学校代码：xxxx
学号：xxxxxxx
HENAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
文献翻译
题目奔奔轿车汽油滤清器的设计
学生姓名xxxx
专业班级机制
学号
系（部）机械工程学院
指导教师（职称）
完成时间2014年2月26日
纸质汽油滤清器的研究
O．V．Zakharov
Saratov State Technical University
摘要：概述了纸质汽油滤清器的研究，分析了汽油滤清器的发展状况，介绍了汽油滤清器的试验，对纸质滤清器与汽油滤清作了比较。
关键词：纸质汽油滤清器；发展；试验；比较
1．概述
汽油滤清器是发动机的一个重要部件，滤清器的好坏直接影响发动机供油系的正常工作，因而导致发动机经济性的好坏。经调查了解，目前国产汽车发动机的汽油滤清器绝大多数采用陶瓷滤芯，由于这种滤芯过滤效果差，而且容易赌赛，因此用户往往在其堵塞就拆除，使发动机长期处在无汽油滤清器状态下工作。
人们往往以为汽油很干净，因而对汽油滤清器重视不够。据苏联莫斯科等地区有关使用的汽车燃油箱中汽油的污染度的报导，在肉眼看来很清洁的汽油中，每吨中平均含有13.1g15um的粒子是引起气缸活塞组副磨损的最危险粒子，而这种粒子在每毫升汽油中平均含有1500个。
汽车在具体的使用条件下，空气含尘率在相当宽的范围内变化，装在发动机上的空气滤清器应能保证过滤后的空气含尘率不超过0.001g/m2。然而，据调查数据，汽车燃油箱中机械杂质含量平均为34.86g/t，多数车辆又是在没有汽油滤芯的情况下行驶，这样必然加剧了发动机的磨损。此外，使用情况表明，由于汽油的污染使发动机产生的故障中为C2=20120kgf/cm、气门座阻尼系数D2=0.1041kg.s/mm时，落座速度V1与离座速度V2之比，基本上为一常数，如图所示
综上所述，6120Q型柴油机的配气机构，在正确调整气门间隙的情况下，在工作转速范围内，没有零件脱离情况，落座速度不超过允许值，反跳小，工作平稳，说明原设计机构刚度是适当的。如果气门弹簧刚度由4.79kgf/cm降至3.53kgf/cm时，在不影响机构正常工作的前提下，有利于改善挺杆的磨损。进入化油器的污垢杂质，会引起化油器通路和量孔堵塞，使省油器，加速泵工作变坏，结果使化油器工作失
调，油耗增加，发动机动力性降低。仅仅由于汽油变脏而破坏了省油漆阀的密封性，就使汽油耗量增加10-20%。又因为汽油中污垢杂质引起沉淀物数量增加，会使气门导管卡死和烧蚀气门密封面，从而降低了发动机的动力性和可靠性。因此，汽油滤清器过滤性能的好坏对发动机的可靠性、经济性、动力性和其使用寿命均有重要影响。
图1 滤清器的性能线图
2．汽油滤清器情况
2.1 国内情况
早期国产汽车的汽油滤清器，是采用镀锌铁皮冲成斜孔然后卷成圆筒。这种结构的滤清器效果很差，而且在汽油内水的作用下生成氧化物可直接进入发动机内，引起气缸活塞组零件的磨损。
目前，国产的轿车、吉普车、货车几乎都采用装有陶瓷滤芯的282型汽油滤清器。陶瓷滤清器的过度效率比镀锌铁皮滤芯好，但是滤料本身就是磨料，当砂粒粘结不牢，常有砂粒掉下来，这对发动机是很不利的。
据调查了解，国内陶瓷滤芯的使用寿命差别较大，一般使用几千公里就堵塞，个别也有用到一万多公里的。这主要与油料的清洁状况、司机保养情况及滤芯本身的质量等方面的因素有关。使用中发现，陶瓷滤芯的孔隙被胶质和杂质堵塞后，通
过清洗的办法不易复原，当买不到滤芯备件时，汽车就处在无汽油滤芯的状态下工作。
2.2国外情况
欧美和日本等国的汽油滤清器，由于对汽油过滤性能要求不断提高，由铜网、铜片、多孔纸板发展到了微孔滤纸。因为滤纸过滤效果好而被普遍采用。
纸质汽油滤清器的结构多种多样。有的制成铁皮壳的整体结构，用螺纹拧在滤清器座上。以上两种都是定期更换总成。也有采用透明沉淀杯的可更换滤芯的总成。
