. D) A natural and spontaneous style of speech.
31、 A) The skillful use of gestures and facial expressions.
B) Differences in style between writing and speaking.
C) The importance of preparation.
D) Different preferences of audiences.
32、 A) The key to becoming a good speaker.
B) The increasing importance of public speaking.
C) The significance of cross-cultural communication.
D) The differences between American and Asian cultures.
29、 A) Studying yoga. B) Adult education.
C) Playing tennis. D) The search for physical fitness.
30、 A) The job market. B) Their former
schools.
C) Good schools. D) The local high school or colleges.
31、 A) Because they want to return to the job market.
B) Because they want to learn something new.
C) Because they want to make up for the education they missed.
D) Because they want to prove themselves to be useful.
Section C
What was the most popular mix about the United States in the 19th century was that of the free and simple life of the farmer. It was said that the farmers worked hard on their own land
to (36) whatever their families' needed. They might sometimes trade with their neighbors, but in general they could get along just fine
by relying on themselves, not on (37) ties with others. This is how Thomas Jefferson (38) the farmers at the beginning of the 19th century. And at that time, this may have been close to the truth especially on the (39) . But by the mid century sweeping changes
in (40) were well under way as farmers began to specialize in the raising of crops such as cotton or corn or wheat. By late in the century (41) inventions in farm (42) has vastly increased the production of specialized crops and (43) network of railroads had linked farmers throughout the country to market in the east and even overseas. By raising and selling specialized crops, (44) . Now farmers were no longer dependent just on the weather and their own efforts, (45) .As businessmen, farmers now had to (46) And so by the end of the 19th century, the era of Jefferson's independent
farmer had come to a close.
Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)
Section A
Mass travel is just that —travel for the masses. Over 600 hundred million people will fly, drive, sail or go by train to a foreign destination this year.
Global earnings from tourism this year will exceed ＄ 450 billion. Within the next fifteen years, the tourism business is expected to expand fourfold and to generate receipts in excess of ＄ 1.5 trillion, according to the World Travel Organization. Add in other types of travel, such as business, to recreational travel and you have an industry that is worth perhaps double that amount —and employs more than 200 million people worldwide.
Nowhere is exempt(免除)from this explosion of movement. From the
most remote island in the Pacific to the deepest valley in the Himalayas and the driest areas of Sahara, tourism is leaving its mark. Toilets for tourists are now provided at base camps on the slopes of Mount Qomolangma. Special landing craft fan out from luxury ships to explore the most remote beaches in the Galapagos Island.
Europe remains the motor of this industry, although its old dominance is slipping in the face of Asian competition. Today,60% of all tourist arrivals are in Europe, (down from 69% in 1975), and receipts for tourism at ＄ 214 billion are more than three times higher than those in the US (＄ 64 billion). No fewer than one in
five tourists (120 million 1997) go to the Mediterranean alone.
Tourism is a mixed blessing. Tourism generates wealth, employment —and enjoyment, at least, for the tourists, However, it has its downside, too. Environmentalists who wish to protect the world's beauty spots, peasants in developing countries forced off their land
to make room for tourists' golf courses, governments worried about "moral pollution" are just a few of those uneasy at the sudden and startling democratization of travel. Nor should we forget exhausted
air traffic controllers, coping with greatly increased numbers of aircraft queuing to take off and land.
47、The World Travel Organization predicts that the tourism
business______.
48、Tourism industry______ for 200 million people worldwide.
49、The explosion of movement refers to______.
50、Why is tourism a mixed blessing?
51、The environmentalists who are against the fast expansion of tourism may think______.
Impressionism is a form of art that began in the 1870's. When
you look closely at an impressionist painting, you see little dots of different colored paints. When you move away from the picture, the dots of colors blend together and the painting looks like it has
light playing on the people and objects in the picture. Impressionist art is different from traditional art. Traditional painters were interested in the form of objects. The impressionists were interested in light and color. The impressionist painters wanted to paint
natural light that was lively and bright. They tried to express the feeling of pure sunshine in their paintings. When traditional
artists mixed paints, they could not create the feeling of bright, natural light. Therefore, instead of mixing colors, the
impressionists used small dots of pure colors. The viewers'eyes put these unmixed colors together the same way they add color in light together. When you look at an impressionist painting, it feels the same as when you look at an object in lively, natural sunlight.
Traditional painters worked inside. Impressionist painters worked outside because they wanted to paint the effect of sunlight on objects. Monet, for example, made a series of paintings of a haystack (干草堆). Every morning he went to a field with eight or ten paintings. All day, he sat in front of a haystack painting. Every hour he worked on a different picture. All of these paintings are pictures of the haystack, but they do not look the same. Monet made his paintings directly from the changing of nature, especially from different hours of sunlight. His study of the haystack is an hour-by-hour record of the artistry of light.
Questions:
47、Why are there many dots on an impressionist painting?
________________________.
48、If an impressionist painter draws an apple, what part of the apple will attract the painter's attention most?
________________________.
49、What do traditional painters fail to do?
________________________.
50、By saying that traditional painters worked inside, we can conclude that they. ignore
________________________.
51、Why did Monet work on a different picture every hour?
________________________.
Section B
Passage One
Going online is a favorite pastime for millions of American children. Almost 10 million (14 percent) of America's 69 million children are online. The Internet both entertains and educates children, however, there are some possible negative consequences for children who access kid-based Web sites. Advertising on kid-based Web sites has become both a rapidly growing market for consumer companies and a concern for parents. With a click on an icon, children can link to advertisers and be granted tremendous spending power. Children are
an important target group for consumer companies. Children under age 12 spent ＄14 billion, teenagers another ＄67 billion, and together they influenced＄160 billion of their parents' incomes.
Many critics question the appropriateness of targeting children in Internet advertising and press to require that children be treated as a "special case" by advertisers. Because children lack the analytical abilities and judgment of adults, they may be unable to evaluate the accuracy of information they view, or understand that the information they provide to advertisers is really just data collected by an advertiser. Children generally lack the ability to give consent to
the release of personal information to an advertiser, an even greater problem for children when they are offered incentives for providing personal information, or when personal information is required before they are allowed to register for various services. Children may not realize that in many cases these characters provide hotlinks directly to advertising sites.
The Internet does present some challenges for advertisers who want to be ethical in their marketing practices. Many advertisers argue
that we underestimate the levels of media awareness shown by children. By the age of seven or eight most children can recognize an advertisement and know that its purpose is to sell something and are able to make judgments about the products shown in advertisements. However, this somewhat optimistic and decidedly libertarian view of children runs aground when we realise that they are (like a
surprising number of adults) unable to judge accurately between entertainment and advertising. Adults can fend for themselves but, as marketers, we should be explicit about our purpose when advertising
to children on the Internet.
57、According to the first paragraph, children as an Internet market target group ______.
A) are using it at an earlier and earlier age
B) are overtaking the adult market due to their spending power
C) are growing at an incredible rate
D) have created a growing advertising market
58、Targeting children for advertising is controversial because children ______.
A) can't understand the information provided in the
advertisements
B) often give off information that may be dangerous to them
C) are unable to give consent since they are too young
D) are not ready to evaluate advertisements in terms of accuracy
59、Many advertisers defend the targeting of children because ______.
A) it is up to parents to monitor their children
B) children understand what an advertisement is trying to do
C) children are provided a game in return for the information
D) no actual sales take place
60、One reason that children are unable to resist giving personal information on the Intemet is ______.
A) it is presented in connection with entertainment
B) they do not know that the information is going to be read by someone
C) they feel they must follow an adult's orders
D) due to their inability to distinguish an advertisement from a non-advertisement
61、In the text the author wants his marketers to understand that
______.
A) advertising to children must stop
B) a libertarian view in advertising is unethical
C) advertising to children must have a clear purpose
D) children must be treated differently when advertising
Passage Two
As Ford Motor's board of directors gathered rd hold its quarterly meeting Thursday, speculation was growing that the world's No. 2 automaker was prepared to acquire the automotive operations of Sweden's Volvo. Merger (合并) speculation that has been widespread throughout the industry for months has focused on a possible Volvo-Ford linkup since a report last week that Volvo had hired a Wall Street investment bank m explore a possible sale.
Ford's board meeting was to be held in Dearborn, the Detroit suburb where Ford is headquartered. Chief spokesman Vaughn Koshkarian declined to comment on the agen0a or the Volvo rumors. President Jac Nasser, speaking at an industry conference Tuesday night, also declined to say where Ford was negotiating with Volvo. But Nasser again said Ford was open to using its more than $20billion cash reserve to expand the company's global reach.
Last year's acquisition of Chrysler by Daimler-Benz led to a panic of talks among automakers looking to strengthen their position in an industry beset (困扰) with too much production capacity worldwide. The conventional wisdom is that smaller automakers will be ill-equipped to compete in the 21st century as the industry becomes dominated by several international automakers.
Volvo, one of the world's smaller automakers, produces less than
500,000 vehicles annually. Last year it sold 100,227 cars in the United States, one of its largest markets. Ford reportedly has been courting Nissan Motor which is in debt as well, and turned down an offer last month for a 20% share in the Japanese automaker. Ford also lost in bidding late last year for financially troubled Kia Motors of Korea.
