一、高中英语任务型阅读
1．Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
Spacewalk!
Most people don't know that the anniversary of an important event in space exploration occurred last month. On March 18, 1965, spaceman Aleksi Leonov became the first human to complete an Extra Vehicular Activity (EVA) or spacewalk. It marked the first time that a human was able to leave a spacecraft and operate in the emptiness of space. It is a dangerous procedure, but one that is vital for the success of manned space missions.
________ In space, a spacesuit must protect people from extreme cold and heat, provide air to breathe, and remove extra carbon dioxide. ________ Too much of it, and the spacesuit becomes firm and difficult to move in. Too little of it, and astronauts can become dangerously sick after returning to their spacecraft.
Astronauts now perform complex jobs in the emptiness of space in modern spacesuits. They have logged many hours repairing and upgrading equipment on satellites during EVAs. ________ On July 20th, 1969, American astronaut Neil Armstrong set foot on the moon for the first time. There is no atmosphere on the moon, but there is gravity—about 17 percent of Earth's, which means Neil needed a special suit for walking on the moon's surface. Suits for the moon are equipped for exploration far from any vehicles, including tough boots that can resist cuts from the rough surface while walking. But sharp rocks weren't the only danger to astronauts.
The moon surface is covered with a fine and flour-like dust which consists of small particles (颗粒) left over from the numerous meteorite(陨石) strikes on the moon. ________ When astronauts would leave the moon's gravity, the dust on their suits began floating all over. It got into delicate equipment inside the spacecraft and the astronaut's eyes and lungs. As different space agencies plan for returning people to the moon, new EVA suit designs will have to take something else into account. Keeping astronauts safe also means keeping their suits clean.
A. However, EVAs don't just happen in empty space.
B. It sticks to everything, eventually causing joints and seals to fail.
C. Spacesuits also have to maintain ideal air pressure during a spacewalk.
D. Unfortunately, most people have no idea about space exploration or spacesuits.
E. Without the ability to work in space, we are unable to keep our space programs functional.
F. There are a few things that must be taken into account to make an EVA both safe and effective 【答案】 F；C；A；B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。1965年3月18日，宇航员阿列克谢·列奥诺夫成为完成舱外活动(EVA)第一人。现在，宇航员穿着现代宇航服在太空从事许多复杂的工作。为了保证宇航员的安全，新宇航服的设计也有更高的要求。
（1）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后" In space, a spacesuit must protect people from extreme cold and heat, provide air to breathe, and remove extra carbon dioxide."可知宇航服必须保护人们免受极冷和极热的伤害，提供空气，并去除多余的二氧化碳。 F.
There are a few things that must be taken into account to make an EVA both safe and effective“为了使舱外活动在太空中既安全又有效，有几件事必须被考虑进去”承接上文，a few things就是指后文的protect people from extreme cold and heat, provide air to breathe, and remove extra carbon dioxide. 故选F。
（2）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后“Too much of it, and the spacesuit becomes firm and difficult to move in. Too little of it, and astronauts can become dangerously sick after returning to their spacecraft.”可知（气压）太高的话，宇航服就会变硬，很难穿进去。如果（气压）过低，宇航员回到飞船后可能会生病。连接下文， C. Spacesuits also have to maintain ideal air pressure during a spacewalk.“宇航服还必须在（宇航员）太空行走时保持理想的气压。”切题。C项的air pressure与下文的代词it相呼应。故选C。（3）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前"Astronauts now perform complex jobs in the emptiness of space in modern spacesuits"可知宇航员现在穿着现代宇航服，在空旷的太空中从事复杂的工作；再根据空后“On July 20th, 1969, American astronaut Neil Armstrong set foot on the moon for the firs t time. There is no atmosphere on the moon, but there is gravity”可知除了在太空工作，1969年美国宇航员阿姆斯特朗第一次登上月球。承上启下，月球上没有大气，但有地球引力。A. However, EVAs don't just happen in empty space.“然而，舱外活动并不只是发生在广阔的太空中。”切题，故选A。
（4）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前"The moon surface is covered with a fine and flour-like dust which consists of small particles(颗粒) left over from the numerous meteorite (陨石) strikes on the moon"可知月球表面覆盖着一种灰尘，这种灰尘由撞上月亮的陨石留下的小颗粒组成的。承接上文，B. It sticks to everything, eventually causing joints and seals to fail.“它可以粘在任何东西上，最终导致连接和密封（的东西）没法用。”切题。B项的it代指前文的a fine and flour-like dust。选B。
【点评】本题要求在理解细节信息的基础上，着重考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。
2．（2019?江苏）请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
The Cost of Thinking
Despite their many differences, all human beings share several defining characteristics, such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs.
The first unique human characteristic is that humans have extraordinarily large brains compared with other animals. It seems obvious that evolution should select for larger brains. Mammals (哺乳动物) weighing sixty kilograms have an average brain size of 200 cm2. Modern man has a brain averaging 1200-1400 cm2. We are so fond of our high intelligence that we assume that when it comes to brain power, more must be better. Unfortunately, that is not the case.
The fact is that a huge brain is a huge drain—consumption of energy—on the body. I's not easy to carry around, especially when boxed inside a massive skull (倾骨). It's even harder to provides energy. In modern man, the brain accounts for about 2-3%of total body weight but it consumes 25% of the body's energy when the body is at rest. By comparison, the brains of apes (类人猿)
require only 8%of rest-time energy. Early humans pad for their large brains in two ways. Firstly, they spent more time in search food. Secondly, their muscles grew smaller and weaker. It's hardly an obvious conclusion that this is a good way to survive. A chimpanzee (黑猩猩) can't win an argument with a modern man, but it can tear the man apart like a rag doll.
Another unique human characteristic is that we walk upright. Standing up, it's easier to find food or enemies. In addition, their arms that are unnecessary for moving around are freed for other purposes, like throwing stones or signaling. As a result, humans can perform very complex tasks with their hands.
