领导科学

大学四级模拟1168Part Ⅰ Writing1、Your composition should be no less than 120 words. Remember to write it neatly.假设你是李文，请你就学校假期的安排给教育部部长写一封信，向他建议将学校传统的长假调整为几次短假并陈述相关的原因，比如：学习时间过长可能引起过度疲劳，而放假过长则可能导致浪费时间等等。

Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)Health Care and Epidemics (流行病)Everyone suffers from disease at some time or another. However, millions of people around the world do not have good healthcare. Sometimes they have no money to pay for medical treatment. Sometimes they have money, but there is no doctor. Sometimes the doctor does not know how to treat the disease, and sometimes there is no treatment. Some people are afraid of doctors. When these conditions are present in large population centers, epidemics can start.Epidemics can change history. Explorations and wars cause different groups of people to come into contact with other. They carry strange disease to each other. For example, when the Europeans first came to North and South America, they brought diseases with them that killed about 95 percent of the Native American population. People are very afraid of unknown things, especiallydiseases. People have all kinds of ideas about how to prevent and treat disease. Some people think that if you eat lots of onions or garlic, you won' t get sick. Others say you should take huge amounts of vitamins. Scientific experiments have not proved most of these theories. However, people still spend millions of dollars on vitamins and other probably useless treatments or preventatives. Some people want antibiotics whenever they get sick. Some antibiotics are very expensive. Much of this money is wasted because some diseases are caused by a virus. Viruses are even smaller than bacteria, and they cause different kinds of diseases. Antibiotics are useless against viruses.Because of their fear, people can be cruel to victims of disease. Sometimes they fire them from their jobs, throw them out of their apartments, and refuse them transportation services.In the plague (瘟疫) epidemics a few hundred years ago, people simply covered the doors and windows of the victim' s houses and left them to die inside, all in an effort to protect themselves from gettingsick.Doctors know how most epidemic diseases spread. Some, like tuberculosis, are spread when people' s sneeze (喷嚏) sends the bacteria shooting out into the air. Then they enter the mouth or nose of anyone nearby.Others are spread through human contact, such as on the hands. When you are sick and blow your nose, you get viruses or bacteria on your hands. Then you touch another person' s hand, and when that person touches his or her mouth, nose, or eyes, the disease entersthe body. Some diseases spread when people touch the same dishes, towels, and furniture. You can pick up a disease when you touchthings in public buildings.Other diseases are spread through insects such as flies, mosquitoes, and ticks.One disease that causes frequent, worldwide epidemics is influenza, or flu for short. The symptoms (症状) of influenza include headache and sometimes a runny nose. Some victims get sick to their stomachs. These symptoms are similar to symptoms of other, milder diseases. Influenza can be a much more serious disease, especially for pregnant women, people over sixty-five, and people already suffering from another disease, such as heart problems. About half of all flu patients have a high body temperature, called a fever. Flu is very contagious. One person catches the flu from another person; itdoesn't begin inside the body as heart disease does.Sometimes medicine can relieve the symptoms. That is, it can makea person cough less, make headaches less intense, and stop noses from running for a while. However, medicine can ' t always cure the disease. So far, there is no cure for many diseases and no medicineto prevent them. People have to try to prevent them in other ways.Some diseases can be prevented by vaccination (接种疫苗). A liquid vaccine is injected into the arm or taken by mouth and the person is safe from catching that disease. Other diseases can be prevented by good health habits, such as drinking only clean water, boiling water that might carry disease,, and washing the 'hands often.Epidemics usually start in areas of large population. Poor people in big cities who live crowded together in miserable conditions have the most health problems. They often have the least education about disease prevention. For example, it is difficult for a person who has no electricity to refrigerate food or boil drinking water. With no money, the person can' t even buy soap to wash his or her hands.Disease prevention costs much less than disease treatment. It seems completely illogical, but some countries like the United States spend much more health-care money on treatment for diseases than on programs to prevent disease in the first place. Most doctors andother hospital workers stay in their institutions. Only a few doctors go out into the streets of the poor areas to educate the people. Only a few doctors and some nurses vaccinate people and supervise them to make sure they take their medicine. Most people who help the poor people with their health problems are volunteers.How can you use all this information for your own good health? When someone you know becomes ill, try to avoid physical contact with that person. If you get sick yourself, keep your towel and dishes separate from everyone else' s. Try not to touch things that belong to others. Don' t touch other people, and don' t shakehands. Explain why, however--you don' t want people to think you are