Analysts (分析家) say Ford and Volvo arc a better fit. "The Volvo thing is more practical than anything else," said analyst David Healy of Burnham Securities. "Ford, which is becoming good at cost-
effectively developing a variety of very different cars with the same basic chassis (底盘) and major parts, could help Volvo expand its product line," Girsky said. "If you could bring a premium price," he said, "Ford has similarly expanded Jaguar's vehicle line since it bought the British Luxury automaker in 1989."
Girsky, however, does not expect Ford to overbid for Volvo. "They had every opportunity in the world to buy Kia Motors and they walked away from it because the price got too high," he said. "I don't think Ford needs Volvo; it would be nice to have Volvo, but only at the
right price."
62、 The widespread concern over the possible merger is caused by
______.
A) the Thursday board meeting of Ford Motor
B) a report about Volvo's exploration of a sale
C) the unfriendly relationship between Ford and Volvo
D) the stock changes in Wall Street investment bank
63、 From the second paragraph, we can know that ______.
A) Ford has no intention to acquire Sweden's Volvo
B) Ford is actively preparing for the merger with Volvo
C) Ford is negotiating detailed terms of the merger with Volvo
D) Ford has made economic preparation for possible acquisitions
64、 Which of the following is TRUE about Ford?
A) Its last year's acquisition of Chrysler led to a panic of talks.
B) It is planning to acquire British luxury automaker Jaguar.
C) It has acquired Nissan by constantly paying debt for Nissan.
D) It has failed in acquiring financially troubled Kia of Korea.
65、 What is the analyst's suggestion to Ford about the possible merger?
A) To give a higher bid in order to avoid such failures as before.
B) lb acquire as many automakers as possible to expand production.
C) To develop newly acquired auto lines the way Ford did with
Jaguar.
D) To develop lower price by cutting down the cost effectively.
66、 What does Girsky think about Ford's possible merger with Volvo?
A) Practical at an appropriate cost. B) Impossible
due to the high price.
C) Necessary at all cost. D) Unwise regardless of the cost.
Part Ⅴ Cloze
He always (62) early to enjoy at least two hours of solitude in the house and garden before the (63) of the family came down. In winter he spent most of the time (64) . In summer he liked to get out of doors to work in the kitchen garden or to take the
dog (65) a walk in the neighboring woods and fields. (66) the weather, there was plenty to occupy him. (67) he was a creature of habit, there seemed (68) an infinite variety in his pursuits. He wrote book reviews regularly for two of the (69) weeklies. He worked conscientiously (70) his special subject, Indian history,
and was (71) one of the world (72) on it; he collected modem abstract paintings and so had a (73) of friends amongst artists and sculptors; there was (74) anything he did not know about traditional jazz and he often entertained (75) British and American jazz musicians. He was a superb cook and knew a lot about French and German food. His family adored him and in a (76) he was spoiled by them. At first glance you would have (77) him for a retired army officer—his hearing was (78) , his hair was cut short, he was fussy about his clothes, which were always neat, clean and conventional. He liked to keep (79) , and this was reflected in his dear, steady blue eyes and (80) suntanned complexion. He hardly
ever watched TV, but enjoyed a good film and an (81) evening at the theatre.
62、A) rose B) raised C) arose D) awoke
63、A) other B) another C)
rest D) others
64、A) read and write B) reading and writing C) read and
wrote D) to read and to write
65、A) for B) to C) with D) on
66、A) No matter B) In spite of C)
Whatever D) Whenever
67、A) Because B) As C)
So D) Although
68、A) to be B) being C) having D) to have
69、A) country B) home C)
domestic D) national
70、A) about B) on C) for D) at
71、A) thus B) then C) as D) if
72、A) righters B) privilegers C)
authorities D) experts
73、A) ring B) round C) around D) circle
74、A) almost B) nearly C) hard D) hardly
75、A) either B) as C)
both D) between
76、A) sense B) word C) matter D) way
77、A) made B) taken C)
considered D) regarded
78、A) right B) erect C) direct D) straight
79、A) body B) fit C) weight D) good
80、A) health B) serious C) healthy D) strong
81、A) occasion B) occasional C)
occasionally D) always
Part Ⅵ Translation
73、The crime rate in an area is almost always ______ (与…成正比) the number of unemployed.
85、He said firmly that he would _______________(自己作决定) in marriage.
86、____________________.(医生告诉他不要吸烟), Mr Smith carried neither matches nor cigarettes.
87、 Cancer is ______(仅次于) heart disease as a cause of death.
91、Teenagers who ______________________ (中学辍学) have trouble finding jobs in the future.
答案:
Par t Ⅰ Writing
1、[作文范文]
A Letter to the Minister of Education
Dear Minister of Education,
I am a college student and I would like to suggest that students should be given several shorter breaks throughout the year instead of the traditional long vacation. In my opinion, it would be better for students to have more short vacations. The reasons why I am in favor of it are as follows.
First students must work very hard at their studies. If they work for too long without a break, they may become overtired and discouraged. They may lose their enthusiasm for learning. Second, a very long vacation is not necessary. Students can recharge their energy in a few days rather than weeks.
Furthermore, many students do not use a long vacation wisely and just waste their time instead of doing something meaningful. And last but not the least, vacations give students time to explore other interests and perhaps apply what they have been learning to the real world, If they always focus on their studies, they may lose touch with what is happening in their society.
In conclusion, I believe that students today would benefit more from several short vacations than they do from two long ones.
I do hope you can take my suggestion into consideration and make a final wise decision.
Yours faithfully,
Li Wen
[审题] 本文为议论文。属“说明原因型”模式。根据所给标题和情景，可以确定本文是围绕“将长假调整为几次短假”的话题展开。
[写作提示] 第一段先阐明自己的观点，希望学校将长假调整为几次短假。第二段介绍学生们希望如此的几点原因。第三段提出作者的个人看法，并加以总结为将长假调整为几次短假将会更有益处。最后是表示衷心希望教育部部长能采纳这个建议，以结束行文。
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)
1、
文章前半部分对流行病传染方式进行了介绍，后半部分则对如何进行预防进行了探讨。故综合文章各部分内容可判断本题为[Y]。
2、
这是对流行病如何发生的问题的表述，应该位于文章开篇的位置。根据第一段最后一句When these conditions are present in large population centers，epidemics can start可知造成流行病发生的条件不止no efficient doctors这一条，故答案为[N]。
3、
这是对抗生素作用的表述，故可定位于第三段。根据第三段最后一句Antibiotics are useless against viruses可判断本题为[Y]。
4、NG
文章没有把过去与现在流行病传播的情况进行对比。
5、
这是关于流感症状的描述，故可定位于第八段。根据第八段第四句“These symptoms are similar to symptoms of other，milder diseases．”可判断本题为[N]。
6、
这是对流行病盛行地区的表述，故可定位于第十一段。根据第十一段第二句“Poor people in big cities who live crowded together in miserable conditions have the most health problems．”可判断本题为[N]。
7、
这是对美国预防传染病的措施和投入的描述，故可定位于第十二段。根据第十二段第二句后半部分the United States spend much more health-care money on treatment for diseases than on programs to prevent disease
in the first place可判断本题为[N]。
8、already suffering from another disease
这是对流感易受感染的人群的描述，故可定位于第八段。根据第八段第五句
Influenza can be a much more serious disease，especially for pregnant women，people over sixty-five，and people already suffering from another disease可知本题答案为already suffering from another disease。
9、insects
这是对流行病传染途径的表述，故可定位于第七段。根据第七段“Other diseases are spread through insects such as flies，mosquitoes，and ticks．”可知本题答案为insects。
10、good heath habits
这是对流行病预防方式的表述，故可定位于文章后半部分。根据第十段第三句Other diseases can be prevented by good health habits可知答案为good health habits。
Part Ⅲ Listening Comprehension
Section A
11、D
[听力原文]
M: Someone just called asking for Margaret.
W: Didn't the person leave any message?
Q: What does the woman want to know?
[有备而战]从题目选项所给核心名词message，Margaret，information可以推测，该题可能考查与Margaret有关的信息，听音过程中应该有所侧重。
[答案详解]对话中，男士告诉女士说刚才有人打电话找Margaret，而女士则问
有没有留下口信，言下之意是说电话没找到人应该留下口信的，故可推测出正
确答案。B)、D)项为干扰项； C)项错误，女士还不知道打电话的人是否留下口信，故不可能问什么时候留下了口信。
12、D
[听力原文]
W: I don't know why we haven't heard anything from Jane about Sunday. M: We've been in and out all week. Maybe we should try calling her. Q: What does the man say about Jane?
[有备而战]从题目选项所给核心词汇she，probably，this week，Sunday可以推测，该题可能考查女士的某种行为，且这种行为与时间有关，听音过程中应
该加以仔细辨析。
[答案详解]对话中，女士说“我不知道为什么我们没有从Jane那里听到关于礼拜天安排的事情”。男士则说“我们这周一直在外面”，并说“或许我们可以
主动打电话给她”。他言外之意就是“因为我们一周都在外，有可能Jane打过电话而我们不在家没有接到”，故可推测出正确答案。词组in and out意思为“进进出出”。
13、C
[听力原文]
W: I'm calling to check on the status of my TV.