Yet walking upright has its disadvantage. The bone structure of our ancestors developed for millions of years to support a creature that walked on all fours and has a relatively small head. Adjusting to an upright position was quite a challenge, especially when the bones had to support an extra-large skull. Humankind paid for its broad vision and skillful hands backaches and painful necks.
We assume that a large brain makes huge advantages. It seems obvious that these have made humankind the most powerful animal on earth. But humans enjoyed all of these advantages for a full 2 million years during which they remained weak and marginal creature. Thus humans who lived a million years ago, despite their big brains and sharp stone tools, lived in constant fear of meat-eating animals.
physical；beat；fearful/afraid
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了人用大脑思考的代价。人类与动物相比有两大特点：大大的大脑和直立行走。超大的大脑使人类拥有更高的智商，但却消耗巨大的能量。直立行走让人类擅长寻找食物和抵御敌人，解放了的双手来更复杂的事。但却让人类遭受腰痛和颈部疼痛等。人类成为地球上最强大的动物，享受无与伦比的优势，却对食肉动物怀有恐惧。
（1）信息归纳题。根据第一段“all human beings share defining characteristics ,such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs.”可知，大脑袋和双腿直立行走的能力是人类共有的特点(characteristics)。故填characteristics。
（2）信息归纳题。此题就是对第三段内容的总结。第三段主要叙述了人类的大脑大的缺点。因此本空格填写disadvantages。
（3）信息来源题。根据第三段中的“a huge brain is a huge drain--consumption of energy ”以及“It (the brain) consumes 25% of the body's energy when the body is at rest.By comparison the brains of apes require only 8% of rest- time ene rgy”可知，人类巨大的大脑是一个巨大的能量消耗。当身体处于休息时，大脑要消耗25%的身体能量。相比之下，类人猿的大脑只需要8%的休息时间能量。人类与动物相比，动物需要的能量（energy）要比人类少。故填energy。
（4）信息归纳题。分析空后的75--78小题所在的第五段和第六段的内容可知，此部分主要叙述了直立行走对人类的影响。故填impact(s)。
（5）信息转换题。根据第五段的第一句“Another unique human characteristic is that we walk u pright. Standing up, it's easier to find food or enemies.”可知，另一个独特的人类特征是我们直立行走。站起来，更容易找到食物或敌人。找到敌人，就是为了防御敌人。因为or为连词，在此句中连结两个动词短语，故空格填动词。“guard against...”为固定搭配，意为“防御......”，故填guard。
（6）信息来源题。根据第五段中的”...their arms that are unnecessary for moving around are freed for other purposes ,like throwing stones or signaling. As a result, humans can perform very complex tasks with their hands. ”可知，解放了的双手可以用于做其它的事，即有其它的目的。故填other。
（7）信息归纳题。根据第五段“walking upright has disadvantages. The bone structure of our ancestors developed for millions of years to support a creature that walked on four and a relative small head. Adjusting to an upright position was quite a challenge , especially when the bones had to support an extra -large skull.” 可知，直立行走也有缺点。我们祖先进化了上百亿年，骨骼也只能支撑四肢行走和有一个相对较小的头。直立行走对人类的骨架是一个相当大的挑战，限制了人的头脑的大小。故本空填limits。
（8）信息转换题。根据第六段“..., Humankind paid for its vision and skillful hands with backaches and painful necks.” 可知，直立对人类的骨架是一个相当大的挑战，人类为自己的视力和灵巧的双手付出了代价，换来的是腰酸背痛和脖子疼痛。由此得出，直立导致身体方面的(physical)痛苦，故填physical。
（9）信息归纳题。根据最后一段“We assume that a large brain makes huge advantages. It seems obvious that these have made humankind the most powerful animal on earth.”可知，我
们假设大脑越大，优势越大。很明显，这些使得人类成为地球上最强大的动物。由此可推断出我们的大脑比动物大，在智力方面人类比动物更聪明，即在智力方面击败了(beat)其他动物。故填beat。
（10）信息归纳题。根据最后一段“...humans enjoyed all of these advantages for a full 2 million years during which they weak and marginal creatures. Thus humans who lived a million years ago, despite their big brains and sharp stone tools, lived in constant fear of meat--eating animals.”可知，尽管人类享受着所有这些优势，但也是弱小的生物。因此尽管拥有巨大的大脑和锋利的石器，但也曾经对食肉动物仍旧害怕/恐惧。因为空前是系动词，故本空要填形容词(afraid/fearful)可知，此处要填名词，故填fearful/afraid。
【点评】本题考点涉及信息归纳，信息转换题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生准确掌握所给材料，根据上下文的逻辑关系，结合相关的语法知识和词汇知识，做出正确答案。
3．选词填空，并翻译划线句子
（1）选词补全短文
longest roller coasters, others for showing the famous sights and sounds of a culture.
①Whichever and whatever you like, there is a theme park for you!
The theme park you are probably most ________ is Disneyland. ②It can be found in several parts of the world. It will bring you into a ________ world and make your dreams ________, whether you are traveling through space, visiting a pirate ship or meeting your favourite fairy tale or Disney cartoon character. As you ________ around the fantasy amusement park, you may see Snow White or Mickey Mouse in a ________ or on the street. Of course, Disneyland also has many exciting rides, from giant ________ ships to ________ free-fall drops. With all these attractions, ________ tourism is increasing wherever there is a Disneyland.