impolite. Wash your hands often if you are ill or if anyone around you is ill.Researchers continue searching for a way to cure or prevent epidemic diseases. Meanwhile, it is worth the money for governments to provide preventative health care for all of their people. Preventing epidemics is much cheaper than stopping them after they have started and thousands of people are ill.1、This passage is mainly about how epidemics spread and how to prevent in advance.2、When there are no efficient doctors in large population centers, epidemics start.3、Antibiotics have no effect on diseases caused by viruses.4、In the past, epidemics spread much faster than at present.5、The symptoms of influenza are quite similar to those of other more serious diseases.6、People in remote areas who live in miserable conditions have the most health problems.7、The United States spend much more money on programs to prevent diseases than on treatment for diseases.8、Besides pregnant women, people over sixty-five, Influenza can be an especially serious disease for people ____________________.9、Epidemic diseases usually spread through people's sneeze, human contact, and ____________________.10、Diseases can be prevented by means of vaccination or____________________.Part Ⅲ Listening ComprehensionSection A11、 A) Where was the massage left. B) What the person said about Margaret.C) When the message was left. D) What information the person left.12、 A) She's probably been in and out all week. B) She is probably not here on Sunday.C) She has probably no free time this week. D) She has probably tried to call.13、 A) Check if the status of the television is ready.B) Help the woman buy a new television before Friday.C) Fix the woman's television.D) Order a new television for the woman.14、 A) The movie did not get any reviews.B) The movie was worth the price.C) It's a pity the woman didn't watch the movie.D) He agrees with the woman about the movie.15、 A) He was preparing for next week's exam. B) He wishes he could go to the movie.C) He didn't like watching movies. D) He has seen the movie before.16、 A) She is a chemist and has to do lots of experiments.B) He must be extremely careful.C) He is very careless during the experiment.D) She doesn't think the man is right.17、 A) The man should buy a meal ticket every month.B) Paying each meal separately will save lots of money.C) Buying the meal ticket won't save the man money.D) The price of each meal is different.18、 A) She will help him make the model. B) She completed her model quickly.C) She is very smart and clever. D) She thinks he can also finish it quickly.16、 A) Her mild temper. B) Her broad knowledge.C) Her teaching style. D) Her detailed answers.17、 A) Enter the stock market instead of investing in clothing.B) Move to another residence from Wall Street.C) Transfer his investment to the Chinese stock market.D) Share his money-making experience with other marketers.18、 A) Sign his name for the fan. B) Fill in an application form.C) Exchange gifts with his friends. D) Get a purchase refunded.19、 [A] He is a teacher of English in Cambridge.[B] He is a specialist in computer science.[C] He is a consultant to a Scottish company.[D] He is a British tourist to China.20、[A] 22℃.[B] 23℃.[C] 25℃.[D] 34℃.21、 [A] With an English family.[B] In a flat near the college.[C] With a language teacher.[D] In a student dormitory.22、 [A] Certain things cannot be learned from books.[B] Foreign students had better live on campus.[C] Choice of where to live varies from person to person.[D] British families usually welcome foreign students.Section B26、 A) How to improve transportation.B) The best transportation facilities.C) A comparison between railway and airplane.D) Transportation in China.27、 A) Not comfortable. B) Rather crowded and slow.C) Interval is long. D) Cannot reach suburban areas.28、 A) By buses. B) By private cars. C) Byrail. D) By air.30、 A) It's economical. B) It helps build relations with others.C) It's safe and convenient. D) It's quite an experience.31、 A) They should devote time to their housekeeping. B) They should behave themselves in study.C) They should deal with the sanitary work. D) They should obey relevant regulations.32、 A) Students are not free to choose roommates. B) Students may have to furnish their own apartments.C) Living off campus is not as good as living on campus. D) Living off campus may be a bit expensive.30、 A) A short presentation clearly delivered. B) A package of ideas formally presented.C) A clever use of visual aids in presentation. D) A natural and spontaneous style of speech.31、 A) The skillful use of gestures and facial expressions.B) Differences in style between writing and speaking.C) The importance of preparation.D) Different preferences of audiences.32、 A) The key to becoming a good speaker.B) The increasing importance of public speaking.C) The significance of cross-cultural communication.D) The differences between American and Asian cultures.29、 A) Studying yoga. B) Adult education.C) Playing tennis. D) The search for physical fitness.30、 A) The job market. B) Their formerschools.C) Good schools. D) The local high school or colleges.31、 A) Because they want to return to the job market.B) Because they want to learn something new.C) Because they want to make up for the education they missed.D) Because they want to prove themselves to be useful.Section CWhat was the most popular mix about the United States in the 19th century was that of the free and simple life of the farmer. It was said that the farmers worked hard on their own landto (36) whatever their