M: Well, the new parts have just come in so it should be ready by Friday.
Q: What will the man do possibly?
[有备而战]从题目选项核心名词television，woman以及核心动词check，buy，fix，order可以得知，该女士与电视有关，而至于该电视是检查、买、修理等
很难确定，听音过程中应该侧重这方面。
[答案详解]对话中，女士打电话来核实自己电视的情况，而男士回答说新的零
部件已经来了，并说周五之前电视就可以修好，故可以得知女士把电视放在了
维修部，而该男子则可能就是替她维修的工作人员，故可推测出正确答案。
part在此意思为“零部件”。
14、D
[听力原文]
W: That movie was awful. And yet it got such great reviews.
M: It was hardly worth the price of admission.
Q: What does the man imply?
[有备而战]从题目选项核心词汇movie，reviews，agrees with可以推测，该
题考查的内容与电影有关，至于对电影看法如何尚不知道，听音过程中应该侧
重该方面。
[答案详解]对话中，女士说电影糟糕极了，但却赢得了好评。男士则回答说电
影不值这个票价。男士言外之意是说该电影也不好看，他赞同女士的看法，故
可推测出正确答案。awful意思为“恶心的，糟糕的”，admission意思为“入场许可”。
15、B
[听力原文]
W: How about seeing the new movie at the North Part Theater tonight? M: Sounds great. But I got to go over my notes for tomorrow's mid-term.
Q: What can we know about the man?
[有备而战]从题目选项中核心名词exam，movie以及核心动词go to, watch可以得知，该题可能考查男士与电影和考试的情况，听音过程中注意细节问题，
然后决定信息的取舍。
[答案详解]对话中，女士提议今天晚上去North Part Theater看新上映的电影，而男士说这个建议不错，接着补充说自己不得不要复习笔记，准备明天的期中
考试。男士言外之意是说建议很好，自己也很想去，但话锋一转说要复习笔记
准备考试，毕竟做学生的以学业为重，故可推测出正确答案。听音过程中注意
一些转折词的用法。
16、B
[听力原文]
M: I think I've got this experiment set up right now.
W: You only think it's right? In chemistry, you've got to be sure.
Q: What does the woman imply?
[有备而战]从题目选项核心名词experiment可知，该题可能考查的内容与做实验有关，但很难确定具体内容，又从A)、D)两项以及B)、C)两项可知，该题可能与男士或女士的行为或态度有关，听音过程中应该注意每个细节的辨析。[答案详解]对话中，男士认为这个实验没有问题了，而女士则说“你只是想它没问题”，并接着说在化学这门学科里，应该绝对正确才行。女士回答还用了一句疑问句加强语气，言外之意是对男士的表现不满意，认为在诸如化学的科学里，我们不能有一丝含糊，要绝对确定才行，故可推测出正确答案。set up 意思为“安装(设备、仪器)”，要注意多义词或词组在不同语境中的意思。17、C
[听力原文]
M: Would it be better to buy a monthly meal ticket or pay for each meal separately?
W: What difference does it make? The price per meal is the same either way.
Q: What does the woman imply?
[有备而战]从题目选项中核心名词meal ticket，every month，money，price 以及核心动词 buy，pay，save可以得知，该题可能考查与餐券/饭票、价钱、时间有关，关键要确定其动作内容，听音过程中应该侧重有关细节问题。
[答案详解]对话中，男士询问女士到底是买一个月的饭票好还是顿吃顿付好，而女士反问说“难道这有什么区别吗?”，接着又补充说每顿饭的价钱都一样。女士言外之意说这两种方式都一样，没有哪一种可以省钱，故可推测出正确答案。
18、B
[听力原文]
W: I don't think you can build your model in less than a week.
M: Catherine made hers in three days.
Q: What does the man imply about Catherine?
[有备而战]从题目所给核心词汇make，complete，finish与model可以看出，该题可能考查与模具有关的方式问题，如制作、完成模具等，听音过程中应该侧重方式问题的细节辨析。
[答案详解]对话中，女士对男士说他不能在一周之内完成模具的建造工作，而男士说 Catherine在三天之内完成模具的建造。男士言外之意说既然Catherine能在那么短的时间内完成，自己也一定能完成，由此可知他不同意女士的说法，故而可以推测出正确答案。听音过程中，应该注意对对话中否定转移的理解。
16、A
[听力原文]
M: How do you find your new English teacher?
W: Very nice. What I like best about her is that she never takes offense. She answers all our questions very patiently, no matter how many times they've been asked.
Q: What does the woman like best about her new English teacher?
17、C
[听力原文]
W: The Chinese stock market has opened to foreign investors. Are you going to buy Chinese stocks?
M: Yes. I lost my shirt on Wall Street last year, so I think I will pull all my money out there and invest it in the Chinese stock market instead this year.
Q: What is the man planning to do?
18、D
[听力原文]
M: I'd like to get a refund on this. It's my Christmas present from a friend, but I've already got the same thing. Here is the receipt.
W: All right. Please fill in this form and sign your name.
Q: What does the man mean to do?
19、B
[听力原文]19-22
M: Oh, hello, Li Li. Come on in, and how've you been keeping recently? W: Quite all right. Thanks, Dr. Francis. How's your project going?
M: Very smoothly, I should say. I'm playing a consultancy role, really. I've only been here in China for a month, but I'm already on very good terns with my colleagues in the Department of Computer Science. Well, I'm happy that you could come. Do sit down, please. W: Dr. Francis, do you know I've got a chance to go to Cambridge in August? 1 wonder if you could tell me something about Britain.
M: Certainly. Well, I was actually brought up in Scotland. Er...in fact, I've never been to Cambridge. But well...yes, I'm sure I can give you some useful tips. Now, what do you want to know, Li Li?
W: Things like weather. What's the usual temperature there?
M: Mmm, the temperature in Scotland is 22 or 23 degrees centigrade,
on average, I think. But Cambridge would be warmer, around 2.5, I would guess, because it's down south.
W: Oh, that's nice. Do you know it is 34 here? Last year it reached 39. By the way, where do you think I should stay?
M: Oh, that's important. You can, er...I suppose, stay in the
college-owned flats, which are often near where you have your classes, and some are even on the campus. That would certainly be convenient. W: Yes, it would.
M: But it can also be a disadvantage because you are, in a sense, separated from ordinary society. You're a language teacher, and I
think learning from society is a valuable experience.
W: Yes, yes, exactly. So what's the alternative?