苏联用片一缝隙式主油路沉淀滤清器（见图2）作为粗滤器，用陶瓷滤清器或网式滤清器作为精滤器。（见图3）网式滤芯用孔眼很小的滤网包在圆柱骨架上，其过滤细度取决于滤网的孔径。滤网的孔径越小，则滤网的价格越贵。从降低发动机磨损的角度考虑，汽油滤清器应能滤除10-20um的粒子。通过大量试验证明，纸质汽油滤清器能较好的满足这一要求，并且纸芯生产和供应也都很方便，因而得到了普及。国外除了苏联汽车以外，几乎毫无例外都采用纸质汽油滤清器。
3. 纸质滤芯与陶瓷滤芯呢的经济性比较
陶瓷滤芯是用沙粒模压后烧结成形，由于砂粒是坚硬的磨料，使模具磨损严重，每套模具压制几千个滤芯就要报废，因而陶瓷滤芯虽然用砂粒制造，但成本并不便宜。另外砂粒的粘接剂中含有毒物质，对生产工人的健康不利。
0.04型和0405型汽油滤芯，可以采用同型号的柴油滤芯模具生产，这对于各滤清器厂组织汽油纸滤芯的生产是很方便的。因而改用纸芯对于滤清器厂在成本上与陶瓷滤芯相比相当。但采用纸滤芯对使用部门的经济价值比较大。由于纸质汽油滤清效果好，可以减少拆洗化油器的次数和减少供给系方面的行车故障。更主要的是能降低发动机气缸活塞组的磨损，延长发动机的大修里程，这方面的经济效果将是更为客观。
4. 结论
（1）经过几年的使用试验和试验室试验证明，纸质滤芯完全可以取代陶瓷滤芯。正式装用0304型纸质汽油滤清器时建议采用右图方案。图中注明零件都属于装用纸芯后改动的零件，没有注明的都未改动。
（2）使用纸滤芯后过滤效果好，可以减少供给系的维修保养，可使发动机气缸磨损下降，因而能延长发动机大修里程。
（3）由于纸滤芯过渡效果好，能减少化油器量孔和针阀的磨损，使燃油消耗下降，改善了发动机的经济性。
（4）由于纸滤芯使用寿命长，价格又比陶瓷滤芯便宜，因而每年在维修保养方面节约资金。
参考文献
[1] Sadowski T, Golew ski P. The influence of quantity and distribution of cooling channels of turbine elements on level of stress in the protective layer TBC and the efficiency of cooling. Comput Mater Sci 2012; 52: 293-7.
[2] Padture NP, Gell M, Jordan EH. Thermal barrier coatings for gas-turbine engines applications. Science 2002; 12: 280-4.
[3] Vaβen R, Jarligo MO, Steinke T, Mack DE, Stover D. Overview on advanced thermal barrier coatings. Surf Coat Technology 2010; 205: 938-42.
[4] Hu LF, Wang CA, Huang Y. Porous yttria-stabilized zirconia ceramics with ultra-low thermal conductivity. J Mater Sci 2010; 45: 3242-6.
[5] Wang L, Wang Y, Sun XG, He JQ, Pan ZY, Wang CH. Thermal shock behavior of 8YSZ and double-ceramio-layer LaZr2O7/YSZ thermal barrier coatings fabricated by atmospheric plasma spraying. Ceram Int 2012; 38: 3595-606.
