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语境在英语听力理解中的作用

语境在英语听力理解中的作用
语境在英语听力理解中的作用

语境在英语听力理解中的作用语境在英语听力理解中的作用:听力是语言学习四项基本技能之一,近年来一些语用学家更将听力理解定义为第二语言习得的核心。

听力是语言学习四项基本技能之一,近年来一些语用学家更将听力理解定义为第二语言习得的核心。尽管我国对英语听力教学已做了诸多改进。实际教学与学习成果依然收效甚微。笔者认为,学生听力障碍的根源并不完全在于词汇和语法知识的不足,在实际教学与学习中,学生听清了也听懂了全部意思,做起配套练习却屡屡犯错的例子比比皆是。这就从某种程度上说明听力障碍在于听力技能的缺乏。听力过程应该是一个积极地、主动地对信息进行认知加工的心理语言过程。嘲听力的这种积极、能动的特点表明,要想提高听力水平,有必要对学生进行积极的、针对性的听力技能的培养。而要做到这一点,强化学生的语言反应能力和重构能力是解决问题的关键。

本文针对听力理解中学生“听得懂,作不对”、“听得字,不识句”的问题,从当今语用学炙手可热的语境角度着手,剖析确吾境在听力理解中的重要作用。

1语境及其特点

近年来。语境受到了普遍关注,已成为社会语言学、语用学、语义学和修辞学探讨的一个重要议题。人们对语境不断深入了解和探讨,随之形成了对其更加详尽的论述和认识。语境作为语用学的一个概念,在语言学习与话语交际中对言语理解起着至关重要的作用。

1.1语境的含义

目前,学术界对语境的定义众说纷纭,尚无确切定义,因为不同学科、不同理论对语境有不同认识。在语言学领域,人们认为语境的概念最早是由英国人类学家Malinowsky提出的。1923年,他区分出两类语境:。文化语境”(context ofcul.ture)和“情景语境”(context 0f situation)。“文化语境”(contextof culture)即说话者生活于其中的社会文化;“情景语境”(con—text of situation)即言语行为发生时的具体情景。还有一些语言学家将语境分为狭义和广义两方面去解释。两我国学者对语境的研究和归纳也具有相当高的水平。何兆熊教授将语缴分为语言的知识和语言外的知识;朱晓农教授将其分为语言环境和非语言环境。本文采取朱教授的说法。其中语言环境可定义为:一个语言单位与另一个语言单位之间的相互关系.该语言单位可以小至音位大至句子、段落。非语言语境指言语交际过程中某个言语单位表达某种特定定义时所依赖的各种主观因素。旧

1.2语境的特点

语境主要有两大特点??制约性和生动性。语境作为言语交际的重要部分,对语义的选择有很大的决定性。也就是说语境制约着整个言语交际,使言语交际中的各个词实现了具体的语境意义.这是语境的制约性。而语境的生动性则指具体的、不同的语境可以使语义更加丰富生动。

1.2.1制约性

语境对语义的制约性体现在很多方面。如语境可以确定词义,消除歧义;决定双关语、隐喻、讽刺等修辞手法的理解;澄清索引词的所指;帮助理解隐含意义;把握语义的变化和消除跨文化理解的障碍。吓面的例句是语境制约性的一个典型例子:

Man:ne light here is a tittle too bright.Don’t you thinks o?

Women:It’s perfect for a football stadium.

在对话中,乍一看女士的回答有点牵强附会。她没有回答“是”或“不是”。而是将室内的灯光比作足球场的灯光。如果该对话的具体语境是情侣用餐,我们就很容易读懂女士回答的意义了。她其实并不是在赞扬灯光适用于足球场,而是委婉的表达出她对灯光的不满。表达她对柔和灯光、浪漫气氛的希望。

1.2.2生动性

语境的生动性相对于制约性更好理解,体现在同一句子因语境不同而意义不同和一个简单平庸的句子因语境而生动两个方面。例如:

You are real a big help!