（2）①Whichever and whatever you like, there is a th eme park for you!________
②It can be found in several parts of the world.________
【答案】（1）various；famous for；familiar with；magical；come true；wander；parade；swinging；terrifying；no wonder
（2）不论你喜欢哪一个，喜欢什么，总会有适合你的主题公园。；世界上有几个地方有迪斯尼乐园。
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了世界上有各种各样的主题公园，其中介绍了迪士尼主题公园以及公园内的游乐设施情况。
（1）①考查形容词。句意：世界上有各种各样的主题公园。结合句意可知表示"各种各样的"短语为various kinds of。故填various。
②考查固定短语。句意：有些公园以拥有最大或最长的云霄飞车而闻名，另一些则以展示著名的景点和文化的声音而闻名。结合句意可知表示"以……而闻名"短语为be famous for。故填famous for。
③考查固定短语。句意：你可能最熟悉的主题公园是迪斯尼乐园。根据句意可知表示"对……熟悉"短语为be familiar with。故填familiar with。
④考查形容词。句意：它将带你进入一个神奇的世界，让你的梦想成真，无论你是在太空旅行，参观海盗船或会见你最喜欢的童话或迪斯尼卡通人物。world为名词需要形容词修饰，表示"神奇的世界"，故填magical。
⑤考查固定短语。句意：它将带你进入一个神奇的世界，让你的梦想成真，无论你是在太空旅行，参观海盗船或会见你最喜欢的童话或迪斯尼卡通人物。根据句意可知表示"梦想成真"短语为make dream come true。故填come true。
⑥考查动词。句意：当你漫步在幻想游乐园，你可能会看到白雪公主或米老鼠在游行或在街上。结合句意可知表示"漫步"且为一般现在时，主语为you谓语动词用原形。故填wander。
⑦考查名词。句意同上。根据句意可知表示"游行"名词为parade。故填parade。
⑧考查形容词。句意：当然，迪斯尼乐园也有许多令人兴奋的游乐设施，从巨大的摇摆船到可怕的自由落体。修饰名词ships应用形容词，构成giant swinging ships"巨大的摇摆船"，故填swinging。
⑨考查形容词。句意：当然，迪斯尼乐园也有许多令人兴奋的游乐设施，从巨大的摇摆船到可怕的自由落体。修饰名词短语free-fall drops应用形容词，表示"可怕的"，故填terrifying。
⑩考查固定短语。句意：有了这些吸引人的东西，难怪哪里有迪斯尼乐园，哪里的旅游业就会增长。根据句意可知表示"难怪"短语为no wonder。故填no wonder。
（2）①考查状语从句。本句为whichever和whatever引导的让步状语从句，表示"无论哪一个""无论什么"，故译为"不论你喜欢哪一个，喜欢什么，总会有适合你的主题公园。"。
②考查被动语态。此处it指代主题公园，与谓语动词构成被动，翻译时注意符合中文的表达习惯。故译为"世界上有几个地方有迪斯尼乐园。"。
【点评】本题考点涉及形容词，固定短语，动词，名词以及非谓语动词等多个知识点的考查，并且含有两句英译汉，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，并结合相关语法知识，进行分析推理，从而写出正确的单词形式和正确的汉语翻译。
4．Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
Self-Care Strategies for College Students
Most college students don't put self-care at the top of their to do lists. When you're caught up in the whirlwind (旋风) of classes, extra-curricular, work, friendship, and final exams, it's easy to ignore a task that doesn't come with a deadline (even if that task is simply “taking care of yourself”). Embrace the excitement an d intensity of college life, but remember that maintaining your physical, mental, and emotional health is essential to your success and well-being. ________ Instead, take time out to take care of yourself with some of these self-care strategies.
Get Away for Some Alone Time. If you live with roommates, privacy can be hard to come by, so
make it your mission to find a peaceful place on campus to call your own. ________ Take a Mindful Walk Around Campus. When you're strolling to class, try this mindfulness exercise to center yourself and destress. ________ Feel free to people-watch, but pay attention to sensory details too, like the smell of a nearby barbecue or the sensation of pavement under your shoes. Take note of at least five beautiful or intriguing things you notice along your route. You might find yourself feeling a little calmer by the time you reach your destination.
Stage a Sleep Intervention. How much sleep do you really get each night? ________ By doing that, you'll begin the process of repaying your sleep debt and establishing healthy new sleep habits. Don't buy into the myth that the less you're sleeping, the harder you're working. Your mind and body need consistent sleep to operate at optimum levels – you simply can't do your best work without it.
Download a New Podcast. Take a break from the books, grab your headphones, and listen to some immersive mysteries, compelling interviews, or laugh-out-loud comedy. There are thousands of podcasts covering almost every subject imaginable, so you're sure to find something that interests you.
A. As you walk, pay close attention to your surroundings.
B. Make a plan to get off campus and explore your surroundings.
C. If you're averaging seven hours or less, commit to sleeping at least eight hours tonight.
D. If you're feeling stressed or overwhelmed, don't punish yourself by pushing your mind and body to their limits.
E. A comfortable corner in the library and even an empty classroom are perfect places to relax and recharge.
F. Actually, it is possible to shorten sleep time by up to 1 hour without the risk of sleep deprivation (剥夺) if you know how to have high quality sleep.
【答案】 D；E；A；C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了大学生的自我保健策略。
（1）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后“ Instead, take time out to take care of yourself with some of these self-care strategies. ”“相反，花点时间用这些自我照顾策略来照顾自己。”承接下文，D. If you're feeling stressed or overwhelmed, don't punish yourself by pushing your mind and body to their limits.“如果你感到有压力或不堪重负，不要把自己的身心推向极限来惩罚自己。”符合语境。下文中的Instead表示前后是一种转折关系，故选D。
（2）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“ If you live with roommates, privacy can be hard to come by, so make it your mission to find a peaceful place on campus to call your own. ”如果你和室友住在一起，你可能很难获得隐私，所以你的任务就是在校园里找一个安静的属于你自己的地方，承接上文，E. A comfortable corner in the library and even an empty classroom are perfect places to relax and recharge.“图书馆舒适的角落，甚至空教室都是放松和充电的好地方。”符合语境，故选E。
（3）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“ When you're strolling to class, try this mindfulness exercise to center yourself and destress. ”当你漫步去上课的时候，试着做这个专注的练习来集中注意力，减压；再根据空后“ Feel free to people-watch, but pay attention to sensory details too, like the smell of a nearby barbecue or the sensation of pavement under your shoes. ”可以随意观察别人，但也要注意一些感官细节，比如附近烤肉的味道或你脚下人行道的感觉。”承接上下文，A.As you walk, pay close attention to y our surroundings.“当你走路时，密切注意你周围的环境。”符合语境，故选A。
（4）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后“ By doing that, you'll begin the process of repaying your sleep debt and establishing healthy new sleep habits. ”通过这样做，你将开始偿还你的睡眠债务和建立健康的新睡眠习惯的过程。承接下文，C.If you're averaging seven hour s or less, commit to sleeping at least eight hours tonight.“如果你的平均睡眠时间是7个小时或更少，那就保证今晚至少睡8个小时。”符合语境，故选C。
【点评】本题要求在理解细节信息的基础上，着重考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。
5．根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Find a quiet location. Keep a routine. Focus on one subject at a time. It all seems like sound advice for students who need to hit the books, ________ . Here's a list of tips from Carey, a scientist, for getting the most out of your study time.