[6] Xu ZH, He SM, He LM, Mu RD, Huang GH, Cao XQ. Novel thermal barrier coatings based on La2(Zr0.7Ce0.3)2O7/8YSZ double-ceramic-layer systems deposited by electron beam physical vapor deposition. J Alloys Compd 2011; 509: 4273-83.
[7] Cao XQ, Vassen R, Stover D. Ceramic materials for thermal barrier coatings. J Eur Ceram Soc 2004; 24: 1-10.
[8] Song HZ, Liao SR, Wei Y, Guan SK. Methods to reduce further thermal conductivity of plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings. Adv Mater Res 2011; 230-232: 49-53.
[9] Zhang HS, Sun K, Xu Q, Wang CF, Liu L, Wei Y, Thermophysical properties of ceramics. Rare Metals 2009; 6: 226-30.
[10] Guo LZ, Hu OYJ, Yu Z, Li J, Ling XX. Influence of ytterbiun and samarium oxides codoping on structure and thermal conductivity of zirconate ceramics. J Eur Ceram Soc 2009; 29: 647-52.
[11] Wang J, Bai SX, Zhang H, Zhang CR. The structure, thermal expansion coefficient and sintering behavior of thermal barrier coatings. J Alloos Cornpd 2009: 476: 89-91.
[12] Stanek CR, Grimes RW. Prediction of rare-earth A2Hf2O7 pyrochlore phase. J Am Ceram Soc 2002; 85: 2139-41.
[13] Liu B, Wang JY, Li FZ, Zhou YC. Theoretical elastic stiffness, structure stability and thermal conductivity of pyrochlore. Acta Mater 2010; 58: 4369-77.
[14] Qu ZX, Wan CL, Pan W. Thermophysical properties of rare-earth stannates: effect of pyrochlore structure. Acta Mater 2012; 60: 2939-49.
[15] Song Zh, Guo LJ, Ge CX, Li WX. Preparation, characterization, and thermo-physical properties of ceramics for thermal barriercoatings. Int J App Ceram Technol 2012; 1-9: 1-12.
RESERCH ABOUT THE AUTOMOTIVE FUEL FILTER
O．V．Zakharov
Saratov State Technical University
Abstract: This paper summarizes the research fuel filter, fuel filter are analyzed, the development situation of fuel filter test is introduced, the paper filter
filtration with gasoline.
Keywords: paper fuel filter/development/test/comparison
1．overview
Fuel filter is an important component of the engine, the stand or fall of filter directly affects the normal work of the engine oil supply system, thus leading to the stand or fall of engine fuel economy. After investigation, the vast majority of the current domestic automobile engine fuel filters put to use the ceramic filter. Because the filter filtering effect is poor, and easy to betting, so the users often remove them once they plug,which makes the engine work under the state of fuel filter for a long time.
People often think that gasoline is very clean and dont’t much care about the fuel filter. According to the Soviet union, Moscow and other regions, petrol pollution on the use of the fuel tank , gasoline ,which look very clean to the naked eye, contains an average of 13.1 per ton g15um particle which is grinding cylinder piston group vice .
Under the specific conditions of use, the air dust changes in quite a wide range . Air cleaner mounted on the engine should be able to guarantee the filtered air dust is less than 0.001 g/m2. However, according to the survey data, automotive mechanical impurity content in the fuel tank contains an average of 34.86 g/t.Most of the vehicle is driven in the absence of gas filter,which inevitably fuelled engine wear and tear. The usage also suggested that due to contamination of the gasoline engine for failure is C2 = 20120 KGF/cm, while the damping coefficient of the valve seat is D2 = 0.1041 kg. S/mm. The ratio of everyone velocity V1 and the velocity V2, basically is a constant as shown.