families' needed. They might sometimes trade with their neighbors, but in general they could get along just fineby relying on themselves, not on (37) ties with others. This is how Thomas Jefferson (38) the farmers at the beginning of the 19th century. And at that time, this may have been close to the truth especially on the (39) . But by the mid century sweeping changesin (40) were well under way as farmers began to specialize in the raising of crops such as cotton or corn or wheat. By late in the century (41) inventions in farm (42) has vastly increased the production of specialized crops and (43) network of railroads had linked farmers throughout the country to market in the east and even overseas. By raising and selling specialized crops, (44) . Now farmers were no longer dependent just on the weather and their own efforts, (45) .As businessmen, farmers now had to (46) And so by the end of the 19th century, the era of Jefferson's independentfarmer had come to a close.Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)Section AMass travel is just that —travel for the masses. Over 600 hundred million people will fly, drive, sail or go by train to a foreign destination this year.Global earnings from tourism this year will exceed ＄ 450 billion. Within the next fifteen years, the tourism business is expected to expand fourfold and to generate receipts in excess of ＄ 1.5 trillion, according to the World Travel Organization. Add in other types of travel, such as business, to recreational travel and you have an industry that is worth perhaps double that amount —and employs more than 200 million people worldwide.Nowhere is exempt(免除)from this explosion of movement. From themost remote island in the Pacific to the deepest valley in the Himalayas and the driest areas of Sahara, tourism is leaving its mark. Toilets for tourists are now provided at base camps on the slopes of Mount Qomolangma. Special landing craft fan out from luxury ships to explore the most remote beaches in the Galapagos Island.Europe remains the motor of this industry, although its old dominance is slipping in the face of Asian competition. Today,60% of all tourist arrivals are in Europe, (down from 69% in 1975), and receipts for tourism at ＄ 214 billion are more than three times higher than those in the US (＄ 64 billion). No fewer than one infive tourists (120 million 1997) go to the Mediterranean alone.Tourism is a mixed blessing. Tourism generates wealth, employment —and enjoyment, at least, for the tourists, However, it has its downside, too. Environmentalists who wish to protect the world's beauty spots, peasants in developing countries forced off their landto make room for tourists' golf courses, governments worried about "moral pollution" are just a few of those uneasy at the sudden and startling democratization of travel. Nor should we forget exhaustedair traffic controllers, coping with greatly increased numbers of aircraft queuing to take off and land.47、The World Travel Organization predicts that the tourismbusiness______.48、Tourism industry______ for 200 million people worldwide.49、The explosion of movement refers to______.50、Why is tourism a mixed blessing?51、The environmentalists who are against the fast expansion of tourism may think______.Impressionism is a form of art that began in the 1870's. Whenyou look closely at an impressionist painting, you see little dots of different colored paints. When you move away from the picture, the dots of colors blend together and the painting looks like it haslight playing on the people and objects in the picture. Impressionist art is different from traditional art. Traditional painters were interested in the form of objects. The impressionists were interested in light and color. The impressionist painters wanted to paintnatural light that was lively and bright. They tried to express the feeling of pure sunshine in their paintings. When traditionalartists mixed paints, they could not create the feeling of bright, natural light. Therefore, instead of mixing colors, theimpressionists used small dots of pure colors. The viewers'eyes put these unmixed colors together the same way they add color in light together. When you look at an impressionist painting, it feels the same as when you look at an object in lively, natural sunlight.Traditional painters worked inside. Impressionist painters worked outside because they wanted to paint the effect of sunlight on objects. Monet, for example, made a series of paintings of a haystack (干草堆). Every morning he went to a field with eight or ten paintings. All day, he sat in front of a haystack painting. Every hour he worked on a different picture. All of these paintings are pictures of the haystack, but they do not look the same. Monet made his paintings directly from the changing of nature, especially from different hours of sunlight. His study of the haystack is an hour-by-hour record of the artistry of light.Questions:47、Why are there many dots on an impressionist painting?________________________.48、If an impressionist painter draws an apple, what part of the apple will attract the painter's attention most?________________________.49、What do traditional painters fail to do?________________________.50、By saying that traditional painters worked inside, we can conclude that they. ignore________________________.51、Why did Monet work on a different picture every hour?