________.
Doing practice quizzes can help you retrieve（检索）i nformation on test day. “Tests have a very bad reputation as a measurement tool,” Carey says. But psychologists have found self-tests slow down the forgetting of material you've studied. “If you study something once, and then you test yourself on it,” Carey says, “you do better than if you study it twice over.”
Move around
________ . “If you move around and study the same material in several places,” he says, “you may be forming multiple associations for the same material. So it's better anchored in your brain, and you can pull it out easier.”
Mix it up
Think about a football who does strength training, speed training and drills. Carey says alternating between different facets facts of a subject in a single sitting can “leave a deeper impress ion on the brain”. For example, when studying French, do some verbs, some speaking and some reading. ________ .
Space it out
Information learned in a hurry is lost just as fast. So if you really want to learn, space out shorter, hour-long study ses sions. “There's no doubt that you can cram for（突击备考）an
exam.” Carey says, “________. And once it's gone, “it's gone. You're not getting it back.”
A. Test yourself
B. Study it and practice more
C. and it turns out that some of them are in great help
D. but recent studies indicate the conventional wisdom is wrong
E. The problem is that it's so easy to forget what you just crammed
F. Changing up where you study can help you keep more information
G. Spending your time in deep concentration on just verbs isn't effective
【答案】 D；A；F；G；E
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了如何充分利用你的学习时间的几点建议。（1）上文说找一个安静的地方，保持常规，一次只关注一个科目，这似乎都是很合理的建议，下文又介绍了如何充分利用你的学习时间的几点建议，此处需要一个承上启下的过渡句，既与上文的建议形成转折关系，又要引出下文介绍的建议，故D项（但是，最近的研究表明传统的观点是错误的）符合语境。
（2）根据本段内容，特别是“Doing practice quizzes can help you retrieve information on test day”可知，做练习题可以帮助你在考试当天检索信息，本段讲的是要进行自我测试，故A 项（自我测试）符合语境。
（3）根据本空后的“If you move around and study the same material in several places,” he says, “you may be forming multiple associations for the same material.”可知，如果你在不同的地方学习同一种材料，你会产生多种联想，此处讲的是在不同的地点学习的好处，故F项（改变学习地点可以帮助你保存更多信息）符合语境。
（4）根据本空前的“For example, when studying French, do some verbs, some speaking and some reading.”可知，学习法语时，做一些动词，说一些，读一些，此处承接上文，讲的还是关于学习法语的内容，故G项（把时间集中在动词上是没有效果的）符合语境。
（5）根据本空后的“And once it's gone, “it's gone. You're not getting it back.”可知，一旦它消失了，你就想不起来了，此处说的是有关遗忘的内容，故E项（问题是你很容易忘记刚刚记住的东西）符合语境。
【点评】阅读理解七选五解题步骤
1）分析选项，串联主题：了解文章的主题、大意，会让解题的方向更明确。 2）研究空格前后，对比选项，选择答案。3）复读短文，核对答案：为了保证答案的正确性，一定要把答案代入原文，进行核对检查。
6．Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
Shanghai Hengyuanxiang Drama Development Company and Netherlander Worldwide Entertainment signed a deal last November that would see Shimmer (《犹太人在上海》) become the first Chinese musical to have an open-ended run on Broadway in 2019. ________
Directed by Xu Jun, Shimmer is a musical in both English and Chinese. Shimmer, which tells a story about Jews who fled to Shanghai to escape Nazi persecution (迫害) during World War II, was first shown at the Shanghai Culture Square in 2015. ________ The musical's scheduled open-
ended run in 2019 will be one of the events to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States. With this play being shown on Broadway, the ties between Chinese people and Americans will be firmly strengthened. And through this drama, the audience can feel the charm of Chinese culture.
________ To deal with the problem, many production companies in Shanghai have pointed out that they should keep striving for improvement by creating more Chinese musicals and by creating more audiences. Currently, those who watch Western musicals in China are limited to a small group — people who have received a university education or have had overseas working experiences, white-collar and even gold-collar workers. There are only a handful of people who understand foreign languages and you have to find a way to motivate the public and get them into the theater.
________ There has been a handful of successful musical stories in Shanghai. The Chinese editions of Broadway musicals Cats and Mamma Mia, both of which had hundreds of shows across China, are among the top box office hits.