M: Maybe finding an English host family. I know of a student Ali from the Middle East. He told me that he had learnt a lot by staying with
现代领导科学作业题 一、名词（每个4分，共20分） 1、领导:是一种活动或行为。它是指领导者率领、引导其所属群体实现某种目标的行为过程 2、领导者素质:是指领导者在个人生理基础上，通过学习和锻炼逐步形成的，在其领导工作中经常起作用的内在要素 3、领导体制:领导体制（Leadership System），指独立的或相对独立的组织系统进行决策、指挥、监督等领导活动的具体制度或体系，它用严格的制度保证领导活动的完整性、一致性、稳定性和连贯性。它是领导者与被领导者之间建立关系、发生作用的桥梁与纽带，对于一个集体的发展具有重要意义 4、人才:人才是指具有一定的专业知识或专门技能,进行创造性劳动并对社 会作出贡献的人,是人力资源中能力和素质较高的劳动者 5、激励:是指学生在完成任务的过程中，多次获得成功，体验到满足需要的乐趣，逐渐巩固了最初的求知欲，从而形成一种比较稳固的学习动机。 二、简答（每个10分，共50分） 1、简述学习、研究领导科学的意义。 领导工作是一门科学，理由有三：其一，领导工作是人类一种特殊的重要的实践活动，实践需要科学指导，这种实践本身包含着极其丰富的科学内容，是产生领导科学的土壤和源泉；其二，领导工作有自身的特殊规律和科学内容，非其他学科所能代替；其三，领导工作是一门高度综合的科学，涉及到社会生活的各
个方面，综合运用各种知识和学问必然会产生新的知识和学问。随着现代社会经济、文化、科学技术的高度发展，任何组织和群体要有效地进行活动，顺利地实现既定的目标，就必须实施科学的领导。 2、简述决策模式转型的历史必然性。 答：决策转型是社会发展的客观要求 决策转型是社会转型的必然要求 决策转型是决策科学化的迫切需要 决策转型是公共管理科学化的重要基础 3、简述不断提高领导者素养的重要性。 答：1）领导者良好的素质是发挥领导功能、完成领导任务和提高领导绩效的重要基础2）领导者良好的素质是发动、团结、率领群众开拓进取的保证3）领导者良好的素质是领导方法和艺术的源泉4）领导者良好的素质是党和国家各项事业兴旺发达的关键。 4、简述领导效能考评的重大意义。 (l）领导效能是领导活动的出发点和归宿。 (2）领导效能考评是检查领导活动科学化程度的重要手段。 (3）领导效能考评能够为提拔、使用、奖惩干部提供依据。 5、简述领导方法的特征。 （一）客观性领导方法的客观性是领导方法的所有规定性之中最为首要的。之所以如此是因为，客观事物和方法自身的客观性是不可改变的，但是领导
《领导科学》作业题及答案 一、单项选择题 1、领导科学研究的领域可以概括为领导活动的主体，结构以及(C) A、原则 B、规则 C、过程 D、组织 2、邓小平论述了社会主义领导的本质即(C ) A、领导就是管理 B、领导就是指挥 C、领导就是服务 D、领导就是组织 3、“什么叫领导？领导就是服务。”说这句话的是( C ) A、马克思 B、毛泽东 C、邓小平 D、江泽民 4、以直线型为基础，在每个领导层又都设立了专门的职能部门，分别执行各种职能。这种领导体制组织结 构是(C ) A、直线型领导结构 B、直线职能型领导结构 C、混合型领导结构 D、职能型领导结构 5、领导者从事领导活动所必备的基本条件和潜在的领导能力是(B) A、领导权威 B、领导者的素质 C、领导权力 D、领导影响力 6、优化领导集体素质结构的保障是(B ) A、转变观念 B、改革完善干部管理制度 C、开发人力资源 D、搞好后备队伍建设 7、领导者发挥主观能动性最广阔的领域是(C) A、领导艺术 B、领导方式 C、领导方法 D、领导技巧 8、领导跨度又称(B ) A、领导范围 B、领导宽度 C、领导广度 D、领导权限 9、在社会主义现代化建设中，领导者最重要的价值观念是重视人才和(C) A、资金 B、设备 C、知识 D、技术 10、既是领导与群众相结合的中心环节，又是科学预测的基础的是(C ) A、整体协调，学会“弹钢琴” B、抓两头带中间 C、调查研究 D、召开会议 11、在事情复杂多变、被授权人精明能干、而领导者又对情况不太熟悉时最宜采用的授权类型是(B) A、刚性授权 B、柔性授权 C、模糊授权 D、惰性授权 12、领导效能考评方法中最能体现党的群众路线的是( D) A、目标考评法 B、模拟考评法 C、比较考评法 D、群众评议法 13、通常所说的“最终拍板”指的是( A ) A、狭义的决策 B、广义的决策 C、一般的决策 D、特殊的决策 14、领导者处理好对外开放和自力更生关系的要求是( D ) A、坚持对外开放，就不能贯彻自力更生。 B、坚持自力更生，就不能搞对外开放。 C、对外开放自然就是自力更生，自力更生自然就是对外开放。 D、努力达到二者的统一，既要把坚持自力更生当作我们的立足点，又要把对外开放当作不可动摇的基本国策。 15、在社会主义社会中，领导观念的核心是( D ) A、阶级斗争观念 B、发展生产力观念 C、效益之上观念 D、服务观念 16、权力与责任分离将导致( A ) A、官僚主义 B、工作“虚位 C、失去动力 D、小团体主义 17、实施有效监督，第一位的是( A ) A、确立标准 B、发现问题 C、深入调查 D、分析问题
离线考核 《领导科学》 满分100分 一、名词解释（每小题5分，共30分。） 1、领导者 答：是指在正式的社会组织中经合法途径被任用而担任一定领导职务、履行特定领导职能、掌握一定权力、肩负某种领导责任的个人和集体。 2、追随者 答：是指在领导活动中与领导者有共同的利益和(或)信仰，追求共同组织目标的人。 3、超级领导 答：所谓超级领导，就是领导者带领下属去领导他们自己。“超级领导"”适用于那些有责任领导他人的管理者。“超级领导”与“自我领导”两个概念是互相定义密不可分的。超级领导就是对自我领导进行领导，帮助自我领导者将个人身上的自我领导的潜能开发释放出来，帮助自我领导者成功地领导自己。超级领导者就是领导自我领导者的人。 4、领导行为 答：是指领导者在领导过程的不同阶段中因情境和任务需要会表现出不同领导行为。例如建构和体察民情就是两种常见的领导行为分类。 5、领导者素质 答：是指领导者在先天禀赋的生理素质基础上，通过后天的学习和实践锻炼形成的，在领导工作中经常起作用的那些内在要素的总和。 6、领导环境 答：是指制约和推动领导活动开展的各类自然要素和社会要素的组合，是政治、经济、文化、法律、科学技术和自然要素影响领导行为模式的组织内部和外部的环境气氛与条件。 二、简答题（每小题8分，共40分。）
1、简述沟通过程中应注意的问题。 答：沟通时需要的注意事项： （1）沟通目的：每个沟通，都会有一个目的或目标，就是想通过这次沟通达到或实现什么，其他的都是为实现这个目的服务，在沟通中也必须时刻检查是否符合这一目的。 （2）沟通主体：在区分沟通主题的时候，除了要注意沟通双方的身份之外，还应该要考虑到谁是这次沟通的发起者，一般说来，沟通总是实现信息的传递，而要传递信息给对方的人就要负责将沟通保持在正确的渠道上，避免偏离。 （3）沟通媒体：这里讲的沟通媒体，除了选择最恰当的交流方式，比如电话，面谈等，更主要是指采用什么介质，比如图片，文字，还有就是用什么方式，比如介绍，演示等。 （4）沟通语言：语言毫无疑问是最重要的，除了要避免使用方言外，还要注意使用双方理解一致的词，在有专业词汇的时候，一定要使用专业词汇，但要注意对方的反应，适时地给予解释。 2、简述沟通方向的内容。 答：沟通，按信息流动的方向来分，可以分为向上沟通、向下沟通和平行沟通。 向上沟通是指居下者向居上者陈述实情、表达意见，即我们通常所说的下情上达，如子对父、下属对上司等。 向下沟通是居上者向居下者传达意见、发号施令等，即我们通常所说的上情下达。 平行沟通是指同阶层人员的横向联系，如公司内部同级部门之间都需要平行沟通，以促进彼此的了解、加强合作，免得产生隔阂，影响团结。平行沟通的目的是交换意见，以求心意相通。 3、领导者形象有哪些特点？ 答：（1）领导形象是主观性和客观性的统一。 （2）是个体性和整体性的统一。 （3）是确定性和可变性的统一。 （4）是主动性和被动性的统一。