Picture 1 The function performance of the filter
Above all, valve-train of 6120 q diesel engine, under the condition of the right to adjust the valve clearance, within the scope of the work speed, no parts separate out . Everyone shall doesn’t exceed the permitted speed with small bounce ,and works smoothly,which suggest the original design agency stiffness is appropriate. If the valve spring stiffness descend from 4.79 kgf/cm to 3.53 kgf/cm, on the premise of not affecting the normal work,that can improve the wear and tear of tappet.The dirt into the carburetor can cause a carburetor pathways and orifice congestion, which makes the economizer and accelerating pump work bad. Carburetor dislocate as a result , fuel consumption increase and engine power performance reduce. Just as gasoline become dirty and destroy the province paint valve sealing, the petrol consumption will increase by 10-20%.
2．fuel filter
2.1.The domestic situation
Early domestic automobile gasoline filter use galvanized sheet rushed into inclined hole and then rolled into a cylinder. The structure of the filter effect is very poor, and under the action of gasoline in the inland waters generated oxide can be directly into the engine,leading towear and tear of cylinder piston group of wear parts.
At present, domestic cars, jeeps, vans used almost all equippe with ceramic filter type 282 fuel filter. Excessive efficiency of ceramic filter is better than galvanized sheet filter, but the filter material itself is abrasive.When sand felt rickety, sand always fall down, which is bad for the engine.
According to the survey, the service life of domestic ceramic filter difference is
bigger, generally blocked after using thousands of kilometers, the individual also usede to more than ten thousand kilometers. This is mainly due to the cleaning situation,m ?
2.2 Foreign situation
Europe and the United States and Japan and other countries of the fuel filter, as a result of gasoline filter performance requirements rise ceaselessly, the copper wire mesh, copper by microporous filter, porous board development. Widely used for filter filtering effect is good.
The paper the structure of the fuel filter is varied. Some make the overall structure of the metal shell, with screw thread screw on the filter holder. Both are replaced periodically assembly. Also have the transparent precipitation cup can replace filter element assembly.
The Soviet union with a slit sheet main lines to precipitate filter (see figure 2) as a strainer, with ceramic filter or net filter as the fine filter. (see figure 3).Net type filter with a small hole mesh bag on the cylindrical skeleton, the filter fineness depends on mesh aperture. The smaller the mesh aperture,
3. The paper filter with ceramic filter comparison of economy
Ceramic filter is to use sand moulding and sintering after forming, because the sand is hard abrasive, the worn mould, each mold pressing thousands of filter will be scrapped, so although ceramic filter made of sand, but the cost is not cheap. The other sand binder contains toxic substances, adverse to the health of workers.0.04 type and 0405 type gas filter, diesel filter mold production can use the same model, for each filter paper filter factory organization gasoline production, it is very convenient. Thus to paper core for filter factory on cost compared with ceramic filter. But the paper filter is adopted to use the department have a larger economic value. Because paper gasoline filtration effect is good, can reduce the number of carburetor and unpick and wash driving ? supply system
4. Conclusion
1, After several years of use test and laboratory test proves that the print cartridge can completely replace the ceramic filter. Dress with the right type 0304 paper when the fuel filter recommended solutions.
Indicated in the graph changes after the parts are packed in paper core parts, did not indicate are unchanged.
2, Use paper filter filtering effect is good, can reduce the supply of the department of maintenance, can make the engine cylinder wear down, and thus can prolong engine
overhaul mileage.
3,Because the paper filter transition effect is good, can reduce the amount of carburetor hole and needle wear and tear, decrease fuel consumption and improve the efficiency of the engine.
4, Because the paper filter service life is long, the price is much cheaper than ceramic filter, and save money on maintenance every year.
References
[1] Sadowski T, Golew ski P. The influence of quantity and distribution of cooling channels of turbine elements on level of stress in the protective layer TBC and the efficiency of cooling. Comput Mater Sci 2012; 52: 293-7.
[2] Padture NP, Gell M, Jordan EH. Thermal barrier coatings for gas-turbine engines applications. Science 2002; 12: 280-4.