A. What do you think we can do to prevent Chinese musicals from declining in popularity?
B. At that time, the musical was chosen as the opening show for the 17th China Shanghai International Arts Festival.
C. The box office is expected to be twice higher than that of last year, reaching $1 million in total.
D. The small audience size hasn't discouraged local artists from producing outstanding works.
E. The deal is a milestone for Shimmer in its goal to further spread its influence to the world.
F. Despite the huge success of Shimmer, the team is facing a limited market.
【答案】 E；B；F；D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍恒元翔戏剧发展公司将《犹太人在上海》推向国际舞台，尽管获得可巨大的成功，但很多制作公司自身发展,面临着观众少，市场狭窄的问题，与此同当地艺术家仍然在不断创作优秀作品。
（1）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“Shanghai Hengyuanxiang Dram a Development Company and Netherlander Worldwide Entertainment signed a deal last November that would see Shimmer (《犹太人在上海》) become the first Chinese musical to have an open-ended run on Broadway in 2019.”可知，上海恒元翔戏剧发展公司和尼德兰全球娱乐公司去年11月签署了一项协议，将使《犹太人在上海》成为中国第一部在2019年在百老汇公开上映的音乐剧。所以小题1要说明这项协议给《犹太人在上海》带来的影响和意义。E. The deal is a milestone for Shimmer in its goal to further spread its influence to the world.“该协议是《犹太人在上海》进一步将其影响力扩大到世界的目标的一个里程碑”符合题意。故选E。
（2）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后“The musical's scheduled open-ended run in 2019 will be one of the events to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and United States”可知，这部音乐剧定于2019年公开上映，将是庆祝中美建交40周年的活动之一。《犹太人在上海》不是第一次上映，所以判断出小题2要说明它在2015年因为什么而上映的。B. At that time, the musical was chosen as the opening show for the 17th China Shanghai International Arts Festival.“当时，这部音乐剧被选为第十七届中国上海国际艺术节的开幕式上表演。”符合题意。故选B。
（3）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。由第三段的内容可知，第三段主要介绍了上海的许多制作公司通过创作更多的中国音乐剧和吸引更多的观众来不断努力改进自己的作品，以及观众群体的局限性。这都说明尽管《犹太人在上海》取得了巨大的成功，但团队仍面临着有限的市场。所以判断出小题3是本段的标题。F. Despite the huge success of Shimmer, the team is facing a limited market.“尽管《犹太人在上海》取得了巨大的成功，但团队仍面临着有限的市场”为本段的标题。故选F。
（4）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后“there has been a handful of successful musical stories in Shanghai. The Chinese editions of Broadway musicals Cats and Mamma Mia, both of which had hundreds of shows across China, are among the top box office hits. ”可知上海有一些成功的音乐故事。百老汇音乐剧《猫》和《妈妈咪呀》的中国版在中国各地都有数百场演出，都是票房冠军。所以这里具体列举了很多百老汇音乐剧的中国版都取得了不错的票房，意在说明观众人数少并没有妨碍当地艺术家创作优秀作品。所以此处要起到总说的作用，然后在进行解释说明。 D. The small audience size hasn't discouraged local artists from producing outstanding works.“观众人数少并没有妨碍当地艺术家创作优秀作品”符合句意。故选D。
【点评】本题要求在理解细节信息的基础上，着重考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。
7．请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。
Fighting the curse of presenteeism
"It's true hard work never killed anybody, but I figure, why take the chance?" Beyond a certain level, extra effort seems to be self-defeating. Studies suggest that, after 10 hours a week, employee productivity falls sharply.
But that doesn't stop some managers from demanding that workers stay chained to their desk for long periods. Jack Ma, the founder of Alibaba, recently applauded the "996" model, where employees work from 9am to 9pm, six days a week, as a huge blessing". However, to modem office workers presenteeism is a curse.
There will be days when you do not have much to do, just waiting for someone else to respond to a request. As the clock ticks past 5pm, there may be no purpose in staying at your desk. But you can see your boss hard at work and, more important, they can see you. So you make an effort to look busy.
If bosses do not like to go home before their underlings (下属)and underlings fear leaving before their bosses, everyone is trapped. Staff may feel that they will not get a pay rise, or a promotion, if they are not seen to be putting in maximum effort. This is easily confused with long hours. Managers, who are often no good at judging employees5 performance, use time in the office as a measurement.
But presenteeism has more serious consequences. As well as reducing productivity, this can increase medical expenses for the employer. According to a study, these costs can be six time: higher for employers than the costs of absenteeism among workers. To take one example, research found that Japanese employees with lower-back pain were three times more likely to turn up for work than in Britain. As a result, those workers were more likely to experience greater pain and to suffer from depression. What could be more discouraging than being in pain while
feeling trapped at work?
"None of this is to say that employers are not entitled to expect workers to be in the office for a small amount of time. Unavoidably there will be a need for some (preferably short)meetings. Dealing with colleagues face-to-face develops friendships, allows for a useful exchange of ideas and enables workers to have a better sense of their common needs.
With portable smart phones and laptops, we can work at home as easily as in the office. Turning an office into a prison does nothing for the creativity that is increasingly demanded of office workers as routine tasks are automatic. To be productive you need presence of mind, not being present in the flesh.