一、单项选择题 1.邓小平论述了社会主义领导的本质即( C) A.领导就是管理 B.领导就是指挥 C.领导就是服务 D.领导就是组织 2.领导科学和管理科学的关系是( B) A.领导科学就是管理科学 B.领导科学从管理科学中分化出来并形成一门独立的科学 C.领导科学与管理科学是根本对立的 D.领导科学接近于硬科学，管理科学接近于软科学 3.“引导”作为领导的一般职能，其核心是( B) A.正确地提出任务 B.正确地规划目标 C.科学地制定领导方法 D.建立健全规章制度 4.“实事求是”是我国领导工作的一条总原则，它要求各级领导者( C) A.为保护地方利益可以拒不执行上级正确的方针、政策 B.不顾当地情况贯彻落实上级正确的方针政策 C.要从客观实际出发，把具有普遍意义的方针政策与当地的具体情况相结合，创造性地 贯彻执行 D.条件太差可以放弃发展 5.下列关于依法治国的观念，不正确的是( B) A.法治的对立面是人治 B.依法治国就是按上级领导的讲话治国 C.现代市场经济本质上是法治经济 D.依法治国要特别强调依法治“官” 6.领导者要敢于善于破旧立新，推陈出新，要有永不满足的态度，这属于现代领导的( C) A.竞争观念 B.信息观念 C.改革创新观念 D.效益观念 7.现代领导要树立大局意识，所谓大局，最重要的是( C) A.恪尽职守，做好本职工作 B.改进技术，提高经济效益 C.高举邓小平理论旗帜，坚定地走有中国特色的社会主义道路 D.学会妥协，搞好领导班子团结 8.渐进决策模式的提出者是美国人( B) A.西蒙 B.林德布洛姆 C.埃泽奥尼 D.杜拉克 9.下列说法中属于经验决策的是( A) A.“眉头一皱，计上心来” B.“谋”、“断”分工，“外脑”辅助 C.信息优先，科学预测 D.程序科学，方案优选 10.现代决策理论大师西蒙提出以“满意标准”代替“最优标准”作为选择方案的原则，这是 ( B) A.否认决策的优化 B.强调决策在一定现实条件下的优化
加强领导班子建设提高领导科学发展能力 中共XＸ市委组织部调研组 根据市委关于开展学习实践科学发展观专题调研活动的部署，市委组织部成立调研组,围绕“加强领导班子建设,提高领导科学发展能力”专题,采取座谈、问卷、统计等方式，对区，乡(镇）、街，村、社区,市直机关，企事业单位领导班子领导科学发展能力状况进行了深入调研,召开座谈会８场次,座谈１21人；发放调查问卷28０份,回收271份，回收率９6.8％；还对各级领导班子配备建设、能力结构情况进行了统计。在调查研究基础上,调研组进行认真的分析和研究，着重探讨了加强领导班子领导科学发展能力建设的对策和措施。 一、我市加强领导班子领导科学发展能力建设的做法和成效 近两年，我市围绕“两个率先”目标，建设“两型社会”，紧扣科学发展主题，大力加强领导班子领导科学发展能力建设，取得明显成效。主要作法是: （一)以解放思想为先导,着力提高领导班子贯彻落实科学发展观的水平。以科学的理论引导领导班子解放思想。组织1100多名县以上领导干部和理论学习骨干参加十七大精神研究班学习。把科学发展观作为中心组重点学习内容,
邀请全国知名专家学者进行学习辅导。引导领导班子深化对世情、国情、省情、圈情、市情的认识,不断增强贯彻落实科学发展观的自觉性和坚定性。以深入的讨论引导领导班子更新观念。围绕把握好与快的关系、抢抓机遇、建设“两型社会”、统筹城乡发展、培育市场主体、改善民生、推动工作落实等7个方面内容，在全市深入开展“思想再解放”大讨论,推动了领导干部转思路、换脑筋,抢机遇、抓发展。以先进的经验引导领导班子开拓视野。组织各级领导班子成员深入广东、江苏、浙江等发达地区考察，深入与我市城市区位条件相近的昆山、新余等发达城市学习，对照标杆找科学发展差距。市委、市政府抓住重大发展机遇，及时提出和实施“两个率先”战略目标，促进了全市科学发展、加快发展。 (二)以优化结构为重点,着力建设善于领导科学发展的领导班子。夯实提高领导科学发展能力的基础。选派4７0名领导干部参加市以上主体班次培训；组织653名乡(镇)街、村、社区基层领导班子成员参加“新农村建设和构建和谐社会”专题轮训;选派20０多名中青年干部、主管城市规划领导干部和基层经济管理干部参加赴浙江、上海地区外训班培训。围绕服务科学发展选优配强领导班子。进一步优化各级领导班子年龄、知识和专业结构，两次面向全省、全市公开选拔年轻领导干部1７人。把善于抓发展的干部选派到抓发展岗位，从市直经济职能部门提拔一批懂工业经济和城镇建设管理的干部进入三区领导班子；从区、乡(镇)
第一章 领导：是在社会的共同生活中，具有影响力的个人或集体，在特定的组织结构中，通过建立和维持健全的关系，让组织成员理解和同意必须去做和如何有效地去做的过程，以及促进个人和集体努力去实现共同目标的过程。 管理：是指组织为了达到个人无法实现的目标，通过各项职能活动，合理分配、协调相关资源的过程。 怎么认识领导与管理的区别与联系？ 联系： ①领导是从管理中分化出来的。当社会劳动达到一定规模，就会产生对这种劳动进行“指挥”和“协调”的客观要求，并且必然分化出“领导”这样一个专门的社会职能。美国撞击事件的变革标志着领导活动与管理活动相对脱离的新时代开端。 ②领导活动和管理活动具有较强的相容性和复合性。管理者在从事管理工作的同时，也承担了领导工作，对上主要承担着执行上级领导决策的任务，对下则充当着管理者的角色，对部门发展承担决策者的角色。因此，很难将领导活动从一个管理者的行为中严格区分出来。另外，领导与管理是一种相辅相成的关系，领导活动的目标只有在有效的管理之下才能实现，而管理能够出效益也只有在正确的领导决策前提下才能达成。 区别： ①领导是较高层次的管理。高层管理和中层管理食宏观和中观管理，很少直接管理具体的人和事，主要处理带有方针性、原则性的重大问题，独立性较大，故把中层以上的管理称为领导。 ②领导具有战略性。领导侧重于重大方针的决策和对人、事的统御，强调通过与下属的沟通和激励实现组织目标；管理则侧重于政策的执行，强调下属的服从和组织控制实现组织目标。领导追求组织乃至社会的整体效益；管理则着眼于某项具体效益。 ③领导具有超越性。领导重在决策，管理重在执行。工作重点的不同，使领导不需要处理具体、琐碎的具体事务，主要从根本上、宏观上把握组织活动。管理则必须投身于人、事、财、物、信息、时间等具体问题的调控与配置，通过事无巨细的工作实现管理目标。 简述领导的特点。 ①领导的系统性；领导者、被领导者、领导环境共同构成领导系统。领导者与被领导者构成了领导活动的主体，他们是实现组织预定目标的基本力量，二者是权威和服从的关系。同时，领导者必须正确认识环境，适应环境，利用和改造环境，才能排除环境的干扰，实现自己预定的目标。 ②领导活动的动态性；领导这一社会活动过程，是领导者、被领导着、领导环境之间相互作用、相互影响的过程。因此，领导表现为领导者与被领导者、领导环境之间的函数关系，具有动态性的特征。领导=f（领导者、被领导着、领导环境）
全国2012年1月高等教育自学考试 领导科学试题 课程代码：00320 一、单项选择题(本大题共25小题，每小题1分，共25分) 1.主要凭借领导者个人的经验、知识和才干实施领导的领导方式是( A ) A.家长式的经验领导 B.科学领导 C.集体领导 D.专家式领导 2.领导科学研究的基本问题是( C ) A.领导者如何有效领导 B.领导者与客观环境的关系 C.领导者与被领导者的关系 D.领导者如何履行职能 3.领导活动的主客体关系是( B ) A.领导者与领导者的关系 B.领导者与被领导者的关系 C.领导者与环境的关系 D.被领导者与被领导者的关系 4.领导在布置任务时能晓之以理，作耐心细致的思想工作的指挥方式是( D ) A.命令 B.示范 C.压制 D.说服 5.中国共产党的根本组织制度和领导制度是( A ) A.民主集中制 B.中央集权制 C.人民代表大会制度 D.政治协商制度 6.单方案选择在决策学中被称为( B ) A.布里丹选择 B.霍布森选择 C.阿利森选择 D.伊斯顿选择 7.现代决策理论的创始人赫伯特·西蒙提出的决策模式是( D) A.理性决策模式 B.渐进决策模式 C.综合决策模式 浙00320# 领导科学试题第 1 页共8 页
D.有限理性决策模式 8.在主客观条件发生重大变化，或发现原有决策有重大失误、决策目标无法实现的情况下，对原有决策目标或方案进行根本性修正的一种决策称为( B ) A.风险决策 B.追踪决策 C.经验决策 D.非程序化决策 9.现代决策体制的核心系统是( B ) A.决策信息系统 B.决策中枢系统 C.决策智囊系统 D.决策监督系统 10.危机决策也称为( C ) A.风险决策 B.不确定型决策 C.非常规决策 D.有限理性决策 11.从事理论研究并对某一理论观点、体系有所创造和贡献的人被称为( D ) A.实践型人才 B.创造型人才 C.组织型人才 D.理论型人才 12.根据人才能力的大小，给予适当的职位，这属于人才使用原则中的( A ) A.量才用人，职能相称的原则 B.用人不疑，疑人不用的原则 C.扬长避短，各尽所能的原则 D.合理流动，适才所用的原则 13.人才考核的内容主要包括考德、考能、考勤、考绩和考廉五个方面，其中最重要的是( C) A.考德和考能 B.考能和考勤 C.考绩和考廉 D.考能和考绩 14.居于领导者整个思想政治工作首位的是( A) A.理论教育 B.政治教育 C.道德教育 浙00320# 领导科学试题第 2 页共8 页