[3] Vaβen R, Jarligo MO, Steinke T, Mack DE, Stover D. Overview on advanced thermal barrier coatings. Surf Coat Technology 2010; 205: 938-42.
[4] Hu LF, Wang CA, Huang Y. Porous yttria-stabilized zirconia ceramics with ultra-low thermal conductivity. J Mater Sci 2010; 45: 3242-6.
[5] Wang L, Wang Y, Sun XG, He JQ, Pan ZY, Wang CH. Thermal shock behavior of 8YSZ and double-ceramio-layer LaZr2O7/YSZ thermal barrier coatings fabricated by atmospheric plasma spraying. Ceram Int 2012; 38: 3595-606.
[6] Xu ZH, He SM, He LM, Mu RD, Huang GH, Cao XQ. Novel thermal barrier coatings based on La2(Zr0.7Ce0.3)2O7/8YSZ double-ceramic-layer systems deposited by electron beam physical vapor deposition. J Alloys Compd 2011; 509: 4273-83.
[7] Cao XQ, Vassen R, Stover D. Ceramic materials for thermal barrier coatings. J Eur Ceram Soc 2004; 24: 1-10.
[8] Song HZ, Liao SR, Wei Y, Guan SK. Methods to reduce further thermal conductivity of plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings. Adv Mater Res 2011; 230-232: 49-53.
[9] Zhang HS, Sun K, Xu Q, Wang CF, Liu L, Wei Y, Thermophysical properties of ceramics. Rare Metals 2009; 6: 226-30.
[10] Guo LZ, Hu OYJ, Yu Z, Li J, Ling XX. Influence of ytterbiun and samarium oxides codoping on structure and thermal conductivity of zirconate ceramics. J Eur Ceram Soc 2009; 29: 647-52.
[11] Wang J, Bai SX, Zhang H, Zhang CR. The structure, thermal expansion coefficient and sintering behavior of thermal barrier coatings. J Alloos Cornpd 2009: 476: 89-91.
[12] Stanek CR, Grimes RW. Prediction of rare-earth A2Hf2O7 pyrochlore phase. J Am Ceram Soc
2002; 85: 2139-41.
[13] Liu B, Wang JY, Li FZ, Zhou YC. Theoretical elastic stiffness, structure stability and thermal conductivity of pyrochlore. Acta Mater 2010; 58: 4369-77.
[14] Qu ZX, Wan CL, Pan W. Thermophysical properties of rare-earth stannates: effect of pyrochlore structure. Acta Mater 2012; 60: 2939-49.
[15] Song Zh, Guo LJ, Ge CX, Li WX. Preparation, characterization, and thermo-physical properties of ceramics for thermal barriercoatings. Int J App Ceram Technol 2012; 1-9: 1-12.
Counter bored hole 沉孔 Chamfer 倒斜角 Fillet 倒圆角 padding block垫块 stepping bar垫条 upper die base上模座 lower die base下模座 upper supporting blank上承板 upper padding plate blank上垫板 spare dies模具备品 spring 弹簧 bolt螺栓 document folder活页夹 file folder资料夹 to put file in order整理资料 spare tools location手工备品仓 first count初盘人 first check初盘复棹人 second count 复盘人 second check复盘复核人 equipment设备 waste materials废料 work in progress product在制品 casing = containerization装箱 quantity of physical inventory second count 复盘点数量 Quantity of customs count 会计师盘,点数量 the first page第一联 filed by accounting department for reference会计部存查 end-user/using unit(department)使用单位 Summary of year-end physical inventory bills 年终盘点截止单据汇总表 bill name单据名称 This sheet and physical inventory list will be sent to accounting department together (Those of NHK will be sent to financial department) 本表请与盘点清册一起送会计部－(NHK厂区送财会部) Application status records of year-end physical inventory List and physical inventory card 年终盘点卡与清册使用－状况明细表 blank and waste sheet NO. 空白与作废单号
陶瓷 ceramics 合成纤维 synthetic fibre 电化学腐蚀 electrochemical corrosion 车架 automotive chassis 悬架 suspension 转向器 redirector 变速器 speed changer 板料冲压 sheet metal parts 孔加工 spot facing machining 车间 workshop 工程技术人员 engineer 气动夹紧 pneuma lock 数学模型 mathematical model 画法几何 descriptive geometry 机械制图 Mechanical drawing 投影 projection 视图 view 剖视图 profile chart 标准件 standard component 零件图 part drawing 装配图 assembly drawing 尺寸标注 size marking
技术要求 technical requirements 刚度 rigidity 内力 internal force 位移 displacement 截面 section 疲劳极限 fatigue limit 断裂 fracture 塑性变形 plastic distortion 脆性材料 brittleness material 刚度准则 rigidity criterion 垫圈 washer 垫片 spacer 直齿圆柱齿轮 straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical-spur gear 直齿锥齿轮 straight bevel gear 运动简图 kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条 pinion and rack 蜗杆蜗轮 worm and worm gear 虚约束 passive constraint 曲柄 crank 摇杆 racker 凸轮 cams