________________________.Section BPassage OneGoing online is a favorite pastime for millions of American children. Almost 10 million (14 percent) of America's 69 million children are online. The Internet both entertains and educates children, however, there are some possible negative consequences for children who access kid-based Web sites. Advertising on kid-based Web sites has become both a rapidly growing market for consumer companies and a concern for parents. With a click on an icon, children can link to advertisers and be granted tremendous spending power. Children arean important target group for consumer companies. Children under age 12 spent ＄14 billion, teenagers another ＄67 billion, and together they influenced＄160 billion of their parents' incomes.Many critics question the appropriateness of targeting children in Internet advertising and press to require that children be treated as a "special case" by advertisers. Because children lack the analytical abilities and judgment of adults, they may be unable to evaluate the accuracy of information they view, or understand that the information they provide to advertisers is really just data collected by an advertiser. Children generally lack the ability to give consent tothe release of personal information to an advertiser, an even greater problem for children when they are offered incentives for providing personal information, or when personal information is required before they are allowed to register for various services. Children may not realize that in many cases these characters provide hotlinks directly to advertising sites.The Internet does present some challenges for advertisers who want to be ethical in their marketing practices. Many advertisers arguethat we underestimate the levels of media awareness shown by children. By the age of seven or eight most children can recognize an advertisement and know that its purpose is to sell something and are able to make judgments about the products shown in advertisements. However, this somewhat optimistic and decidedly libertarian view of children runs aground when we realise that they are (like asurprising number of adults) unable to judge accurately between entertainment and advertising. Adults can fend for themselves but, as marketers, we should be explicit about our purpose when advertisingto children on the Internet.57、According to the first paragraph, children as an Internet market target group ______.A) are using it at an earlier and earlier ageB) are overtaking the adult market due to their spending powerC) are growing at an incredible rateD) have created a growing advertising market58、Targeting children for advertising is controversial because children ______.A) can't understand the information provided in theadvertisementsB) often give off information that may be dangerous to themC) are unable to give consent since they are too youngD) are not ready to evaluate advertisements in terms of accuracy59、Many advertisers defend the targeting of children because ______.A) it is up to parents to monitor their childrenB) children understand what an advertisement is trying to doC) children are provided a game in return for the informationD) no actual sales take place60、One reason that children are unable to resist giving personal information on the Intemet is ______.A) it is presented in connection with entertainmentB) they do not know that the information is going to be read by someoneC) they feel they must follow an adult's ordersD) due to their inability to distinguish an advertisement from a non-advertisement61、In the text the author wants his marketers to understand that______.A) advertising to children must stopB) a libertarian view in advertising is unethicalC) advertising to children must have a clear purposeD) children must be treated differently when advertisingPassage TwoAs Ford Motor's board of directors gathered rd hold its quarterly meeting Thursday, speculation was growing that the world's No. 2 automaker was prepared to acquire the automotive operations of Sweden's Volvo. Merger (合并) speculation that has been widespread throughout the industry for months has focused on a possible Volvo-Ford linkup since a report last week that Volvo had hired a Wall Street investment bank m explore a possible sale.Ford's board meeting was to be held in Dearborn, the Detroit suburb where Ford is headquartered. Chief spokesman Vaughn Koshkarian declined to comment on the agen0a or the Volvo rumors. President Jac Nasser, speaking at an industry conference Tuesday night, also declined to say where Ford was negotiating with Volvo. But Nasser again said Ford was open to using its more than $20billion cash reserve to expand the company's global reach.Last year's acquisition of Chrysler by Daimler-Benz led to a panic of talks among automakers looking to strengthen their position in an industry beset (困扰) with too much production capacity worldwide. The conventional wisdom is that smaller automakers will be ill-equipped to compete in the 21st century as the industry becomes dominated by several international automakers.Volvo, one of the world's smaller automakers, produces less than500,000 vehicles annually. Last year it sold 100,227 cars in the United States, one of its largest markets. Ford reportedly has been courting Nissan Motor which is in debt as well, and turned down an offer last month for a 20% share in the Japanese automaker. Ford also lost in bidding late last year for financially troubled Kia Motors of Korea.Analysts (分析家) say Ford and Volvo arc a better fit. "The Volvo thing is more practical than anything else," said analyst David Healy of Burnham Securities. "Ford, which is becoming good at cost-effectively developing a variety of very different cars with