paid/covered/afforded；tendency；use/help；Benefits；face-to-face；understand
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了老板如何应对工人工作中的不满。
（1）考查信息归纳。根据文章内容结合表格，先给出现象，讨论这种现象的原因、后果。因此答案Phenomenon。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的"Staff may feel ……not get a raise，or a promotion……efforts"得出答案是give sb. an edge/advantage“给某人优势”。故填edge/advantage。
（3）考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“Managers, who are often no good at judging employees5 performance, use time in the office as a measurement.”，老板不擅长评判员工的表现，就会把时长作为考核手段得知答案是考核，故填evaluated /measured/judged。（4）考查原词复现。根据第五段中的“ As well as reducing productivity, this can increase medical expenses for the employer. ”和第三段中的“So you make an effort to look busy.”，可知答案是productivity。
（5）考查推理判断。根据第五段中的“As well as reducing productivity, this can increase medical expenses for the employer. ”，可得知雇主还需多支付员工的医疗费用，因而表格中更多的医疗费用要雇主为员工负担。注意被动语态的使用，故填 paid/covered/afforded。（6）考查细节理解。根据第五段中的“As a result, those workers were more likely to experience greater pain and to suffer from depression. ”可以得知员工工作时长过长，不仅身体上出现健康问题，心里上也遭受巨大压力，have a tendency to固定短语，“有……倾向，有……趋势”，故填 tendency。
（7）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的"……does nothing for the creativity……"可知答案是be of no use固定短语“毫无帮助”，所以填use/help。
（8）考查推理判断。根据表格给出的内容可知都是face-to-face contact的好处，因而由文章内容概括为benefits，注意表格中第一栏首字母大写，故填 Benefits。
（9）考查细节理解。很据第六段中的“Dealing with colleagues face--to--face develops friendships, allows for a useful exchange of ideas and enables workers to have a better sense of their common needs.”，可知在阐述face--to-face 的工作方式，因而答案为face -to- face，面对面的思想沟通、意见交流。
（10）考查推理判断。根据第六段中的"Dealing with colleagues face-to-face develops friendships, allows for a useful exchange of ideas and enables workers to have a better sense of their common needs"可知答案是更好的明白。故填understand。
【点评】本题涉及信息归纳，细节理解，推理判断和原词复现四个题型的考查，是一篇社会类阅读，要求考生准确掌握所给材料，根据上下文的逻辑关系，结合相关的语法知识和词汇知识，写出正确答案。
8．Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
A problem shared can be a problem doubled
People discuss their problems with friends in the hope that they'll gain some idea on how to solve them. And even if they don't find a way to solve their problems, it feels good to let off some steam. Indeed, having close friends to trust is a good relief against poor mental health. ________ The term psychologist's use for negative problem sharing is "co-rumination". Co-rumination is the mutual encouragement to discuss problems too much, repeatedly going over the same problems, expecting future problems and focusing on negative feelings. It is more about keeping talking about problems than solving them. ________ In a study involving children aged seven to 15 years of age, researchers found that co-rumination in both boys and girls is associated with "high-quality" and close friendships. However, in girls, it was also associated with anxiety and depression (the same association was not found with the boys).
If we look at the theory behind why individuals ruminate, it may shed some light on why friends co-ruminate. ________ So if two people believe rumination is beneficial, then working together to co-ruminate to find answers may seem like a useful thing to do, as two heads may appear better than one. But focusing on problems and negative emotion together can increase
negative beliefs and moods — and result in a greater need to co-ruminate.
Traditionally, therapy has not prioritised handling rumination or co-rumination directly as maintaining factors in psychological problems. Instead, approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) have aimed to challenge only the content of rumination. Humanistic approaches such as counselling have provided conditions to potentially ruminate on the content of problems. And psychodynamic (心理动力的) approaches such as psychoanalysis have aimed to analyze the content of rumination.
________ But if this occurs in therapy, a strong therapeutic relationship may well be a positive outcome of co-rumination — regardless of whether the client's symptoms improve or not.
And, on the social side, discussing problems with friends doesn't always have to lead to worsening mental health, as long as the discussion involves finding solutions and the person with the problem acts on those solutions. Then, relationships can be positive and beneficial to both parties, and a problem shared can really be a problem halved.
A. According to a leading theory on rumination, people believe that it will help them find answers and make them feel better.
B. How you co-ruminate matters too.
C. Focusing on the content of rumination runs the risk of fostering co-rumination between client and therapist.
D. How problems are discussed, though, can be the difference between halving a problem or doubling it.
E. Co-rumination with work colleagues can increase the risk of stress and tiredness, one study suggests.
F. Research shows that co-rumination is a double-edged sword.
【答案】 D；F；A；C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文。与朋友过多地讨论问题，反复讨论同样的问题，期待未来的问题，并关注负面情绪，这种被称为"共同反刍"。共同反刍是一把双刃剑，可能会让问题减半，也可能会让问题加倍。
（1）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前"Indeed, having close friends to trust is a good relief against poor mental health."可知拥有亲密的朋友确实可以很好地缓解心理健康状况。后文，也就是从第二段开始作者介绍了共同反刍的涵义和利弊。空格处需要承上启下，D. How problems are discussed, though, can be the difference between halving a problem or doubling it."但是，如何讨论问题可能是将问题减半或加倍问题的区别。"切题，故选D。
（2）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后"In a study…with anxiety and depression (the same association was not found with the boys)."可知下文介绍了一项涉及7至15岁儿童的研究，研究发现男孩和女孩的共同反刍与"高质量"和亲密的友谊有关。然而，在女孩中，它也与焦虑和抑郁有关。说明共同反刍既有利也有弊。承上启下， F. Research shows that co-rumination is a double-edged sword."研究发现共同反刍是把双刃剑"切题。F项的researches与后文的the study相呼应。故选F。
（3）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前"If we look at the theory behind why
individuals ruminate, it may shed some light on why friends co-ruminate."可知作者想用个人反刍的理论来更好地解释朋友间的共同反刍。承接上文， A. According to a leading theory on rumination, people believe that it will help them find answers and make them feel better."根据反刍的主要理论，人们相信反刍会帮助他们找到答案并让他们感觉更好。"切题。A项 a leading theory on rumination与前文中的the theory behind why individuals ruminate相呼应。故选A。
（4）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后"But if this occurs in therapy, a strong therapeutic relationship may well be a positive outcome of co-rumination —regardless of whether the client's symptoms improve or not."可知在如果在治疗时出现了这件事(this)，强烈的治疗关系很可能是共同反刍的积极结果- 无论客户的症状是否有所改善。空格处需要解释后文this指代的是什么，即什么发生了。呼应下文， C. Focusing on the content of rumination runs the risk of fostering co-rumination between client and therapist."专注于反刍的内容存在促进客户和治疗师之间共同反思的风险。"切题。后文this指代的就是C项的内容。故选C。
【点评】本题要求在理解细节信息的基础上，着重考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。
9．请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格里填上一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填1个单词。
Asthma(哮喘) is a long-lasting breathing disease that affects millions of Americans, many of whom are children. People who get asthma will suffer from lack of breath, difficulty in breathing or coughing--which are caused by the tightening of the muscles in airways. Untreated asthma can lead to poor lung function and death, but asthma can also be effectively controlled with proper treatments.