精心整理加强领导班子建设提高领导科学发展能力 中共XX市委组织部调研组 根据市委关于开展学习实践科学发展观专题调研活动的部署，市委组织部成立调研组，围绕“加强领导班子建设，提高领导科学发展能力”专题，采取座谈、问卷、统计等方式，对区，乡（镇）、街，村、社区，市直机关，企事业单位领导班子领导科学发展能力状况进行了深入调研，召开座谈会8场次，座谈121人；发放调查问卷280份，回收271份，回收率96.8%；还对各级领导班子配备建设、能力结构情况进行了统计。在调查研究基础上，调研组进行认真的分析和研究，着重探讨了加强领导班子领导科学发展能力建设的对策和措施。 一、我市加强领导班子领导科学发展能力建设的做法和成效 近两年，我市围绕“两个率先”目标，建设“两型社会”，紧扣科学发展主题，大力加强领导班子领导科学发展能力建设，取得明显成效。主要作法是： （一）以解放思想为先导，着力提高领导班子贯彻落实科学发展观的水平。以科学的理论引导领导班子解放思想。组织1100多名县以上领导干部和理论学习骨干参加十七大精神研究班学习。把科学发展观作为中心组重点学习内容，邀请全国知名专家学者进行学习辅导。引导领导班子深化对世情、国情、省情、圈情、市情的认识，不断增强贯彻落实科学发展观的自觉性和坚定性。以深入的讨论引导领导班子更新观念。围绕把握好与快的关系、抢抓机遇、建设“两型社会”、统筹城乡发展、培育市场主体、改善民生、推动工作落实等7个方面内容，在全市深入开展“思想再解放”大讨论，推动了领导干部转思路、换脑筋，抢机遇、抓发展。以先进的经验引导领导班子开拓视野。组织各级领导班子成员深入广东、江苏、浙江等发达地区考察，深入与我市城市区位条件相近的昆山、新余等发达城市学习，对照标杆找科学发展差距。市委、市政府抓住重大发展机遇，及时提出和实施“两个率先”战略目标，促进了全市科学发展、加快发展。 （二）以优化结构为重点，着力建设善于领导科学发展的领导班子。
领导科学试题 一、简述题（5分*6） 1、科学的决策必须符合的基本标准。 2、决策在领导工作中的地位。 3、领导者应该具备的能力素质。 4、领导艺术的特征。 5、领导作风建设的意义。 二、辨析题（10分*2） 6、领导群体良好的心理素质结构可以消除领导班子的内耗。这种看法正确吗？ 7、领导科学可以看成是模式化的领导艺术，领导艺术可以看成是非模式化的领导科学。
三、论述题（15分*2） 8、试论领导者的用权艺术。 9、请结合领导科学的有关知识和原理，阐述党中央提出“人才强国”战略的重要意义。 四、材料分析题（20分*1） 10、失街亭 公元前228年，诸葛亮为实现统一大业，亲率大军北伐曹魏，突袭祁山（今甘肃），任命自己十分赏识和器重的参军马谡为前锋，镇守战略要地街亭（今甘肃秦安县东北），并一再告之要“戒之！戒之！”。马谡到达街亭后，自以为熟读兵书、胸藏韬略、足智多谋，且久为参军，刚愎自用地认为“居高临下，势如破竹，置死地而后生，将大军布于山上正是致胜之秘诀”。故不顾副将王平的再三劝阻，违背诸葛亮的部署，舍水源上山扎营。魏国派大将张邰进军街亭，察马谡含水上山，心中大喜，立即挥兵切断水源，掐断粮道，纵火烧山，大破蜀军，蜀军溃败。马谡弃山而逃，街亭失守，战局骤变，迫使诸葛亮大军退回汉中。诸葛亮总结此战失利教训，痛心疾首：“用马谡错矣。”遂强忍悲痛，下令将马谡革职入狱，斩首示众，并以用人不当为由自贬三等，同时擢升王平为讨寇将军。马谡在临刑前致书诸葛亮：“垂相待我如子，我尊崇垂相如父，我虽死无恨于黄泉之下也。”斩首之时，诸葛亮老泪纵横，汉中蜀军将士亦无不垂涕。后人有诗曰：“失守街亭罪不轻，堪嗟马谡枉谈兵。辕门斩首严军法，拭泪犹思先帝明。”
1、造成决策失误的主要问题和原因是什么?（评析） 2、在领导工作中怎样才能做到正确决策?（启示） 这组材料反映的问题在近年来的领导工作中经常出现，带有一定的普遍性。这些问题都和领导决策有关，说明建立良好的决策机制，加强决策的科学化、民主化、制度化特别重要，提高领导干部的决策能力减少决策失误造成的危害非常必要。 结合案例分析题提供的材料依据领导决策的有关理论，联系当前领导的决策机制、领导干部的管理体制、领导干部的考评办法，我认为决策中存在的问题及原因如下： 其一，错误的政绩观是造成决策失误的思想根源。在现行干部管理体制下，干部任期较短，调动频繁，对干部一些政绩的考核尚无科学的方法和标准，一些干部急于制造“政绩”以利升迁。这种早出成绩、快出成绩的错误政绩观，导致一些干部草率决策、脱离实际决策。 其二，不对决策方案进行科学论证是造成决策失误的决定性因素。有的干部不按科学决策的原则程序、方法去做，决策前没有设计三个以上可供选择的方案进行比较择优，对唯一的方案也没有充分征求专家的意见，没有进行科学论证，也没有进行必要的试点就强行实施。 其三，决策过程缺乏民主，主要领导搞“家长制”、“一言堂”，是造成决策失误的重要因素。决策民主化是实现决策科学化的前提。但有些领导特别是一把手，在决策时抛弃民主集中制原则，违背重大问题集体研究的规定，盲目自信，独断专行，听不进不同意见，特别是听不进反对意见，致使决策存在先天不足。 其四，领导机关的官僚主义也是造成决策失误的一个重要原因。比如，有的不调查、不研究，脱离实际、脱离群众，“先拍脑门决策，再拍胸脯保证，后拍屁股走人”；有的热衷于搞“形象工程”、“路边工程”；有的作风粗暴，方法简单，甚至对普通群众采用强制措施。 其五，缺乏决策失误的惩罚机制是造成决策失误的又一个重要原因。决策失误并造成巨大损失后，对决策者缺乏党纪、政纪乃至法律层面上的处理，只把决策失误造成的损失轻描淡写地说成是交了“学费”，以后再用公共财政去填补领导决策失误造成的损失，或把这些损失留给后任领导来承担，使得一些决策者没有决策失误的后顾之忧。 针对决策中存在的这些问题，领导者要做到正确决策，就应以科学发展观和科学决策理论为指导努力做到以下几点。 第一，改革和完善决策机制。党的十六大把改革和完善决策机制作为政治
领导科学试题及答案；一、单项选择题；1.邓小平论述了社会主义领导的本质即()A.领导； 2.领导科学和管理科学的关系是()；A.领导科学就是管理科学B.领导科学从管理科学中；C.领导科学与管理科学是根本对立的D.领导科学接； 3.“引导”作为领导的一般职能，其核心是()；A.正确地提出任务B.正确地规划目标C.科学地制； 4.“实事求是”是我国领导工作的一条总原则 领导科学试题及答案 一、单项选择题 1.邓小平论述了社会主义领导的本质即( ) A.领导就是管理 B.领导就是指挥 C.领导就是服务 D.领导就是组织 2.领导科学和管理科学的关系是( ) A.领导科学就是管理科学 B.领导科学从管理科学中分化出来并形成一门独立的科学 C.领导科学与管理科学是根本对立的 D.领导科学接近于硬科学，管理科学接近于软科学 3.“引导”作为领导的一般职能，其核心是( ) A.正确地提出任务 B.正确地规划目标 C.科学地制定领导方法 D.建立健全规章制度 4.“实事求是”是我国领导工作的一条总原则，它要求各级领导者( ) A.为保护地方利益可以拒不执行上级正确的方针、政策 B.不顾当地情况贯彻落实上级正确的方针政策 C.要从客观实际出发，把具有普遍意义的方针政策与当地的具体情况相结合，创造性地贯彻执行 D.条件太差可以放弃发展 5.下列关于依法治国的观念，不正确的是( ) A.法治的对立面是人治 B.依法治国就是按上级领导的讲话治国 C.现代市场经济本质上是法治经济 D.依法治国要特别强调依法治“官” 6.领导者要敢于善于破旧立新，推陈出新，要有永不满足的态度，这属于现代领导的( ) A.竞争观念 B.信息观念 C.改革创新观念 D.效益观念 7.现代领导要树立大局意识，所谓大局，最重要的是( )
着力增强领导科学发展的能力 要扩大客户基础，提升服务能力，关键是各级领导干部要带头创先争优，切实加强各级领导班子和人才队伍建设，提升领导银行科学发展的水平。 一、提升学习能力 要把开展创先争优活动同建设学习型党组织紧密结合起来。当今世界正处在大发展、大变革、大调整时期，新情况、新问题层出不穷，科技发展日新月异，迫切要求各级领导干部加强学习，提升学习能力，这是做好领导工作的前提条件，也是领导干部的基本素质要求。 领导干部的学习能力并不仅仅是指领导干部能够努力学习，更多的是反映领导干部认识问题、解决问题的能力，科学判断形势的能力，以及吸收新思想、新经验，领导变革的能力。同时还体现领导干部对方针政策和战略规划的领悟力，对新形势、新任务的适应力和未来职业发展的潜力。看一个领导干部能否胜任某个领导岗位的工作，固然要看其一贯的、历史的表现、经验和业绩，更重要的是应当考察其学习能力和未来的潜能。可见，提升学习能力，不仅要勤于学习，而且要善于学习。 要本着“缺什么学什么，干什么学什么”的原则，学理论、长知识、开眼界，努力做到学以致用，学以增智，学以立德，学以涵情。用学习的成果指导工作、推动实践，把学习的收获转化为工作的思路与方法，力求站在高处，学在新处，用在实处，以领导干部的知识转型升级，促进创新发展、转型发展、跨境发展，更好地迎接新的机遇与挑战，增强工作的预见性。 要讲究和改进学习方法，提高学习质量。把学习与思考紧密结合起来，在学习的基础上认真思考，在深入思考的过程中加强学习。古人云，学而不思则罔，思而不学则怠。把学习与工作紧密结合起来，形成工作学习化、学习工作化的新模式。把学习与研究紧密结合起来，围绕我们正在做的事情，经常出一些调研课题，带着问题学，使学习有的放矢，让研究推动学习。把学习同总结紧密结合起来，每隔一段时间，或完成一项重要任务，都要进行回顾总结，看看哪些方面做得好，哪些方面还有差距，根源在哪里，有哪些经验，努力使自己的认识有所提高，努力探索带有规律性的东西。把学习与综合紧密结合起来，学会在浩繁的资料与现象中，提出问题，分析问题，在分析的基