外文翻译 英文原文 Belt Conveying Systems Development of driving system Among the methods of material conveying employed，belt conveyors play a very important part in the reliable carrying of material over long distances at competitive cost．Conveyor systems have become larger and more complex and drive systems have also been going through a process of evolution and will continue to do so．Nowadays，bigger belts require more power and have brought the need for larger individual drives as well as multiple drives such as 3 drives of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case for the conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine)．The ability to control drive acceleration torque is critical to belt conveyors’performance．An efficient drive system should be able to provide smooth，soft starts while maintaining belt tensions within the specified safe limits．For load sharing on multiple drives．torque and speed control are also important considerations in the drive system’s design. Due to the advances in conveyor drive control technology，at present many more reliable．Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems covering a wide range of power are available for customers’ choices[1]. 1 Analysis on conveyor drive technologies 1．1 Direct drives Full-voltage starters．With a full-voltage starter design，the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear drive．Direct full-voltage starters are adequate for relatively low-power, simple-profile conveyors．With direct fu11-voltage starters．no control is provided for various conveyor loads and．depending on the ratio between fu11-and no-1oad power requirements，empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full load．The maintenance-free starting system is simple，low-cost and very reliable．However, they cannot control starting torque and maximum stall torque；therefore．they are
The Competitive Dynamics in the Automotive Aftermarket: Branded Products and Private Label Products THE BUSINESS CASE Throughout the automotive aftermarket industry,senior executives are facing the reality of private brands. Similar dynamics exist outside of the automotive aftermarket and are intensifying in other sectors, such as traditional consumer goods. Also known as ―private label‖ and referred to across many consumer-oriented industries as ―store brands,‖ ―control brands‖ or ―own brands,‖ their risin g prominence has led top executives to ask: ? What issues and risks do U.S.-branded manufacturers face with respect to private brands? ? How are market forces different today than in years past? How will this landscape evolve? ? How can I better understand my operational blind spots in an increasingly competitive landscape? ? What can my management team focus on to protect and grow my brands? Where do we start? ?What are the similarities and differences between the private brand trends in the automotive aftermarket and the consumer products sector? ? What can be learned by automotive aftermarket executives from the private brand experiences in other sectors? Although answers to these questions are not simple and some market dynamics are not yet fully clear, the availability of private brands and other competitive trends are growing in the automotive aftermarket community, just as they are in many consumer product segments. One out of every three consumer products sold by one of the nation’s largest retailers is now private brand – up from one out of every five just a few years ago. With U.S. private brand sales in the grocery market surpassing well over $80 billion, for example, private brands can no longer be ignored by consumer product manufacturers. The U.S. market share of private brands in food, drug and mass merchant channels is more than 20 percent, according to industry data research firms. More than 80 percent of consumers shopping in big box, warehouse clubs and superstores frequently buy store brands and, depending on the specific product category, multiple store brands at a time. Retailers are focusing more resources on private branding to enhance margins, increase shelf velocity and expand store