因具体语境不同,这个句子可理解为对他人的感谢,也可以理解为是一句带有讽刺意味的反语,指责对方“坏了好事”或“帮了倒忙”。一个六个词的句子因语境不同而体现丁不同含义.可见语言的生动。

2语境在英语听力理解中的作用

语境包括沿占语境和非语言语境两方面的内容。其中语言语境义包括语音语境、语法语境和语义语境。非语言语境是指情景语境和背景语境的总和。情景语境又涉及时间、会话人和场合等冈索,背景语境则包含常识知识和文化语境。在听力理解的过程中,上述每个因素都对理解产生影响。下面笔者将一一剖析语境各要素在英语听力理解中的作用。

2.1语音语境

英语是语调语言。它常利用重音、声调、语调、停顿和音长等语音特征来表达说话者的感情色彩,当然从适当的眼神、表情和动作等体态也可以判断话语者的感情色彩。但在听听力时,通常状态下听者无法看到话语者,这时语音语境对判断语义起着非常重要的作用。出题者也常常利用语音语境来为难听话者。如前文提到的“You are real a big help”.这绝对是一个人人都能听懂的句子,但在作题时却不是人人都能判断准确话语者的态度,这就是语音语境在作祟。如听话者能有一点语境意识,就很容易根据说话人的语速、音调、重音判断出其真实语义。听出弦外之音。如话语入语速正常、音调轻快、重音落在“help”上。则确实表示称赞义,如说话人语速变缓、音调变重、重音落在“real”上,则表示讽刺意味——你坏了我的事了。同样的一句话,使用不同语调可以表达喜、怒、哀、乐等各种感情色彩,这就是语调语境的作用。在听力练习过程中,教者与学者都应充分发挥语调语境的作用,使听者能

够通过它来对话语者的态度或意图做出正确推测和判断。

2.2语法语境

语法语境可分为词索语境、词组语境和句法语境,词索是最小的语法单位。语境表现为同一词根在与不同的词缀结合的语境下,其词性及词义将发生相应的变化。如broad—ell,em—power,power-ful,bag—S等等。缺乏词素语境,就会发生常见的看答案发现每个单词都认识但听时却像是另一个词的情况,特别是在阋根和派生词读音区别比较大的情况下。词组是构成会话的一个重要组成部分,对词组的理解关系到整个句子的意义.特别是英语中一些习语的意思。习语是语言的精华.是在语言的长期使用过程中形成的固定的词组、短语或旬。其在固定搭配、语法结构或语言含义上都是特殊的,一般不能随意改变。因此,要发挥词组语境的作用,听者必须注重平时积累。如“pay for adead horse”并不难听懂。但却只有少数昕者能正确理解其语义——“花冤枉钱”。这就是缺乏词组语境的原因。句法语境则表现为听者对语义的理解受其所掌握的句法结构知识的影响。如倒装、反意疑问等句型听起来可能会比陈述句更难。

语法语境在听力理解中的作用不可小觑。如果离开语音语境,起码还能抓住句严的基本语义,但若没有语法语境,句中各个单词根本无法人腑成像,就更别说辨别语义了。但对语法语境的运用并不是短期可以训练成的,需要听者在平时英语学习中多积累语法知识,天长日久,在做听力练习时便可以应付自如了。

2.3语义语境

语义语境在听力理解中也发挥着举足轻重的作用,但也更难把握,因为在语义理解的很多方面都涉及语义语境,如“死”这一意义在英语中除了“die”还有十多种不同表达形式,它们用在不同语体中。要想在听力练习中免受阻碍,听者平时就要多积累。多了解地道标准的英语,尽可能多的掌握同一词组在不同语境下的不同语义、同一语义在不同语体下的多种表达以及特定句子在英语文化中所具有的特定功能。如以英语为母语的人讲“we must get together soon”,其实并不是在发出正式邀请,而只是寒暄客套。如果没有对英语中这些特定句式的语义语境意识.听者在作态度题时就很容易出错。

2.4情景语境

情景语境是交际事件发生的场合,包括发话人、受话人、交际的时间.地点、参与者的相互关系、个人所起的作用等。众所周知,情景语境中的各个要素都是客观存在的.而听者在听力过程中并不能看到言语活动所处的特定场合,也无法确定时间,那么情景语境在听力理解过程中如何发挥作用呢?请看下面的例句:

A:Hello!1 want to speak to doctor Li.

B:Sony,he never works at Tuesday.You can call tomorrow.

Q:Which day is today?

相信听到这个对话,听者很容易推断出答案。由此可见。尽管时间、地点这些客观因素不一定由语言来构建.但可以通过语言来体现。而交际状态、参与者之间的相互关系也是可以通过语言有意识地调整的。例如:

A:WoIlld you like come to my party this evening?

B:I have an essay to write.

表面上看这两句话没有关联,但听者很容易就可以根据8毫无关联的回答推断出二者的交际状态——B拒绝参加聚会,从而顺利作对题。

利用情景语境提高听力水平,要比利用语言语境容易,只需听者对情景语境的概念了解熟识并在听力练习中仔细揣摩,细心聆听,将依赖于句子的理解与依赖于情景语境的推理融为一体。

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