Research is discovering genes that contribute to the development of asthma. This development has pointed researchers to the role of indoor and outdoor pollution as environmental factors that contribute to the increased occurrence of asthma.
The Indoor Pollution
Indoor pollution has increased with the developments in building materials and in heating and air conditioning systems. In addition to poisonous gases that come from paint, other materials like dust and perfumes used in household products such as washing powder are recycled continuously through the house, winter and summer.
Unlike the days before central heating or before whole-house air conditioning, these materials and chemicals cannot get out of modern homes. Most often, they cause breathing problems in the members of the family with the least-developed autoimmune(自身免疫的) systems. Proper venting (通风) and use of environmentally-friendly building materials and carpeting can help reduce the presence of these chemicals.
The Out door pollution
Researchers have also established outdoor pollution's role as a probable cause of asthma. Asthma has been proven to result from some fuel products. Smog and the small matters carried by it have been recognized as a factor which leads to asthma since the 19th century when London
saw more and more diseases in the industrial population. Industrial pollutants and other chemicals which are produced in water treatment and open treated water like that found in the swimming pools also contribute to increased cases of asthma as well as other illnesses.
Those most affected by the increase of industrial and environmental pollution are children. Although much has been done to control the levels of pollution in the US, there still remains much to do as it is a worldwide phenomenon. Until an international effort can be made to limit carbon emissions, the occurrence of environmental asthma will probably continue to increase.
／results／effects；Factors；caused/ increased；Besides；remain/ stay；increased/ increasing；harmful；prevented/stopped/ kept/ away/ free/ freed
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，分析了哮喘产生的原因，从室内污染和室外污染两个方面来进行阐述。
（1）考查推理判断。本文讨论了哮喘和空气污染的关系，从中文“关系，联系”出发，答案范围广。故填relationship ／relation ／connection ／ association ／ link。
（2）考查推理判断。结合第一段对哮喘发病情况的解释，可选择出总结词“症状”。故填symptoms。
（3）考查细节理解。根据“Untreated asthma can lead to poor lung function and death,”可知，这里是指“结果”。故填consequences／ results／effects 。
（4）考查概括归纳。根据第二段中的“This development has pointed researchers to the role of indoor and outdoor pollution as environmental factors that contribute to the increased occurrence of asthma.，”结合题目含义，这里是因素。故填Factors 。
（5）考查细节理解。根据“indoor pollution has increased with”结构，其实就是因果关系，所以这里是被动结构。故填caused/ increased。
（6）考查信息归纳。根据“in addition to” 进行替换，“除了，还包括”的意思。故填Besides。
（7）考查推理判断。根据"these materials and chemicals cannot get out modern homes"指的是这些材料并没有随时间消失，一直存在。故填remain/ stay。
（8）考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段中的“saw more and more diseases in the industrial population. Industrial pollutants and other chemicals which are produced in water treatment and open treated water like that found in the swimming pools also contribute to increased cases of asthma as well as other illnesses.”，可知是越来越多的疾病。故填increased/ increasing。（9）考查推理判断。根据“saw more and more diseases in the industrial population. Industrial pollutants and other chemicals which are produced in water treatment and open treated water like that found in the swimming pools also contribute to increased cases of asthma as well as other illnesses.”可知，这类污染物对人体有害，会导致疾病。故填harmful 。
（10）考查推理判断。根据最后一段，得知是阻止be from doing 固定搭配，表示否定含义。故填prevented/stopped/ kept/ away/ free/ freed。
【点评】本题审计推理判断，细节理解和信息归纳三个题型的考查，是一篇健康类阅读，要求考生在理解所给材料的基础上，结合相关的语法知识和词汇知识，做出正确答案。
10．任务型阅读
Aside from the health benefits of laughter (which are numerous and significant), having a sense of humor about life's difficulties can provide a way to bond with others, look at things in a different way, normalize your experience, and keep things from appearing too overwhelming or scary. Properly developed, a good sense of humor can keep people and relationships strong.
Studies show that having a smile on your face can make you feel better, and can lead you to actually feeling happier (rather than just looking happier). Even if the smile is fake, the benefits you will experience are real! Also, a fake smile leads readily to a genuine one. If you are able to put a smile on your face, the laughter will come more easily, and the stress will melt more easily. If your situation seems ridiculously frustrating, recognize what can develop into humor in just how ridiculously frustrating and annoying it is. In your imagination, take the situation to an extreme that becomes even more ridiculous until you find yourself amused. For example, when you're waiting in a long line at the store, you can imagine that hours pass, then days, visualizing yourself accepting visits from loved ones from your new home in this ultra-long line, holding your children's birthday parties in aisle seven so you can be there to enjoy them...you get the picture. Besides, find a friend with whom you can laugh also works! You can each share your frustrations, and laugh about them in the process. Even when your friend isn't there, you can feel less stressed by thinking about the retelling that will come later.
You can have a “most annoying boss” game with your friends, or try to count how many times the same potentially f rustrating event happens in a day.(“I was cut off in traffic 7 times today—I'm almost up to 10!”) This works well for predictable or repetitive annoying situations that you can't control; you can begin to value them in their own special way instead of letting them upset
you.
One of the factors that drive the popularity of shows like Modern Family or movies like the classic Ferris Bueller's Day Off, is that they take somewhat universal situations that many people find frustrating and push them a little further, pointing out the silliness of it all.
What's more, you can try joining Funny Clubs.Years ago, when Oprah had a show rather than a network, she did a part on Laughter Yoga that interested me, and I researched a club on my own, finding it to be a terrific place to enjoy a good laugh. Whether you mean business or laugh at the silliness of it all, taking part in the exercises of laughter yoga with other humor-participants can be a very effective way to get back in the practice of getting some more laughter into your day.
potential / possible / underlying；imagine；game；movies / films；universally；seriously
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，讲述了幽默感的重要性及一些培养幽默感的方式。（1）考查名词。根据后面解释的“an effective coping technique. It leads to better relationship as well as simple stress management.”可知是在讲幽默的意义，重要性或好处。故填Significance / Importance / Benefits.