英文翻译 机械设计 一台完整机器的设计是一个复杂的过程。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。 Machine Design The complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. 任何产品在设计时第一步就是选择产品每个部分的构成材料。许多的材料被今天的设计师所使用。对产品的功能，它的外观、材料的成本、制造的成本作出必要的选择是十分重要的。对材料的特性必须事先作出仔细的评估。 One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to today's designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of the material, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations. 仔细精确的计算是必要的，以确保设计的有效性。在任何失败的情况下，最好知道在最初设计中有有缺陷的部件。计算（图纸尺寸）检查是非常重要的。一个小数点的位置放错，就可以导致一个本可以完成的项目失败。设计工作的各个方面都应该检查和复查。 Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked. 计算机是一种工具，它能够帮助机械设计师减轻繁琐的计算，并对现有数据提供进一步的分析。互动系统基于计算机的能力，已经使计算机辅助设计（CAD）和计算机辅助制造（CAM）成为了可能。心理学家经常谈论如何使人们适应他们所操作的机器。设计人员的基本职责是努力使机器来适应人们。这并不是一项容易的工作，因为实际上并不存在着一个对所有人来说都是最优的操作范围和操作
High-speed milling High-speed machining is an advanced manufacturing technology, different from the traditional processing methods. The spindle speed, cutting feed rate, cutting a small amount of units within the time of removal of material has increased three to six times. With high efficiency, high precision and high quality surface as the basic characteristics of the automobile industry, aerospace, mold manufacturing and instrumentation industry, such as access to a wide range of applications, has made significant economic benefits, is the contemporary importance of advanced manufacturing technology. For a long time, people die on the processing has been using a grinding or milling EDM (EDM) processing, grinding, polishing methods. Although the high hardness of the EDM machine parts, but the lower the productivity of its application is limited. With the development of high-speed processing technology, used to replace high-speed cutting, grinding and polishing process to die processing has become possible. To shorten the processing cycle, processing and reliable quality assurance, lower processing costs. 1 One of the advantages of high-speed machining High-speed machining as a die-efficient manufacturing, high-quality, low power consumption in an advanced manufacturing technology. In conventional machining in a series of problems has plagued by high-speed machining of the application have been resolved. 1.1 Increase productivity High-speed cutting of the spindle speed, feed rate compared withtraditional machining, in the nature of the leap, the metal removal rate increased 30 percent to 40 percent, cutting force reduced by 30 percent, the cutting tool life increased by 70% . Hardened parts can be processed, a fixture in many parts to be completed rough, semi-finishing and fine, and all other processes, the complex can reach parts of the surface quality requirements, thus increasing the processing productivity and competitiveness of products in the market. 1.2 Improve processing accuracy and surface quality High-speed machines generally have high rigidity and precision, and other characteristics, processing, cutting the depth of small, fast and feed, cutting force low, the workpiece to reduce heat distortion, and high precision machining, surface roughness small. Milling will be no high-speed processing and milling marks the surface so that the parts greatly enhance the quality of the surface. Processing Aluminum when up Ra0.40.6um, pieces of steel processing at up to Ra0.2 ~ 0.4um.