00320领导科学 第一章绪论 1.领导活动是人类社会一起产生的，人来最初的领导活动在原始社会就有了。 2. 1) 2) 3) 4) 3. 4.里士 5. 6.现代领导活动及其发展规律是领导科学的研究对象。 7.领导具有自然属性和社会属性。 第二章领导与领导者、被领导者 1.【简答】领导认识的特征：
2)超前性 3)综合性 4)创造性 5) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1) 2) 3)提供服务 4)富于创新 5)多重角色 7.【简答】被领导者的特征： 1)服从性
3)对象性 4)源泉性 5)不担任领导职务或担任较低领导职务 8. 1) 2) 3) 9. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)相互监督 第三章领导的职能和原则1.领导的一般职能 1)引导
正确地规划目标是引导的核心。正确地提出任务是实现领导的中心环节。 2)指挥 指挥一般可采取命令、说服、示范等三种方式。 3)组织 4) 5) 6) 2. 1) 2) 3) 3. 1) 2)事实就是原则 3)民主集中制原则 4)群众路线原则 4.领导的基本原则
1)统一领导原则 2)分层领导原则 3)系统整体原则 4)权责一致原则 5) 6) 1. 1) 2) i. ii. 2.坚持依靠关键人才的原则 3.树立人尽其才的观念 4.鼓励人才竞争的意识 5.倡导人文关怀
3)权利观念 i.【论述】领导者树立正确的权利观念的基本要求： 1.对权利内容的正确认识 2.对权力来源和性质的正确认识 4) i. 5)市场经济观念 6)改革创新观念 7)政绩观念 i.【论述】领导者树立科学的政绩观的基本要求：
《领导科学》考前串讲资料 第一章绪论 1.简述现代领导发的基本趋势。P42 （1）决策工作的专门化；（2）领导主体集团化；（3）领导方式民主化；（4）领导方法科学化。 2.试述为什么应把领导活动作为一门科学来研究。P44 （1）领导活动是人类一种特殊的重要实践活动，包含着其丰富的科学内容。 （2）领导活动有其他领域所不能代替的特殊规律和科学内容。（3）领导活动是一门高度综合的科学。 3.简述领导科学在我国的兴起。P46 （1）领导科学的产生是新时期社会主义现代化建设的客观要求。 （2）领导科学的产生是总结党的丰富领导经验和领导理论的需要。 （3）领导科学的产生是借鉴古今中外领导思想和管理理论的结晶。 4.简述领导科学的特点：P50（1）综合性；（2）应用性；（3）社会历史性。 5．试述领导科学与其他学科的关系 P50 （1）领导科学与马克思主义哲学的关系：马克思主义哲学能够而且也必须指导领导科学，但是也不应该代替领导 科学这一具体学科。 （2）领导科学与政治学的关系：政治学研究领袖、权力等问题，是构成领导科学最深厚的理论基础之一。政治学 是对整个人类社会的政治现象进行研究的，领导科学主要研究的是现代的领导现象，研究对象更为专门。 （3）领导科学与管理科学的关系： 领导是一种全局性、超前性、超脱性的管理。领导比管理层次高，管理比领导门类多。（……）领导科学是从管理科学中派生出来的。 （4）领导科学与党的建设学说的关系： 领导科学和党的建设学说有不少内容是想通的，但党建学说研究内容更集中，而领导科学的研究范围更广阔。 6.简述学习领导科学的意义。P51（1）是全面建设小康社会，开创社会主义现代化建设新局面的需要。 （2）是深化全面改革的需要。（3）是加强党的执政能力建设的需要。（4）是迎接世界新技术革命挑战的需要。7．（结合我国现阶段情况，）试述如何建设中国特色的领导科学。P52（1）必须坚持以马列主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想和科学发展观为指导。（2）必须从我国现代化建设的实际出发，面对改革开放和现代化建设的实际。（3）必须继承和发扬我党的优良传统，认真总结我党的领导实践经验。（4）必须有分析地借鉴国外和我国古代的领导思想。 8.学习领导科学的方法：P54 理论与实践相统一，是我党一贯倡导的根本学风，也是学习领导科学的根本方法。 （1）重视理论学习。 （2）加强理论的应用，坚持理论密切联系实际。 同时，还须注重：①实证方法；②历史方法；③比较方法；④案例方法；⑤系统方法；⑥借鉴方法。 第二章领导与领导者、被领导者 1.简述领导的特征：P58 （1）认识特征：①原则性；②超前性；③综合性；④创造性；⑤系统性。 （2）实践特征：①权威性；②依附性；③目标性；④组织性；⑤协调性；⑥超脱性；⑦服务性。 2.简述领导者的特征：P63（1）拥有职权；（2）负有责任；（3）提供服务；（4）富于创新；（5）多重角色。
领导科学试题及答案 第一部分选择题 一、单项选择题(本大题共30小题，每小题1分，共30分)在每小题列出的四个选项中只有 一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。 1.邓小平论述了社会主义领导的本质即( ) A.领导就是管理 B.领导就是指挥 C.领导就是服务 D.领导就是组织 2.领导科学和管理科学的关系是( ) A.领导科学就是管理科学 B.领导科学从管理科学中分化出来并形成一门独立的科学 C.领导科学与管理科学是根本对立的 D.领导科学接近于硬科学，管理科学接近于软科学 3.“引导”作为领导的一般职能，其核心是( ) A.正确地提出任务 B.正确地规划目标 C.科学地制定领导方法 D.建立健全规章制度 4.“实事求是”是我国领导工作的一条总原则，它要求各级领导者( ) A.为保护地方利益可以拒不执行上级正确的方针、政策 B.不顾当地情况贯彻落实上级正确的方针政策 C.要从客观实际出发，把具有普遍意义的方针政策与当地的具体情况相结合，创造性地 贯彻执行 D.条件太差可以放弃发展 5.下列关于依法治国的观念，不正确的是( ) A.法治的对立面是人治 B.依法治国就是按上级领导的讲话治国 C.现代市场经济本质上是法治经济 D.依法治国要特别强调依法治“官” 6.领导者要敢于善于破旧立新，推陈出新，要有永不满足的态度，这属于现代领导的( ) A.竞争观念 B.信息观念 C.改革创新观念 D.效益观念 7.现代领导要树立大局意识，所谓大局，最重要的是( ) A.恪尽职守，做好本职工作 B.改进技术，提高经济效益 C.高举邓小平理论旗帜，坚定地走有中国特色的社会主义道路 D.学会妥协，搞好领导班子团结 8.渐进决策模式的提出者是美国人( ) A.西蒙 B.林德布洛姆 C.埃泽奥尼 D.杜拉克 9.下列说法中属于经验决策的是( ) A.“眉头一皱，计上心来” B.“谋”、“断”分工，“外脑”辅助 C.信息优先，科学预测 D.程序科学，方案优选 10.现代决策理论大师西蒙提出以“满意标准”代替“最优标准”作为选择方案的原则，这是
领导科学的产生与发展 一.应把领导活动作为一门科学来研究二.领导科学产生的历史条件三领导科学在我国的兴起.(下面详解) 人类领导活动几乎和人类历史一样悠久,它经历了一个漫长复杂的演变过程,积累了经验,留下了许多价值的思想,当人类历史和领导活动发展到一定阶段领导科学的产生就成为一种必然,领导科学是人类领导活动长期发展的产物. 一.应把领导活动作为一门科学来研究 应不应该把领导活动作为一门科学来研究,答案是肯定的,这是因为领导活动是人类一种特殊的重要实践活动,不仅领导活动实践需要一门科学,而且领导活动实践本身就包含着极其科学内容,各种科学产生,发展的历史表面,哪里有实践哪里就有诞生科学的土壤和源泉.领导活动之所以是一门科学,还由于它有其他领导所不能代替的特殊规律和科学内容,规律是事物内部本质的必然的联系,按其作用范围大小,有普遍规律,特殊规律之分,有人也承认领导活动中有规律有科学,但往往认为领导活动没有其自身的规律,不能成为一门独立的科学,领导活动之所以是一门科学还由于它是一门高度综合的科学,和其他活动不同,领导活动的一个重要特征是它的高度综合性,它的多因素和多功能的特点,领导活动几乎涉及社会生活的各个方面,既要解决人与人之间的关系,又要解决人与物之间的关系,解决人的活动与客观环境之间的关系,一个领导者,既要对重大问题拍板决断,又要做人们的思想政治工作,既要选拔培养干部,又要科学管理好所负责的那个部门,单位,既要搞调查研究了解本单位的实际情况,又要搞战略规规,又要搞科学预测等等.现代科学科学技术的发展既高度分化,又高度综合,一方面各门学科越分越细,另一方面又使交叉科学,综合学科,边缘学科大量出现,呈现出了总体化,综合化的发展趋势,领导科学也是这样一门在高度综合中创造出来的科学.以上情况说明,确实应把领导活动作为一门科学来研究,对领导活动实