（2）考查名词。第一段“having a sense of humor about life's difficulties can provide a way to bond with others,”可知对生活的困难有幽默感可以提供一种与他人建立联系的方式，根据life's difficulties可知指的是生活的困难，故填difficulties / challenges.
（3）考查名词。根据第二段“Studies show that having a smile on your face can make you feel better中having a smile”可知建议我们从微笑开始，故填smile.
（4）考查形容词比较级。根据第二段“the laughter will come more easily, and the stress will melt more easily.”可知笑声会来得更容易，压力也会更容易融化。故填easier。
（5）考查形容词。根据第三段“In your imagination, take the situation to an extreme that becomes even more ridiculous u ntil you find yourself amused.” 把情况变成一个极端，变得更加可笑，直到你发现自己被逗乐了。这时候你就会发现自己潜在的幽默，故填potential / possible / underlying.
（6）考查动词。根据第四段中的“Even when your friend isn't there, you can feel less stressed by thinking about the retelling that will come later.”中的by thinking about可知是想象以后会发生的复述，故填imagine.
（7）考查名词。根据第五段中的“You can have a “most annoying boss” game with your friends”可知本段介绍通过和朋友玩游戏的方式使你幽默，故填game.
（8）考查名词。根据第六段中的“One of the factors that drive the popularity of shows like Modern Family or movies like the classic F erris Bueller's Day Off”可知建议我们看有趣的表演或电影，故填movies / films.
（9）考查副词。根据第六段中的“they take somewhat universal situations that many people find frustrating and push them a little further, pointing out the silliness of it all.”中的universal situations可知此处修饰形容词用副词，故填universally.（
10）考查副词。根据最后一段“Whether you mean business or laugh at the silliness of it all中mean business”可知表示认真地，严肃地，故填seriously.
【点评】本题考点涉及名词，形容词。动词以及副词等多个知识点的考查，要求考生在理解所给材料的基础上，根据所给题目要求以及相关的语法知识，写出正确的答案。
11．根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Parents often say that they don't mind what their children do in life just as long as they are happy. Happiness and pleasure are almost universally seen as among the most precious human goods.________Philosopher Jeremy Bentham believed that all sources of pleasure are of equal quality, but John Stuart Mill disagreed. Mill argued for a difference between higher and lower pleasure.________Lower pleasure, in contrast, requires mere (仅仅的；纯粹的) senses.
The entire debate assumes a clear divide between the physical and the mental.________What will it mean for our ideas about pleasure?
________Food is usually considered to be the lower pleasure. All animals eat, using the senses of smell and taste. It doesn't require any complex cognition (认知) to conclude that something is delicious. However, these people failed to appreciate something that the French food writer Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin captured. That is, "Animals feed; man eats; only the man of intellect(才智) knows how to eat."
Eating shows that the difference between higher pleasure and lower pleasure is not what you enjoy but how you enjoy it.________Preparing it using the powers of reflection and attention turns it into a higher pleasure.
A. The dining table is a good place to start.
B. Wolfing down your food is a lower kind of pleasure.
C. What's the real difference between high and low pleasure?
D. What happens if the physical and the mental cannot be separated?
E. All philosophers believed that cookery could never be a form of art.
F. Higher pleasure depends on human abilities such as self-awareness or language use.
G. However, disagreements will be caused about whether some forms of pleasure are better than others.
【答案】 G；F；D；A；B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，幸福和快乐几乎被普遍认为是人类最宝贵的财富之一。然而，关于某些形式的快乐是否比其他形式的好，会产生分歧。John Stuart Mill认为快乐的高低是有区别的。且以就餐为例，指出吃表明高快乐和低快乐的区别不是你喜欢什么，而是你如何享受它。狼吞虎咽是一种低级乐趣，但是用心准备它就能将低级乐趣转变为高级乐趣。
（1）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后“Philosopher Jeremy Bentham believed that all sources of pleasure are of equal quality, but John Stuart Mill disagreed.”可知Jeremy Bentham认为所有快乐的来源都是平等的，但是John Stuart Mill不同意。可知关于某些形式的快乐是否比其他形式的好，存在分歧。故选G。
（2）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“Mill argued for a difference between higher and lower pleasure.”密尔认为快乐的高低是有区别的。与下文提到了lower pleasure，即可知本句应是说明了higher pleasure。故F. Higher pleasure depends on human abilities such as self-awareness or language use.“更高的快乐取决于人类的能力，如自我意识或语言使用”。惩戒上下文符合语境，故选F。
（3）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“The entire debate assumes a clear divide between the physical and the mental.”整个辩论在生理和心理上有明显的分歧。其中physical and the mental可对应到D选项中the physical and the mental，意思为：如果身体和精神不能分开会发生什么?故选D。
（4）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“Food is usually considered to be the lower pleasure.”可知提到了food，故A. The dining table is a good place to start.“餐桌就是一个分歧很明显的地方。”符合语境，故选A。
（5）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后“Preparing it using the powers of reflection and attention turns it into a higher pleasure.”用反思和专注的力量来准备它，会把它变成一种更高的乐趣。根据上文可知：狼吞虎咽是一种低级趣味。故选B。
【点评】本题要求在理解细节信息的基础上，着重考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。
12．请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
注意：每个空格只填1个单词。
A total of 604 people injured in a chemical plant explosion on March 21 in Xiangshui, Jiangsu Province were still receiving medical care in nearby medical facilities, including 19 in critical condition and 98 seriously wounded. The fire quickly spread to 16 neighboring enterprises, with the latest death toll at 64.
At the same time, rescuers were busy inspecting chemical plants damaged in the explosion for