the same basic chassis (底盘) and major parts, could help Volvo expand its product line," Girsky said. "If you could bring a premium price," he said, "Ford has similarly expanded Jaguar's vehicle line since it bought the British Luxury automaker in 1989."Girsky, however, does not expect Ford to overbid for Volvo. "They had every opportunity in the world to buy Kia Motors and they walked away from it because the price got too high," he said. "I don't think Ford needs Volvo; it would be nice to have Volvo, but only at theright price."62、 The widespread concern over the possible merger is caused by______.A) the Thursday board meeting of Ford MotorB) a report about Volvo's exploration of a saleC) the unfriendly relationship between Ford and VolvoD) the stock changes in Wall Street investment bank63、 From the second paragraph, we can know that ______.A) Ford has no intention to acquire Sweden's VolvoB) Ford is actively preparing for the merger with VolvoC) Ford is negotiating detailed terms of the merger with VolvoD) Ford has made economic preparation for possible acquisitions64、 Which of the following is TRUE about Ford?A) Its last year's acquisition of Chrysler led to a panic of talks.B) It is planning to acquire British luxury automaker Jaguar.C) It has acquired Nissan by constantly paying debt for Nissan.D) It has failed in acquiring financially troubled Kia of Korea.65、 What is the analyst's suggestion to Ford about the possible merger?A) To give a higher bid in order to avoid such failures as before.B) lb acquire as many automakers as possible to expand production.C) To develop newly acquired auto lines the way Ford did withJaguar.D) To develop lower price by cutting down the cost effectively.66、 What does Girsky think about Ford's possible merger with Volvo?A) Practical at an appropriate cost. B) Impossibledue to the high price.C) Necessary at all cost. D) Unwise regardless of the cost.Part Ⅴ ClozeHe always (62) early to enjoy at least two hours of solitude in the house and garden before the (63) of the family came down. In winter he spent most of the time (64) . In summer he liked to get out of doors to work in the kitchen garden or to take thedog (65) a walk in the neighboring woods and fields. (66) the weather, there was plenty to occupy him. (67) he was a creature of habit, there seemed (68) an infinite variety in his pursuits. He wrote book reviews regularly for two of the (69) weeklies. He worked conscientiously (70) his special subject, Indian history,and was (71) one of the world (72) on it; he collected modem abstract paintings and so had a (73) of friends amongst artists and sculptors; there was (74) anything he did not know about traditional jazz and he often entertained (75) British and American jazz musicians. He was a superb cook and knew a lot about French and German food. His family adored him and in a (76) he was spoiled by them. At first glance you would have (77) him for a retired army officer—his hearing was (78) , his hair was cut short, he was fussy about his clothes, which were always neat, clean and conventional. He liked to keep (79) , and this was reflected in his dear, steady blue eyes and (80) suntanned complexion. He hardlyever watched TV, but enjoyed a good film and an (81) evening at the theatre.62、A) rose B) raised C) arose D) awoke63、A) other B) another C)rest D) others64、A) read and write B) reading and writing C) read andwrote D) to read and to write65、A) for B) to C) with D) on66、A) No matter B) In spite of C)Whatever D) Whenever67、A) Because B) As C)So D) Although68、A) to be B) being C) having D) to have69、A) country B) home C)domestic D) national70、A) about B) on C) for D) at71、A) thus B) then C) as D) if72、A) righters B) privilegers C)authorities D) experts73、A) ring B) round C) around D) circle74、A) almost B) nearly C) hard D) hardly75、A) either B) as C)both D) between76、A) sense B) word C) matter D) way77、A) made B) taken C)considered D) regarded78、A) right B) erect C) direct D) straight79、A) body B) fit C) weight D) good80、A) health B) serious C) healthy D) strong81、A) occasion B) occasional C)occasionally D) alwaysPart Ⅵ Translation73、The crime rate in an area is almost always ______ (与…成正比) the number of unemployed.85、He said firmly that he would _______________(自己作决定) in marriage.86、____________________.(医生告诉他不要吸烟), Mr Smith carried neither matches nor cigarettes.87、 Cancer is ______(仅次于) heart disease as a cause of death.91、Teenagers who ______________________ (中学辍学) have trouble finding jobs in the future.答案:Par t Ⅰ Writing1、[作文范文]A Letter to the Minister of EducationDear Minister of Education,I am a college student and I would like to suggest that students should be given several shorter breaks throughout the year instead of the traditional long vacation. In my opinion, it would be better for students to have more short vacations. The reasons why I am in favor of it are as follows.First students must work very hard at their studies. If they work for too long without a break, they may become overtired and discouraged. They may lose their enthusiasm for learning. Second, a very long vacation is not necessary. Students can recharge their energy in a few days rather than weeks.Furthermore, many students do not use a long vacation wisely and just waste their time instead of doing something meaningful. And last but not the least, vacations give students time to explore other interests and perhaps apply what they have been learning to the real world, If they always focus on their studies, they may lose touch with what is happening in their society.。