第一篇 1、简述中国共产党在领导思想与领导实践方面的主要贡献。 2、简述西方领导理论发展的一条基本线索、两个研究方向。 3、领导权利与权威是截然不同的。 4、简述行使领导权利需要遵循的原则。 5．简述领导授权需要遵循的原则。 6、简述我国领导体制的本质特征。 7.与其他社会活动相比，领导活动有哪些特点？ 8、简述领导群体的基本功能。 9．简述领导体制的特征。 10、简述人力资本理论的基本思想。 11、简述人力资源的特征。 12、简述现代思维方法的三个主要特征。 13．领导环境发展的原则有哪些？ 14、列举思维创新的两个特点，并作简要分析。 15、良好的沟通有那些作用。 16、简述领导发展与培训的原则 17、简述电子政务的作用。 18．简述领导体制的类型。 19．简述领导者与被领导者之间的影响与作用。 20．简述领导环境发展的过程。 21．简述领导角色的主要特性。 22．简述领导智能结构与领导的知识结构的区别。
简答题： 1、简述中国共产党在领导思想与领导实践方面的主要贡献。答：（1）决策与执行分工的领导观念；（2）群众路线的领导方法； （3）注重领导作风与素质的领导思想。 2、简述西方领导理论发展的一条基本线索、两个研究方向。答：（1）一条基本线索：即由价值中立理论向非价值中立理论发展。（2）两个研究方向：一是从研究者（leader）入手来研究领导理论；二是从研究领导活动（lead）入手来研究领导理论。 3、领导权利与权威是截然不同的。（辨析）答：这种看法是错误的。 按照《现代汉语词典》的解释，权威：是指使人信从的力量和威望或是在某种范围内最有地位的人或事务。权利与权威既有区别又有联系，二者是相互作用的。 4、简述行使领导权利需要遵循的原则。答：（1）正当性原则；（2）可行性原则；（3）民主性原则；（4）效益性原则；（5）权变性原则。 5．简述领导授权需要遵循的原则。答：（1）适当原则，即为达到某一目标，而通过一定程序进行的一定限度内的授权；（2）责任原则，即授权的同时要明确下属的责任，也就是带责授权；（3）可控原则，即授权不仅要适当，还要可控；（4）信任原则，即“疑人不用，用人不疑”；（5）考绩原则，即领导者授权后，就要定期对下属进行考核，对下属的用权情况给予客观的评价，并与下属的切身利益结合起来。 6、简述我国领导体制的本质特征。答：（1）人民群众的主人地位；（2）中国共产党的领导核心作用；（3）中央集权式的领导和管理。 7.与其他社会活动相比，领导活动有哪些特点？答：（1）系统性和互动性；（2）强制性与权威性；（3）战略性与前瞻性 8、简述领导群体的基本功能。答：（1）群体感应功能；（2）群体互补功能；（3）群体功率放大功能； （4）群体自调节与自组织功能。 9．简述领导体制的特征。答：（1）系统性（2）根本性（3）全局性（4）稳定性 10、简述人力资本理论的基本思想。答：（1）单纯从自然资源、资本资源和技术资源这些生产要素的投入，无法解释现代社会生产力提高的全部原因； （2）人力的取得不是无代价的，其成长过程需要消耗各种稀缺的资源，也就是说，需要消耗资本投资； （3）人力投资的结果是将货币资本或财富转换为人的知识和能力形态，使人力与其他商品一样，具有了价值和使用价值； （4）人力投资的目的是要获得投资收益。 11、简述人力资源的特征。答：（1）能动性；（2）增值性；（3）开发性；（4）时效性；（5）消耗性。 12、简述现代思维方法的三个主要特征。答：（1）系统性（2）创新性（3）思维方法的定量性 13．领导环境发展的原则有哪些？答：（1）科学性原则（2）层级性原则（3）超前性原则（4）系统性原则 14、列举思维创新的两个特点，并作简要分析。答：（1）新颖性。思维创新贵在一个“新”字。创新性的思维活动一般都具有鲜明的开拓性和首创性； （2）独立性。要实现思维的创新，就必须避免重复，具有鲜明的独立性；
浅论领导者素质提高的途径和意义 内容摘要：政治、知识、能力、生理和心理是我们现代领导者所应具备的基本素质，但要成为一个成功的领导者，还需要在具体的工作实践中将这些素质转化为实实在在的领导能力。作为领导干部要准确传达上级领导者意见、要求；要热情地推行自己的看法和主张，使领导行为具有良好的合作氛围和渠道；要用诚实、正直、公正、进取、谦逊等优秀的人格品质让人钦佩，展示领导魅力。 关键词：领导者素质能力政治素质行政能力 领导者作为领导活动的主体，在领导活动中处于主导地位。领导者个体的素质和能力的高低，对于领导活动的成败具有至关重要的作用。美国密斯安大学的一名学者曾经提出了毁灭世界的“三大威胁”：一大威胁是核战争和人类的突发事件；二大威胁是世界范围的瘟疫、饥饿和经济萧条；三大威胁是各类各级组织的劣质领导和管理。 一、领导者素质和能力的含义 素质是构成事物的基本成分，反映事物的性质和特点。人的素质在心理学上是指人的先天的解剖生理特点，是心理活动发展的自然前提。 领导者的素质，是指在先天禀赋的生理和心理基础上，经过后天的学习和实践锻炼而形成的在领导工作中经常起作用的那些基础条件和内在要素的总和。在领导科学理论的研究中，人们一般把领导者的素质分为政治素质、思想素质、道德素质、文化素质、业务素质、身体素质和心理素质等。 领导者的能力，是指与领导职务相适应的、能够肩负起领导责任的主观条件。或者说，是领导者基础素质、思维方式、实践经验，以及对领导方法、技巧的把握程度在实施领导行为过程中的综合表现。 二、现代领导者的素质和能力方面存在的问题 （一）驾驭市场经济的能力不高，与市场经济发展要求不相适应 一些领导干部不善学习，缺乏市场、经济、金融、法律、现代管理等方面的知识，仍然习惯于依靠行政手段对经济工作进行直接、微观管理。为政一方，但不熟悉本地情况，不了解市场，对本地区本部门的改革和发展心中无数，因而缺乏发展思路，在寻求新的经济增长点等方面缺乏有效办法。 （二）民主执政、依法执政观念淡薄
浅谈领导科学决策 【摘要】：管理就是决策，决策是管理的核心。决策是一个提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的完整的动态过程，遵循科学的决策程序，才能作出正确的决策。当今时代，社会发展迅速，信息瞬息万变，社会关系错综复杂，管理者、领导者决策的科学性越来越重要。领导决策的正确与否直接关系到一个部门、一个地区甚至一个国家的前途和命运。具有科学决策能力，成为对现代管理者、领导者的基本要求，作为领导者必须具备科学决策的意识、全局观念、战略思维和创新思维能力，才能排除不利因素的干扰，做出正确的、科学的决策至关重要。错误决策造成的损失是难以弥补的，错误决策也无可避免的受到其自身素质、决策机制、权力运用、决策方法、利益诱惑、个人情感等多种因素的影响。 在漫长的历史长河中，我国曾涌现出许许多多杰出的、远见卓识的伟大领袖人物。如近代的毛泽东、周恩来、邓小平等凭借集体和个人的智慧、经验、才智等做出许多科学的、卓有有效的判断和决策，他们博学多才、多谋善断、处惊不乱、稳若泰山等是领导科学决策的光辉典范，是我们的宝贵遗产。 【关键词】：领导科学科学决策提高途径 一、科学决策的内涵 所谓科学决策是指决策者凭借科学思维，利用科学手段和科学技术所进行的决策。科学决策是指决策者为了实现某种特定的目标，运用科学的理论和方法，系统地分析主客观条件做出正确决策的过程。科学决策的根本是实事求是，决策的依据
要实在，决策的方案要实际，决策的结果要实惠。科学决策具有程序性、创造性、择优性、指导性。科学的决策过程是决策领导、专家与实际工作者互动的过程。在这个过程中，参与决策的主体相互配合，形成了一个决策过程。 参与科学决策的主体一般有以下五个：决策领导，决策助手，决策专家，学科专家，实际工作者和广大群众。 二、科学决策的基本特征 科学决策有自己的内涵，同样也有自己的外延。这些外延就是其基本特征： 1、科学决策是一种系统决策。科学决策从组织体系上讲由三个主要系统组成，即决策主体系统、决策智囊支持系统、决策信息辅助系统。决策主体系统包括主要决策者和其他决策人员。决策智囊支持系统包括决策研究部门、决策咨询委员会和决策咨询专家团。决策信息辅助系统包括决策信息搜集、整理、分析部门。 2、科学决策是一种团队性的群体决策。科学的决策分为确立目标、获取信息、设计方案、评价比较、方案选择和方案实施以及方案反馈等阶段。这每一个阶段都离不开利益相关者的参与。因此，科学决策的过程实际上就是一个团队和利益相关者参与决策的过程。 3、科学决策是一种程序化决策。程序化制度是保障决策科学的有效方法。科学决策在某种意义上讲，就是程序化决策。为什么这么讲呢?程序化决策实际上是一个班子或一群人的协同决策。在程序的每道关口都有人或从技术上或从经济上或从其他方面进行分析把关，到最后决策，实际上是几种方案中的