The development of automobile As the world energy crisis and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy in one day someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not inresources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications the application of the electronic device cars and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance but also improve the automobile fuel economy performance reliability and emission spurification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system electronic control ignition system electronic control automatic transmission electronic control ABS/ASR control system electronic control suspension system electronic control power steering system vehicle dynamic control system the airbag systems active belt system electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response the use function of quick car high reliability guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example automatic transmission in road can not on the clutch can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter gear transmission pump hydraulic control system electronic control system and oil cooling system etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car car motions of state and optimum control performance and increased automobile adhesion controlling and stability. Besides these appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passengers safety and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer to protect the safety of life. Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities
Manufacturing Engineering and Technology—Machining Serope kalpakjian；Steven R.Schmid 机械工业出版社2004年3月第1版 20.9 MACHINABILITY The machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors: 1、Surface finish and integrity of the machined part; 2、Tool life obtained; 3、Force and power requirements; 4、Chip control. Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone. Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below. 20.9.1 Machinability Of Steels Because steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining steels. Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels. Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in
汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
汽车保险 汽车保险是在事故后保证自己的财产安全合同。尽管联邦法律没有强制要求，但是在大多数州（新罕布什和威斯康星州除外）都要求必须购买汽车保险；在各个州都有最低的保险要求。在鼻腔只购买汽车保险的两个州，如果没有足够的证据表明车主财力满足财务责任法的要求，那么他就必须买一份汽车保险。就算没有法律规定，买一份合适的汽车保险对司机避免惹上官和承担过多维修费用来说都是非常实用的。 依据美国保险咨询中心的资料显示，一份基本的保险单应由6个险种组成。这其中有些是有州法律规定，有些是可以选择的，具体如下： 1.身体伤害责任险 2.财产损失责任险 3.医疗险或个人伤害保护险 4.车辆碰撞险 5.综合损失险 6.无保险驾驶人或保额不足驾驶人险 责任保险 责任险的投保险额一般用三个数字表示。不如，你的保险经纪人说你的保险单责任限额是20/40/10，这就代表每个人的人身伤害责任险赔偿限额是2万美元，每起事故的热身上海责任险赔偿限额是4万美元，每起事故的财产损失责任险的赔偿限额是1万美元。 人身伤害和财产损失责任险是大多数汽车保险单的基础。要求汽车保险的每个州都强令必须投保财产损失责任险，佛罗里达是唯一要求汽车保险但不要求投保人身伤害责任险的州。如果由于你的过错造成了事故，你的责任险会承担人身伤害、财产损失和法律规定的其他费用。人身伤害责任险将赔偿医疗费和误工工资；财产损失责任险将支付车辆的维修及零件更换费用。财产损失责任险通常承担对其他车辆的维修费用，但是也可以对你的车撞坏的灯杆、护栏、建筑物等其他物品的损坏进行赔偿。另一方当事人也可以决定起诉你赔偿精神损失。
机械专业相关词汇中英文翻译大全 单价unit price 工日合计Man-day total/work-day total 人工费cost of labor 材料费materials expenses 机械的mechanical 检查接线connection test 发电机generator 调相机phase regulator 周波cycle 减负荷装置 load-shedding equipment 断路器柜circuit breaker cabinet 单母线single busbar 互感器transformer 每相电流Current by Phase 封闭式插接close type socket joint 发电机控制面板generator control panel 分级卸载sorted unloading 同步控制synchronization control 调速器 speed governor 信号屏signal screen 继电器relay 高压柜high pressure cabinet 油浸电力变压器oil-immersed power transformer 空气断路器air circuit breaker 控制屏control panel 直流馈电屏direct current feed control panel 电容器electric condenser 计量盘metering panel 成套配电箱whole set of distribution box 落地式floor model 控制开关Control switches 铜芯电力电缆Copper core power cable 控制电缆actuating cable 热缩式电力电缆终端头pyrocondensation power cable terminal 钢结构支架配管steel structure bracket tubing 万用槽钢versatile U-steel 电缆托架 cable bracket 钢制托盘式桥架steel Tray-type cable support system waterproof socket 防水插座 防爆插座Explosion-proof socket 接地绞线earthing twisted pair 接地母线 earthing bus
机械工业出版社2004年3月第1版 20.9 MACHINABILITY The machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors: 1、Surface finish and integrity of the machined part; 2、Tool life obtained; 3、Force and power requirements; 4、Chip control. Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone. Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below. 20.9.1 Machinability Of Steels Because steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining steels. Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels. Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in resulfurized steels. Phosphorus in steels has two major effects. It strengthens the ferrite, causing